Writers choice grammar enrichment grade 12

Grammar and Composition Grammar Enrichment Grade 12 Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved Permission is granted to reproduce material contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduced only for classroom use; and be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with Writer’s Choice Any other reproduction, for use or sale, is prohibited without written permission of the publisher Printed in the United States of America Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, Ohio 43240 ISBN 0-07-823337-2 055 04 03 02 01 00 ii Contents Unit 10 Parts of Speech 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 Unit 11 Parts of the Sentence 11.1–3 11.5 11.5 11.5 Unit 12 Clauses and Sentence Structure 18 Adjective Clauses 19 Adverb Clauses 20 Noun Clauses 21 Four Kinds of Sentences 22 Sentence Fragments 23 Run-on Sentences 24 Verb Tenses, Voice, and Mood 15.1–3 15.4–5 15.7–8 Unit 16 Prepositional Phrases 13 Appositives and Appositive Phrases 14 Participles and Gerunds 15 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases 16 Absolute Phrases 17 Clauses and Sentence Structure 13.1–4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 13.10 Unit 15 Subjects and Predicates Direct and Indirect Objects 10 Object Complements 11 Subject Complements 12 Phrases 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.3 12.4 Unit 13 Nouns Pronouns ActionVerbs Linking Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions Verbs: Principal Parts and Tense 25 Verb Tenses and Forms 26 Voice and Mood of Verbs 27 Subject-Verb Agreement 16.1–3 Subject-Verb Agreement I 28 16.4–5, 7–8 Subject-Verb Agreement II 29 iii Contents Unit 17 Using Pronouns Correctly 17.1 17.2–3 17.4 17.5 17.6–7 Unit 18 Using Modifiers Correctly 18.1–2 18.5–6 18.7 Unit 20 iv Capitalization of Sentences and I 38 Capitalization: Proper Nouns and Adjectives 39 Punctuation, Abbreviations, and Numbers 21.1–3 21.4 21.5 21.6 21.6 21.6 21.6 21.6 21.8–9 21.10–11 21.12 21.13 21.16 Answers Comparisons 35 Using Modifiers Correctly 36 Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers 37 Capitalization 20.1 20.2–3 Unit 21 Case of Personal Pronouns 30 Pronouns 31 Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns 32 Who and whom 33 Pronouns and Antecedents 34 Period, Exclamation Point, Question Mark 40 The Colon 41 The Semicolon 42 Commas and Compound Sentences 43 Coordinate Adjectives 44 Commas and Nonessential Elements 45 Commas: Titles, Addresses, Direct Address 46 Proper Use of Commas 47 Parentheses and Brackets 48 Ellipsis Points and Quotation Marks 49 Quotation Marks and Italics (Underlining) 50 The Apostrophe 51 Numbers and Numerals 52 53 Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date 10.1 Nouns ■ A Identifying Nouns Above each underlined noun in the sentences below, write Proper or Collective; if the noun is neither proper nor collective, write Concrete or Abstract Preparation for the Boston Marathon involves strenuous work Runners must prepare themselves both mentally and physically to run the full distance of more than twenty-six miles Most racers train for months to prepare for the important Monday Their training often involves running a total of more than fifty miles per week Many athletes believe that those who are preparing for the marathon should also run the entire length of the course at least once before the big event Some of the running fraternity also train by running up and down hills They believe that this will increase their endurance During competition, those who did not train for running on inclines are usually sorry The first part of the marathon course is a gentle downhill slope 10 However, later, after the running tribe are tiring, the route becomes hilly before the finish Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc line in the city of Boston ■ B Using Nouns Use nouns you identified above to write a sentence as requested for each type of noun below Underline the nouns (two proper nouns) (one collective noun and one plural noun) (one singular concrete noun and one singular abstract noun) (one singular proper noun and one plural common noun) (two nouns of your choosing) Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 12, Unit 10 Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date 10.2 Pronouns ■ A Identifying Pronouns On a separate sheet of paper, list all the pronouns in the sentences below Then identify each pronoun as Per (personal), Poss (possessive), Ref (reflexive), Inten (intensive), Dem (demonstrative), Inter (interrogative), Rel (relative), or Ind (indefinite) History, as we know it, began with the birth of civilization Many historians believe that Western civilization began about 5,000 years ago in Mesopotamia, which is the portion of southwest Asia that is located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers What about the area favored such a development? The site is characterized by an adequate water supply and fertile soil; these are essential environmental factors for the development of civilization Which of the other major early civilizations originated in regions whose environmental characteristics were similar? In Egypt, the Nile River deposited rich, black soil when it overflowed its banks during its annual flooding In Middle America, the Maya and Aztecs farmed their crops on rich volcanic soil that was watered by canals leading from lakes and rivers In the Andes, Inca farmers taught themselves to farm on terraces, which were dug into the sides of steep mountain slopes By doing this, they themselves learned to control the heavy water runoff that threatened agricultural efforts on mountainous terrain ■ B Using Pronouns Use pronouns you identified above to write sentences below as requested Underline the pronouns (two relative pronouns) (one personal pronoun and one possessive pronoun) (one interrogative pronoun and one demonstrative pronoun) (one intensive pronoun or one reflexive pronoun) (one indefinite pronoun) Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 12, Unit 10 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 10 Others of the earliest civilizations sprang up in locations that were as diverse as western Africa, India, southeast Asia, and China Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date 10.3 Action Verbs ■ A Identifying Action Verbs Each of the following pairs of sentences has the same verb Underline the verb In the space, write A—T for each action verb that is transitive and A—I for each action verb that is intransitive _ a People still search the streams of the American Rockies for gold _ b Other prospectors search for gold in the jungles of Brazil _ a Some people dig gold out of the hillsides with pickaxes and shovels _ b Others dig in the sides of mountains or deep in the earth _ a Some prospectors pan alluvial gold from the topsoil b Still other prospectors pan in streams _ a The heavier gold dust and nuggets sink to the bottom of the pan _ b The dust and nuggets sink because of their weight _ a Because of its weight, the gold remains in the pan _ b The prospector remains at his claim with his pan in his hands ■ B Using Action Verbs Complete each sentence with verbs in the forms requested Nearly a fourth of Mexico’s estimated ninety-three million inhabitants (action, present tense) in Mexico City or its surroundings Mexican government experts (action, past tense) some time ago that the city’s residents (action, present tense) 29.5 million trips every day in nearly three million motor vehicles Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Because of the amount of gasoline that these vehicles (action, present tense), Mexico City’s serious ozone smog problem probably (action, future tense) When the government (action, past tense) a one-day-a-week driving ban for each private car in 1989, pollution levels (action, past tense)—until families (action, past tense) additional cars to use on the one day they could not drive their main cars Since the altitude of of the city is 7,500 feet, its oxygen supply is and will be thin, meaning that fuels burn and always (action, future tense) inefficiently Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 12, Unit 10 Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date 10.3 Linking Verbs ■ A Identifying Linking and Action Verbs Underline each verb, and identify it as AV (action verb) or LV (linking verb) by writing the correct letters above the verb The Sahel is a semi-arid belt of poor soils two hundred to seven hundred miles wide that stretches across the northern portion of the African continent In the last fifty years, deforestation