Writers choice grammar enrichment grade 8

Grammar and Composition Grammar Enrichment Grade Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved Permission is granted to reproduce material contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduced only for classroom use; and be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with Writer’s Choice Any other reproduction, for use or sale, is prohibited without written permission of the publisher Printed in the United States of America Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, Ohio 43240 ISBN 0-07-823333-X 024 04 03 02 01 00 ii Contents Unit Subjects, Predicates, and Sentences 8.1–2 8.3–5 8.6 Unit Sentences and Sentence Fragments Subjects and Predicates Simple and Compound Sentences Nouns 9.1–2, Kinds of Nouns 9.3–4 Distinguishing Plurals, Possessives, and Contractions 9.6 Appositives Unit 10 Verbs 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11–12 Unit 11 Pronouns 11.1 11.2 11.4–5 11.6 11.7 Unit 12 Personal Pronouns 17 Pronouns and Antecedents 18 Possessive and Indefinite Pronouns 19 Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns 20 Interrogative and Demonstrative Pronouns 21 Adjectives and Adverbs 12.1–2 12.3–4 12.5 12.6 12.7 Unit 13 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs Verbs with Indirect Objects Linking Verbs and Predicate Words Present and Past Tenses 10 Main Verbs and Helping Verbs 11 Progressive Forms 12 Perfect Tenses 13 Expressing Future Time 14 Active and Passive Voice 15 Irregular Verbs 16 Adjectives, Articles, and Proper Adjectives 22 Comparative, Superlative, and Demonstrative Adjectives 23 Adverbs 24 Comparative and Superlative Adverbs 25 Using Adverbs and Adjectives 26 Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4–5 13.7 Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases 27 Pronouns as Objects of Prepositions 28 Prepositional Phrases as Adjectives and Adverbs 29 Conjunctions and Conjunctive Adverbs 30 Finding All the Parts of Speech 31 iii Contents Unit 14 Clauses and Complex Sentences 14.1–2 14.3–4 14.5 14.6 Unit 15 Verbals 15.1 15.2 15.3 Unit 16 iv Capitalization I 43 Capitalization II 44 Punctuation 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.7–8 20.9–10 Answers Using Troublesome Words 42 Capitalization 19.1–2 19.3–4 Unit 20 Making Subjects and Verbs Agree 39 Problems with Locating the Subject 40 Special Subjects 41 Glossary of Special Usage Problems 17.1–3 Unit 19 Participles and Participial Phrases 36 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases 37 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases 38 Subject-Verb Agreement 16.1, 16.2 16.3–4 Unit 17 Sentences, Clauses, and Complex Sentences 32 Adjective Clauses 33 Adverb Clauses 34 Noun Clauses 35 Using the Period and Other End Marks 45 Using Commas I 46 Using Commas II 47 Using Commas III 48 Using Semicolons and Colons 49 Using Quotation Marks and Italics 50 Using Apostrophes, Hyphens, Dashes, and Parentheses 51 Using Abbreviations and Writing Numbers 52 53 Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date Sentences and Sentence Fragments 8.1–2 ■ A Identifying Sentences and Sentence Parts Read the following passage Then answer the questions to help you identify the sentences and sentence parts (A) My older brother is still talking about his trip to Florida (B) What fun he had at the beach and the Kennedy Space Center! (C) At Cocoa Beach, however (D)With no experience, Ryan tried out a surfboard by himself (E) How he appreciated the lifeguard’s help! (F) Ryan barely reached the beach (G)Are you thinking about surfing as a hobby? (H) Remember Ryan’s example Which lettered item is not a complete sentence? Why not? _ Identify each sentence as declarative, interrogative, exclamatory, or imperative If the item is not a sentence, write fragment A E B F C G D H ■ B Correcting Sentence Fragments Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Rewrite each sentence fragment as a complete sentence by supplying the missing part or parts of the sentence The words in parentheses tell you the kind of sentence to write Be sure to capitalize and punctuate each sentence correctly week at a computer camp (imperative) _ leaders with all kinds of computer experience (declarative) _ how much money (interrogative) _ how much fun (exclamatory) _ Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 8, Unit Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date 8.3–5 Subjects and Predicates ■ A Using Complete Subjects and Predicates Using the underlined words in the following sentences, write a sentence of your own with a complete subject and a complete predicate Then underline the complete subject once and the complete predicate twice Earthquakes in the deep ocean release great amounts of energy _ Waves with frightful power can be the result _ _ They are called tsunamis by the Japanese _ Such waves grow rapidly and can reach a height of more than thirty-five meters _ _ Imagine a wall of water that high and strong _ _ ■ B Understanding Compound Subjects Remember a special trip or a special vacation you’ve taken Write five sentences about your experience making sure you follow the guidelines in parentheses (compound subject) _ (compound predicate) _ _ (compound subject and compound predicate) _ (compound predicate) _ _ (compound subject) _ _ Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 8, Unit Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc _ Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date 8.6 Simple and Compound Sentences ■ A Using Simple and Compound