Grammar and Composition Grammar Enrichment Grade Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved Permission is granted to reproduce material contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduced only for classroom use; and be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with Writer’s Choice Any other reproduction, for use or sale, is prohibited without written permission of the publisher Printed in the United States of America Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, Ohio 43240 ISBN 0-07-823334-8 079 04 03 02 01 00 ii Contents Unit 10 Parts of Speech 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7–8 Unit 11 Parts of the Sentence 11.1–4 11.5 11.5 11.5 Unit 12 Complex and Compound-Complex Sentences 18 Adjective Clauses 19 Adverb Clauses 20 Noun Clauses 21 Four Kinds of Sentences 22 Sentence Fragments 23 Run-on Sentences 24 Verb Tenses and Voice 15.2–3 15.5 15.6 Unit 16 Prepositional Phrases 13 Appositives and Appositive Phrases 14 Participles and Participial Phrases 15 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases 16 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases 17 Clauses and Sentence Structure 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 13.10 Unit 15 Subjects and Predicates Direct and Indirect Objects 10 Object Complements 11 Subject Complements 12 Phrases 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.3 12.3 Unit 13 Nouns Pronouns Action Verbs Linking Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions and Interjections Regular and Irregular Verbs and Verb Tenses 25 Progressive and Emphatic Forms 26 Compatibility of Tenses 27 Subject-Verb Agreement 16.2–3 16.4–6 Agreement with Linking Verbs and in Inverted Sentences 28 Agreement with Special and Compound Subjects and Intervening Expressions 29 iii Contents Unit 17 Using Pronouns Correctly 17.1 17.2 17.4 17.5 17.6 Unit 18 Using Modifiers Correctly 18.1–2 18.3–5 18.7 Unit 20 iv Capitalization of Sentences 38 Capitalization of Proper Nouns and Proper Adjectives 39 Punctuation, Abbreviations, and Numbers 21.1–3 21.4 21.5 21.6 21.6 21.6 21.6 21.6 21.7–8 21.9 21.10 21.11 21.14 Answers Degrees of Comparison 35 Double and Incomplete Comparisons 36 Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers 37 Capitalization 20.1 20.2–3 Unit 21 Case of Personal Pronouns 30 Pronouns with and as Appositives 31 Who and Whom in Questions and Subordinate Clauses 32 Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement 33 Clear Pronoun Reference 34 End Punctuation 40 The Colon 41 The Semicolon 42 Commas and Compound Sentences 43 Commas and Coordinate Adjectives 44 Commas with Parenthetical Expressions and Conjunctive Adverbs 45 Commas and Direct Address 46 Misuse of Commas 47 Dashes and Parentheses 48 Quotation Marks 49 Italics (Underlining) 50 The Apostrophe 51 Numbers and Numerals 52 53 Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date 10.1 Nouns ■ A Identifying Nouns Underline each noun in the following sentences Above each noun you underline, write concrete, collective, abstract, or proper to tell what kind of noun it is When people think of Florida, they probably think first of white beaches, blue water, and tall palm trees Anywhere you look you can see a family on vacation in scenic, tropical beauty Miami, on the southeastern coast, is a fast-growing center of Hispanic culture The Sunshine State is well known for agriculture and manufacturing as well as for tourism Among the interesting places to visit in Florida are the Everglades, old Saint Augustine, and the Kennedy Space Center ■ B Using Nouns Fill in the blanks with the type of noun requested, concrete or abstract Do not repeat nouns Continue the story in the last sentence; use both concrete and abstract nouns After years of searching for the fabled (concrete) , the explorer finally held it in his hand and was hypnotized by its unearthly (abstract) In spite of the object’s unmeasurable (abstract) , he could think only Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc of its hideous reputation for bringing bad (abstract) to its owner “How can such a beautiful (concrete) be the cause of so much (abstract) ?” he wondered Standing on the edge of the (concrete) , holding the object in front of him, he asked himself, “Do I dare keep this strange and mysterious (concrete) ?” Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 9, Unit 10 Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date 10.2 Pronouns ■ A Identifying Pronouns Underline each pronoun in the following sentences Above each pronoun you underline, write relative, interrogative, indefinite, intensive, reflexive, demonstrative, personal, or possessive to tell the kind of pronoun it is Dian Fossey was an American scientist who studied mountain gorillas in the Central African jungles for almost two decades She worked for years to gain the trust of the gorillas, and her research changed the way people think of these gentle creatures What would you think of living by yourself in the jungle, with only gorillas for companions? Among those Dian Fossey studied and befriended were Flossie, Beethoven, Uncle Bert, and Digit The 1977 killing of Digit by poachers alerted many to the desperate plight of the mountain gorillas Dian Fossey herself died in December 1985, bringing an abrupt end to her efforts to save the gorillas ■ B Using Pronouns Write sentences using each type of pronoun requested (interrogative) (indefinite) _ (reflexive) (demonstrative) _ (relative) Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 9, Unit 10 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date 10.3 Action Verbs ■ A Using