and overuse added to the Sahel an area that seems equivalent in size to France More agriculture and greater population are threats that inevitably increase the size of desert regions Desertification, or the process by which land becomes desert, perpetuates drought The future for the Sahel looks bleak ■ B Using Linking Verbs From the list below, select the best linking verb to complete each sentence Use each verb only once Write the verb in the tense specified in parentheses (Make sure that your verb agrees in number with its subject.) sound be remain become grow Jim usually (present tense) tired while he is playing basketball (past tense) tired very early in each game Despite the way he feels, Jim always tries his hardest and (present tense) cheerful throughout every game Despite his team’s poor record, Jim (present tense) optimistic that they will better Practicing basketball for fifteen hours a week (present tense) difficult, but Jim thinks of it as pure fun Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 12, Unit Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc However, this year he can play longer without tiring than he could last year, when he Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date 10.4 Adjectives ■ A Identifying Adjectives The passage below is excerpted from The Snow Leopard by Peter Matthiessen In this passage the author is in the Himalayas of central Asia studying a pack of rare Himalayan blue sheep, bharal, when he sights some even rarer animals—wolves Underline each adjective in the passage (Do not include articles.) (1) In the hard light, the blue-gray creatures [bharal] seem far too swift to catch, yet the streaming wolves gain ground on the hard snow (2) Then they are whisking through the matted juniper and down the steepening rocks, and it appears that a bharal will be cut off and bowled over, down the mountain, but at the last moment it scoots free and gains a narrow ledge where no wolf can follow (3) In the frozen air, the whole mountain is taut; the silence rings (4) The sheep’s flanks quake, and the wolves are panting; otherwise, all is still, as if the arrangement of pale shapes held the world together (5) Briefly, the wolves gaze about, then make their way up the mountainside in the unhurried gait that may carry them fifty miles in a single day ■ B Using Adjectives In the following paragraph from “The Adventure of the Speckled Band” by Arthur Conan Doyle, Dr Watson and Sherlock Holmes are driving through the English countryside Some adjectives have been left out of the description In each blank, write an adjective as requested in parentheses Choose vivid adjectives At Waterloo we were (1 adjective referring to luck) in catching a train for Leatherhead, where we hired a trap at the station inn, and drove for four or five miles through Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc the (2 adjective describing appearance in a positive way) Surrey lanes It was a perfect day, with a (3 adjective describing how something looks) sun and a few (4 adjective conveying the idea of softness) clouds in the heavens The trees and the wayside hedges were just throwing out their first (5 adjective describing color) shoots, and the air was full of the (6 adjective conveying a positive feeling) smell of the (7 adjective describing a physical quality) earth To me at least there was a (8 adjective conveying the idea of oddness) contrast between the sweet promise of the spring and this (9 adjective conveying the idea of danger) quest upon which we were engaged My companion sat in the front of the trap, his arms folded, his hat pulled down over his eyes, and his chin sunk upon his breast, buried in the (10 adjective conveying the idea of seriousness) thought Suddenly, however, he started, tapped me on the shoulder, and pointed over the meadows Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 12, Unit 10 Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date 10.5 Adverbs ■ A Identifying Adverbs Underline the adverbs in each sentence below Identify whether the adverb is Neg (a negative word) or one that tells when, where, to what degree, or how by writing the appropriate word(s) above the adverb The work of the North American Indian artist was completely and irrevocably upset by the appearance of the European trader With metal knives, carving could be done more efficiently Many new decorative materials, whose existence had scarcely been imagined before, came into use Some, such as glass beads, continued to be used primarily in the same way that older materials, such as porcupine quills, had been used Other new trade items, such as steel sewing needles and Spanish guitars, forever altered the Native American way of life ■ B Using Adverbs Follow the directions in parentheses below and write an appropriate adverb in each space provided (You may use more than one word in a space.) The subsequent arrival of the settlers brought about changes (use a comparative adverb) than one might have guessed (use an adverb that tells when) started a chain reaction The rug patterns (use an adverb that tells to what degree) influenced Native American art, such as Sioux beadwork (use a negative adverb) altered, this “Indian design” was carried east with the Buffalo Bill shows (use an adverb that tells where), the Oriental designs were thought to be authentic Indian designs Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 12, Unit 10 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc The wealthy settler who brought along a few prized Oriental rugs Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date 21.13 The Apostrophe ■ Using Apostrophes Rewrite the passage below, using possessives and contractions whenever possible If you need more space, you may use the back of this page or a separate sheet of paper (One sentence requires no changes.) (1) The intonation of a guitar is very important (2) It is the intonation that determines the pitches of the notes (3) When the open strings have been tuned to concert pitch, the fretted notes should not sound either flat or sharp (4) Each time you fret a note, the tension of the string is increased as it (the string) is pushed down (5) This will sharpen the pitch of that note (6) If notes played on the higher frets are not in tune, the intonation of the guitar probably needs adjusting (7) Assuming that the neck is not distorted and the positioning of the frets is correct, the fault must surely lie with the condition or length of the strings (8) Old, rusty, dirty strings cannot be expected to play in tune (9) They will stretch and the harmonic series of the notes will be affected (10) Before attempting to adjust the intonation of a guitar, you would be wise to fit and tune a new set of strings Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc (11) The length of the vibrating string is determined by the scale length of the guitar, equal to the distance between the saddle and the nut (12) Increasing the scale length of a string will cancel out this rise in the pitch of a fretted note (13) Check the intonation of each string separately (14) First, you will play the note on the twelfth fret (one octave above the open string) (15) Then you will play the twelfth fret harmonic (also an octave above the open string) (16) If the pitch of the two notes does not sound the same, the intonation is not correct (17) If the pitch of the fretted note is higher than that of the harmonic, the scale length of the string is too short (18) The saddle should be moved away from the nut (19) If the pitch of the fretted note is lower than that of the harmonic, the saddle should be moved toward the nut (20) By following these instructions, you should not have any trouble adjusting the intonation of your guitar Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 12, Unit 21 51 Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date 21.16 Numbers and Numerals ■ Using Numbers and Numerals Rewrite the sentences below, making any necessary changes in the use of numbers and numerals (Some sentences require more than one change.) If you need more space, you may use the back of this worksheet or a separate sheet of paper Project Mercury was America’s 1st manned space program The Gemini program studied the effects of prolonged space flights—2 weeks or longer— on people Landing on the moon was accomplished by the Apollo program after an 8-year period Skylab, the 1st Earth-orbiting space station, was designed to demonstrate people’s ability to live in space for longer periods of time The spent 3rd stage of a Saturn moon rocket was used for Skylab It measured one hundred and eighteen feet in length and carried