Sentences Write sentences that include the elements indicated in parentheses (simple sentence with simple predicate) _ _ (simple sentence with compound predicate) _ (simple sentence with compound subject and compound predicate) _ _ (compound sentence) _ (compound sentence made up of one simple sentence with a simple subject and a simple predicate and one simple sentence with a simple subject and a compound predicate) _ _ ■ B Correcting Run-On Sentences Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc This passage is one long run-on sentence Rewrite it as several complete sentences that make sense Use both simple and compound sentences in your revision Thursday was the hottest day all summer, outdoor games didn’t sound like much fun, but I was growing impatient I called B J., but she wasn’t home, there was nothing to do, then Sue stopped by, she brought her new Dalmatian puppy with her, we named the puppy Spot, Sue gave the puppy a toy, she gave him a ball, I threw the ball and Spot chased it, it turned out to be a great day, I wonder if I can get a puppy Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 8, Unit Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date 9.1–2, Kinds of Nouns ■ A Classifying Nouns Identify each of the following nouns as (1) common or proper; (2) concrete or abstract; and (3) singular, plural or collective If the noun is collective, it can be singular or plural It should only be labeled as collective highways Jackie Robinson fearlessness Rocky Mountains _ excitement jury Christianity Boston Symphony Orchestra ■ B Correcting Noun Errors Each of the following sentences contains an error in noun usage Circle each error, and write the corrected noun in the space provided My sister’s wedding was to be a masterpiece, but it was more like something from Hugo’s House of horrors. _ Everyone arrived at northbrook chapel. in laws _ The ceremony, conducted by judge Franklin, went off without a hitch (no pun intended) _ Outside the chapel after the ceremony, the audience cheered for the newlyweds, Peter and faith Cooper. _ Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 8, Unit Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc There were the blushing bride, the nervous groom, and all of the future parent Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date 9.3–4 Distinguishing Plurals, Possessives, and Contractions ■ A Identifying and Using Possessives and Plurals Study the underlined nouns in the following sentences If a noun should be possessive, write it correctly, and label it possessive in the space provided If a noun is plural but does not show possession, copy it, and label it plural Chris neighbors took part in Circleville annual health fair _ While the Martins took a vision test, all three of the Joneses children signed up for the day track meet _ Along the fairway, the contestants winnings would be given for a local charity work _ An announcer call said, “The youngsters race at noon.” _ ■ B Using Possessives and Contractions Create two original sentences for each of the following words In one sentence, use the word as a possessive noun In the other, use it as a contraction of that noun and the verb is or has judge’s Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc _ champion’s _ event’s _ Tomas’s _ _ ■ C Understanding Possessives Imagine that you are a student tutor at your school You are working with a student who does not understand where to place the apostrophe when forming possessives On a separate sheet of paper, write a paragraph explaining the correct way to form singular and plural possessive nouns Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 8, Unit Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date 9.6 Appositives ■ A Identifying and Using Appositives Complete the following sentences with nouns from the list Then underline the appositive phrase in which each noun appears Draw an arrow from it to the noun that it identifies readers tale hero author authority classic Here are some books by E B White, my favorite children’s Have you read Stuart Little, his Charlotte’s Web, an undeniable about a mouse? , grew from his observations of the pigs and a spider on his farm in Maine In The Trumpet of the Swan, Louis, the mute , tries to win the love of the beautiful Serena An on the English language, White wrote for adults, too His essays are still enjoyed by my parents, of all of White’s work ■ B Combining Sentences with Appositives You can use an appositive word or phrase to express the ideas of two sentences within one sentence Study this example; then combine each pair of sentences that follow, using an appositive Be sure to add commas where needed You can always get friendly advice from Ms Li She’s the current owner _ Ms Li often has special activities at her store She is a creative bookseller _ _ Just last week authors gave a reading at Printings The authors were Myra Myers and T Tim Thompkins _ My brother, my sister, and I love to visit Printings My brother is Darryl My sister is Deanna Printings is a bookstore beyond compare. _ _ Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 8, Unit Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Example: Printings opened in 1960 It is our favorite bookstore Printings, our favorite bookstore, opened in 1960 Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date 20.2 Using Commas I ■ A Identifying the Correct Use of Commas Evaluate the use of commas in the following sentences Then rewrite the sentences, adding or deleting commas as needed If the sentence contains