113 nghe tam to nam ky thoi thuoc phap

NGHE TAM Td NAM KY T H | THUOC PHAP (CUOI! THE K i XIX, DAU THE K^ XX) NGUVilN PHAN QUANG* ;.i^ T hang 5-1907, Ban chuyen trach nganh tam td Nam Ky (trye thude Nha Canh Ndng Nam Ky) thyc hien cude kinh ly tai mpt so tinh ed tieng ve nganh tam td (Ben Tre, Tra Vinh, Sde Trang, Thu Dau Mpt, Gia Dinh, Long Xuyen, Tan Chau) Tham gia cude kinh ly cd Phai doan tam td Bae Ky (Trung tam iQu trQ quo'c gia II - Kb: IA4/076) Cuoc kinh ly nham mue di'eh tim hie'u thUe trang nganh t i m td va kha nang phat trien nganh Dong thdi, trQdc mIt chpn mpt dia diem thich hdp de thie't lap mdt cd sd lya trQng tam va Qdm td theo kieu mau nhUng cd sd da boat dpng mpt nam qua d Phil Lang ThQdng (Blc Ky) Ke't qua cuoc kinh ly d mdi tinh dQdc bao cao chi tiet ve Phu Thd'ng dd'e Nam Ky, phan anh kha rd net thyc trang nghe tam td Nam Ky mdt the'ky trQdc Gan ba thang sau (ngay 27-8-1907), Ban chuyen trach tam td (tnic thupc Nha Canh ndng) lai giii them mdt sd'bao cao len Thd'ng dd'e Nam Ky, bo sung nhieu ehi tiet ve nghe t i m td tQ thue dan Phap cai tri Nam Ky cho de'n nam 1907 Sau day, xin dQdc tdng hdp cac tai lieu tren L TINH HINH T R U d C NAM 1907 TrQdc cude chinh phuc ciia Phap, nghe t i m td da la mot "ky nghe ndng nghiep" ma ngQdi ndng dan Nam Ky danh nhieu thdi gian nha't, ngoai cdng viec dong ang Theo Tap san cua Uy ban Canh ndng vd Ky nghe Nam Ky (xua't ban eae nam 1865 va 1871): "Khip Nam Ky chQa ed mdt nha t i m nao dQdc thie't lap; mac dau hau het dan cQ deu cd nudi tam hoac nhieu hoac ft" Cac tinh deu dau tren mpi dien tich, nhQng vdi sd' iQdng nhd Rieng b My Tho, Vlnh Long, Chau Dd'e, dpc theo hai bd sdng Tien, sdng Hau ed nhieu chd ban td lua ndi tieng Cai Be - la mdt thi tQ ciia tinh My Tho - cung ed rat nhieu trai dau Van theo Tap san (da dan): Cay dau dQdc nhieu nhat tai cac vung bao quanh Bien Hda, Thu Dau Mpt va Long Thanh Tai Long Thanh cd nhQng trai dau ra't dep (cd trai rdng g i n 30 ares) Dieu giai thich viec eae muc sQ Roy va Berne da lap cl ngoai d Sai Gon hai cd sd Qdm td keo sdi Theo td Le Courrier Saigonnais (5-4-1870), ngQdi ta cd the xua't sang thj trQdng Lyon nhQng loai td cua Nam Ky, khdng ehi de thii nghiem ma dQdc coi nhQ bang hda thyc sy Nam 1868, mpt ngUdi 'PCS TS Trudng Dai hpc SQ pham Tp Ho Chi Minh Rghe tam ^a Ram Ky thin thuOc Phap Qdm td gidi d Drome - ba Seyssel- dUde mdi sang Nam Ky vdi nghe thu cdng, hudng din each Udm td cho dan ban xQ Ky nghe t i m td d Nam Ky tQng ed mdt vi tri kha quan trpng, nen hoi dd chinh quyen thyc dan dy kien kha nang thiet lap mdt luong thQdng mai giQa nQde Phap vdi thupc dia non tre Rat tide la nghe t i m td da ty nd suy thoai sau dd, de'n mQc gan nhil bien mat tai mpt so'tinh tQng phat dat mpt thdi (nhu Vinh Long, Sa Dec, Bien Hda, Thii Dau Mot ) Giai thich nhQ the nao sy suy thoai nay, mac d i u day la mot ky nghe ra't phu hdp vdi sd thich va tap quan tQ nhien cua ngudi ban xQ, dong thdi lai la mpt nghe ra't sinh Idi Vice cay dau ra't de thyc hien, thich nghi vdi ta't ca eae loai da't Con tam xQ nay, ban than nd cung kha thich nghi vdi nhQng dieu kien khac Sy suy thoai ciia ky nghe td lua trQdc het la nhQng nguyen nhan kinh te Vice khai pha nhQng ddng bing menh mdng ^ Can Thd, Tra Vinh, Rach Gia, Sde Trang, Bae Lieu dan den sy chenh lech ve ty le giQa dien tich lua va nhan cdng, dan so'da tang Idn gan 1/3 ke tQ cuoc chinh phuc ciia Phap TrQdc va sau thyc dan Phap dat nen cai tri, dan cQ ndng nghiep da tQng tap trung d nhQng tinh dQdc khai thac lau ddi, nhu Vlnh Long, Sa Dec, Bien Hda, Ben Tre, Gia Djnh, Thu Diu Mpt, Chd Ldn Dien tich lua tai nhQng linh tam du nhan cdng, cac gia dinh dung thdi gian rdi rai v.io viec nudi lim; nhiing thi khdng cdn nhQ vay nQa Da't dai phi nhieu vQa mdi khai ph.i thu hut nhnn cdng ve nhQng ddn dien menh mdng d cac tinh Ddi vdi nong gia thi rieng viec lua cung da 19 giiip hp khdng chi sd'ng du dat ma cdn cd the lam giau Va chang, vice liia dac