"As well as the costs, we are concerned by the competition." + "We are interested in costs as well as the competition." Too goes either at the end of the sentence, or after the subject a
Trang 1Linking words
Linking
words
Notes
Giving
examples:
For example
For instance
Namely
for example or for instance: ví dụ như
Namely refers to something by name "There are two problems: namely, the expense and the time."
Adding
information
And
In addition
As well as
Also
Too
Furthermore
Moreover
Apart from
In addition to
Besides
Và, hơn nữa, thêm vào đó, cũng, bên cạnh, vả lại…
In a list, you put a comma between each item, but not before and Ex: "We discussed training,
education and the budget."
Also: add an extra idea or emphasis Ex: "We also spoke about marketing." + "We are concerned
not only by the costs, but also by the competition."
We don't usually start a sentence with also If you want to start a sentence with a phrase that
means also, you can use In addition, or In addition to this…
As well as: at the beginning or the middle of a sentence
"As well as the costs, we are concerned by the competition." + "We are interested in costs as well
as the competition."
Too goes either at the end of the sentence, or after the subject and means as well Ex: "They
were concerned too." + "I, too, was concerned."
Apart from and besides are often used to mean as well as, or in addition to
Ex: "Apart from Rover, we are the largest sports car manufacturer." + "Besides Rover, we are the largest sports car manufacturer."
Moreover and furthermore: Ex: "Marketing plans give us an idea of the potential market Moreover, they tell us about the competition."
Summarising
In short
In brief
In summary
To summarise
In a nutshell
To conclude
In conclusion
Tóm lại, nói chung,
His novels belong to a great but vanished age They are, in short, old-fashioned
In brief, the meeting was a disaster
And so I would say, in summary, that the campaign has been a great success or And so in summary, I would say that the campaign has been a great success
Sequencing
ideas
The former, …
the latter
Firstly,
secondly,
finally
Đầu tiên, kế đến, sau đó, cuối cùng,
"Marketing and finance are both covered in the course The former is studied in the first term and the latter is studied in the final term."
Firstly, … secondly, … finally (or lastly) are useful ways to list ideas
It's rare to use "fourthly", or "fifthly" Instead, try the first point, the second point, the third point
Trang 2The first point is
Lastly
The following
Next, then, after
that…
and so on
“After a long delay, finally, the performance started” + "The following people have been chosen to go on the training course: N Peters, C Jones and A Owen."
Giving a
reason
Due to / due to
the fact that
Owing to /
owing to the
fact that
Because
Because of
Since
As
Bởi vì, tại vì Due to and owing to must be followed by a noun phrase Ex: "Due to the rise in oil prices, the
inflation rate rose by 1.25%." + "Owing to the demand, we are unable to supply all items within
2 weeks."
With a clause (a subject, verb and object), must use the fact that Ex: "Due to the fact that oil prices have risen, the inflation rate has gone up by 1%25." + "Owing to the fact that the
workers have gone on strike, the company has been unable to fulfil all its orders."
Because / because of Because of: a noun, or a noun phrase Ex: "Because of bad weather, the
football match was postponed."
Because: a clause Ex: "Because it was raining, the match was postponed." + Since / as Since and as mean because Ex: "Since the company is expanding, we need to hire more staff." + "As the
company is expanding, we need to hire more staff."
Giving a result
Therefore
So, hence
Consequently
This means that
As a result
Vì thế, do đó, kết quả là……
Therefore, so, consequently and as a result are all used in a similar way Ex: "The company is expanding Therefore / So / Consequently / As a result, they are taking on extra staff."
So is more informal Ex: the shops were closed, so I didn't get any milk
Contrasting
ideas
But
However
Although / even
though
Despite /
despite (the fact
that)
In spite of / in
spite of (the fact
that)
Nevertheless
Nonetheless
While
Whereas
Unlike
In theory… in
practice…
Yet
Nhưng, tuy nhiên, mặc dù…
But is more informal than however Ex: "He works hard, but he doesn't earn much."
"He works hard However, he doesn't earn much."
Although, despite and in spite of : contrast Ex: "Although it was cold, she went out in shorts."
"In spite of the cold, she went out in shorts."
Despite and in spite of: a noun phrase Ex: "Despite the fact that the company was doing badly, they took on extra employees." Although: a clause
Nevertheless and nonetheless mean in spite of that or anyway Ex: "The sea was cold, but he
went swimming nevertheless." (In spite of the fact that it was cold.)
"The company is doing well Nonetheless, they aren't going to expand this year."