no errors in the use of commas, write correct Lucia planted roses, geraniums and peonies in her garden. _ _ No I have not seen the garden this spring. _ Pleased, at the result, Lucia has invited her friends to visit the garden. _ Carol, are you planning to go? _ In the space by her flower garden Lucia has started a vegetable garden _ _ ■ B Using Commas Write the following sentences, adding commas where needed Stephen Foster a nineteenth-century American composer wrote “Dixie.” _ _ Often played at patriotic events “God Bless America” was written by Irving Berlin. _ _ Performed only rarely the entire version of “The Star-Spangled Banner” is four verses long _ _ Irving Berlin wrote several classic American songs; however he dedicated the song “Marie” to the Queen of Romania _ _ _ 46 Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 8, Unit 20 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Yes the banjo originally came from Africa _ Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date 20.3 Using Commas II ■ A Identifying the Correct Use of Commas Determine whether the commas in the following sentences are used correctly If they are, write correct If they are not, write the sentence correctly Hawaii is one state in the Union but, it is composed of eight islands. _ _ Travel between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean became easier after the Panama Canal was built _ _ Rhode Island which was founded by Roger Williams, was one of the thirteen original colonies _ _ Although it has changed, over the years the American flag is still based on a design by Betsy Ross _ Lewis and Clark began their expedition in St Louis and they planned to follow the Missouri River upstream _ _ Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc ■ B Using Commas Write sentences using the directions provided Circle each comma (a compound sentence using or) _ _ (a sentence with an introductory adverb clause) _ _ (a sentence with a nonessential adjective clause) _ _ (a compound sentence using but) _ (a compound sentence with an introductory adverb clause) _ Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 8, Unit 20 47 Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date 20.4 Using Commas III ■ A Identifying the Correct Use of Commas Determine whether commas are used correctly in the following sentences If they are, write correct If not, write the sentence, adding or deleting commas as needed On February 15, 1898, the USS Maine was destroyed in Havana Harbor. _ Philadelphia Pennsylvania known as the “City of Brotherly Love,” was the site of the First Continental Congress _ Kyle Lawson Ph.D has written a book about American government. _ _ Sonia Tarelli has written a book about America, too _ _ Dr Lawson said “You can learn a lot by studying history.” _ _ Instead of American history world history is being offered next year _ Write a letter to a friend or relative to describe your favorite subject in school and what you have learned recently Use commas wherever appropriate, circling each one you use 48 Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 8, Unit 20 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc ■ B Using Commas Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date 20.5 Using Semicolons and Colons ■ A Using Semicolons and Colons Write each of the following sentences Add any needed semicolons or colons Write correct if the sentence contains no errors The Green Mountain Boys fought in the Revolutionary War they were led by Ethan Allen _ _ Other than Buddhism, Japan has one major religion it is called Shinto. _ _ Benjamin Franklin lived in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; however, he often visited Paris, France _ These were our first three presidents George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson. _ _ The president of the United States takes the oath of office at 1200 noon. _ Pennsylvania is named after William Penn; Georgia is named after King George II _ Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc _ ■ B Writing with Semicolons and Colons Write sentences about the topics listed Include an appropriate semicolon or colon in each sentence The historical figure that I would most like to meet _ The period of history that I would most like to visit _ The following three people have influenced me _ If I were president, I would _ _ Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 8, Unit 20 49 Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date 20.6 Using Quotation Marks and Italics ■ A Punctuating Titles Write the titles in each sentence Add quotation marks or underlining for italics, whichever is appropriate Pride and Prejudice is one of my favorite books _ My mother subscribes to Newsweek, Life, and Metropolitan Home _ For the annual speech contest, Nikki chose the poem The Touch of the Master’s Hand _ The Washington Post had an interesting article entitled An Insider’s View of Washington, D.C _ The musical My Fair Lady was based on the play Pygmalion _ The choir sang Simple Gifts and My Country ’Tis of Thee _ Write a conversation between yourself and a friend It can be real or fictional, but be sure to use quotation marks and to identify each speaker Your conversation can be about a book, a film, or a television program 50 Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 8, Unit 20 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc ■ B Using Quotation Marks and Italics Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date 20.7–8 Using Apostrophes, Hyphens, Dashes, and Parentheses ■ A Using Apostrophes Write each sentence, adding apostrophes where needed Australias nickname is “The Land Down Under.” _ Charles Lindberghs transatlantic flight made history _ _ The League of Nations was the world leaders attempt at lasting peace _ _ Everyones opinion was that the League of Nations was ineffectual _ Even the president admitted the League wasnt accomplishing what he had hoped it would _ There were too many ands, buts, and ors in the Leagues charter. _ _ ■ B Using Hyphens, Dashes, and Parentheses Write each sentence Add hyphens, dashes, and parentheses where needed Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc The boto a dolphin found in the Amazon and Orinoco River systems is so flexible that it can grasp its own tail _ Jerusalem I have never visited there attracts thousands of visitors every year _ _ Honolulu located on the island of Oahu is the capital of Hawaii. _ Alaska was the forty ninth state to be admitted to the Union _ Aunt Susie’s brother in law works for the state of Idaho. _ _ Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 8, Unit 20 51 Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date 20.9–10 Using Abbreviations and Writing Numbers ■ A Using Abbreviations Write the correct abbreviation for each item Refer to Writer’s Choice, page 615, to review rules about the use of abbreviations Wisconsin Street Tuesday pound November Federal Bureau of Investigation before Christ Doctor ■ B Writing Numbers Decide whether each number in the following sentences should be spelled out If the number is correct as it is, write correct Otherwise, write the sentence using the correct form of the number Our poll found that fifty-three percent of the students would like school to begin later in the day _ _ We also discovered that twenty percent of the students would like school to begin at seven thirty A.M instead of seven forty-five A.M _ _ Of the 365 students in our school, 212 completed the survey 130 of the students would like the cafeteria to serve healthier food _ The survey committee will meet in Room one twenty four at o’clock on May second, 2001 _ 52 Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 8, Unit 20 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc _ Answers Answer Key ■ PAGE ■ PAGE Part A C; It has no subject or predicate, and so it doesn’t express a complete thought declarative—A, D, and F; interrogative—G; exclamatory—B and E; imperative—H; fragment—C Part A Answers are shown as follows: underlined noun, corrected if necessary—possessive or plural Chris’s—possessive; neighbors—plural; Circleville’s— possessive Martins—plural; Joneses’—possessive; day’s— possessive contestants’—possessive; winnings—plural; charity’s—possessive announcer’s—possessive; youngsters—plural Part B Guidelines: Verify that each sentence has a subject and predicate, begins with a capital letter, and uses the correct end punctuation ■ PAGE Part A Guidelines: Students should use the underlined words in complete sentences with complete subjects and predicates Complete subjects and predicates should be underlined appropriately Part B Guidelines: Students should relate their experiences using the elements given to write their sentences ■ PAGE Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Part A Guidelines: Students should write sentences that include the elements given Part B Possible answer: Thursday was the hottest day all summer Outdoor games didn’t sound like much fun, but I was growing impatient I called B.J., but she wasn’t home There was nothing to Then Sue stopped by and brought her new Dalmatian puppy with her We named the puppy Spot She gave the puppy a toy and a ball I threw the ball, and Spot chased it It turned out to be a great day I wonder if I can get a puppy ■ PAGE Part A common—concrete—plural proper—concrete—singular common—abstract—singular proper—concrete—plural common—abstract—singular common—concrete—collective proper—abstract—singular proper—concrete—collective Part B Guidelines: Verify that when the word is possessive, the student has considered it singular When the word is a contraction, context should support it as meaning the noun plus is or has Part C The paragraph should include these details: Make singular nouns show possession by adding ’s If a plural noun ends in s, just add an apostrophe after the s If a plural noun does not end in s, add ’s to the plural noun ■ PAGE Part A Answers are shown as follows: possible noun, appositive phrase, noun identified by appositive Possible answers: author, my favorite children’s author, E B White tale, his tale about a mouse, Stuart Little classic, an undeniable classic, Charlotte’s Web hero, the mute hero, Louis authority, an authority on the English language, White readers, readers of all of White’s work, parents Part B Guidelines: Placement of appositive phrases may vary slightly, but the meaning of the combined sentences should be clear ■ PAGE Part A Guidelines: Make sure students’ sentences use each of the given verbs as transitives once and as intransitives once Part B Guidelines: Verify that each chosen noun functions as a direct object Part B Answers are shown as follows: error—revision Hugo’s House of horrors—Hugo’s House of Horrors northbrook chapel—Northbrook Chapel parent in laws—parents-in-law judge Franklin—Judge Franklin faith Cooper—Faith Cooper Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 53 Answers ■ PAGE ■ PAGE 11 Part A Answers are shown as follows: direct object(s); indirect object(s) title; Maria Montoya Martinez place; Martinez design; jars, bowls