biet Ihi'ch hdp vdi tap quan eiia ngUdi ndng dan An Nam; mpi boat dpng ndng nghiep difdc tien hanh theo thdi vu nhat dinh, khdng phai vai ngay, cang khdng phai vai gid nhu vice nudi tam (Ldm rudng dn cam ndm; Nudi tdm dn cam diing) Do vay, ngQdi dan Nam Ky da dan dan xa rdi nghe tam td, vi nd ddi hdi sQ cham soc ti mi hdn Tuy thu dQdc nhieu Idi nhuan cd IQa tim dat hieu sunt cao (ldm rudng ba ndm klidng bdng nudi tdm mot Ida) thi cung van rat ba'p benh, may riii Nhieu ngQdi ta cd the mat sach nhQng IQa tam vai gid ma khdng rd nguyen nhan Cdn mpt ly khac cd tac dpng manh don sQ suy thoai cua nghe tam td d Nam Ky: dd la sQ xam nhap ciia vai voc Trung Hoa td't hdn vai lua ban xii ve moi m.at, Lni khdng dat hdn bao nhieu, dap Qng thj hieu "xai sang" cua nhQng ngudi An Nam giau len nhd rudng dti't R5 rang la san pham td lua ciia Tau da canh tranh gay gat vdi td lua ban xQ Du xua't phat tQ ly gi, thi ngitdi An Nam da rdi bd nhQng phifdng tien cua minh, de'n ndi tat ca cac trung tam dau dude neu tren Tap san Canh ndng chi cdn lai vung Tan Chau, nhQng cung da mat vai trd cua nd trUde Tai cac Cu lao Ba Xang, Con Mdi d phu can Cu lao Gieng, cay tram va cay thud'c la cang la'n ludt vi tri eiia cay dau Tai Long Thanh 40 nam trUde cd nhQng trai dau tQdi td't gan 30 ares, ehi cdn vai gd'c thieu cham sde, trd trpi cac khu vUdn TrQdc day - theo Idi dan dia phQdng - hau nhQ gia dinh nao cung cd be udm td, khung del lua The ma chi cdn Rghien eiiru Lich siSr sg 1.2010 20 cd sd nudi t i m , nhQng ed sd da ngQng hoat dpng vi thieu trQng t i m , ed sd thQ thi chi cd khoang 1000 t i m O Tan Uyen ehi cdn dam ba cay dau va mpt gia dinh nudi t i m Tinh Bien Hda thi ngQng viec san xuat td tQ 10 nam Nhin chung, ngQdi nudi t i m An Nam hay IChmer d Nam Ky cung tQdng ty nhQng ddng nghiep cua hp d Bae Ky NgQdi ta ehi biet t i m bi benh, nhQng khdng xac dinh dQdc nguyen nhan, dac tinh can benh ciia t i m O Blc Ky, it ngQdi ta cung biet dat ten cho mdi loai benh ciia tam, va mdt sd' dia phUdng coi nghe t i m td la mdt nghe can ban ciia nha ndng; d Nam Ky thi t i m td chi la mot nghe ra't phu Sau day la tinh hinh b mpt so'tinh Nam Ky vd'n cd truyen thd'ng ve nghe t i m td: Ben T r e , T r a V i n h Theo cac bao cao, tinh Ben Tre ehi ed nhQng trai dau nhd, rai rac tren nhQng canh dong va giong eat TQ Dong Tre den Ba Tri (mot trung tam nd'i tie'ng ve "lua Ba Tri"), nghe det da suy giam ra't nhieu Xung quanh trung tam Ba Tri va tien xa hdn ve phia bien, tai cac lang An Hda, Tan Ha cd khoang 10 hec-ta (ha) dau, tang ga'p lln trQdc sil dung nhQng khoanh da't bd hoang hoac vd'n canh tac thud'c la, dau, b i p Cac lang Tan Trang, Dong Xung va ba lang My Nhdn, My Chanh, My Thanh (Ba My) deu ed nudi tam Tai Cu lao Minh, canh dong tQ Md Cay den Vung Thdm va cac giong Ba Vat, Dong Keo deu ed dau Vung Thdm san xua't td sd'ng va dUde det tai eho XQa kia, Md Cay cd nhieu khung eili (b Xdm Cudi), chi cdn mpt hai ehiec Lang Dong Mieu hinh nhQ van nghe det lua Ndi chung, nghe t i r a td cl tinh Ben Tre da mai mpt nhieu nhieu nguyen nhan, nhQng v i n cd the boi phuc ne'u cd dieu kien tieu thy san pham, neu nam vQng nhQng hieu biet cd ban ve sinh ly eon tam day cd rat nhieu nhan cdng nQ, vi hp khdng ban rpn cdng viec dong ang nang nhpc nhQ d cac tinh ed nhieu cQ dan Khmer Nghe t i m td d Tra Vinh quan trpng hdn d Ben Tre Cac trai dau dac biet phat trien d vung Tra Kha, gom ba lang Ham Giang, Dai D Q va Ddn Hau thude tdng Ngai Hda ThQdng Trung tam t i m td gom cd ba canh dong song song: Thdt Nd't, Tra Kha va Dong Ldn Mpt phan ba dien tich dong rudng la nhQng trai dau Nghe t i m td dQdc ndng gia ra't quan tam, sau nghe lua Vung Tra Kha da ban td sd'ng cho cac nha det lua b Chau Ddc hoac ban cho ngQdi Hoa vdi sd' iQdng ldn de xuat khau Ben kenh Lang-Sat, sau vao d l t lien, lang Long Vinh (tong Thanh I Ida ThQdng) va lang An Thdi (cung td'ng) cung ed ra't nhieu trang trai dau NhQng canh dong b Tam PhQdng, My