a variety of equipment three-man crews traveled to the Skylab stations These crews spent a total of more than seven hundred and forty hours observing the sun Skylab’s orbit began to deteriorate years after the last mission 10 On July 11, nineteen seventy-nine, the seventy-seven-ton space station plummeted to Earth 11 The space shuttle is capable of remaining in orbit for up to 30 days 12 Columbia, successfully launched on April twelfth, 1981, made flights, of which were test runs 14 Discovery, the third shuttle, and Atlantis, the 4th, followed with other missions 15 On January 28, 1986, Challenger exploded 73 seconds after takeoff, tragically killing all of its crew members 52 Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 12, Unit 21 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc 13 The 2nd shuttle, Challenger, captured and repaired a disabled satellite Answers ■ PAGE ■ PAGE Part A Preparation: Abstract; Boston Marathon: Proper Runners: Concrete, distance: Abstract racers: Concrete; Monday: Proper total: Abstract athletes: Concrete; length: Abstract; course: Concrete fraternity: Collective; hills: Concrete endurance: Abstract competition: Abstract; inclines: Concrete course: Concrete; slope: Concrete 10 tribe: Collective; route: Concrete; line: Concrete; city: Concrete; Boston: Proper Part A a search, A–T a dig, A–T a pan, A–T a sink, A–I a remains, A–I Part B Possible answers: The finish line for the Boston Marathon is in the city of Boston The fraternity of racers is probably nervous before the start of the event The course stretches for a distance of twenty-six miles On the Monday of the race, runners mass at the start line Running the length of the marathon demands good preparation Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc ■ PAGE Part A we—Per.; it—Per which—Rel.; that—Rel What—Int these—Dem Which—Int.; whose—Rel it—Per.; its—Poss.; its—Poss their—Poss.; that—Rel themselves—Ref; which—Rel this—Dem.; they—Per.; themselves—Inten.; that—Rel 10 Others—Ind.; that—Rel Part B Possible answers: Inca farming, which was done on mountain slopes, used terraces to control the water that ran steeply down the mountainsides Inca farmers benefited when they learned to control their physical environment Which techniques did they need in order to this? Probably not many of them could have answered that question for themselves Others might have been able to explain that all techniques resulting in larger harvests were desirable b b b b b search, A–I dig, A–I pan, A–I sink, A–I remains, A–I Part B Possible answers: live estimated, make burn, will worsen instituted, dropped, bought will burn ■ PAGE Part A Part B is, LV; stretches, AV Possible answers: added, AV; seems, LV becomes or grows are, LV; increase, AV became or grew becomes, LV; is or remains is or remains perpetuates, AV looks, LV sounds ■ PAGE Part A In the hard light, the blue-gray creatures [bharal] seem far too swift to catch, yet the streaming wolves gain ground on the hard snow Then they are whisking through the matted juniper and down the steepening rocks, and it appears that a bharal will be cut off and bowled over, down the mountain, but at the last moment it scoots free and gains a narrow ledge where no wolf can follow In the frozen air, the whole mountain is taut; the silence rings The sheep’s flanks quake, and the wolves are panting; otherwise, all is still, as if the arrangement of pale shapes held the world together Briefly, the wolves gaze about, then make their way up the mountainside in the unhurried gait that may carry them fifty miles in a single day Part B Answers may vary The author’s adjectives are provided fortunate pleasant lovely moist bright strange fleecy sinister green 10 deepest Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 12 53 Answers ■ PAGE ■ PAGE Part A completely, irrevocably—to what degree efficiently—how; more—to what degree scarcely—Neg.; before—when primarily—to what degree forever—to what degree or when Part A Games, sports can provide They seem types express personalities, skills develop [You] Think sports provided sports developed advances have led satellites can transmit 10 sports reflect ■ PAGE Part A In—Kay County; of—line; of—Ponca City; on—hilltop; in—distance; of—Arkansas River; to—reservoir; in—shed; with—grandson; of—chief; in—shaft; of— sunlight; through—door; in—wind From—time; to—time; over—hair; except for—networks; of—white; like—creeks In—sack; of—sausage; of—bread; during—time; about—food, hours with—rasp; at—edges; of—country of—shed; of—it; of—grass; with—view; of—reservation; across—river Part B Possible answers: The man spoke almost until sundown According to William Least Heat-Moon, the man with whom he was speaking spoke “with the pronunciation of the southwest hill country.” William Least Heat-Moon wrote regarding the life of the Kansas, among other subjects Before the lunch bell rang, the man placed his lunch on the table before him The author describes surroundings in addition to people ■ PAGE Part A Possible answers: both, and and but or Not only, but also 54 Part B Possible answers: Although After moreover therefore As long as Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 12 Part B Possible answers: American society values athletic prowess Well-known athletes are paid to advertise a variety of products Many companies manufacture special clothing and equipment Emphasis on physical fitness has encouraged wide participation in sports Athletes representing their own countries compete against one another ■ PAGE 10 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 most: DO seedlings: DO rubber (second use in sentence): I.O.; value: DO fabric: DO mackintosh: I.O.; name: DO Americans: I.O.; “India Rubber Boom”: DO manufacturers: I.O.; millions: DO people: I.O.; quantities: DO promoters: I.O.; disaster: DO rubber: DO.; it: DO users: I.O.; trouble: DO search: I.O.; life: DO investors: I.O.; invention (first use): DO him: I.O.; money: DO him: I.O.; encouragement: DO latter: I.O.; attention: DO family: I.O.; unhappiness, poverty: DO process: DO people: I.O.; fortunes: DO family: I.O.; debt: DO ■ PAGE 11 Part A a a b a Evening finds me wide awake My friends call me “Night Owl.” I consider their name for me appropriate I call the evening my favorite time for books and letters b I make that time telephone-free Copyright © by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Part B Possible answers: more rapidly soon completely Scarcely There Answers Part B Y N Y Y Y 10 Y Y Y Y N ■ PAGE 12 Part A old: PA strongboxes: PN bank: PN part: PN word: PN (second use in sentence) money: PN unsuccessful: PA unsafe: PA risky: PA 10 unhealthy: PA Part B Possible answers: The bank is old We considered the bank old That building is the bank We gave the bank our money We chose this bank Copyright © by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill ■ PAGE 13 Part A It was a hard day’s run, up the Canyon, through Sheep Camp, past the Scales and the timberline, across glaciers and snowdrifts hundreds of feet deep, and over the great Chilcoot Divide, which stands between the salt water and the fresh and guards forbiddingly the sad and lonely North They made good time down the chain of lakes which fills the craters of extinct volcanoes, and late that night pulled into the huge camp at the head of Lake Bennett, where thousands of gold-seekers were building boats against the breakup of the ice in the spring Buck made his hole in the snow and slept the sleep of the exhausted just, but all too early was routed out in the cold darkness and harnessed with his mates to the sled Part B Possible answers: A girl (in a red dress: Adj.) walked (in a hurry: Adv.) down the street The tourists (from New Mexico: Adj.) were freezing (in the cold rain: Adv.) He looked (in his pocket: Adv.) but could not find the receipts (for the merchandise: Adj.) White-hot flashes (of lightning: Adj.) streaked across the sky (between the thunderclouds: Adv.) Lights from the houses (along the street: Adj.) twinkled (in the growing darkness: Adv.) The treasure (of artifacts: Adj.) was buried hastily (beneath the hedge: Adv.) Look (in the drawer: Adv.) for a clean tablecloth (for the table: Adj.) Should we believe (for a minute: Adv.) this unusual story (about vampires: Adj.)