Cách Viết Bài Báo Khoa Học (Scientific Paper Writing)

CÁCH VIẾT BÀI BÁO KHOA HỌC (SCIENTIFIC PAPER WRITING) Scientific Writing Workshop HCM City, Vietnam, 26-27 Nov 2011 Organised by the Univerity of Medicine & Pharmacy, HCMC Endorsed by the Asia-Pacific Association of Medical Journal Editors (APAME) CÁCH VIẾT BÀI BÁO KHOA HỌC Scientific Writing Workshop HCM City, Vietnam, 26-27 Nov 2011 - Professor Datuk Dr L.M Looi Professor of Pathology, University of Malaya, & Editor-in-Chief, Malaysian Journal of Pathology - Professor Wilfred CG Peh Singapore Medical Journal, National University of Singapore - Professor JF Lapeña Jr M.A., M.D., F.P.C.S Univerity of Phillipines Manila, The Health Sciences Center - Professor Dr John T Arokiasamy International Medical University, Malaysia Editorial Advisor, Medical Journal of Malaysia WHY WRITE? WHY PUBLISH? Writing is a way of life in Science: • Search for knowledge & understanding • Ideas & hypothesis testing • Factual observations • Accurate records • Challenge & Debate THE PURPOSE OF PUBLICATION • A scientific experiment is not completed until results are published • Inform peers of discoveries • Allow other workers to verify findings • Join the realm of scientists and scholars Wrong reasons for writing ? • Publish or perish • Ego-booster • Padding CV How to write? A good paper has content, structure and style Basic Structure : IMRAD Introduction : Why did we start? Method (Materials & Methods): What did we do? R esults : What did we find? And Discussion : What does it mean? How to write? BASIC STRUCTURE • Other components: – title, title page – abstract, keywords – tables, graphs, figures – acknowledgements – appendices – references Scientific Writing Style • Factual, literal & unemotional vs metaphorical & poetic • Precise vs ambiguous • Concise vs repetitive • Formal vs conversational TYPES OF PAPERS Authors should: – be clear about type of paper they are planning to write – construct manuscript – according to guidelines for the specific paper type American Journal of Roentgenology 10 Preparing the References Quality of references • Specific to the study topic • Cite the most credible work • Should have been read • Accurately cited • Conform to journal format • Only work that are cited in the text should be listed as references • Cite accepted unpublished work as “In press” • Citation of website and online journals: include URL and date of access • Citation of books: include publisher, publication date, edition, etc REFERENCE STYLE Vancouver style 1.Harley CB, Fisher AB, Greider CW Telomeres shorten during ageing of human fibroblasts Nature 1990; 345: 458-60 2.Wright WE, Shay JW The two-stage mechanism controlling cellular senescence and immortalization Exp Gerontol 1992; 27: 383-9 3.Moon IK, Jarstfer MB The human telomere and its relationship to human disease, therapy, and tissue engineering Front Biosci 2007; 12:4595-620 4.Kim NW, Piatyszek A, Prowse KR, et al Specific association of human telomerase activity with immortal cells and cancer Science 1994; 266: 2011-2014 5.Bodnar AG, Ouelette M, Frolkis M, et al Extension of life span by induction of telomerase into normal human cells Science 1998; 279: 34952 6.Opitz OG Telomeres, telomerase and malignant transformation Curr Mol Med 2005: 5: 219-26 REFERENCE STYLE Harvard System Telomeres are non-encoding tandem repeats of TTAGGG at the ends of chromosomes Telomeres are shortened because of incomplete replication at every cell cycle (end replication problem) (Harley et al., 1990) or oxidative damage (von Zglinicki, 2007) Cheah PL, Looi LM, Ng MH, Sivanesaratnam V (2002) Telomerase activation and human papillomavirus infection in invasive cervical carcinoma in a set of Malaysian patients J Clin Pathol, 55, 22-6 Fordyce CA, Heaphy CM, Bisoffi M et al (2006) Telomere content correlates with stage and prognosis in breast cancer Breast Cancer Res Treat, 99, 193-202 Giri D (2009) Recurrent challenges in the evaluation of fibroepithelial lesions Arch Pathol Lab Med, 133, 713-21 Hara Y, Iwase H, Toyama T et al (2001) Telomerase activity levels for evaluating the surgical margin in breast-conserving surgery Surg Today, 31, 289-94 Harley CB, Fisher AB, Greider CW (1990) Telomeres shorten during ageing of human fibroblasts Nature, 345, 458-60 Authorship and Acknowledgements Criteria for authorship Made substantial contributions to the intellectual content – Concept and design – Acquisition of data – Analysis and interpretation of data Certify that manuscript represents valid work –Vouch for validity of data – Take public responsibility for the work Approve submitted manuscript –Involved in drafting or revising the manuscript PRIME AUTHOR and MULTIPLE AUTHORS Ethical issues in Publishing STUDIES USING HUMAN & ANIMAL SUBJECTS • Conform to Ethical Guidelines – Declaration of Helsinki – ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice • Needs approval of Institutional or National Ethics Committee • Animal Care Committee FRAUD & FORGERY • Falsified data & fraudulent results – Most serious misconduct – Swindled taxpayer – Misleading information • Misrepresent academic credentials  Damage to image of scientists PLAGIARISM • Intentional –Verbatim copying – Theft of intellectual property • Other examples – Reviewers - articles sent for review – Postgraduate students – published books & papers – Researchers – another’s grant application AUTHORSHIP COMMON UNETHICAL PRACTICES • Unjustified authorship • Political authors • Exclusion of valid co-worker • Order of authorship OVERLAPPING PUBLICATIONS • Duplicate submission – Simultaneous submission of manuscript to two or more journals • Redundant publication – Submission that overlaps substantially with already published work • Does not apply to oral & poster presentations at conferences • Does not apply to secondary publication in different language with permission of Editors FAULTS: TITLE, TITLE PAGE, ABSTRACT AND KEYWORDS FAULTS: BACKGROUND, KEYWORDS FAULTS: MATERIALS & METHODS, RESULTS TRÂN TRỌNG CÁM ƠN SỰ THEO DÕI CỦA QUÝ VỊ ! 68 ...CÁCH VIẾT BÀI BÁO KHOA HỌC Scientific Writing Workshop HCM City, Vietnam, 26-27 Nov 2011 - Professor Datuk Dr L.M Looi Professor of Pathology,