Action Verbs Replace the underlined verbs in the sentences below with more vivid action verbs Write your new verbs above the old ones As soon as we got off the bus, we were met by at least a dozen people, pushing and shoving to get near us The stalls in the bazaar sat in the broiling sun, and the merchants told what they had to sell As we went through the narrow rows, we were struck by the incredible sights, sounds, and smells of Cairo Anwar stopped at a stall where birds sang gaily and small, strange animals in cages made noise constantly The old man in the stall looked at us, smiled a toothless grin, and laughed wildly ■ B Using Verbs Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Write a paragraph telling why the old Egyptian man in the bazaar stall was laughing wildly at you and Anwar Tell what happened next Use at least one strong action verb in each sentence Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 9, Unit 10 Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date 10.3 Linking Verbs ■ A Identifying Linking Verbs Underline the verb in each of the following sentences Above the verb indicate whether it is a linking verb or an action verb Americans first taste classical tragedies in literature classes Readers soon grow fond of the poetry of Greek tragedies Aristotle’s theories of tragedy remain relevant At the start of most tragedies, events look foreboding Audiences become emotionally close to the troubles of the hero We feel close to tragic heroes We remain in our seats until the bitter end Many of the names of classical Greek characters sound familiar Electra and Oedipus appear on stage in Greek plays 10 The punishments of Oedipus appear harsh 11 The members of the chorus sound their opinions 12 Audiences stay satisfied by a Greek tragedy year after year 13 Audiences look for meaning in their own lives 14 Greek tragedies remain important contributions to Western thought ■ B Writing with Linking Verbs (remain) _ (sound) (look) _ (feel) Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 9, Unit Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Write sentences on any subject using the given verb first as a linking verb and then as an action verb Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date 10.4 Adjectives ■ A Using Adjectives Fill in each blank with an adjective that makes sense in the sentence Many people consider the 1960s one of the most decades of the twentieth century American society seemed to be waking up after the relatively 1950s The sixties was a decade of exploring forms of expression, especially in popular music Musicians such as The Beatles, Bob Dylan, and The Rolling Stones were extremely The two political issues of the decade were civil rights and the war in Vietnam Both issues bitterly divided the people In 1967 the summer of love was proclaimed by a group of young people called hippies Their dress and habits, as well as their rejection of American culture, angered many people The period was also one of turmoil 10 Millions of Americans were stunned by the murders of figures such as John and Robert Kennedy, Malcolm X, and Martin Luther King Jr Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc ■ B Writing with Adjectives Write a paragraph about the most delicious meal you ever ate Use adjectives that describe the way the meal looked, smelled, and tasted Describe how you felt while you were eating it Make your readers feel as if they were right there eating with you Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 9, Unit 10 Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date 10.5 Adverbs ■ A Using Adverbs Underline the adverbs in the following sentences Then draw an arrow from each adverb to the word it modifies The auditorium was already crowded with dog lovers I had often dreamed of coming to the biggest dog show in the state I could see hundreds of dogs with their very anxious owners I noticed unusual breeds that I had never seen before The show featured all kinds of dogs, from the gigantic Irish wolfhound to the extremely small Chihuahua The owners paraded their dogs as the judges watched carefully My favorite was a Shetland sheepdog, usually called a sheltie The head judge finally made her way to the microphone She calmly spoke the name of the winning dog and its owner 10 The crowd cheered, and the winning dog—the sheltie—leaped happily into its owner’s arms ■ B Describing with Adverbs Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Imagine you are watching a trapeze act at the circus The acrobats are swinging high above the crowd without a safety net below them Write a paragraph describing their act and how you feel as you watch them Use an adverb in each sentence of your paragraph Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 9, Unit 10 Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date 21.6 Commas and Direct Address ■ A Using Commas with Direct Address Rewrite the following sentences by adding the parenthesized words and phrases to the sentences where indicated Add commas where necessary (Mr Johnson) Thank you for the rutabaga _. (my friend) No, _ that won’t be necessary (Your Honor) I want to apologize _ for my remarks (you little pest) If I catch you in my room one more time _ you’ll be sorry! (Madame President) _ on behalf of the entire club, let me offer my sincere congratulations ■ B Using Commas with Direct Address Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc You are running for class president Write a short speech telling your supporters what changes you would like to see in school and class affairs Directly address your listeners five times, using commas