Can, Thanh Le thupc tdng Tra Nhieu ThQdng deu cd nQdng dau tren nhQng dien tich nho, gin n h a d •• • t • Chu tinh Massy, nhan cuoc hop hang thang cua cac chanh, phd tdng, da bd tri cho phai doan tie'p xue vdi hp de ed nhQng thdng tin khai quat ve cac vung t i m td tinh Theo hp, nghe t i m td b cac td'ng Thanh Hda ThQdng, Ngai Long ThQdng, Ngai Hoa Trung cung tUdng ty cl td'ng Tra Nhieu ThUdng Cd the ke't lu^n: Tra Vinh cin dQdc coi la mpt tinh t i m td quan trpng, nd'i bat nha't la vung Tra Kha Chi tie'c r i n g Tra Vinh each xa trung tam, khd cd the trd Rghe tbm ta Ram Ky thin fhuQc Phfip mdt dia ban vQng ehle de cd the khuye'n khfch thQdng nhan tao mdt luong giao dich hi$u qua Cung nhQ tinh Sde Trang (xin xem d muc sau), nghe t i m td d Tra Vinh h l u nhQ hoan toan cac gia dinh ngQdi Khmer thyc hien Hp khdng dung lua Tau, dep hdn nhQng khdng ben ma lai d l t tien, khdng phu hdp vdi nhu ciu eiia hp NgQdi An Nam d Tra Vinh thi ehi nudi t i m nhQ mdt cdng viec phu cua tQng gia dinh Cac gia dinh ngQdi Khmer khdng coi trpng nhQng nguyen t i c ve sinh sd ding viec nudi t i m T i m dQdc nudi hai cai thung Con t i m qua lan dd'i 16't thQ ba ra't khdng deu, nhieu eon t i m bi benh t i m md T i m nudi thung qua nhd, lai cdn phu len mdt Idp vai day, khdng thdng thoang La dau thai qua nhd, khd ddn dQdi bung tim, la dau qua it, t i m cya quay tim hoai thQc an da vdi can hang gid trQdc dd H l n r i n g eon t i m phai ra't thich nghi vdi thd ngdi mdi ed the elm cy vdi cung each cham nudi nhil vay Tuy nhien ngUdi ta vin cd the tin tQdng vao trien vpng nghe nudi tim, mot trQng t i m dQdc iQa chpn td't, nhQng quy tac ve sinh dQdc phd' bie'n O Tra Vinh cung nhu d Ben Tre, eae trai dau dQdc cham sde kha can than Vao mua ning ndng, gd'c dau dQdc phii rdm hoac than la cay bIp de chd'ng khd dat Hang nam, ngQdi ta bdn cho dau mdt it phan, nhung each thQc thi lai hoan toan khac vdi cac tinh Long Xuyen va Chau Dd'e Cay dau tren cac giong da't cat, nhQng hang nam vung thudng bi han nang khoang nam thang Gid'ng dau than nhd cung dQdc tai day, nhQng d Ben Tre it hdn d Tra Vinh 21 Soc T r a n g Sde Trang ra't gid'ng Tra Vinh ve canh quan dong rudng cung nhQ ve cQ dan (da so' la ngudi Khmer) Nghe t i m td tap trung d vung Tay Sum, mdt khu da't tren canh ddng each phd' gan 12km Cay dau dUde rai rac tren dudng vao lang, hoac tQng cay rieng le, hoac tQng cum khoang mdt vai chuc gd'c dau Cd sd nha't dang gpi la "trai tim" nim d giQa lang, vdi dien tich khoang l/4ha Loai "dau Xiem" (mdm siam) dQpe each quang lm50, tQng day each 2m Ngudi Hoa - chii nhan ciia trang trai - nam khdng khai thac nQa, vu hda hoan vita qua da tan pha mpi phQdng tien nudi tim Cay dau gom loai: dau Xiem, dau nQde (mdn tue) va dau Levair (mdn Levair) VQa qua, bi han keo dai, cay dau van mpc td't, chQng td chit da't Sde Trang thich nghi vdi cay dau Qb dl cay dau d day chQa dQdc cham sde that td't, cd le vi nghe tam td khdng dQcfc coi la ngudn thu nhap quan trpng NgQdi ta trdng dau nudi t i m chi vi cin cd lua de dung Cac lang Lai Tam, PhQdc Lai, Van Trat va Yen Tap (tren dudng di Cin Thd) hdp mdt trung tam t i m td quan trpng hdn Tren mdt canh dong chay dai ngdt 3km dpc theo dQdng Id, dan cQ ddng due, ddng sdng Vung Thdm chay qua giQa lang, nghe t i m td hinh nliQ chQa ma't eho dQng nhQ d mdt sd'vung khac NgQdi Khmer cd tap quan sd'ng ddn gian tQ xQa Cac loai lua mem, long lanh cua ngUdi Tau nhap vao khdng hdp nhu cau cua hp Hp chi can loai vai lua de may sampd, ao dai, veston Cd le vi vay ma nghe t i m td vin dQdc tri cac lang Khmer d Sde Trang cung nhQ d Tra Vinh Rghien ciJru Lich siir so 1.2010 22 Xa Lai Tam cd hdn 30 ed sd nudi t i m Thdi vu tam td la tQ thang de'n thang va tQ thang 10 den thang 11 Sud't ca nam, mpt vai gia dinh lien tue nudi tam de bao ve gid'ng T i m dudc nudi cung gid'ng dau nhif d Tay Sum NhQng rudng dau cd 50 gd'c boiic nhieu hdn la phd bie'n NhUng hinh nhu nghe t i m Id chi that sQ phat dat d Lai