28 thuc trang su dung cac ngon ngu dan toc thieu so o DNB

TAP CHI KHOA HQC XA HOI s 8(168)-2012 THUC TRANG SU" DUNG CAC NGON NGU DAN TOC THlfeU s d d DONG NAM BO NGUYEN KlfeN TRlfdNG TOM TAT Bii viet gom phin Phin niu vii ndt khii quit vi cinh hudng eic ngdn ngir dan tde thieu sd d Bdng Nam Bd Phin li ndi dung chinh, neu thuc trang sir dung tiing ndi vi chir viit ciia cie din tde thieu so d Bdng Nam Bd Phan Kit luin khing dinh sw cin yiu phai quy nhdm ngdn ngir din tde thiiu sd theo ranh gidi dia If (Bdng Nam Bd), y nghTa eua cac kit qui dat dwae vi nhung ban chi kem nguyen nhin su- dung KHAI QUAT ve NGON NGO" DAN TOC THifu sO a DONG NAM BO 1.1 Thanh phin t i e ngyyi ngin ngy sy phln b i dan cy kem ngon ngy v l dia bin sy dgng Dya vao mpt s i bio d o thing k l bio d o hanh chinh i m i l s i dia phyyng vung dan tie thilu so i Ding Nam B i v l dya vIo d e kit qua dilu tra khao sit, nghiln ciru tO' 2007 d i n nayj e i I h i phae hpa m i l birc tranh ting quan v l tpc danh, dan s i (linh din 2008), dia b i n phln be d i n cy, thinh phin l i e ngyyi v l ngin ngy (kIm m i l s i phyyng ngir) Dan tde Stieng (ein dyyc ghi I I Xtieng, Sdieng, Sadiing) c i 54.000 n g y i i ding nhit treng cae dan t i e thilu s i i tinh Binh Nguyen Ki§n Trydrng Tien sT Trung tam Nghien eyu van hia Vi|n Phat triln Bin vCrng viing Nam Bd Phyic cy tru t i p trung i ele huyln tinh: Phyic Long Lie Ninh Binh Long Ding Phii Bu Dang Theo L l Khic Cyyng (2007), Dilu Llnh (2007) v l mpt s l lac g i l khic Ihl eing ding Stieng g i m cle nhim: suing, Bu Lo, Bu Dip, Bu Deh, Bu Lanh Ta Mun T h i B l Ra Rong Ah Bu Lah, Bu Lich (cin dyyc ghi I I Lat, Lach) Cle nhim chu y l u la Bu Ly (cy tru i ele xa: Oik O, DIk Nhan, Thp Son, Thing Nhil, d i u thuic huyln P h y i c Long), Bu Deh, Bii Map v l Bu Bill (ei 11 I I Biit, l l n mpt eing ding d i n t i c M'Ning, hi|n phln b i i biln giii, ehu ylu i phin dit thupe Campuchia) C i hai phyyng ngu' Irong tilng Stieng g i n v i i hai nhim cing ding I I Bu Deh va Bu Ly Tic danh Bu Ly r i t g i n v i i tic danh Bu Nir chf m i l s i d e Ihlnh phan eiia dan tpc M'Ning N g y i i Bu Ly phln b i y d c huyln thupe tinh Binh Phyic: P h y i c Long, Lpe Ninh v l Ding PhO Din tde Ka ho (cin dyyc ghi I I Kaho, Kho, Ca-ho, Cd-ho, Ka Ho, Ka Hd, Kd-Hd, v.v.) c i 98.000 n g y i i Theo Huynh Oirc Thiln (2007) v l m i l s i n h l nghiln c i u thi n g y i i Ky ho phan b i chu y l u y tinh Llm Ding ( d c huyln: Di Linh, DO'C Trpng, Lac Dyyng, Dyn Dyyng, Da Huoai, Ihi xa Bao Lie v l quanh phi Lat), mpt s i cy t r i y mpt v l i nyi thupe tinh Binh Thuln v l IFnh Ninh Thuan Cpng ding Ky ho e i d c nhim dia phyyng la; Sre (cung dyyc ghi Xre, phan NGUYEN KIEN T R U ' O N G - THU'C TRANG SCT DUNG CAC N G O N NGCT b l chu y l u y Dl Llnh) Nip (cOng dyyc ghi Ndp, To Ndp, To La, cOng ey