correctly Use different terms, such as classmates, fellow ninth-graders, or my friends, for your listeners 46 Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 9, Unit 21 Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date 21.6 Misuse of Commas ■ A Avoiding Misuse of the Comma In the following sentences, cross out incorrect uses of commas and add commas or other punctuation marks where necessary If the sentence is correct as written, write correct after it The problem with that idea, is that they will already have thought of it Although she wasn’t completely sure about the plan we decided to go through with it Many people like feeding birds, and watching them come to the feeder Whether or not we get to the movie on time is all up to him The crew let out a cheer, when the lookout spotted land The crossword puzzle is impossible, I’ll never finish it Whom to invite to your party, is a tough decision The airplane lifted off from the runway and slowly climbed into the sky The Republicans from the city, and the Democrats from the country couldn’t agree on anything 10 You can ask until you’re blue in the face, I’ll never tell! ■ B Correct Use of the Comma In the following excerpt from Machine Dreams, a novel about growing up in West Virginia during the 1960s by Jayne Anne Phillips, all the commas have been taken out, and some have been added where they should not be used Correct the excerpt, crossing out incorrectly used commas and adding necessary ones You should cross out five commas and add six commas Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc I stepped back switched off the light and took up the bulky clothes in the dark The ladder, was difficult I held on with one hand and was halfway down when I got stung Hornets always nested in the attic in the summer but I’d supposed, they were gone by now It was ludicrous; I wasn’t willing, to drop the clothes on the dirty floor and then sort them all again and I couldn’t move my hand So I climbed down while the hornet kept stinging me unable to see over bundled wools, and corduroys and walked, into the kitchen where I could put them down Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 9, Unit 21 47 Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date 21.7–8 Dashes and Parentheses ■ A Using the Dash and Parentheses Rewrite the following sentences, adding the italicized phrases to the sentences where appropriate Use whichever punctuation—the dash or parentheses—best fits the situation (what a performance!) The audience called Kathleen Battle back for another encore (8:00 EST) The World Series game is on tonight at 5:00 P.M (can you believe it) That redwood tree is more than six hundred years old! (112 meters) The park ranger says it’s 368 feet tall (what an interesting woman) Jane Goodall lived and worked with chimpanzees in East Africa (his father gave it to him right before he died) Jason was heartbroken when his watch was stolen (my father’s sister) The woman on the phone was Aunt Jessie (a record that will probably never be broken as long as Super Bowls are played) Doug Williams led Washington to five touchdowns in one quarter! 10 (he was a sixteenth-century Spanish explorer) Francisco de Coronado spent many years exploring the American Southwest ■ B Writing with Parentheses Use the following phrases in sentences of your own Place the phrases inside parentheses in your sentences Place all punctuation correctly (is there anything more ridiculous?) (a great idea) _ 48 Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 9, Unit 21 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc (he’s written several others) Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s novel One Hundred Years of Solitude tells of life in a South American town Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date 21.9 Quotation Marks ■ A Using Quotation Marks Add quotation marks to the following sentences where needed and cross out those that are used incorrectly You will add seven sets and cross out four sets Add any additional punctuation that is needed Laurence Olivier, considered by many “the greatest actor of our century,” starred in numerous films Eleanor Roosevelt said, We must remember those less fortunate than ourselves My favorite story by “American author Edgar Allan Poe” is The Fall of the House of Usher What “on earth” did she mean when she said, It’s very simple? My older brother remarked, I can say without lying, I came, I saw, I conquered My grandfather felt that “going to the beach when rain was predicted wasn’t a very good idea.” Here’s my opinion of Bruce Springsteen’s Born in the USA: it’s the greatest song ever written! My father asked, Do you want stuffing or potatoes? ■ B Writing with Quotation Marks Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Imagine that a friend told you about the latest tape of a music group you both enjoy Write an account, with dialogue, of your conversation about the tape Include what your friend said and how you answered Use quotation marks correctly Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 9, Unit 21 49 Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date 21.10 Italics (Underlining) ■ A Using Italics Underline the ten items in the following sentences that should be in italics Ron Howard starred in the TV show Happy Days The National Geographic article called northern Sweden the land of midnatt solen, or the midnight sun “Bon voyage,” said Lucinda, handing her mother a book on cruising Martin’s favorite play was A Raisin in the Sun, and his favorite painting was Riders on the Storm Sheila let out a whoop of triumph when she got her test back