Tarn va vung phu can Theo dan dia phQdng, gid'ng dau Xiem dQdc Qa chuong hdn cac gid'ng khac, vi la dau Xiem cd nhieu mat, cho nhieu td bdn va la loai td td't nha't ve ea dp ben lan dp lang Vi cay dau rai rac khap tinh, ngudi nudi tam phai di kiem la dau tan Phu Ninh, ed |)hai vao tan phd Soc Trang Vudn nlia dng Sdn Diep cd mdt khu dau hcJn 200 gd'c (thupc lang Khiinb HQn.g) Ndi chung, cay dau dQdc ed hieu qua khIp cac canh dong ciia tinh S6c Trang NgQdi ta cung giong dau nhd cay nhif Gia Dinh, Thii Dau Mdt va Bien Hda NhQng nam dau, nha ndng thinh thoang lam ed, chd cay dau ldn dan len, la che phii mpi cay cd khac d jihia dudi Ngifdi ta hai la dau luy llioo nhu cau nudi tim Thdi diem nudi t i m b i t dau tQ cud'i thang O^ll d i u mua mua); mua khd ngUdi ta ehi nudi lam de cho t i m siiih san ma thdi Nghe t i m td d Sde Tring cd the phat trien mpt co ndi lieu thu on dinh va ngudi ndng dan tha'y cd Idi thyc sy dtiu tren nhQng canh dong bd hoang hoac Iron cac dien lich trdng cac loai cay it sinh Idi hdn Cd Ic cdn lau td t i m d Tra Vinh, Soc Trang mdi trd san pham xua't khau quan trpng Thu Dau Mot va Gia Dinh Nghe nudi t i m d hai tinh ba'p benh hdn d Tra Vinh va Sde Trang C) phia tren Thii Dau Mdt, tai vung Bung Cau xUa ndi tieng t i m td, nbung chi ed hai khoanh da't nhd P h i n ldn dan dia phUdng deu biet nghe t i m td, nhQng chi lien hanh vad luc rdi rai Hau nhil ehUa cd mot ed sd nudi t i m nao nghiem chinh Cung cd the d thdi diem Phai doan de'n tham (cudl thang 4) la diiu dii vdi can Vung giiip ranh ciia tinh - Beii MQdng va phu can cho de'n Hdc Mdn va Cu Chi - ed mdt trung tam t i m Id kha quan trpng NgUdi dan Hdc Mdn cho biet: vao vu td tam, hang doiin dan ba eon gai ganh ve nhQng sot la dau mua difdc IQ khap ndi Vung tie'p giap Cu Chi, nghe t i m td cd ve phat trien Vung chd Tan Pliu cd nhieu gia dinh nudi tam sudl ca mua niQa, vi la dau mua ddi dao O Ben Mifdng, ken tam rat xau, vQa nhd vQa yen; ngQdi ta khdng Qdm ma keo nhQ keo sdi bong vai de det thao hay diii (nipt loai tussor), dung may mac gia dinh Dieu can lilu y: ngai (de trQng tim) dem ban dQdi dang ken, va trpng iQdng ciia ken (de trQng) quye't dinh gid'ng tim Neu can dong theo so'iQdng ken (4 "tien"= can = 600gr) thi khdng chinh xac, \n tam mdi ken cung trpng iQdng rat khac O cac tinh Gia Djnh va Thu Dau Mdt, cd sy khdng can xQng giQa iQdng la t i m vdi so' ludng lam Hinh nhit ngQdi ta cho ring dung it la dau ma nudi dildc nhieu tim thi kinh te hdn! Thyc ra, tam khdng dQdc nudi dQdng IQ to thi se nha it td Nhiing hp lai mong ed mpt ludng ken that nhieu, cho du cd giam ludng td! Thyc hp da bd phi mpt each dai ea Icen lan td, vi mdt t i m khdng dilde chain nudi til te se sinh benh, neu tam khdng chet thi ken t i m cung xa'u NhQng ngifdi nudi t i m rat it hieu biet vd ve sinh dich to cung nhU Rghejam^toJlarn_Ky thai thupc Phap 23 nhQng nguyen t i c cd ban ve sinh ly ciia eon t a m • • -i.-ii Long X u y e n • 'i ' .la, -J • ' '' May chuc nam trQdc, nghe dau linh ra't phat trien va v i n edn vi tri quan trpng trQdc xay tran bao nam 1904 Bay gid dQdng nhQ nghe t i m Id ehi cdn d Cu lao Gieng Ngay tai cu lao ndi cd cd sd ciia Hpi Truyen giao - cung khdng edn trai dau nao nQa Vien cd nhi trUde day da thu nghiem vice nudi t i m nhitng khdng ket qua, danh bing Idng vdi viec dot nhQng ta'm lua bing Id mua d cac dao lan can va d Tfin Chau Tai Con Mdi (bing My Ludng), ngudi la tinh dQdc don 10 ba da't dau, nhUng cd le eon so' cdn ldn hdn Phan ldn dien lich thude Hpi Truyen giao Gid'ng dau d day la "dau-dud'i-di", khia la rat trdn, tQdng ty gid'ng "dau se" cua Bae Ky va cua Ben Tre Trong trai dau cdn xen cay thud'c la, cay bap va cay tram Xila kia, d Con Mdi va Cdn Cu rat nhieu dau Cd le bipn phiip tich cQc de hoi phuc viec trdng dau eae dia phQdng la mien thue nhif da dl) dung d Blc Ky va Trung Ky Cu lao Ba Xang (dd'i dien vdi Chd Thu Chien Sai) cung cd dau, vdi mdi cd sd nudi 12 thung tam Idn (qua lln