trii i Dl Linh) Co Don (cin dyyc ghi Ca Ddn, cy trii i ding nam huyln Di Linh m i l s i cy tru i vli dia bin thuic tinh Binh Thuln v l tinh Ninh Thuln) Chil (cOng dyyc ghi Chin, cy tru i cao nguyin Di Linh v l LSm Viln), Lit (cOng dyyc ghi I I Lich, L$t, cy tru i xung quanh p h i Lat), Ty ring (cOng dyyc ghi T'ring), cy tru i huyln Dyn Dyyng ciia tinh Llm Oing v l m i l v l i khu vyc thuic hai linh Khinh Hia, Binh Thuln Din tde Chiu ro (cin dyyc ghi I I Chrau, Cho ro Chore, Chiu Ro, Charao, Chiuro, Chore, Cho-ro, Choro, Ro, Chariy ro, v.v.) c i 18 000 n g y i i V l dia bin phln b l , theo Nguyin Tuin Trilt (2007) v l m i l s i n h l nghiln ciru dan l i e hpe thi n g y i i Chau ro phln b i r l i rIc i h i u h i t d c huyln Ihi cua hai linh Ding Nai v l B l R|a-Vung T l u , y thin trin dia bin huyln cua tinh Binh Thuln v l mpt s i i linh Binh Phyyc Mit s i lac gia c i n chp b i l l thim: n g y i i Chlu ro cy tru i d c huyln Chlu Thinh Xuyln Lie cua tinh B l Ria-Vung Tlu i huyln Oirc Llnh cua tinh Binh Phyic Din tde Ma (cin dyyc ghi la Chiu t\/la, Chao Ma, Gau, Kho, v.v.) e i 27.000 n g y i i phln b i i Gia NghTa v l DIk R'LIp thuic Dak Ning v l y Llm Oing (lai d c huyln: Di Linh Llm H I Oa Huoai Oa Te v l thi x l Bao Lie) C I c nhim dia phyyng I I Ma Ngin (Ma gic) Ma ty l l m (Ma viing d y i i ) Ma hoing (Ma Sip), To, Krung, Xip 1.2, V i n d i loai hinh, quan h | va sy phln b i ngin ngu' kem phyyng ngu' Nhin Chung d c nha nghien ngin ngu'-din tpc hpc y Vilt Nam d i u c i nh|n dinh k h i thing nhit ve nguin gic loai hinh quan h | hp hlng ngO' h | ciia d e tiing Stiing, Ky ho, Chlu ro, Ma ( v l d M'Ning i vung gilp ranh): d i u thuic tilu nhim Nam Bahnar nhim Nam Bahnar, hp Nam A, M i l s i t i e g i l dung d c cgm tip khie cho ciing n|l dung: d i u thuic ngO' chl Bahnar Nam, nhim Min-Khmer, ngO' h | Nam A, CIc cing ding nly d i u I I d i n l i e thilu s i lai c h l d i n b i n d|a, ey tru llu d i i (tryic n g y i i Vi|t) i viing d i l Oing Nam B i ngly nay, Ngin ngir cua hp (tilng m? dl) dyyc coi I I bin ngO-hay ngdn ngCrbin dia Sy tyyng ding v l khie bj|l i ngin ngir d i n t i c thilu s l v i ngu' I m v l t y vyng da phln Inh s y chuyin di loai hinh (lir chip dinh sang dyn l|p), v l s y tiip xue ( v l ea sy giao thoa) ngin ngu', v i n hia, Ipc ngyii M i l s i cing trinh nghiln ciru c y ban da lyu y d i n s y chuyin di tich eye va chuyin di tilu cye i nhilu ngin ngu', c i lyg y din mpt s i chgyin di ngin ngO' trcng d c ngin ngO' dan t i e thilu s i i Oing Nam B i , 1,3, Tinh hinh v l k i t qua nghiln eyu v l nhim ngin ngu' d i n t i e thilu s l i Oing Nam Bp Nghiln ciru v l ngin ngu* d i n tpc thilu so y Oing Nam B i dyyc thyc hi|n y d c giai doan, t h i i ky (tir giu'a t h i ky XIX d i n 1945, 1945-1954, 1954-1975 v l tif 1975 din nay), Oing chil y I I h y i