? ■ PAGE 14 Part A Dr Sylvia Earle; an intrepid adventurer and an eminent scientist; a branch of the Department of Commerce the first woman head of NOAA The first explorer of the ocean 1,250 feet underwater without a tether to the surface One of three children a small town in Florida an excellent student then a graduate student at Duke University; scuba equipment a major one a veteran of nearly six thousand hours underwater 10 people like you and me Part B Possible answers: He works across the city at McBride Towers, a new office building The first president of the United States, George Washington, lived in Virginia The article appeared in the Muddville Times, a local newspaper My friends Kim and Lita went to the library with me George introduced himself to the mayor, a large, congenial man ■ PAGE 15 Part A The place was entirely landlocked, buried in woods, the trees coming right down to high-water mark, the shores mostly flat, and the hilltops standing round at a distance in a sort of amphitheater, one here, one there Two little rivers, or rather two swamps, emptied out into this pond, as you might call it, and the foliage round that part of the shore had a kind of poisonous brightness From the ship we could see nothing of the house or stockade, for they were quite buried among the trees; and if it had not been for the chart on the companion, we might have been the first that had ever anchored there since the islands arose out of the seas There was not a breath of air moving, nor a sound but that of the surf booming half a mile away along the beaches and against the rocks outside A peculiar stagnant smell over the anchorage—a smell of sodden leaves and rotting tree trunks I observed the doctor sniffing and sniffing, like someone tasting a bad egg Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 12 55 Part B trading antique toys: PN Predicting the weather: S gliding: OPrep solving the problem on their own: IO eating outside: DO storytelling: DO fishing: App Bowling: S participating in sports: OPrep 10 competing against others: OPrep Part B Possible answers: The toddler reaching for the plant, the baby sitter scrambled to reach him Swimming being one of my favorite activities, I reserve time each year for a beach vacation Her clothing drenched from the rain, she ran upstairs to her bedroom to change her clothes Most of my friends being interested in movies, we usually gather at someone’s house on Friday night to watch a film ■ PAGE 16 ■ PAGE 18 Part A To cackle wickedly: N to find the open water: Adv to exercise regularly: N to ensure the right of personal property: Adj to applaud only her: N to dash to the shop: N to bend in the wind: Adj to remember: Adv To protect the population from morbid diseases: N 10 to use the software more quickly and efficiently: N Part A Main clauses are given below Chris moved away at the end of the school year CS Chris and I have been sending letters, articles, and even comic strips to each other CS Our correspondence has been a great deal of fun SS We made a decision CS Our planning resulted in a train ticket for me to visit him over Thanksgiving break SS I grew more and more excited about seeing Chris again CS I wanted to arrive early at Chris’s home in time to eat CS The train was filling with holiday travelers CS I knew CS 10 Chris and I spent the rest of the day exchanging stories and laughing about old memories CS Part B Possible answers: The office workers loved to gossip She had the motivation to learn the necessary material We wanted to forget the episode He turned off the music to type his report They have the education to succeed after graduation ■ PAGE 17 Part A (1) August 29,1862, marked the modest beginning of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (2) Four women and two men housed in the basement of the main Treasury building, the employees began to separate and seal oneand two-dollar bills that had been printed by private companies (3) The bureau itself beginning to print currency notes the following fall, by October 1,1877, all United States currency was being printed in the bureau (4) The production of U.S paper currency being neither easy nor simple, the complex process involves more than sixty-five separate and distinct steps (5) The production process begins with a hand-engraved piece of soft steel known as a master die (6) Separate portions of the design of the die—the portrait, the vignette the ornamentation, and the lettering among them—are hand cut by engravers (7) If you look closely at a currency note, you notice that the portrait consists of numerous fine lines, dots, and dashes, all marks being of various sizes and shapes (8) Even the tiny bits of silk threads in the paper add to the intricacy of the design (9) The artistry and skill of the engraver being magnificent, the portrait is brought to life (10) This process of engraving is the first step in a unique printing technique known as intaglio printing 56 Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 12 Part B Answers will vary Sample answers: English is my favorite class [MC] I enjoy working through math problems mentally [MC] Although I not always well in social studies [SC], I think the subject is a very important one [MC] 4, I really enjoy performing experiments [MC] because hands-on learning is my favorite kind [SC] Ms Gonzales [MC], who coaches the girls’ basketball team [SC], teaches French at my school [MC] ■ PAGE 19 Part A who had never painted outside art class—NC who had final approval of all interior house design— EC who was good at drawing—NC; that he wanted to paint on his walls—EC that contained photographs of ornamental friezes from different periods in history—EC who did not draw as well as her brother—NC; that she would be able to draw—EC which she found both beautiful and simple—NC when the painting was to begin—EC that they needed—EC who had decided to work together—NC 10 where it remained for the rest of the day—NC Copyright © by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Answers Answers Part B Possible answers: Monday, which will be the first of June, is the day I have my appointment Cheryl really enjoys books that are about historic figures Jack and Laurie decided to meet at the corner where Elm and Oak streets meet Franklin, who is the team’s quarterback, had the highest score on the math exam The dinner that I ordered was delicious ■ PAGE 20 Part A even though they had never bowled before—went as if they knew what they were doing—strutted if he found the right ball—well While Jerome was searching for the right ball—threw After Jerome finally found a ball—ready Before he had even rolled his first ball—was asking until Alex started to get the hang of it—knocked as if he were a professional—felt than Jerome’s [game improved]—faster 10 than Alex [tried]—harder Part B Possible answers: Samuel runs faster than George [does] I like oranges more than [I like] apples Derrick is interested in biographies provided that they are about people he considers interesting Sara tossed a football with Karim until she collapsed in exhaustion We will watch the documentary whether you join us or not Copyright © by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill ■ PAGE 21 Part A whatever fictional books I can get my hands on—DO What is contained within the worlds of these books—S what I am reading—OPrep how I stretch my imagination—PN why the characters act as they do—DO Whatever situation a character is in—S that I care deeply about all of the characters—DO how the people around me act—OPrep Whoever does not like to read—S 10 What I not understand—S; how people can choose voluntarily not to explore these vast riches—PN Part B Answers will vary Sample answers: What I like changes from time to time Who knows what I like? I often think about what I like Thinking is what I like ■ PAGE 22 Part A Int., question mark Dec., period Imp., period Int., question mark Dec., period Exc., exclamation point Dec., period Exc., exclamation point, or Imp., period Imp., period 10 Exc., exclamation point 11 Exc., exclamation point 12 Dec., period 13 Imp., period 14 Dec., period 15 Int., question mark Part B Answers will vary Possible answers: Interrogative sentences ask questions Do imperative sentences give commands? Put a question mark at the end of interrogative sentences They express very strong feeling! Is it true that declarative sentences and most imperative sentences end with periods, interrogative sentences end with question marks, and exclamatory sentences end with exclamation points? ■ PAGE 23 Possible answers: The young lobsters are defenseless without armor and claws The young lobsters, defenseless without armor and claws, are at great risk They can escape with a flip of the tail and a quick backward swim Escape is possible with a flip of the tail and a quick backward swim Lobsters’ claws grow faster than the rest of their bodies Because lobsters’ claws grow faster than the rest of their bodies, lobsters always seem to have oversized claws Adult lobsters have