While, whereas and unlike: show how two things are different from each other Ex: "While my sister has blue eyes, mine are brown." + "Taxes have gone up, whereas social security
contributions have gone down." + "Unlike in the UK, the USA has cheap petrol."
In theory… in practice…: show an unexpected result Ex: "In theory, teachers should prepare for lessons, but
in practice, they often don't have enough time."
Exercise 1: Paying attention to the expressions used in the following sentences, fill in the blanks with the
words and, but also, nor, or, than, then and when, as appropriate For example:
Trang 31 I have both respect _ admiration for them
2 Hardly had I finished reading over the problem, _ the answer leapt to my mind
3 It will rain either today _ tomorrow
4 He could not decide whether to tell the truth _ keep silent
5 It was not only a beautiful day, _ the first day of Spring
6 If you follow the instructions, you should have no difficulty
7 He is neither proud _ condescending
8 What with one thing _ another, it was very late by the time we left the house
9 No sooner had I opened my eyes, _ I remembered where I was
10 Scarcely had I heard the news, _ my friend arrived
11 I do not know whether he has seen the movie before not
12 I would rather wait here _ risk missing the bus
13 She could find the book neither at the Library, _ at the bookstore
14 No sooner had I opened the window, _ a butterfly flew into the room
15 The crowd was both large _ enthusiastic
16 We should either walk quickly take the bus
17 I had scarcely sat down the telephone rang
Exercise 2: Choose the best answer:
1 We postponed our holiday the bad weather (because of, in spite of)
2 We can't go to the cinema it isn't open today (although, even though, because)
3 her dislikes for coffee, she drank it to keep herself warm (although, despite, owing to)
4 Mary will take a plane, she dislikes flying (in spite of, even though, therefore, moreover)
5 I would like to come, _ I do not have time (but, nor, and)
6 Marcy’s sadness at losing the contest, she managed to smile (despite of, also, apart from, in spite of)
7 I invited him _ his friends (and, but, however)
8 I went for a walk _ the sun was shining (because, otherwise)
9 Do you know _ the stores are open today? (as if, whether, as long as)
10 We recognized her at once, we had not seen her for years (although, in case, if)
11 He kept reading _ he fell asleep (for, until, since)
12 The moon will rise the sun sets (as soon as, than, before)
13 It looks the train will be late (while, as though, if)
14 she got her degree, she became a teacher (After, Than, Before, )
15 We will not go skiing the weather is good (as if, unless)
16 he left, he made sure he had his keys with him (Before, For)
17 I told the truth, you would not believe me (Even if, So that)
18 They have known her _ she was a child (until, since)
19 I must leave now, I have a great deal of work to do (as, than)
20 What shall we do it rains? (or else, supposing)
21 you read this book, you would be sure to enjoy it (If, Until)
22 The door was open, we could hear everything (in case, so)
23 I studied more he did (than, whereas, while)
24 We packed a lunch, we knew we would soon be hungry (lest, yet, for)
25 I will join you, the weather is fine (providing that, than, in case)
26 I’m going to bring along my umbrella it rains (because of, as a result, in case, if)
27 he is very busy, he is seldom at home (Or else, Because)
28 We must hurry, _ we will be late (so that, or else, )
29 Will you come with me? _ I shall have to go alone (Also, Otherwise, As well as, In case)
30 She is kind _, she is rather forgetful (However, Consequently, therefore)
31 The work was new to me , it did not seem difficult (Consequently, Nevertheless, In short)
32 Continue along Queen Street turn left (Then, Therefore, also, too)
Trang 433 It was very misty , we could not get a clear view of the mountain (Hence, However)
34 We had walked several miles , we did not feel tired (Accordingly, Still, Since)
35 She is a talented actress , she is very beautiful (Moreover, Thus)
36 We take the bus every day , we are familiar with the bus route (As if, Nevertheless, Thus)
37 The child was sleepy , we went home early (Otherwise, Therefore)
38 The food was delicious _, the service was excellent (Likewise, Nevertheless)
39 We looked everywhere _, we could not find the keys (However, Thus, Likewise)
40 The book is long _, the vocabulary is difficult (In summary, Consequently, Furthermore)
41 Luckily, the moon was bright , we could not have seen the path (Accordingly, Otherwise,
Besides)
42 He is old _, his mind is still active (Nonetheless, Therefore, Moreover, As well as)
43 It was very hot , we decided to go swimming (Consequently, So)
44 It was very hot, we decided to go swimming (Consequently, So)
45 I have invited him , I have invited his sister (Also, And)
46 He walked up to the door knocked (and, likewise)
47 The bus fare is expensive; , I prefer to walk (so, therefore)
48 She is well-educated , she has very good manners (And, Besides)
49 I would rather travel by train, _ the bus leaves earlier (but, however)
50 We were born in this village; , we know everyone here (hence, so that)