and saw the Excellent! at the top I know I’ll never forget seeing on an evening news program the landing of the Columbia The piece of music was an aubade, or morning serenade The oil spill from the Exxon Valdez may never be fully corrected ■ B Writing with Italics Write sentences of your own using five items that you marked for italics in the exercise above 50 Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 9, Unit 21 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date 21.11 The Apostrophe ■ A Using the Apostrophe In the following paragraph, some apostrophes have been left out and others have been placed incorrectly Add the apostrophes where they should appear and cross out the ones that appear incorrectly There are 20 mistakes in all One of the most intriguing group’s in Americas history is the United Society of Believers in Christs Second Appearing, or, as they’re known by most people, the Shakers’ Founded in eighteenth-century England by Ann Lee, the Shakers faced persecution at the hand’s of the authorities Mother Ann Lee and her followers’ belief in communal living led them to the New World and it’s religious’ freedom Settling first near Albany, New York, in 1776, the Shaker’s founded a series of communal settlements throughout New England Mother Ann Lees death in 1784 did not destroy the Shakers settlements, and the movement spread as far west as Ohio’s and Kentucky’s shared wilderness The Shakers exquisite craftsmanship, based on the groups belief that work was a form of worship, resulted in simple, elegant furniture that is extremely valuable today Because they believed that husband’s and wive’s shouldn’t live together, the Shakers depended on converts to their religion to maintain membership After about 1860, the Shakers way of life began to lose it’s attraction Today you can visit the Shakers settlements, many of which are fascinating museums ■ B Writing with the Apostrophe Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Write sentences of your own using the correct contracted form of the words in parentheses (would not) (who has) (it is) _ (she will) (someone is) Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 9, Unit 21 51 Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date 21.14 Numbers and Numerals ■ A Correct Use of Numbers and Numerals The following sentences contain mistakes in the use of numbers and numerals In the blank, write the corrected numbers Two sentences are correct as written; after each of these write correct The Beatles sang, “Will you still need me, will you still feed me, when I’m 64?” _ Even though the city was completely destroyed in the 3rd century, I dedicated myself to re-creating its splendors My aunt and uncle grew up in the sixties _ Sonia’s sister received a Christmas card from her 2nd husband The number of students in each group was 322, two hundred, and 148 _ The surprise is that he was such a well-respected man in the ’50s Rubbing his sleepy eyes, Thomas saw that the clock read six o’clock A.M The bitterly contested game wasn’t decided until the last sixty seconds. The address we were looking for was 1292 South Fiftieth Street _ 10 The reasons for the decisions are well known ■ B Writing with Numbers and Numerals Write a sentence using the correct form of the item requested in parentheses (the decade in which you were born) (the amount of money you have in your pocket or purse) (the number of players at one time on a team in your favorite sport) _ (the age of your oldest living relative) 52 Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 9, Unit 21 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc (the approximate number of people, in millions, who live in your state) _ Answers ■ PAGE ■ PAGE Part A people—concrete; Florida—proper; beaches— concrete; water—concrete; trees—concrete family—collective; vacation—concrete; beauty— abstract Miami—proper; coast—concrete; center—concrete; culture—abstract Sunshine State—proper; agriculture—abstract; manufacturing—abstract; tourism—abstract places—concrete; Florida—proper; Everglades— proper; Saint Augustine—proper; home—abstract; mouse—concrete; earth—concrete; Kennedy Space Center—proper Part A Possible answers: fascinating quiet new popular critical Part B GuideIines: Make sure that nouns are not repeated and that the last sentence describes what the explorer does with the object ■ PAGE Part A who—relative She—personal; her—possessive What—interrogative; you—personal; yourself— reflexive those—demonstrative many—indefinite herself—intensive; her—possessive Part B GuideIines: Make sure students correctly use each kind of pronoun Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc ■ PAGE Part A Guidelines: Make sure students correctly use colorful, vivid action verbs that not change the meaning of the story Part B Guidelines: Make sure students use the verbs correctly, telling why the man was laughing and what happened next ■ PAGE Part A taste—action grow—linking remain—linking look—linking become—linking feel—linking remain—action 10 11 12 13 14 sound—linking appear—action appear—linking sound—action stay—linking look—action remain—linking 10 American colorful unorthodox great prominent Part B Guidelines: Make sure students use sensory adjectives that vividly describe the meal and his or her reaction to it ■ PAGE Part A Answers are shown as follows: adverb—word modified already—crowded extremely—small often—had carefully—watched usually—called dreamed very—anxious finally—made never—had seen calmly—spoke before—had seen 10 happily—leaped Part B Guidelines: Make sure students correctly use an adverb in each sentence ■ PAGE Part A Answers