sharp, strong claws Adult lobsters with sharp, strong claws can protect themselves fairly easily The claws are used for defense The adult lobster uses its claws for defense Lobsters are found along the East Coast from Labrador to North Carolina Lobsters are found from Labrador to North Carolina along the East Coast Lobster fishing is a major industry in Maine In Maine, lobster fishing is a major industry Lobster, served in fine restaurants, makes a good main course Lobster makes a good main course that is served in fine restaurants Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 12 57 Answers Possible answers: Glass is a very useful substance It has been made for centuries Glass is a very useful substance; it has been made for centuries CS A flux is added to the sand Next, the mixture is melted A flux is added to the sand; next the mixture is melted CS The glassblower blows into one end of the pipe The glass on the other end forms a hollow ball The glassblower blows into one end of the pipe, and the glass on the other end forms a hollow ball The glass is formed with a variety of tools It can be made into bottles and jars The glass, formed with a variety of tools, can be made into bottles and jars A pontil is used to attach the finished piece to a rod; then the neck is cut, heated in the oven, and shaped A pontil is used to attach the finished piece to a rod Then the neck is cut, heated in the oven, and shaped CS ■ PAGE 25 Part A sits: Base/Present; stretches: Base/Present rise: Base/Present; serves: Base/Present are: Base/Present has suffered: Past P has used: Past P.; has increased: Past P have shifted: Past P was: Past; is: Base/Present; carved: Past; disappeared: Past weakened: Past; reemerged: Past seized: Past; took: Past 10 returned: Past; had seized: Past P.; gave: Past; had seized: Past P.; shows: Base/Present Part B Possible answers: Snails move very slowly I caught a virus He flew over the Alps She drew a crude map The sun will rise again tomorrow morning ■ PAGE 26 Part A The wording of explanations may vary a.—present progressive; b.—present perfect progressive Sentence a describes continuing present action; sentence b suggests that an action begun in the past continues in the present a.—present perfect; b.—past perfect Sentence a says that the scientists measured this at some indefinite time in the past Sentence b suggests that something else happened after the scientists made the measurement 58 Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 12 a.—past emphatic; b.—future perfect In sentence a, the scientists took this action at some specific time in the past; the action was completed In sentence b, the action has not yet been completed; the action will both begin and end before something else that has not yet occurred happens a.—present perfect; b.—present perfect progressive Sentence a suggests that irregularities may be continuing to retard the current; according to sentence b, irregularities are continuing to retard the current a.—future progressive; b.—future perfect The actions in sentence a will happen very soon at some time in the immediate future; those in b will happen before something else (unnamed in the sentence) happens Part B Possible answers: I have put six keys on the table I will be playing soccer this weekend I will have joined two clubs by the time I graduate She had seen the sign The team has been losing consistently ■ PAGE 27 Part A The director recommended that they practice their lines three hours a day before next Friday (recommended, indicative mood; practice, subjunctive mood) Every evening, Ken feeds the horses (feeds, indicative mood) Newly built communities of townhouses greatly reduced the rabbit population (reduced, indicative mood) The nurse suggested that the patient not receive any visitors (suggested, indicative mood; receive, subjunctive mood) The dog frightened the small children (frightened, indicative mood) Part B Read the directions carefully Do not touch that hot wood stove Wait for me Do not forget his birthday Remember to take out the garbage ■ PAGE 28 shape (Sing.)/earns countries (Pl.)/lie One (Sing.)/is resources (Pl.)/include Agriculture (Sing.)/makes droughts (Pl.)/plague Ethiopians (Pl.)/find moisture (Sing.)/is 10 11 12 13 14 15 range (Sing.)/covers growth (Sing.)/causes lack (Sing.)/makes Attempts (Pl.)/meet Farmers (Pl.)/refuse reason (Sing.)/is rule (Sing.)/Does Copyright © by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill ■ PAGE 24 Answers ■ PAGE 29 (1) Hurricanes are one of the natural disasters that plague humans (2) Warm, moist air rising from the ocean waters, as well as air currents, creates these storms (3) Tropical waters, such as the Caribbean Sea, are the most usual site for a hurricane (4) Many of these storms develop 70-mile-an-hour winds (Sentence is correct.) (5) When the storms move inland, every tree and building that stands in the way is destroyed (6) Fortunately, each of the hurricanes dissipates as it loses its source of warm, moist air (7) Everyone in the scientific and meteorologic fields knows how hurricanes develop (8) Nobody, however, knows how to control them (Sentence is correct.) (9) Many a strategy and idea has been proposed to lessen the force of these storms (10) Some of the schemes suggest creating a low-pressure area ahead of the hurricanes (Sentence is correct.) (11) Both coating the water with oil and setting it afire are parts of this process (Sentence is correct.) (12) Air warmed by the flames sends the hurricane in another direction (13) One of the other proposals entails dropping tiny plastic bubbles over a hurricane (14) Then most of the heat in the upper parts of the storm system becomes trapped (15) This results in new patterns of heat distribution that weaken the hurricane (16) The most direct way of weakening hurricanes is to take away their source of surface heat (17) Unfortunately, none of the researchers have determined how to remove this source (18) Some of the scientists recommend setting off underwater explosions (Sentence is correct.) (19) Neither this idea nor the others mentioned above have actually been tested (Sentence is correct.) (20) Someday, however, either one of these proposals or a new idea is likely to be implemented Copyright © by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill ■ PAGE 30 Part A me, them He, I he, I we, I, us, we her, we, him, me 10 us, she me, he, I, her our, I, my I, he, I our, I, we, we Part B Possible answers: Mal and I are going to be competing in the tournament Nom The school bus picked him and his sisters up at the corner of Main Street and Cass Boulevard Obj The previous tenants had been she and her husband Nom That book was definitely mine Poss Their eating healthy foods is good for them Poss ■ PAGE 31 Part A The store managers, Manuel and she, are busy on Saturdays We offered the managers, Candace and him, some suggestions on how to organize the store We customers not like crammed and untidy stores The managers showed their appreciation to us shoppers They offered us, my sister and me, a ten-percent discount on any one item We thanked the managers, Manuel and her, for trying to please their customers Part B Possible answers: My mother is more irritable than I (I—Nom.) The author writes as well as she (she—Nom.) The track star runs faster than they (they—Nom.) The Chongs like James as much as her (her—Obj.) My boss gave her less money than me (me—Obj.) ■ PAGE 32 Part A itself—Ref None itself—Int None yourself—Ref 10 themselves—Int None None None themselves—Ref Part B Possible answers: Itself refers to the subject DC-9 No pronoun is needed because no reference to plane, the subject, would make sense Itself is used as an intensive pronoun, for emphasis It could be omitted No pronoun is needed because no reference to miles, the subject, would make sense The reflexive pronoun yourself refers back to the understood subject, you Themselves is used as an intensive pronoun, for emphasis It could be omitted Itself refers back to the subject, N3306L; the pronoun could be omitted No pronoun referring back to the subject, airliner, would make sense No pronoun referring back to the phrase antecedent, planes, would make sense 10 Themselves refers back to the subject, pilots ■ PAGE 33 Whom did (you) say (you) invited to dinner this evening? Whom is the direct object of the verb invited The (Rileys) have offered (whoever) finds their cat a reward Whoever is the subject of the noun clause whoever finds their cat To whom was the (letter) sent? Whom is the object of the preposition to The (letter) was sent to (whoever) lives here Whoever is the subject of the noun clause whoever