work; museums, collectors methods; family, friends Part A Guidelines: Students should correctly use each form of the verb in sentences The principal parts of the given verbs are as follows: admire, admiring, admired, admired wash, washing, washed, washed brush, brushing, brushed, brushed cook, cooking, cooked, cooked Part B We bought my aunt and uncle a ceramic vase for their anniversary When Aunt Lois saw it, she screeched and gave me a hug Uncle Lew said, “Let me offer my favorite nephew and his parents my special thanks.” On the way home, I asked my folks a question: Would they tell me the story of Aunt Lois and Uncle Lew’s first meeting? Part B Guidelines: Each sentence should include a verb phrase with a main verb and a helping verb Part A linking verb predicate noun linking verb predicate adjective predicate adjective predicate adjective Part B Guidelines: Make sure students use an action verb with a direct object in the first sentence and a linking verb with one or more predicate adjectives in the second sentence ■ PAGE 10 Part A cook scrubbed, heated cubed, chopped stirred seated, satisfied Part B Some people still wonder about my family’s strange meals, but we believe in our dietary choices For example, just last week we created a fantastic dinner My dad ladled out the first course, peanut soup (I remind you that people in many parts of the world regularly enjoy this dish.) Carrot-and-cabbage salad followed, and my sister smiled and helped herself Next, Mom and Paul carried in the main course, spaghetti with “meatless meat” sauce We substituted bean curd for ground beef that night In fact, we use bean curd often in our kitchen Finally, the best of all possible desserts—baked apples—completed the meal If you still question our cuisine, come for dinner tomorrow! Part A were playing am walking are asking is planning are looking were gathering 10 11 was dropping were sprinting was rolling is calling am suffering Part B Guidelines: Sentences should include these verb phrases: is working; are forgetting; were discussing; was riding ■ PAGE 13 Part A has arrived have failed has heard; has wondered have fulfilled have offered; have discovered Part B had planned had expected had contacted had placed had fallen ■ PAGE 14 Part A Answers are shown as follows: future or future perfect; possible sentence future; By tomorrow, the crew will have painted the set future perfect; They will work for two weeks future; Soon Saundra will have graduated from college future perfect; She will apply for many jobs future; We will have visited Grandmother before spring Part B Guidelines: Verbs should be in the future or future perfect tense At least two verbs should be in the future perfect tense 54 Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc ■ PAGE ■ PAGE 12 Answers ■ PAGE 15 Part A Answers are shown as follows: verb phrase—active or passive—receiver of action, (if applicable) was selected—passive—team, debater are filled—passive—seats were displayed—passive—names, schools was issued—passive—challenge; was offered— passive—reply watched—active was silenced—passive—audience Part B Possible answers: A victory party was hosted by the winning team’s parents The audience greeted all of the debaters with loud applause A plaque was presented to each winner by the principal The captain and the co-captain made brief speeches of thanks ■ PAGE 16 Part A Possible answers: shrunk or shrunken; shrank rang; had rung lent; lent sold; had sold bit; had bitten worn; wore Part B Guidelines: Sentences should contain at least four of the listed verbs using the past form or the past participle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc ■ PAGE 17 Part A Guidelines: Student’s paragraph should demonstrate an understanding of subject and object pronouns Part B They—Six sharks can be seen at the aquarium she—When my mother saw the doctor, the doctor said the cut would heal them—I felt sorry for the airplane crash victims when Donna and Julie told me about them he—Nestor went home after he spoke with the clerk ■ PAGE 19 Part A Guidelines: Student’s sentences should demonstrate proper understanding and use of indefinite and possessive pronouns Indefinite pronoun subjects should agree in number with the verb Part B The indefinite pronouns all, any, most, none, and some can be singular or plural depending on the phrase that follows If the noun or pronoun in the phrase is singular, the indefinite pronoun is singular If the noun or pronoun is plural, the indefinite pronoun is plural ■ PAGE 20 Part A ourselves—intensive himself—reflexive themselves—intensive myself—intensive herself—reflexive yourselves—intensive Part B Guidelines: Sentences should use the pronouns in the manner indicated ■ PAGE 21 Part A Possible answers: This or That Which that Who; these or those whom Part B Guidelines: Sentences 1, 2, and should contain the pronoun they or them; sentence should include the pronoun we; sentences and should contain the pronoun it Part B Guidelines: Student sentences should include the specified pronouns ■ PAGE 18 Part A the: sky, sunlight, ground, air, kind; a: glow tall—trees; late-afternoon—sunlight; warm—patches; luminous—patches Sentences will vary Adjectives should be appropriate for the context Part A Answers are shown as follows: antecedents—pronoun— possible rewrite Washington Irving, Ichabod Crane—He— Washington Irving told the tale of Ichabod Crane, a comical schoolteacher woman, Katrina Van Tassel—She—There was one young woman who could compete with Katrina Van Tassel, the object of Ichabod Crane’s