n g nghiln ciru v l d|c dilm ngin ngu' i tiing Stiing, Ky ho, Chlu ro v l Ma, chu y i u v l ngu' am K i t qua nghiln eu'u thyc trang sy dgng ngin ngu' d i n t i c thilg s l y Oing Nam B i c i n r i t han c h l Cho d i n nay, m i i chi c i m i t s l kit qga khao sit linh hinh sCr dgng ngin ngO' d i n t i e thilu s i i Oing Nam B i NGUYEN KIEN TRLTCNG - THl/C TRANG SCT DUNG CAC NGON NGQ' dli vdi mgt so ngdn ngCr vd gidi hgn trdn mdt s l ITnh vye, binh di$n, nhu gido dgc, giao tilp xd hgi, v.v, Hi$n cdn thilu nhilu thdng tin v l viee sCr dgng hg thing ehu vilt vd bien scan sdeh cdng cy (mac dCi dd cd mgt so sdeh edng ey duyc bi§n soan), v l tinh hinh giao dye song ngu- v l giao tilp song ngir tren cdc binh di0n, ITnh vye, v.v d Ddng Nam Bg Vi tu vi/ng Do chua ed nhilu kit qua nghien eCru m i l ngdn ngu cy t h i vd thilu nhilu kit qua khao sdt v l ddc dilm ehung cua h$ thing tCp vyng d ngdn ngir, n§n khd ed t h i md ta dly du cdc die dilm v l nguin glc, c l u truc-ngCr nghTa vd pham vi sir dyng ngCr am tilng Viet la: co phu to, cd m|t s l phy am vd to hap phy dm, cd d i u phy, khdng ed dieu Ngodi cac ngdn ngu dan t|c thilu s l d Nam Bp cd chCr vilt c6 truyin (Khmer, Cham), vige xay dyng chu' vilt theo cac Vi ngu- phip Sy khdc bi^t giCra cdc ngdn ngu nhdm ngdn ngCr ddn t|c thilu Cae kit qua nghien eCru ddc dilm ngdn s l d Ddng Nam Bg vd giCra ea nhdm vdi ngir, xay dyng vd hodn thien chCr vilt, bi6n tilng Vigt, Id khdng Idn, khdng cd tde dgng soan mpt so bd tCr diln, v.v d i u cd y nghTa, manh cua ngu* phdp tilng Vigt qua gia trj ly luan va thuc tiln, giup ich cho vige trinh tilp xue Cd the dgc dilm ndy la mgt thyc thi chinh sach ngdn ngCr dan tgc thilu trgng nhirng nguyen nhan lam han c h l s l s l d Ddng Nam Bg lugng vd quy md cua kit qua nghien eCru v l d p dp ngir phap, mac du cdc nha 1.4 Khdi qudt v l dac diem ngu' am, tCr nghien cCru da phai khao sat d l bien scan vyng, ngu* phdp eua eac ngdn ngCr ddn tgc cac loai sdch eong cy bang ngon ngCr ddn thilu s l d Ddng Nam Bd tde thilu so va sd dung cdc ngdn ngil' ndy vi ngu' am Am tilt cua cae ngdn ngCr ndy 1.5, Ve sy tde dgng, anh hudng cua tilng gilng v l loai hinh, gim cdc tCr ngu* Vigt den cac ngon ngir ddn tgc thieu s l d dm dan tilt vd tCr dan da tilt TCr dan tilt Ddng Nam Bg qud trinh tiep xue ed am ddu la phu am hoac t l hgp phy am Theo Bui Khdnh ThI (2008) thi md-c dp tde (cdn goi Id phu am kep), am dem (do ban dgng phy thugc vao dia bdn (xa/gan thj, nguyen am u va / dam nhiem), am chinh trung tdm kinh t l van hda, vd sy tap trung (do cae nguyen am ddi, nguyen am ngdn hay xen ke phan b l dan cu, tilp xOc dam nhiem) vd am cudi (do mgt phy am, mpt bdn nguyen dm hoac mgt to hgp g i m vdi ngudi Vigt Hg qua tde dOng bilu hi$n chu yeu d elp ngir dm (the hign d xu phy dm va mgt ban nguyen am dam nhi^m) hudng