dd'i lot IhQ 4) Con t i m ldn, chic, nbUng khdng dQdc deu IQa, khong ed da'u hieu benh tat Cung nhQ nhieu ed sd khac, didu dang trach la ngQdi ta chi cho t i m an ra't it la dau mpt ndng t i m luc nbiic day dac Ngoai nhQng trai d.iu ndi tren, cdn phai ke den nhQng nudng dau quan trpng d lang Long Kidn Cach d.ly nam lang cd da't dau, nhQng da chuyen sang bIp, Ilia va dau Khu chd Thii Chien sai ed vai chye khung eili nhQng phai mua td d Tan Chau Tdm lai, nghd t i m td d tinh Long Xuyen xifa rat phat dat, nhUng canh tUdng khdng cdn nija Dat dai cd the trdng dau thi ra't nhieu, nhUng nghd trdng lua qua nang dpng da lam ngifdi ta coi nhe nghe td tam HSn rang ngifdi dan Long Xuyen sii tim tha'y d Tan Chau mpi Inm gQdng de bdi phuc nghd td t i m da mdt Ihdi phat dat d Tan C h a u (Chau Doc) Cd le Tan Chau la trung lain tam Id quan trpng nhat cua Nam Ky Quanh vung Tan Chau cd nhidu lang nghd tam td nhif Long Phu, Tan Long Thuan, Long Kiianh, ThQdng Thdi va Cu lao Ma Cd den ngdt 300ha dat trdng dau vung Tim quan trpng ciia nghd llni td Tan Chau lh(2 hien d nhQng cd sd Qdm td vdi den 10 be Qdm, d nhQng trai dau vdi dien tich nhieu Phai doan difdc tiep xue vdi nhQng ngifdi nudi tam rat nang ddng, chii yeu sdng bang nghd lim td va san sang licj) nhan nhQng phifdng phap ed the tang them nguon thu nhap Tan Chau n i m tren ddng sdng ldn, cd tau be ciia Hang Van tai dUdng sdng va salup cua ngQdi Hoa qua lai, so' ngQdi nudi tim ddng dao va nhidu kinh nghiem Mdt trinh dp ky Ihiial cua ngifdi nudi tam dQdc nang cao, chac chan Tan Chau la vung thuan Idi nha't cho vice lap mdt Trung tam Tim Td, vdi muc dich chinh la phan phdi cho dan ban xQ nhQng trQng tim da dUde tuydn lUa Tiep dd mdi la vice bien cac phifdng phap nudi l i m va Qdm td Qu viet nha't, vdi viec xay nhQng be Udm kieu mail Trung tam t i m td phai luon cd sin ken t i m vdi khdi lifdng ldn de cd the tuydn iQa gid'ng td't; phai cd nguon nifdc doi dao de daj) Qng cac khau van hanh va cudi ciini' 24 la nhQng phQdng tien van chuyen thuan tien de lien lac vdi ta't ca cac tinh ly cua Nam Ky Cd the khang dinh ring: chi cl Tan Chau mdi hdi dii nhQng didu kien tren mpt each kha quan, khdng mpt trung tam t i m td nao khac cd the cd difdc Viec lap Trung tam T i m Td chi nen bat dau mdt each khiem td'n, trQdc bet la ed' gang san xua't dQdc 100.000 trQng tim/nam vdi chi phi 5.720$ (piastre) nam dau, bao gdm viec xay dyng phdng thi nghiem, nha nudi tam va nha d Vien Chu tinh Chau Doe (PECH) hQa san sang tai trd 1.500$ lay tQ ngan sach hang tinh de giup vao viec xay dyng, neu Thdng ddc Nam Ky quyet dinh chpn Tan Chau de dat Trung lam NhQng xuat tren day difdc Thdng dd'e Nam Ky can nhlc Theo cdng van cua Thd'ng dd'e giii Chu tinh Chau Dd'e, trQdc mat chQa vdi ban nhQng ke hoach quy md ldn, ma chi can xue lien viec xay dQng Tan Chau mdt trung tam nudi t i m kieu mau Rghien cijru Lich sir s61.2010 mat khac du nhap each nudi tam va Q(Jm td cua chau Au de hp tham khao va cai tien; b i t d i u b i n g vice tuyen gid'ng va xay dyng nhQng be Qdm thi nghiem Mud'n vdy, Trung tam phai ludn san cd ken tam da tuyen lya vdi sd'lQdng ldn Mat khac, phai khuye'n khfch vice trdng dau va mien thue da't trdng dau Ngan sach chiu thiet mpt khoan tien nhd, nhUng hieu qua lai ra't Idn Kinh nghiem d cac Cd sol t i m td Blc Ky (Phii Lang ThQdng, Kien An, Thai Binh, Nam Dinh, Blc Ninh ), nhd midn thue ma dien tich trdng dau tang gan 100 De tuyen lya dQdc gid'ng tam tot, trQdc bet phai thay the nhQng gid'ng t i m khdng qua tuyen lya b i n g gid'ng t i m da tuyen lya theo phudng phap Pasteur Mdt sd' gid'ng l i m da tuyen chpn mang tQ Bae Ky vd thQ nghiem d Ben Tre va Tan Chau eho ket qua rat kha quan (thii ngbipm cdng IQa gid'ng thQ hai b i n g ken cua IQa dau, hinh dang ken dai bdn, to hdn ken t i m dia phQdng) Vdi gid'ng ken nay, mdt nha t i m d Tan Chau da nudi dQdc ngdt 100 nong t i m II THANH LAP TRUNG TAM T A M T O Ddi vdi Trung tam kieu mau Tan Chau, KIEU