hopes Ichabod, Brom Bones—him—Ichabod had a rival in Brom Bones, whom people called dashing, strong, and reckless Brom, Ichabod—he—Ichabod believed that he, not Brom, would win Katrina’s heart ■ PAGE 22 Part B Guidelines: Paragraph should contain several common and proper adjectives ■ PAGE 23 Part A Guidelines: Sentences will vary Adjectives should be used correctly in sentences that make sense Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 55 Answers ■ PAGE 24 Part A Answers are shown as follows: phrase—description— adverb Sentences will vary paints the scene skillfully—tells how about a verb— skillfully works here—tells where about a verb—here unusually fine technique—modifies an adjective— unusually never forgets—tells when about a verb—never quite highly regarded—modifies another adverb— quite; modifies an adjective or tells how about a verb—highly Part B Long—had hoped; finally—happened; yesterday—was riding; there—stood; straight—ahead; ahead—stood; stunningly—beautiful; incredibly—surprised; Cautiously— held; quickly—studied; so—very; very—young; uncertainly—nuzzled; out—held; quietly—offered; Suddenly—flicked; up—flicked; down—flicked; then— bounded; away—bounded; Afterward—whistled; respectfully—whistled; very—close; close—had come; always—I’ll remember ■ PAGE 25 Part A Comparative and superlative adverbs will vary The proper form should be used, and it should make sense in the sentence Part B Guidelines: Sentence context should support student’s choice of a correctly used comparative or superlative adverb Part C Possible answer: These adverbs suggest that something has reached its fullest For example, once something is done completely or perfectly, it can’t be taken any further Similarly, uniquely suggests one-of-a-kind quality, so no comparison is possible ■ PAGE 26 Part A Answers are shown as follows: adverb or adjective— adjective or adverb form (as applicable); possible sentence adjective—surely; In the morning, I felt sure about my plan I will surely benefit from it adjective—really; This is a real chance It is a really exciting opportunity for us adverb—bad; Whenever I eat spicy food, I feel bad afterward I performed badly at the recital adjective—well; If that frozen yogurt tastes so good, maybe you should take some home You would well to put it in the freezer 56 Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade Part B Answers are shown as follows: error—correction real—really badly—bad real—really; sure—surely bad—badly ■ PAGE 27 Part A After a while, up the street, in his pockets, toward Foster Freeze, by a ratlike chihuahua At his old school, on top of a barbed wire fence, with a girl, at him to a stop, from the barbed wire At his old school Part B Possible answer: Some words can be either prepositions or adverbs By is a good example When by is linked to a noun or pronoun that follows it, by is a preposition; for example, We stood by the campfire When by isn’t followed in that way—as in I stood by—it is an adverb ■ PAGE 28 Part A them her him her them Part B Answers are shown as follows: who or whom—prepositional phrase (if applicable) Who; whom—about whom; whom—for whom; who; whom—of whom; whom—with whom ■ PAGE 29 Part A Answers are shown as follows: prepositional phrase— adjective or adverb—word(s) modified of hunters—adjective—tribe in any major group—adverb—has been classified In the late seventeenth century—adverb—began to the south and east—adjective—migration toward the dawn—adjective—journey to a golden age—adverb—led Along the way—adverb—were befriended by the Crows—adverb—were befriended Part B Guidelines: Student should be able to identify and defend the use of each phrase and identify each phrase as an adjective or adverb Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Part B Sentences will vary Comparative forms: better, more, more fascinating; Superlative forms: newest, noisiest, most active Answers ■ PAGE 30 ■ PAGE 32 Part A Types of conjunctions are abbreviated as follows: CC, coordinating conjunction; CO, correlative conjunction; CA, conjunctive adverb and—compound subject; CC and—compound indirect object, CC; not only but also—compound direct object, CO however—compound sentence, CA; either or— compound predicate, CO and—compound object of a preposition, CC; therefore—compound sentence, CA and—compound subject, CC; and—compound sentence, CC; both and—compound direct object, CO and—compound object of a preposition, CC; furthermore—compound sentence, CA; or— compound direct object, CC Part A Answers are shown as follows: clause—type of clause; sentence type Emilio moved to the United States in 1992—main; simple He was nervous at first—main, now he has adjusted to his new life—main; compound Although life is different here—subordinate, Emilio has grown to love his adopted home—main; complex He participates in many school activities—main, the chess club, the choir, and the baseball team are his favorites—main; compound Emilio often spends time with Katrina and Paul— main; who are his friends—subordinate; complex They are planning a trip to Emilio’s homeland— main; simple Part B Guidelines: Student may use conjunctions and conjunctive adverbs to create a variety of compound elements The words so chosen should suggest a logical relationship between the elements joined Commas and semicolons should be used correctly Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc ■ PAGE 31 Part A Possible answers: Late one Thursday afternoon Hector Detector, the famous but foolish sleuth, walked casually into the Westboro Historical Museum He