51 Put less wood on the fire, _ it will be too smoky (or, otherwise)
52 They got off the train they began to search for a hotel (And, Then)
53 She studied for many months; , she knew the material thoroughly (consequently, so that)
54 The weather was hot; , the air was humid (and, moreover, as well as)
55 Please come with us, I can introduce you to my friends (providing that, thus, so that)
56 The sun was warm, a cool breeze blew in from the sea (also, and, nor, but, however)
57 I have read this book before; , I do not remember the plot (but, however)
58 They were hot tired (or, and, too)
59 The door was locked; , we would have waited inside (firstly, or, otherwise)
60 I have known her for many years; , I understand her character well (so that, thus)
61 We opened the window fresh air would blow into the room (because, consequently, so that)
62 He is ignorant; , he is lazy (and, furthermore, so, thus)
63 They visited many stores; _, they could not find what they were looking for (but, however)
64 You should go to sleep now, you will be tired tomorrow (or, otherwise, and, but)
65 I was worried; _, I was determined not to show it (but, nevertheless, in addition)
CONNECTORS
1) You should keep the milk in the refrigerator _ it doesn’t go bad
2) You should say goodbye to your brother _ you leave for Europe
3) The class discussion was short; _, we gained some knowlegde from it
4) The undergone is cheap; _, it’s faster than the train
5) _ you study harder, you won’t win the scholarship
6) The countrytside air is fresh, , it’s not polluted
7) she spoke slowly, I don’t understand her
8) We will wait her he comes back
9) Our teacher explained the lesson slowly we might understand him
Trang 510) _ it rained heavily, we went to school on time
11) Our visit to Japan was delayed _ my wife’s illness
12) he some to the theatre with me, I shall go alone
13) He tries his best to work hard help her family get over the difficulties
A so as that B In order that C Oi order to D so as not to
14) We moved to the front row _ we could hear and see better
15) I made a mistake I was tired after the work
16) Minh had a terrible headache , he still wanted to go to school
17) My sister will take the plane to Singapore she dislikes flying
18) My car broke down on the way. , when I got the airport, the plane had taken off
19) His mother was sick. _, Jane had to stay at home to look after her
20) They asked me to wait for them; , he didn’t turn back
21) Many people still believe him very much he sometimes tell lies
22) They were walking on the street _ there was an accident
23) the darkness in the room, we couldn’t continue our studying
24) Mary tries to study as hard as possible _ she can get the scholaship to study in England
25) She stopped at the post office _ she could send the letter to her parents
A although B so as to C in order that D despite
26) He didn’t wear warm clothes the cold weather in winter
27) What had you done I phoned you?
28) Tom couldn’t get a job _ he couldn’t speak English well
29) _ he knew the danger of smoking, he couldn’t give it up
30) He knew the danger of smoking; , he couldn’t give it up
31) their poverty in their family, they live happily together everyday
32) He didn’t drink beer _ he was really thirsrty
A in spite of B even though C because D since
33) We will go without him he comes here on time
34) Mike went ot the banbk he cashed his cheque
35) The students finish the test well _ its difficulties yesterday
36) She has driven a car _ she studied at the university
Trang 637) We started out on the trip the weather was extremely hot
A because B In spite of C Because of D Although
38) We should wait for her we had much time
39) we had much time, we shouldn’t wait for her
40) The food didn’t look appetizing; , many people liked enjoying it
41) It was already 6p.m, we closed our office and went home
42) Ok! you can take Chemistry as your major. , you should remember that it is not easy
to learn
43) John succeeded in the exam his hard and methodical work
A because B In spite of C Because of D Although
44) He didn’t stop his car _ the traffic light turned red
A because B In spite of C Because of D Although
45) She didn’t join our programme _ she had to take a summer course at the college
46) She wanted to go to bed early her bad tiredness
A because B In spite of C Because of D Although
47) _ he had to take her mother to the hospital, he still attened our party yesterday
A because B In spite of C Because of D Although
48) they had read these books, they went out
49) The students couldn’t do the test its copmplicated problems
A because B In spite of C Because of D Though
50) it got dark, they continued working
A because B In spite of C Because of D Even though
51) He is very famous in his career, _, he’s always simple and modest
52) _ the hardship he met, he always feels optimistic
53) The Americans had modern weapons, _ they failed in the war in Vietnam
54) Luan’s directions to his house were clear, _, Binh got lost
55) I found your house easily you gave me a clear direction
56) I look up many sources of in formation on the Internet I can write a good essay