dan tilt hda va bao hieu sy xuat TCr dan da tilt la tCr cd hai am tilt tiln am hign digu, mgt phln d tCr vyng, (vay tilt (presyllable) va dm tilt ehinh (main mugn, phdng, v.v.) cdn tac dpng d syllable) Hien cdn thieu cac kit qua elp dp ngijt phdp la khong dang k l vi cdc nghien eCru ve viee sCr dung cdc phy t l ngdn ngO' deu thugc eung m$t loai hinh (dang cd xu hudng rai ryng) V l ca ban, md hinh c l u true tCr ng&' am (nhlt Id tCr 1.6 Tiln trinh xay dyng va hodn thi^n chCr dan tilt) d ngdn ngir dan tpc thilu s l la vilt cho cae ngdn ngCr dan tgc thilu s l d Ddng Nam Bp gilng vdi tilng Viet NhCrng diem khdc vdi NGUYEN KIEN TRU'ONG - THl/C TRANG SCr DUNG CAC NGON NGO',, miu ty Latlnh cho d c ngin ngO d i n t i c thilu s i i phia Nam ehu y l u n g y i i Phlp (1861-1945), nhlt I I n g y i i My (1957-1975) vi c i c nhi nghiln ciru ngin ngy hoe eua Vi|t Nam (tir sau 1975) xly dyng ho|c holn thi|n Tinh din 2007, nhim ngin ngiJ d i n t i e thilu s i i Ding Nam B i , dS e i h | thing chO' vilt 11 Stiing Ky ho Chlu ro Rilng tilng Ma chya c i chCr vilt Die dilm Chung cua b i chy vilt I I diu dung miu ty Latlnh Sy khic bill I I i mgc dich phyyng thirc, chii I h l v l t h i i ky xly dyng hole hoan thiln, tilng I I Vilt-Chlu ro-Anh (tryic 1975), Tir diin Vldt-Kaho (1983), Tir diin Viit-Chiu ro (2007), ri> diin Vidt-Stidng (2007), Tir diin Stiing-Vidt (2007), Tir diin VidtM'Ndng (2008), Tir diin M'Ndng-Viit (2008), v.v 7, Vl|e biln soan d c loai tai li|u v l sleh eing eu Trong giai doan t r y i c 1945, c i m i l s i kit qua bien soan, biln dich 111 li|u bing tiing dan t i e dung d i phgc vg cho vi|c trgyin giao, Ching han, d i i v i i tiing ChIg ro, theo Nguyin Tuin Trill (2007), d l c i mpt s i t l i li|u in bing b i chy dung miu ty Latlnh Cae III li|u dyyc dung cho vl|c truyin dao Tin Llnh, Cy Die Mpt s l i n ban bing chu' Chlu ro dyyc dich lir Kinh Ihlnh THl,rC TRANG SCf DUNG T I E N G NOI Tinh din 2011, d l c i m i l s i kit qua khao sat, nghiln ciru cy ban v l nghien ciru O'ng dgng dyyc sy dgng d l x l y dyng ho|c hoan thiln ehO' viit (dii v i i d c ngin ngD' dan t i e thilg s i chya c i chO' vilt ho|c d l c i ehg' viit nhyng chya dyyc holn Ihiln), biln soan mit s i b i tir diin dyn ngir v l ICr dien d l i dich (tilng Vi|t - ngin ngu' d i n tpc thiiu si) Mit s i t i p tir vyng tilng dan tpc, tu' diln dyn ngO v l tir diin d i l dich (tiing d i n tictiing Vi|t-tilng Anh-tiing Phap) d l dyyc biln span, nhy: T i p tif vyng g i m thir Kit q u i biln soan sleh hpe bing ngin ngO d i n t i e thilu s l i Ding Nam B i che d i n c i n r l l han chi, chi m i i e i leal sleh hpe v i n tilng Ky ho, Stiing, Hi|n c i n thilu sich hpe tiing d i n t i e dinh cho hpc sinh d i n t i c thilu s i i b|c tilu hpc v l cho d n b i , cing chirc eing t i c i viing d i n tie VA CHO V I E T NGON