MAU Cf TAN CHAU eae nhan vien ky thuat (do chinh quyen bd' Ngay tQ d i u the ky XX, thyc dan Phap nhin tha'y d Tan Chau mpt ngudn khai thac thupc dia va xua't khau beo bd lanh vyc t i m td d Nam Ky, nhQ hp da thyc hien mdt ke hoach tQdng ty d Phu Lang ThQdng (Bae Ky) Trung tain tam td kieu mau Tan Chau da ddi hoan canh dd dung) ddng vai trd quan trpng Nhiem vu ehu yeu ciia hp la ehi dude sil dung cac gid'ng t i m da dQdc tuyen lya Tan Chau la dia diem thuan Idi nha't de xay dyng mdt trung tam l i m td kieu m i u d i u tien d Nam Ky, nhQ Bao cao nam 1907 da dan Van de cdn lai cua Trung tam la cung cap cho ngQdi dan Tan Chau nhQng trQng t i m da dUdc tuyen gid'ng can than, Torn lai, mdt trung tam t i m td kieu mau, biet phat huy Idi the ciia chat dat va thdi tiet Nam Ky, phai tao dudc sQ phat trien manh me khau cung cap nguyen lieu (san xua't kt'n tim), trQdc bet la xuc tien vice trdng dau va nudi tam Ve viec Udm td, chd ddi xay dung xong cac be Udm kieu m l u , nen van dung kinh nghiem dan gian d tQng dia phUdng Rghe tam ta Ram Ky thin thupc Phap N g u o n d a u t a m • • ' Trung tam Tan Chau yeu cau cac linh cung ca'p cac gid'ng cay dau de trdng IhQ nghiem, nhung trQdc mIt (thang 6-1908) chua vdi trdng ngay, dd phdng lu lut s i p den, chi trdng dau phong dd tang dp azote cho da't, chd den thang 10 se chiet canh dau Cay dau thii nghiem mpc rat td't, khdng edn bi lut loi de dpa va se sinh Idi bat dau iQ nam sau Sau da't dQdc cay xdi, canh dau chiet se dQdc giii ddn De bao ve van chuyen, canh dau chiet cin cao khoang Om30 va bd lai can than, xep vao tau thuy nen tranh xep gin Id dot Theo hQdng d i n cua Ban chuyen trach nganh t i m td, cay dau phai trdng each td'i thieu met Khi cay dau da cao IQ lm20 den lm50, thi phai e l l ngan (chi cdn 0m30 so vdi mat da'y) Sau thang, cay dau se cao 0m60, cQ hai nam lai mpt than cay khac khoang OmlO trdn cay gd'c Can didu chinh cho cay dau phat trien theo dang mpt cai tan, tao dien phat trien tdi da cho la dau T u y e n lUa giong t a m Sau ngdt mpt nam xay dyng de an va khao sat bd' sung tren nhieu dia ban, den thang 6-1908, Trung tam Tan Chau tap trung vao vifc xay dyng Phdng tuyen lya gid'ng tim: - Chuan bi vat lieu ed s i n tai chd (cd'ppha, van, spt ), nhQng lien dp cham vi thieu van, tro, phai dat mua van b Bae Ky gia re hdn - SQ dung mung man va iQdi kim loai de ddi phd vdi nan "con lang" d trung lam, ddng thdi khuyen khi'ch cac gia dinh nudi t i m ap dung cac bien pb.ip 25 "Con ling" phd bien khIp Nam Ky va bat cQ ngQdi nudi tam nao cung deu biet loai "cdn trung bai canh" (d Bae Ky, ling dUde gpi la "con nhang") Con lang xua't hien nhieu d vung Tan Chau khoang thang va thang 10 am lich; mpi ngQdi ddu biet rd tai hai cua cdn trung neu khdng cd bien phap ddi phd Trung lam Tan Chau dy dinh chi 30$ de mua iQdi kim loai (theo kinh nghiem cua cd sd t i m td Phu Lang ThQdng-Bic Ky) LQdi s i t chi thich hdp vdi nhQng gian phdng kin vach Nha d cua dan ban xQ thi khdng phai nhQ vay NgQdi nudi t i m An Nam dat cac nong t i m d bat cQ ndi nao nha tranh cua hp, mien la khdng bi gid lua Cach bao vp thyc td nha't tinh hinh hien tai la sQ dung mung man Tuy bien phap vin cd chd bat cdp, nhQng that khd b i t bude ngQdi "nha que" phai thay the mung man bing bien phap lot hdn nhUng chi phi lai cao bdn nhidu Them nQa, nha cQa cua nhQng ngifdi nudi tain An Nam thudng am tha'p, nhQng tam hidi kim loai vdi gia 3fr/m^ se nhanh chdng bi ri s6t sil dung Cach td't n h l t hien la khuyen khfch cac nha nudi tim nen danh nhQng gian rieng de nudi tam, ddng thdi chd'ng "con ling" bing nhQng manh Ire ngan ciia, ket hdp vdi vice tay ue ed dich benh t i m cQdng NgQdi nudi t i m ban xQ mud'n sQ dung loai mung bang vai gai de thay the loai mung b i n g sdi bdng kem thoang khi, dd cung la mdt each cai tie'n tiofdc mat Viec cai tien dung eu nudi t i m va nhQng quy tie ve sinh cho l i m ehi cd the tien hanh tQng bQdc Rieng d Trung tam Tan Chau, vi phdng