checked his map and thought Would he find the missing clue in the Hall of Prehistory, or did someone hide it in Ancient Greece? Crowds of visitors stared with surprise, for Hector suddenly ran off like a startled rabbit He raced down the hall and stopped in front of an entrance marked “ Mineralogy.” “Aha!” Hector said aloud “If that clue is here, I’ll find it.” Part B Answers are shown as follows: underlined word—part of speech among—preposition; diamonds—noun; icy— adjective Then—adverb; he—pronoun; spotted—verb; or— conjunction not—adverb; very—adverb; sharp—adjective; its— pronoun; to—preposition; Morocco—noun Oh, no—interjection; The—adjective; paper—noun; had been signed—verb; carelessly—adverb; by— preposition; Rita Cheater—noun; the—adjective; long-time—adjective; terror—noun; of—preposition; museums—noun; and—conjunction; galleries— noun; around—preposition; the—adjective; world— noun Part B Guidelines: Make sure student’s sentences make sense and are compound or complex as indicated ■ PAGE 33 Part A Answers are shown as follows: adjective clause—modified noun; essential or nonessential that was scheduled for Friday—picnic; essential which have been particularly severe—storms; nonessential who organized the event—leader; nonessential where there hadn’t been as much rain—spot; essential who were looking forward to the tournament—fans; essential that our leader suggested—park; essential Part B Guidelines: Student should use the listed adjective clauses in the manner specified ■ PAGE 34 Part A Answers are shown as follows: adverb clause—modified verb whenever I travel to other cities—write Before I leave home—pack whenever I can—buy until I return—tells When I come home—bring because we are such good friends—keep Part B Guidelines: Student should complete each sentence with an adverb clause that fits the context Commas should follow the adverb clause in sentences 3, 6, 7, and 10 Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 57 Answers ■ PAGE 35 ■ PAGE 39 Part A Answers are shown as follows: noun clause—usage What I witnessed—subject whoever was watching—object of a preposition that anything is possible—predicate noun whichever road led to the main gate—direct object Why this happened today—subject However you want the job—subject Part A Answers are shown as follows: subject—verb form music—was Sophisticated Ladies—features Carla and Patrice—hope They—are conductor, musicians—teach Everyone—wants Part B Guidelines: Students should use the words provided as noun clauses in sentences of their own Part B Guidelines: Each verb should make sense in the context provided and should agree with the subject given ■ PAGE 36 ■ PAGE 40 Part A Answers are shown as follows: participial phrase; word it modifies Worried about the time; Ann Li rolling slowly down the street; bus Pausing for breath; Ann Li seated in front of her; student Heading for class; everyone relieved of anxiety; Ann Li Part A Answers are shown as follows: subject—corrected sentence, if needed book, display classes painting book—Here is a book about dinosaurs ■ PAGE 37 Part A Winning a trophy, subject jogging, swimming, direct objects giving her best possible performance, object of a preposition competing, direct object training animals, object of a preposition Flying, subject Part B Guidelines: Student should complete sentences as directed ■ PAGE 38 Part A To knit, subject To knit a sweater, subject to hike the nature trails, direct object to attend the meeting, direct object to pitch our tent before dark, direct object To succeed, subject Part B Guidelines: Student should use the infinitives provided in sentences of his or her own 58 Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade ■ PAGE 41 Part A Answers are shown as follows: subject—verb—correct verb Impressionists—paints—paint years—has passed—have passed Luncheon of the Boating Party—is—correct Some—likes—like One—prefers—correct class—has—have Part B Guidelines: Student may choose any verbs that make sense in the sentences Be sure the verbs agree in number with the subjects provided ■ PAGE 42 Answers are shown as follows: incorrect term— correct term Part A accept—except correct Its—It’s loose—lose quiet—quite to—too Beside—Besides Who’s—Whose Part B Guidelines: Be sure student uses these troublesome words correctly Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Part B Guidelines: Student should write original sentences using the topics provided Each sentence should include at least one underlined participle or participial phrase Part B Guidelines: Student can use any subject with the words provided; subjects and verbs should agree Answers ■ PAGE 43 ■ PAGE 46 Part A Mrs Fernandez, our guidance counselor, arranged a career day at our school She said, “You will have a chance to speak to professionals in many different fields.” Doctor Sawyer is coming, as well as Professor Kiley and General Crokov Aunt Sally, who is a diplomat, will tell us about foreign services “It is exciting,” my friend Kiko said, “to meet so many successful people.” “Maybe we will decide on careers today,” Kiko added Part A Lucia planted roses, geraniums, and peonies in her garden No, I have not seen the garden this spring Pleased at the result, Lucia has invited her friends to visit the garden correct In the space by her flower garden, Lucia has started a vegetable garden Part B Guidelines: Student should use proper capitalization in the salutation, the body, and the closing ■ PAGE 44 Part A The American soldiers who fought at Lexington and Concord were known as Minutemen