lives here That (author) is one about whom (I) know little Whom is the object of the preposition about in the adjective clause about whom I know little Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 12 59 Answers ■ PAGE 34 Part A Italicized pronouns have been corrected When people add fractions, they must remember first to establish a common denominator One of the girls in my study group makes her mistake by adding the numerators and the denominators Mr Rivera, our teacher, says that this mistake is common; his explanation for the mistake is twofold First, when two fractions are multiplied, their numerators are multiplied and their denominators are multiplied to arrive at the product Most people find a fundamental correctness in this “top times top over bottom times bottom” approach and apply it to addition as well Second, the more important problem is that people think of fractions as fundamentally different from whole numbers; thus their real problem is that they simply memorize fractional processes instead of learning to understand them Part B Sample answers: Jackson called Brent’s house early on Saturday to speak with Brent Jackson called Brent’s house early Saturday in order to speak with Brent Jackson called Brent every Saturday to find out what was going on; the call was a weekend ritual for them Every Saturday Jackson called Brent to find out what was going on; the call was a weekend ritual Brent said that there were good pick-up basketball games that the two of them could play in around the Heights Brent said that the two of them could play in some good pick-up basketball games around the Heights Jackson borrowed a basketball, and fifteen minutes later he met Brent at the bus to the Heights Fifteen minutes later, after borrowing a basketball, Jackson met Brent at the bus that goes to the Heights As the two boys rode the bus, Jackson remembered that today was Brent’s birthday; the birthday called for new plans As the two boys rode the bus, Jackson remembered that today was Brent’s birthday; the memory called for new plans 60 Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 12 The two boys decided that after playing basketball they would call some friends and go downtown to celebrate Brent’s birthday The two boys decided that after they played basketball they would call some friends and go downtown with them to celebrate Brent’s birthday ■ PAGE 35 Part A more challenging farther highest worst many 10 more slippery farther little; less finest best Part B Possible answers: This is the most fun I’ve had all week He carried the joke further than he should have The weather was worse the last time we went Nobody talked much, but he said the least of all They debate the best of anyone on the team ■ PAGE 36 Part A Possible answers: I have never been anywhere as wonderful as Alaska The food at the new restaurant tastes bad Our basketball team has no chance of making the finals; we’ve lost too many games If you well on the unit test, you’ll get a good grade for the term Running to catch the bus, Jasmine fell and skinned her knee badly After her bout with pneumonia, Keisha felt so lethargic she could hardly anything There is nothing but forests and animals all around Antonio doesn’t look well today; he must be coming down with the flu Last night’s howling storm didn’t any damage in my neighborhood 10 I never want to leave this beautiful place Part B Possible answers: I felt good when I got my grades Of course I was well, not sick I felt good because I did well in all my courses I felt bad about my sister, who didn’t as well She could not understand why she had done so badly ■ PAGE 37 Part A Hopping briskly through the vegetable garden is a dangling modifier that should follow toad Hard and full of clay should be recast as a subordinate clause beginning with that and following soil The subordinate clause that have healthy foliage should be moved to follow seedlings, the word it modifies Copyright © by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill The (actor) (who) (we) all agreed gave the best performance was Greg Who is the subject of the adjective clause who gave the best performance (We) wanted to know whom (we) could expect as a substitute Whom is the direct object of the verb could expect in the noun clause whom we could expect (Thelma) asked (who) was in the middle Who is the subject of the noun clause who was in the middle The (one) selected will be whomever the (members) choose Whomever is the direct object of the verb choose in the noun clause whomever the members choose 10 My (sister) knew (who) had sent the letter Who is the subject of the noun clause who had sent the letter Answers The phrase with careful handling should be moved to follow planted After planting the seedlings is a dangling modifier; the sentence should be rewritten Part B Possible answers: (1) Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, probably the most remarkable genius in the history of music, died in Vienna (2) Not quite thirty-six years old, Mozart died in the quiet, peaceful early-morning hours of December 5, 1791 (3) He had lived in Vienna for ten and a half years; during that time, he had enjoyed a few triumphs and many more disappointments (4) He composed The Marriage of Figaro, a comic masterpiece, before becoming court composer to Joseph II (5) Playing and composing from early childhood, Mozart completed a total of 626 works before he died in poverty ■ PAGE 38 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Correct; not capitalize the first word of a sentence within parentheses that is contained within another sentence Correct: capitalize the first word of a sentence within parentheses that stands by itself Incorrect; not capitalize the first word of a quotation unless the entire quotation can stand as a complete sentence Correct; capitalize the first word of every sentence Incorrect; capitalize the first word of a direct quotation that is a complete sentence Incorrect; not capitalize the first word of a sentence within parentheses that is contained within another sentence Correct; always capitalize the pronoun I Incorrect; not capitalize the first world of an indirect quotation ■ PAGE 39 Capitalize proper nouns that designate political party membership Capitalize the names of countries Capitalize the names of institutions Capitalize adjectives formed from place names Capitalize the names of institutions Capitalize titles used before proper names Capitalize proper nouns that designate political party membership Capitalize names of legal documents Capitalize names of political parties, but not the word party, which is not part of the name Totalitarianism is not a proper noun; common nouns are capitalized only when they begin sentences President is not ordinarily capitalized unless it is used as a title to precede a proper noun Capitalize the names of individuals General is not used here as a title that directly precedes a proper name, so it is not capitalized Capitalize the names of most historical eras Capitalize the names of national groups 10 Political movements named after people are capitalized ■ PAGE 40 Part A Possible answers: Jean-Pierre Blanchard, who made the first balloon flight in America, was a Frenchman What a historic event that flight was! I would have loved to see that forty-five-minute flight! (or period at end) The French were the first to put the balloon to military use Stop talking about balloons! (or period at end) Part B Possible answers: Direct: Were the French very active in early aviation developments? Indirect: I wonder whether the French were very active in early aviation developments Direct: Were Jacques and Joseph Montgolfier the first people to fly a hot-air balloon? Indirect: My sister asked if the brothers Jacques and Joseph Montgolfler were the first people to fly a hotair balloon Direct: When did a hydrogen-filled balloon first reach 3,000 feet? Indirect: I would like to know when a hydrogen-filled balloon first reached 3,000 feet Direct: How far did the balloon go, and what was the duration of its flight? Indirect: I wondered how far the balloon went and how long it flew Direct: What you know about the first propellerdriven balloon? Indirect: I wondered what you knew about the first propeller-driven balloon ■ PAGE 41 Part A Dear Mr Johnson: would like to apply for a position as your assistant: I saw the advertisement you placed last Sunday in the local newspaper These are my qualifications: relevant education, related experience, and unflagging dedication Correct I am available at 10:00 A.M on Monday, May Correct I will bring the following: my résumé, a list of references and some