nudi t i m khdng cd Iran, vay nen bign phap thyc te nhat la sQ dung nhQng mung rpng Rghien curu Ljch 5i5r so 1.2010 26 ket hdp vdi litdi sal d cac cQa sd DQ linh can 120$ (piastre) de him cQa iQdi sat d phdng nuui t i m ; t r I n nha se ghep bing van cay Phdng nudi t i m nhat Ihidt phai cd nhQng pbudng lien hQu hieu chd'ng "con lang" Vi cac ken gidng bi ling lam hQ hai xua't phat IQ nhQng ly rat khac Cac vach ngan bang lifdi kim loai da lien hanh IQ thang 3, phai tam ngifng, vi Sai Gon chifa kip cung cap ludi sit Hien tai Tan Chau da cd lkg200 ken gid'ng, se tuyen kfa qua kinh hien vi va phan phdi mien phi cho cac nha nudi l i m d eae lang lan can Nd iQc chinh cua Tan Chau la thuyet phuc cac nha nudi t i m cha'p nhan gid'ng tam da tuyen lUa de bao dam thu hoach binh Ihudng, lien tdi cd lai Vice tuyen lUa gid'ng tam dQdc lien banh ddu dan iQ 1-9 nhd so' ken t i m cua dng Girard (Suzannah) va cua dng Bui Van Danh b Md Cay, lai mua Ihem Id ken t i m dThdi Sdn Da xet nghiem hdn 9.000 ngai ed 50% ngai tot) So' ken l i m cua Girard va cua Ben Tre cung cap 90% ngai lanh manh So' ken l i m ciia Thdi cd 10% ngai bi benh lam gai (chi dng Sdn Dung cresyl va sulfate ddng de tay rila dung cu eae nha nudi t i m lan can (trQdc hp nhan gidiig l i m da lya chpn); day la khoan chi lieu ngoai dy tinh nhifng can thiol Vdi da nay, cd the tang cQdng gid'ng tam dii tuyen lya, cd the cung cap gan 20 lln so vdi hien nay, kip dap Qng cac ddn dat hang Theo bao cao djnh ky (10-1908): viec tuyen gid'ng tam dien bie'n rat td't Da phan phdi bet 4.530 gid'ng Nhan them ciia dng phu XQdng va mpt hQdng chQc d Md Cay 25kg ken tam rat dep Qua kiem nghiem tren kinh bien vi, ty le eon ngai bi benh tam gai da giam b i n , chi cdn 1/100 Day la mpt ty lo chifa lung cd eho ddn nay, ca nhQng Id ken lay IQ midn nui Chau Ddc cung khdng difdc nhu vay Trude mat, cd the di Ben Ti'c (Md Cay, Ba Tri) de thu mua ken Cd thd gia mua ken tQdi d Ben Tre gap ddi gia ken d Chau Ddc, nhirng van cd Idi So lifdng gidiig tam phan phdi thang vQdt xa so'eiia cac t h i n g trUdc dd, thdi gian qua viec nudi tam d Tan Chau that gian nan, mdt phan vi nan "con ling", mdt phan cac benh tam khac Nhieu cd sd nudi tam nhif d ThQdng Phifde, Long Khanh dang thieu gidng tdi nghiem trpng; cd ca nipt nong tarn bj benh phai dd bet xud'ng sdng L a p d a t b e lidm - Xay 16 k e o sdi td - Che b i e n p h e p h a m Cudl nam 1910, nhan dip Phai doan Blc Ky chpn Tan Chau lam diom khao sat nghd l i m Id Nam Ky, Trung lam Tan Chau difdc lip dat mdt sd'thie't bi mdi: - Be Qdm td: van hanh 11 thing 12, Tuy mifa lu keo dai, jjhln ldn dien tich trdng dau bi ngap, anh hifdng den viec nudi tim, nhung Trung lam da kjp thu mua dQdc ma'y tram kg ken t i m , dung hdi hfim ken de kip dQa vao cac be Qdm (vice ham ken bing hdi nifdc difdc ap dung d Phap nhung chifa dQdc thich dung d Ddng DQdng dac diem eiia ken t i m va hau am tha'p) Chu nhan eae nha t;im vung ra't hai long quan sat each van hanh khac cua be Qdm: mdt be Qdm sdi td manh de xua't khau va mpt be Qdm s(;)i td cQng dd dot lua ban xQ va det lua trdn bing sdi td nguyen chat Mpt so cdng nhan nQ thQc tap trdn may mdi qua cac cdng doan (lya ken, biit sdi va keo spi Qdm ) Rghe thm ta Ram Ky thdri thude Phap Theo danh gia cua Phai doan khao sat Bae Ky, td sd'ng cua Nam Ky da dUde cai lien nhidu, ed gia tri tifdng dudng td sd'ng cua Bae Ky, nghla la de dang xua't cang sang Phap Loai td cd gia tQ 9$ den 10$/kg hoac cao hdn, theo cha't iQdng (ddu sdi, cudn tot ) Loai td sdi cQng dung del tussor cung cd gia tifdng difdng loai Id ndi tren Phai doan cho rang: chifa can cai tien phifdng tien san xua't td sd'ng bing may mdc Au chau, vi loai Id nguyen gd'c d Tan Chau cd gia 9$-9$50/kg, vo dan dia phifdng ehua tha'y ed Idi nhidu kjii Qng dung may mdc cai lien O Tan Chau, ngUdi ta chi can 15kg ddn 20kg ken tam da cd 1kg sdi Id, cac phQdng tien cai lien pb.li can ddn 20kg den 25kg Bing pbUiing phap truydn ihd'ng