The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of AustriaHungary sparked World War I New York was once known as New Amsterdam The National Trust for Historic Preservation raises money to restore and maintain historic sites Jefferson Middle School offers courses in Spanish, Japanese, and French Thanksgiving is the fourth Thursday in November Part B Guidelines: Student should write a paragraph describing his or her own community Be sure all proper nouns and proper adjectives are capitalized Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc ■ PAGE 45 Part A Do you know who developed the first polio vaccine? interrogative Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin declarative Yellowstone National Park was the first national park founded by Congress declarative Bring me a thesaurus and a dictionary imperative Wow, that’s terrific! exclamatory Where is the Walt Whitman Bridge? interrogative Martin Luther King Jr won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 declarative What a wonderful book this is! exclamatory Watch this film to see why I like it imperative 10 Did you like the last film? interrogative Part B Guidelines: Student should write sentences of the kinds indicated and use correct end marks Part B Stephen Foster, a nineteenth-century American composer, wrote “Dixie.” Yes, the banjo originally came from Africa Often played at patriotic events, “God Bless America” was written by Irving Berlin Performed only rarely, the entire version of “The StarSpangled Banner” is four verses long Irving Berlin wrote several classic American songs; however, he dedicated the song “Marie” to the Queen of Romania ■ PAGE 47 Part A Hawaii is one state in the Union, but it is composed of eight islands correct Rhode Island, which was founded by Roger Williams, was one of the thirteen original colonies Although it has changed over the years, the American flag is still based on a design by Betsy Ross Lewis and Clark began their expedition in St Louis, and they planned to follow the Missouri River upstream Part B Guidelines: See that student follows the directions given for each sentence, uses commas correctly, and circles the commas ■ PAGE 48 Part A correct Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, known as the “City of Brotherly Love,” was the site of the First Continental Congress Kyle Lawson, Ph.D., has written a book about American government correct Dr Lawson said, “You can learn a lot by studying history.” Instead of American history, world history is being offered next year Part B Guidelines: Student may write a letter to any friend or relative describing a favorite subject in school Check to see that each comma is circled and used correctly Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 59 Answers Part A The Green Mountain Boys fought in the Revolutionary War; they were led by Ethan Allen Other than Buddhism, Japan has one major religion; it is called Shinto correct These were our first three presidents: George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson The president of the United States takes the oath of office at 12:00 noon correct Part B Guidelines: Student should use the topics provided to write sentences which require either a semicolon or a colon Each semicolon or colon should be used correctly ■ PAGE 50 Part A Pride and Prejudice Newsweek; Life; Metropolitan Home “The Touch of the Master’s Hand” Washington Post; “An Insider’s View of Washington, D.C.” My Fair Lady; Pygmalion “Simple Gifts”; “My Country ’Tis of Thee” Part B Guidelines: Student may choose any topic for the written conversation See that he or she uses quotation marks correctly ■ PAGE 51 Part A Australia’s nickname is “The Land Down Under.” Charles Lindbergh’s transatlantic flight made history The League of Nations was the world leaders’ attempt at lasting peace 60 Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade Everyone’s opinion was that the League of Nations was ineffectual Even the president admitted the League wasn’t accomplishing what he had hoped it would There were too many and’s, but’s, and or’s in the League’s charter Part B The boto (a dolphin found in the Amazon and Orinoco River systems) is so flexible that it can grasp its own tail Jerusalem—I have never visited there—attracts thousands of visitors every year Honolulu (located on the island of Oahu) is the capital of Hawaii Alaska was the forty-ninth state to be admitted to the Union Aunt Susie’s brother-in-law works for the state of Idaho ■ PAGE 52 Part A WI Tues Nov B.C St lb FBI Dr Part B Our poll found that 53 percent of the students would like school to begin later in the day We also discovered that 20 percent of the students would like school to begin at 7:30 A.M instead of 7:45 A.M correct One hundred thirty of the students would like the cafeteria to serve healthier food The survey committee will meet in Room 124 at three o’clock on May 2, 2001 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc ■ PAGE 49 ... Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 8, Unit Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc _ Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date 8. 6 Simple... _ 18 Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 8, Unit 11 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc _ Grammar Enrichment Name ... to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 87 87 Orion Place Columbus, Ohio 43240 ISBN 0-0 7 -8 23333-X 024 04 03 02 01 00 ii Contents Unit Subjects, Predicates, and Sentences 8. 1–2 8. 3–5 8. 6 Unit Sentences and Sentence