are shown as follows: preposition—object of preposition of—one; of—groups; in—United States from—French Canadians; from—Canada; to—Louisiana; in—century of—French on—fiddle, accordion, guitar; by—musicians with—ham, pork, tomatoes, seasonings at—parties on—menu In—middle; of—century; in—areas; to—cities of—culture 10 In—decade; of—interest; in—culture, history, language Part B Guidelines: Make sure students use prepositions accurately in the description of the salad Part B Guidelines: Students’ sentences should demonstrate an understanding of the difference between linking and action verbs Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 53 Answers ■ PAGE ■ PAGE 11 Part A Possible answers (conjunctions appear in boldface): Loch Ness, in the rugged Scottish Highlands, has been a source of mystery and fear for centuries The curious from around the world have flocked to the loch’s desolate shores because they hope to catch a glimpse of the famous Loch Ness monster Many people have searched the loch’s dark waters; nevertheless, no one has ever found proof of the monster’s existence Both the loch’s unusual depth and its especially murky water have made exploration difficult Although scientists insist that no prehistoric creature could have survived in Loch Ness, some people continue to believe that there is something down there Part A father—noun home—noun none crusader—noun public—adjective 10 PAGE Part A Guidelines: Make sure students include the subjects and verbs shown below in their sentences Some—ate men—formed, ran officer—discovered countries, people—have Parrots—have Part B Present at the meeting were the president, the secretary of defense, and several important generals There was not a single person at the dance when we arrived Through the cloud-filled sky shot a bolt of lightning Don’t make that noise with your thumb Here is my opinion of that kind of music ■ PAGE 10 Part A Answers are shown as follows: direct object(s)—indirect object necklace—Elizabeth lemurs, marmosets—none ride—none potatoes—me squirrel—none advice—mother rabbits—none welcome—girl songs—none 10 prescription—Dad Part B Guidelines: Make sure that students use at least three direct objects and three indirect objects and that there are no grammatical errors 54 Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade Part B Possible verbs and direct objects are shown appointed—William found—rides considered—mother judged—cake considered—land ■ PAGE 12 Part A Guidelines: Make sure students include the subject in their own sentences Answers are shown as follows: subject complement (pred adj or pred nom.) subject popular (pred adj.) videos professor, assistant (pred nom.) guests battle (pred nom.) Battle of Lexington frightening (pred adj.) Alligators, crocodiles captain (pred nom.) You Part B Guidelines: Make sure each sentence has a predicate nominative or a predicate adjective ■ PAGE 13 Part A Answers are shown as follows: prepositional phrase— adjective or adverb—word modified on earth—adjective—event in a different country—adverb—takes place from all over the world—adverb—travel on television—adverb—watch from traditional powers—adjective—teams with the help—adverb—won; of its superstar— adjective—help in its own country—adverb—won; in 1966— adverb—won with Franz Beckenbauer—adjective—West Germans; as captain—adjective—Franz Beckenbauer over their heads—adverb—hoist; around the stadium—adverb—parade 10 in the world—adverb—best 11 of soccer—adjective—game; in the United States— adverb—popular 12 for the finals—adverb—qualified; in 1990—adverb— qualified; for the first time—adverb—qualified; in forty years—adjective—time Part B Guidelines: Make sure students correctly use phrases from the preceding exercise Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Part B Guidelines: Make sure students use colorful interjections appropriately his—pronoun foe—noun none one—pronoun tribute—noun Answers ■ PAGE 14 Part A Guidelines: Students should demonstrate an understanding of the difference between an essential and a nonessential appositive Part B Guidelines: Make sure students correctly use at least three appositives or appositive phrases ■ PAGE 15 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Part A gathered in Colonel Abercrombie’s luxurious library—past; burning—pres well-traveled—past; recently completed—past Looking around the room at the many treasures— pres.; brought home from previous trips—past; growing—pres Stepping forward with a hand behind his back—pres.; distinguished—past choking—pres Part B Guidelines: Make sure students use infinitives or infinitive phrases correctly as subjects, direct objects, predicate nominatives, adjectives, and adverbs ■ PAGE 18 Part A Guidelines: Students should demonstrate an understanding of the difference between a main clause and a subordinate clause and should punctuate each sentence correctly Part B Guidelines: Make sure students use at least one of each kind of sentence and accurately describe a school assembly ■ PAGE 19 Part A Guidelines: Make sure the added clause functions as an adjective and is punctuated correctly Part B Guidelines: Make sure students use a present or past participle or a participial phrase in each sentence Part B Guidelines: Students will probably recognize that they can write about a music concert Make sure students use each clause correctly ■ PAGE 16 ■ PAGE 20 Part A Going to a professional rodeo—subj roping calves—obj prep Wrestling the calves to the ground—subj seeing the bucking broncos—dir obj Barrel racing—subj the fans’ shouting—obj prep lariat tossing—dir obj Eating the delicious western food—subj the