samples of my work Aristotle once said these words: “Virtue is a disposition or habit involving deliberate purpose or choice.” Correct 10 Correct Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 12 61 Answers Part B Possible answers: I am in class from 9:00 A.M to 4:00 P.M Some currencies of the world are the following: dollars, pounds, pesos, lira, yen, and rubles These are among my favorite colors: red, white, and blue P T Barnum supposedly said the following: “There’s a sucker born every minute!” Sante Fe is a wonderful city: it is the capital of New Mexico and a beautiful place to live (18) The hard parts of organisms are often preserved in sediments; sometimes these parts can remain unaltered even after the passage of 560 million years (19) Minerals in solution may, however, replace the original materials of the organisms; petrification occurs when secondary minerals impregnate fossil remains (20) In some areas, percolation of pore waters dissolves the original materials, and, depending on the nature of the specimen, leaves molds and casts in the rocks (Sentence is correct) ■ PAGE 42 Part A French traders established a settlement along the Mississippi River, and they named the settlement Saint Louis In 1770 Spanish officials took over the region, but the town retained its French culture Saint Louis was part of the Louisiana Purchase, and thus it became an American settlement in 1803 Correct Boats from all directions docked there, for the town was a major supply base and marketplace for the frontier Correct Correct Most gold seekers who traveled westward from Saint Louis found digging back-breaking and unrewarding work, and few miners discovered enough gold to make a living The treeless prairie around Saint Louis made it impossible for settlers to build wooden houses, but it offered homesteaders plenty of soil for sod-walled homes 10 Correct 62 Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 12 Part B A carburetor is an important car part, for it mixes the gas with air and feeds the mixture to the engine Correct The valve is adjusted by the throttle, and it allows air to flow past the venturi The gas is sucked through the emulsion tube to be mixed with air, and then it passes through the nozzle into the venturi to be further diluted Pressing the accelerator pedal increases the speed, for it opens the throttle valve and allows more gasoline to pass ■ PAGE 44 Part A What he craved most after the movie was a hot, spicy pepperoni pizza The heavy, dark rain clouds gathered ominously over the horizon Correct With her long, curly brown hair, Angelica looked just like her aunt His business trip to San Antonio began on a crisp, clear autumn day Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc (1) ‘The study of ancient life is called paleontology; it is founded on observation and description (2) Paleontology is a progressive science; it has moved in recent times toward the interpretation of past environments (3) To some extent, the science can be subdivided into paleobotany, the study of fossil plants; paleozoology, the study of ancient animals; and paleoecology, the study of ancient environments (4) Further specializations involve the dating of rocks, reconstruction of skeletons, and distribution of fossils in space and time (Sentence is correct) (5) The paleontologist may study individual fossils, their associations with other organisms, and the sediment in which the fossils are found (Sentence is correct) (6) Sedimentary rocks are formed by actions of nature on existing rocks; the products of such weathering are deposited in environments as various as lakes, deltas, and seas (7) The size of the particles within the sediment and their formations provide information about the environment at the time of deposition (Sentence is correct) (8) The preservation of fossils depends largely on the mechanical and chemical processes active during the deposition; moreover, the chances of fossilization are greatly increased by rapid burial (9) The soft parts of plants and animals are rarely preserved; attack by bacteria, scavengers, or chemical processes causes them to break down and decay (10) Such decay is common; consequently, few fossil records exist of many fragile specimens (11) Exceptions occur, particularly when conditions prevent the action of bacteria or scavengers (Sentence is correct) (12) Such special situations have created some unusual fossils; examples include insect remains in amber, beetles in tar, or mammoths in frozen sediments (13) Most of these are geologically young; nevertheless, they often provide an insight into fossilization (14) More common are impressions of delicate fossils; fine-grained sediments create detailed molds (15) The carbon-rich deposits of Germany and the bituminous shales of France have yielded many beautiful fossils; impressions of leaves, beetles, and fish are common to both areas (16) These sediments were deposited over 40 million years ago; however, similar impressions have been found in even older rock strata (17) The lithographic limestone of Solnhofen, in Germany, has remains from the Jurassic period, which lasted from 195 million to 135 million years ago; the Burgess shales of Canada contain fossils from the Cambrian period, which extended from 570 million to 500 million years ago ■ PAGE 43 Answers The artist’s use of bold, bright colors set her apart from other modern painters Correct One must avoid being out in the hot, scorching sun; the ultraviolet rays are dangerous to the skin The long, arduous trek to the top of Masada began early in the morning 10 How he yearned for the lazy, carefree days of summer Part B Possible answers: cool, quiet night squeaky, raspy sawings; flat, hollow thunks narrow, muddy path wavering, ominous shadows; distant, glimmering stars Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc ■ PAGE 45 (1) The form of the earliest calendars, inaccurate by modern standards, was influenced by the location of their makers (2) In northern countries, where the seasons are pronounced, seasonal changes were instrumental in developing calendars (3) On the other hand, in warmer climates, including those around the Mediterranean Sea, the phases of the moon were more influential (4) All the ancient calendars about which we know were lunar calendars; consequently, lunar cycles were significant to all of them (5) However, of necessity they also included events that recur on an annual cycle (6) The calendar of the Assyrians was based on the lunation, the period of time that elapses between two successive new moons (7) The Assyrians’ month began with the first sighting of the crescent moon; by the way, this sighting had to occur in the evening (8) Based on the 29 1/2-day lunation, the year came out at 354 days, 11 days short (9) After three years this calendar was off by thirty-three days, more than a month! (10) To bring the calendar back into balance, the Assyrians, who themselves recognized the problem, periodically added a month to the calendar (11) The Egyptians used a calendar made up of twelve months of thirty days each (Sentence is correct) (12) They added five days, which they observed as a festival, to each year and believed it was bad luck to work during that time (13) The Romans, developing as a world power, understood the problems associated with creating a calendar (14) Nevertheless they added even more confusion, because of their superstition against even numbers, by using months of twenty-nine or thirty-one days (15) February, for reasons unknown, remained at twenty-eight days (16) Because this still resulted in a calendar of only 355 days, the Romans invented a new month, which they called Mercedonius (17) This month, consisting of twenty-two or twenty-three days, was added every other year (18) The Roman calendar was so far off by the year 45 B.C that Caesar ordered a major revision (Sentence is correct) (19) One year, established by decree to be 445 days, brought the calendar back in step with the seasons (20) Then a solar year consisting of 365 1/4 days was established as the basis for the calendar (Sentence is correct) ■ PAGE 46 Part A On February 3, 1945, about twenty-five passenger planes landed at Saki airfield on the Crimean Peninsula Among the seven hundred passengers were Winston Churchill, British prime minister, and Franklin D Roosevelt, president of the United States The political leaders were greeted by a Red Army band and whisked to the small Black Sea resort city of Yalta, Ukraine Joseph Stalin, premier of the Soviet Union, greeted the visitors Correct Stalin and Churchill disagreed over the fate of Poland, whose government-in-exile had operated in