cua dia phQdng, cd the cung ca'p mdi 600gr td sd'ng, cac phUdng lien cai tien (cua chau Au) cbi cung ca'p mdi 150gr den 200gr Neu dung nhif vay thi khdng cin dat va'n dd san xua't lua injn (mdng) d Tan Chau de xua't khau, ma chi nen sdn xuat lua de tidu thu nifdc Tuy nhien, dfui chung Nam Ky va d Tan Chau ndi rieng cung dii bifdc dau thQa nhan linh Qu viet cua nhQng may mdc mdi (cung nhQ nhQng bd phan cai lien de Qdm td, che bie'n phd pham ) vd ca bai mat ky Ihual va kinh id so vdi nhflng dung i u truydn Ihd'ng d dia phQdng Bing chQng la: ngoai Ben Tre va Long Xuyen, mdt so tinh khac da cQ nhidu nQ cdng nhdn den thyc lap d Tan Chdu Mdt sd' nhd t i m vung lan can cung da ty ddng cQ ngQdi den Tan Chau tim hieu phudng phdp Qdm td mdi va yeu ciu difdc cung cap nhQng be Qdm cai tien - Xdy Id kdo sdi: moi Id cd bep va ndi theo mlu Blc Ky (be thdng dun ndng re tidn hdn cdch dun ndng d dia phQdng) 27 - Che bien phe phim: IChau che bien h l u nhu chifa dQdc Nam Ky biet don hoac ft cung rat coi thQdng NhQng ken tam xa'u, tham nQde hoac Id xoan neu che bien theo cung cdch dia jibQdng thi chi tao mpt khdi ket dinh, chi bdn difdc 0$600$70/kg Trdi lai, d Blc Ky, bing cdch lam Ihii cdng Ihich hdp, gid trung binh mpt kg phe pham ban difdc 2$50 den 3$00 NhQng ken xau rat kho Udm bang mdy thi Udm bing dua, ban vdi gid 3$-4$/kg NhQng Id xoan sau dQdc keo dudi ra, van sach vd dep mau, dUde cdc nha xudt cang tra gid l$60-l$80/kg NhQng ba ken cung dQdc sQ dung, nhu Udm loai ken xau, ciing cd the bdn dUdc 4$/kg Cdc chi- pham hodn todn mdi la vdi Tdn Chdu Nhan x6t vd Trung tdm t i m td Tdn Chau va nghd t i m td Nam Ky ndi chung tb.ip nien d i u tic'^i cua thd ky XX, Phdi doan (3anh ndng va Thudng rnni Biie Ky cho ring: ky nghe t i m td Bae Ky se rat cd Idi ky nghe l i m Id Nam Ky Qng dung nhQng phifdng phaj) mdi Nam Ky cd the che bien va xudl cdng nhQng sdn pham Id t i m vdi gia cao, dac biet la t(J non (min) vd dui; lai cd the bdn eae IbQ pham vh phd pham cho Bic Ky hp che bidn loai tussor va "shangtung fin", cd the canh tranh vdi cdc san pham cung loai ciia Trung Hoa va An Dp NhQng ken t i m bi rdcb, cd Id thiing (do khau lya ken hoac cdc nguyen nhan khdc) cung se tim dQdc d Bae Ky ndi giai quye't de thu Idi Nhd vi(3C Qdm td bing tay ra't can min, nhQng ken hdng so difdc keo loai td de del tussor thd (Xem riep frun^ 63} 63 Kim logi Hdn R I } ^ B i n va ehuyin bi6i (67) William Dampier, Voyages and Discoveries (London: The Argonaut Press, 1931), p 49 , ,- _ (68) Earl J Hamilton, American Treasure and the Price Revolution in Spain (Cambridge, Mass., 1934) Xem them c6c tham luftn chuyen dl vl vft'n di kim loai tiln t$ trSn pham vi toin ciu vko trung dai m^t ky-cftn dai sd ky J F Richards (ed.) Precious Metals in the Later Medieval and Early Modern Worlds (California: CaroUna Academic Press, 1983) (69) Xin xem nhiing luftn diim thu vi vl cac dong chay cua kim lo^i tiln t§ vio chflu A trong: Frank, Reorient: Global Economy in the Asian Age, pp 131-164 (70) Xem lufln diim vk khdi qudt hda vl Thang Long ciing nhU Dang Ngoai ndi chung bdi canh hai thudng khu vUc t h i ky XVI tQ: Anthony Reid, Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce 1450-1680 (Vol II: Expansion and Crisis) (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), pp 62, 63, 71 va cac trang tilp theo (71) Femme Gaastra, De Geschiedenis van de VOC (Walburg Pars, 2002) (72) Hoang Anh Tua'n, Silk for Silver, pp 219220 (73) Whitmore, "Vietnam and the Monetary Flow", pp 363-396 NCHi TAM Td NAM KY THdl THU$C PHAP (Tiep theo trang 27) •tn^sii -;i Mpt xu&'t k h ^ u dutjc td sdng, trien vong n g a n h t ^ m td N a m K^ se ra't Idn Theo mpt thong bao chinh thQc ciia Bp ThUdng mai P h a p , t r o n g n S m 1910 vi$c n h d p k h ^ u td sdng va cac p h e p h ^ m cua td t ^ m vao nu6c P h a p se t a n g len 340 tri$u francs V l nhQng budc cai tie'n tie'p theo, P h a i dodn cho rling: cac d y n g cy Udm td d$t l y a dang dU