off-key singing by the cowboy clowns—pred nom 10 going back next year—pred nom Part A Subordinating conjunctions appear in boldface within the adverb clause Unless that dog gets tired of chasing the stick until the police arrive than I [was surprised] if the weather is bad as if he dreaded getting home Before the detective could place the handcuffs on the man so that the committee could determine a deserving award recipient than [it appealed] to her because her brother was appearing on a TV quiz show 10 until it shone Part B Guidelines: Be sure students use gerunds in the manner indicated ■ PAGE 17 Part A To get a driver’s license—subj to watch movies—dir obj to look like pancakes—adverb to read—adjective to read about life in other countries—dir obj to compete in the Olympics—pred nom to enter the contest—adverb To sing early in the program—subj To go swimming in the ocean—subj 10 to bring the monster to life—dir obj Part B Guidelines: Students will probably recognize that they can write about an election Make sure students use each phrase correctly Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 55 Answers Part A Whoever likes to wear warm sweaters in the wintertime—subj why I called Frank for help—pred nom whatever cereal is on sale—dir obj whoever is at the door—obj prep whatever food they can find—dir obj that I just didn’t feel well enough—pred nom how the spy found the secret plans—pred nom whom this year’s president will appoint—dir obj whichever page you want—obj prep 10 Why anybody even came to the rally—subj Part B Guidelines: If students make a mistake in the specified use of noun clauses, ask them to explain the reasoning See whether they can figure out what went wrong PAGE 22 Part A Guidelines: Identification and punctuation for each sentence are shown Student’s three revisions of each sentence should end with correct punctuation interrogative—? exclamatory—! or declarative— declarative— imperative— or exclamatory—! interrogative—? Part B Guidelines: Make sure students use at least one of each kind of sentence in the paragraph PAGE 23 Part A Possible answers: The lonely moors of northern England produced the Brontës, one of the most interesting families in literature correct But their isolation had one positive effect, which was that it stirred the girls’ imagination The isolation and wild beauty of the Yorkshire moors breathed life into their work It is one of the wonders of literature how three quiet sisters from a forgotten corner of the world could produce writing of such power and beauty Part B Possible answer: Compared with other animals, people are poorly equipped to survive in the wild Although the fur of many mammals, from the largest to the smallest, can keep them warm in very cold temperatures, people have little hair covering their skin Birds, of course, have feathers Some animals— such as the sheep, camels, llamas, and goats—are covered with wool, a marvelous insulation against heat and cold Even scales can protect fish and reptiles that live in extreme climates Human beings have only their brains to compensate for their lack of protective covering ■ PAGE 24 Part A Possible answers: I lost my purse; it had thirty dollars in it correct correct Don’t be ridiculous! Nobody’s spying on you Tuyen is a great gymnast You should see her perform correct I love movies on video; you can watch them right in your own home correct Part B Possible answer: When anyone mentions luxurious train travel, there’s no doubt which train comes to mind first: the legendary Orient Express Started by a Belgian businessman in 1883, the train ran across Europe from Paris to Constantinople, the capital of Turkey, which is now called Ankara In its beautiful railway cars, passengers could relax among velvet drapes, gleaming mahogany woodwork, and plush leather armchairs No wonder the train counted among its passengers the royalty of Europe! Agatha Christie helped make the train famous throughout the world Her novel, Murder on the Orient Express captures perfectly the glamour of the fabulous train ■ PAGE 25 Part A The Eskimos regions know the traditional way of life of their ancestors The name Eskimo came from a Native American word for “eater of raw meat.” the Inuit found their traditional customs threatened The Inuit kept their ancient traditions Part B Guidelines: Make sure students write realistic paragraphs (though the information included may not necessarily be accurate) and use the appropriate verb tenses 56 Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc ■ PAGE 21 Answers ■ PAGE 26 Part A Correct verb phrases are shown, though helping verbs may vary was catching will be preventing like or does like have been saying will be demanding strike or does strike is acting had been wearing did ride 10 is rising Part B Guidelines: Make sure students accurately describe a hobby and use at least three progressive and two emphatic verb forms ■ PAGE 27 Part A Changed verbs appear in boldface has, I’m going correct—leaped, sat was wondering, saw was, raised waves, is passing had gone, didn’t was trying, wasn’t correct—dropped, knew was irritated, counted 10 had started, got Part B A possible subject and verb for each sentence addition is shown I dribbled hawk swoops she blushed my parents were waving it made Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc ■ PAGE 28 Part A Possible answers: The distance we traveled was four hundred miles For many, antiques are an investment that pays off Taken together, the musical works are a masterpiece Three novels unified by characters and theme are a trilogy The cost of the CD was eleven dollars Part B Guidelines: Make