NGIJ D A N TOC THieu SO O O N G NAM BO 2.1 Thyc trang sir dgng chO* viit Thyc trang nly cho bilt chirc ning x l h|i cua d c h | thing chu' viit d l xly dyng, d l holn thiln d i u s y dgng m l u ty Latlnh, hi|n c i n rit han c h l Ding lyu y I I kit qua x l y dyng hole hoan thiln ehu' vilt i ngin ngu' c i d c phyyng ngir (tiing dia phyyng) K h i khln thying g i p I I phai chpn m i l phyyng ngO' llm chu lye l l m dai di|n eho d c phyyng ngO Irong cung m i l ngin nqir (vi nhy cic phyyng ngij' Bu Ly v l phyyng ngu' Bu Deh tilng Stiing) D l y I I v i n d l t l nhi nhay cam d l lao sy l y lin, m|c cam, phln bi|t, v.v M i l v i n d i dyyc d|t I I m i i quan h | giu'a tri thirc khoa hpc cua n h l nghiln cyu v i i ehu Inryng, dinh h y i n g cua chinh quyin sy tai v l v i i nguyin vpng ciJa ngyyi dan tpc thilu s l Dya v i e kinh nghilm chpn lya phyyng ngO' ehu lye liing M'Ning (Preh), Chung l i i cho rang nhan t l thu' ba (nguyin NGUYEN KIEN TRU'ONG - THU'C TRANG Sl> DUNG CAC NGON NGlJ., vpng cua n g y i i dan t i c thilu si) la quan trpng hang dau Vi t h i c i n phll e i - nhyng y Oing Nam B i ehya c i - kit qua dilu tra ngon ngy hpc- xi h i i v l kha nSng, mire d i dac bill la thai d$ tilp nh|n cua cle Ihlnh phin tpc n g y i i dang sir dgng d c phyyng ngu' oiing ngin ngCr d i i vcrl tilng nii chy viit y phyyng ngu' dyyc chpn llm dai di|n O i lim hilu nhyng v i n d l nly thing 12/2011, Chung t i l da thyc hi|n m i l cuic phing v i n v l vile tiip nh|n chO vilt tilng Stiing y huyln Phyyc Long (Binh Phyic) Dly la dia bin ma n g y i i Stieng dang sy dung phyyng ngu' Bu Ly tilng Stieng Oil tyyng dyyc phong v i n (nhin chyng) d i u I I n g y i i Stiing gom mot so ngyyi dan, tri thire d i n t i e ( i d e x l DIk O va xa Dak Nhan), giao viln ble l i l u hpe v l trung hpc eung mpt s i d n b i quIn ly giap dgc Khi dyyc hii ve eac chuin mye, y l u c i u can dat dyyc y he thing chu' viit se dya van sir dung chung cho n g y i i Stiing, c i nhilu n i l dung Ira lyi bang nhilu cau gilng d y i i dly (dyyc in nghiing) (phin Irong ngoae dyn la ghi chu, giai thieh eua t i e gia bai vilt nly, khing phai la l i i cua nhan chirng) thil quen, tam \ cic vung din tde thiiu s6: Tru&ng hpp Nam Bd - ly luin hiin thi/c, ehinh sich Vi$n Khoa hpc Xd hdi vijng Nam Bd Hodng Tu| 1984 Ngdn ngu eic din tde thiiu s6 & Vidt Nam vi chinh sich ngdn ngijr Hd N0i: Nxb Khoa hpc Xd hdi Huynh DCrc Thi^n 2007 Gdp phin tim hiiu d&i sing kinh ti, vin hda, xi hdi cOa ngu&i Stiing & Binh Phu&c, Bdo cdo Ky ylu HOi thao khoa hgc NhOng vin 3^ ngdn ngu' vi din tde cua cdng ding ngifcn Stiing Binh Phudc, 7/12/2007 li Khdc Cudng 2000 Ca ciu ngu' im tiing Stiing Ludn dn tiln sT NgO' van D^i hgc Khoa hgc Xd hOi vd Nhdn vdn Dgi hpc Quic gia TPHCM Ld Khdc Cudng 2007 H$ thdng chO' viit tiing Stiing vi van di xiy di/ng tie