sure that the entire verb precedes the subject in each first sentence and that only the auxiliary verb precedes the subject in each second sentence ■ PAGE 29 Part A seems—correct is—correct eat—eats show—shows are—is 10 are—correct plays—correct goes—go are—is have—correct Part B Guidelines: Students will probably realize that they can write about a school play Make sure students use all the phrases correctly ■ PAGE 30 Part A Correct personal pronouns are shown him, her, or it their or theirs our or ours me they them you you I 10 his, her, hers, or its Part B Guidelines: Make sure paragraphs include one or more pronouns in each sentence and at least one nominative, one objective, and one possessive pronoun ■ PAGE 31 Part A theirs—OP We—S she or he—PN him or her—IO her or him—DO Part B us you them me he, she, or it ■ PAGE 32 Part A whom—OP who—S whom—DO who—S whom—OP 10 who—S whom—OP Who—S who—S who—PN Part B Guidelines: Students should demonstrate an understanding of the difference between essential and nonessential subordinate clauses ■ PAGE 33 Part A Answers are shown as follows: antecedent—pronoun person—his or her cars—their Each—its boy—his Nobody— Anyone—his or her One—its his or her groups—their 10 girl—her anybody— his or her Part B Corrected pronouns appear in boldface If you asked a moviegoer his or her favorite chances are he or she might say how much difference his life Bedford Falls and its way of the people of the town for its [or their] defender Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 57 Answers ■ PAGE 34 Part A Possible answers: The teacher is grading the papers right now, and my grade will probably determine if I get into college Because many people in India are Hindus, they don’t eat beef there Because Shawna’s older sister was on the basketball team, everyone wanted to know the older sister correct At some schools, students paint their faces the team colors for basketball games If students want to get into Harvard or Yale, they have to have superb grades The dogs made a lot of noise while they were chasing the cats Tell them when they get to Sycamore Street to turn left The director and producer are choosing the actors now, and the actors chosen will be very happy 10 Susan was smiling broadly when she gave Dawn the sweater Part B Possible pronouns are shown they, them, or their they, them, or their it or its each or none ■ PAGE 35 Part A Possible answers: Because we were caught in traffic, we missed the start of the movie We saw a herd of buffalo thundering across the prairie Wagging his tail, the dog looked at the spilled food dish correct The student flipped through the recently published encyclopedia Carrying towels, the campers of Cabin Six headed for the lake Huffing and puffing, he blew out the birthday candles one by one Startled by the sudden noise, Aunt Hulda tipped over in her chair The hushed crowd watched the winning serve, aimed with precision, rocket over the net 10 correct Part B Guidelines: Make sure each phrase clearly modifies a particular noun or pronoun ■ PAGE 38 10 greasier more often longest more rapidly farthest Part B Guidelines: Make sure students correctly use five forms of modifiers that they wrote for Part A ■ PAGE 36 Part A Possible answers: incorrect use of badly; Sarah couldn’t go to the team banquet because she was feeling so bad incomplete comparison; The Tech football players were a lot bigger than the Maplewood Heights players double comparison; It takes him [delete more] longer to finish the paper route than it does any other person incomplete comparison; Isabel lives farther from school than any other student does incomplete comparison; The sting of a wasp is worse than a hornet’s 58 PAGE 37 Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade Part A Answers are shown as follows: incorrect word/corrected form Doctor/doctor, The/the jupiter’s/Jupiter’s hinduism/Hinduism, buddhism/Buddhism, taoism/Taoism the/The, spanish/Spanish renaissance/Renaissance correct the/The, East/east Prime Minister/prime minister Part B Guidelines: Make sure students use at least five of the terms and writes a cohesive paragraph Correct capitalization is given below the Empire State Building Memorial Day governor of Illinois Elm Street the University of Colorado the Ohio River Time and Newsweek Frisbee the Midwest Catholics my aunt and uncle last Monday in July Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Part A Possible answers: more quickly tasty fastest best-conditioned wildly Part B Guidelines: Make sure students use correct forms of comparisons and make logical points about the groups Answers ■ PAGE 39 ■ PAGE 42 Part A Answers are shown as follows: incorrect word/corrected form caribbean sea/Caribbean Sea Island/island, Nation/nation lucia/Lucia, north/North anguilla/Anguilla, dutch/Dutch, saint martin/Saint Martin anguillan/Anguillan Island/island out-of-this-World/out-of-this-world, anguillan/Anguillan, Lime Tart/lime tart, Limes/limes Island/island Part A Semicolons are shown with words that precede them class; society; century; today; literature; Part B Guidelines: Make sure students use at least five of the adjectives and writes a cohesive paragraph Correct capitalization is given below Korean Martian socialist Good Friday Rosh Hashanah political Elizabethan Stalinist mysterious scholarly rural colonial official Roman Danish ■ PAGE 40 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Part A Guidelines: Correct end punctuation is shown Each rewritten sentence should use different and appropriate punctuation ! ? Part B Guidelines: Make sure students use all three kinds of end punctuation and write an entertaining and grammatically correct dialogue ■ PAGE 41 Part A Corrected punctuation marks are shown with words that precede them or with numerals Marks that should be deleted appear in brackets Each line includes changes within a single sentence following: week, pound, that[:] reported, 9:30 4:30 Fridays, 9:00 to[:] Part B Guidelines: Sample letter is given Students should write something similar, using colons in similar situations Dear Pleasant Valley Nursery: I would like to order the following seed packets: tomatoes, wax beans, peppers, pea pods, and zucchini I will be home every day from 3:30 P.M to 6:00 P.M to take delivery Thank you Part B Guidelines: Make sure students write interesting, grammatically correct sentences and correctly use semicolons in each sentence ■ PAGE 43 Part A Mozart was an Austrian, Handel was a German, and Grieg was a Norwegian Darcie hit the ball and Kim ran Electronics is a difficult subject, but physics is even more difficult Myanmar is in Southeast Asia, and Mozambique is in southeast Africa My uncle works at the electric company, and my aunt works in a technical college The bell rang and we left Dogs make devoted pets, but cats are often less trouble One of my brothers likes action movies, another prefers fantasy movies, and my third brother likes romantic films Part B Guidelines: Make sure the words and phrases are used as subjects of compound sentences ■ PAGE 44 Part A Words preceding comma changes are shown dense optimistic correct correct gnarled hot highest correct Part B Guidelines: Make sure students show an understanding of the use of commas with coordinate adjectives ■ PAGE 45 Part A Inserted commas are shown with words that precede them knew, however, decided, therefore, is, frankly, was, doubt, James, hand, Still, Moreover, is, enough, that, contrary, 10 is, all, Part B Guidelines: Make sure students write a logical paragraph that includes correct comma usage Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 59 Answers Part A Thank you for the rutabaga, Mr Johnson No, my friend, that won’t be necessary I want to apologize, Your Honor, for my remarks If I catch you in my room one more time, you little pest, you’ll be sorry! Madame President, on behalf of the entire club, let me offer my sincere congratulations Part B Guidelines: Make sure students write an entertaining speech that correctly uses five forms of direct address ■ PAGE 47 Part A Punctuation marks are shown with words that precede them Marks that should be deleted appear in brackets idea[,] impossible (or;) plan, party[,] birds[,] correct correct city[,] cheer[,] 10 face (or;) Part B Inserted commas are shown with words that precede them Commas that should be deleted appear in brackets Each line includes changes within a single sentence back, light, ladder[,] summer, supposed[,] willing[,] again, me, wools[,] corduroys, walked[,] ■ PAGE 48 Part A Words that italicized phrases should follow and the recommended punctuation are shown encore/dash watch/dashes P.M./parentheses Jessie/parentheses tree/dashes Solitude/parentheses feet/parentheses quarter/dash Goodall/dashes 10 Coronado/parentheses Part B Possible answers: I read tabloid headlines (is there anything more ridiculous?) in the checkout line at the grocery store Putting plastic over the model (a great idea) saved the project ■ PAGE 49 Part A Laurence Olivier, considered by many the greatest actor of our century, starred in numerous films Eleanor Roosevelt said, “We must remember those less fortunate than ourselves.” My favorite story by American author Edgar Allan Poe is “The Fall of the House of Usher.” 60 Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade What on earth did she mean when she said, “It’s very simple”? My older brother remarked, “I can say without lying, ‘I came, I saw, I conquered.’ ” My grandfather felt that going to the beach when rain was predicted wasn’t a very good idea Here’s my opinion of Bruce Springsteen’s “Born in the USA”: it’s the greatest song ever written! My father asked, “Do you want stuffing or potatoes?” Part B Guidelines: Make sure students’ dialogues are appropriately punctuated ■ PAGE 50 Part A Happy Days National Geographic, midnatt solen no underline needed A Raisin in the Sun, Riders on the Storm Excellent! Columbia azibade Valdez Part B Guidelines: Make sure students use logical sentences that include five items from Part A ■ PAGE 51 Part A Corrected words are shown Each line includes changes within a single sentence groups, America’s, Christ’s, they’re, Shakers hands its, religious Shakers Lee’s, Shakers’, Ohio Shakers’, group’s husbands, wives, shouldn’t Shakers’, its Shakers’ Part B Correct forms are shown wouldn’t it’s who’s she’ll someone’s ■ PAGE 52 Part A Corrected numbers are shown sixty-four fifties third A.M or 6:00 A.M correct correct second 50th 200 10 two Part B Specifications for items are shown spell out spell out numerals probably spell out numerals or spell out Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc ■ PAGE 46 ... which were really hard to get who were all as excited as I was Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 9, Unit 13 19 Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date 13.6 Adverb Clauses... Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 9, Unit 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc c _ Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date 13 .9. .. happened next Use at least one strong action verb in each sentence Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 9, Unit 10 Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date 10.3 Linking Verbs ■