London, England, during the war About two months after the conference, on April 12, 1945, President Roosevelt died suddenly Roosevelt was succeeded by Harry Truman, vice president of the United States Part B My brother lives at 2021 Wolf Road, Hillside, Illinois 60162 Correct Mr Hagness, please not write a difficult essay question for the history test I think that you, Guillermo, will well on the test William Holmes, president of Simmons College in Boston, Massachusetts, was installed in July 1970 ■ PAGE 47 Part A Correct delete the comma a after culture—A comma should not be used between a subject and its verb delete the comma after included—A comma should not be used between a verb and its complement add a comma after achievements—To avoid a run-on sentence, a comma should precede the coordinating conjunction delete the comma after illnesses—A comma should not precede a conjunction that connects the parts of a compound predicate when the predicate has only two parts Part B By the end of the nineteenth century, women were building careers in landscape gardening Among these women was the talented, superbly educated, and much admired Beatrix Jones Farrand, who was a founding member of the American Society of Landscape Architects Before she started designing gardens, Mrs Farrand studied horticulture at the Arnold Arboretum Using color like a wash in painting, she avoided sharp contrasts in her garden designs Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 12 63 Answers ■ PAGE 48 Part A Ulysses S Grant (1822–1885) was a Civil War general who went on to become president When he was a child, Alexander Fleming loved to catch “the trout in the burns” (a burn is a creek) Gloria’s mother works for NASA (the National Aeronautics and Space Administration) The Mississippi River is 2,340 miles (3,766 kilometers) long The Sumerians’ way of writing is called cuneiform (Cuneus means “wedge” [the letters had a wedge-like shape] in Latin.) Part B The output in volts (see graph) increases steadily as the speed increases I was really scared (I am afraid of heights) when we went to the top of the Empire State Building The capacitor is wired across the resistor (See the schematic [also figure 22a] on page 433.) Charles Dickens (1812–1870) wrote The Pickwick Papers Applying current at each terminal (Figure 2), observe how the ammeter reacts Add the water to the sulfuric acid (H2SO4) very carefully The movie Beauty and the Beast (the story was also made into a play) was incredibly good Mauna Kea (13,796 feet) is Hawaii’s highest peak A person’s normal body temperature (98.6˚F) can fluctuate as much as two degrees 10 Dr Florence Sabin once said, “They [women] can have whatever they are willing to work for.” 64 Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 12 ■ PAGE 49 Part A (1) “Play ball!” shouted the umpire, and Jim “Stinky” Stankowski took the mound (2) At the same time, Irving “Lefty” Lopez yelled, “I’m the one who should be starting I have a better record,” and began pitching furiously in the bullpen (3) “Let’s get out there,” the coach exhorted the other players, “and win this one big.” (4) The coach was a rotund man whose motto was “no pain, no gain.” (5) His uniform, tight around his midriff, had the team’s name, “Buckskins,” stitched across the back (6) “Give ‘em your best fastball!” he bellowed to Stankowski (7) Then he began to chomp vigorously on his gum while humming “Take Me Out to the Ballgame.” (8) “Get your red-hots here!” was the hot-dog vendors’ cry (9) “Stee-rike one!” came from the umpire (10) On hearing that, the opponents’ coach sprang to his feet (11) “It looked like a ball to me,” he screeched “It sure looked like a ball to me!” (12) All in all, it was a perfect day for baseball; as my grandfather said, “Today’s a grade-A baseball day.” Part B Answers will vary Check that students have used ellipsis points correctly ■ PAGE 50 Part A I read in Business Week magazine that the economy is improving An economist appearing on The MacNeil-Lehrer Report on TV had a very different opinion Correct An editorial in The Wall Street Journal agreed with her view Correct If Jan does not get his way, he throws such a tantrum that his teachers refer to him as an enfant gâté The future universe of the Star Trek films is without these worries No one on the spaceship Enterprise ever thinks about money The word poverty seems to have no meaning in this vision of the future that in some respects resembles the ideal country described by Thomas More in his book Utopia 10 Reflecting on this thought, I put Pink Floyd’s Dark Side of the Moon CD in the player and listened to “Money.” Part B Possible answers: I need to renew my subscription to Acoustic Guitar magazine before it runs out Write true next to each statement that is correct As they left, I wished them Hasta la vista I left my copy of Writer’s Choice in the cafeteria yesterday Does your phone number begin with a 3? My favorite old movie is The Philadelphia Story Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Because it joins flower gardens to fountains and pools with steps and walls, her Dumbarton Oaks garden achieves a rather architectural effect Her Eyrie Garden, designed for summer, gleams with vibrant multicolored annuals and perennials Her university wall “gardens,” because they change colors with the seasons, give campus buildings year round texture and warmth Although Mrs Farrand drew no plans herself, she maintained an office of draftswomen Well-versed themselves in landscape architecture, many of these women were graduates of the Cambridge School of Architecture and Architectural Design 10 Because she often traveled, Mrs Farrand needed an efficient staff that could manage independently in her absence Answers ■ PAGE 52 (1) A guitar’s intonation is very important (2) It’s the intonation that determines the notes’ pitches (3) When the open strings have been tuned to concert pitch, the fretted notes shouldn’t sound either flat or sharp (4) Each time you fret a note, the string’s tension is increased as it’s (the string) pushed down (5) This will sharpen that note’s pitch (6) If notes played on the higher frets aren’t in tune, the guitar’s intonation probably needs adjusting (7) Assuming that the neck isn’t distorted and the frets’ positioning is correct, the fault must surely lie with the strings’ condition or length (8) Old, rusty, dirty strings can’t be expected to play in tune (9) They’ll stretch and the notes’ harmonic series will be affected (10) Before attempting to adjust a guitar’s intonation, you’d be wise to fit and tune a new set of strings (11) The vibrating string’s length is determined by the guitar’s scale length, equal to the distance between the saddle and the nut (12) Increasing a string’s scale length will cancel out this rise in a fretted note’s pitch (13) Check each string’s intonation separately (14) First you’ll play the note on the twelfth fret (one octave above the open string) (15) Then you’ll play the twelfth fret harmonic (also an octave above the open string) (16) If the two notes’ pitch doesn’t sound the same, the intonation isn’t correct (17) If the fretted note’s pitch is higher than the harmonic’s, the string’s scale length is too short (18) The saddle should be moved away from the nut (Sentence is correct) (19) If the fretted note’s pitch is lower than the harmonic’s, the saddle should be moved toward the nut (20) By following these instructions, you shouldn’t have any trouble adjusting your guitar’s intonation Project Mercury was America’s first manned space program The Gemini program studied the effects of prolonged space flights—two weeks or longer—on people Landing on the moon was accomplished by the Apollo program after an eight-year period Skylab, the first Earth-orbiting space station, was designed to demonstrate people’s ability to live in space for longer periods of time The spent third stage of a Saturn moon rocket was used for Skylab It measured 118 feet in length and carried a variety of equipment Three three-man crews traveled to the Skylab stations These crews spent a total of more than 740 hours observing the sun Skylab’s orbit began to deteriorate five years after the last mission 10 On July 11, 1979, the seventy-seven-ton space station plummeted to Earth 11 The space shuttle is capable of remaining in orbit for up to thirty days 12 Columbia, successfully launched on April 12, 1981, made five flights, four of which were test runs 13 The second shuttle, Challenger, captured and repaired a disabled satellite 14 Discovery, the third shuttle, and Atlantis, the fourth, followed with other missions 15 On January 28, 1986, Challenger exploded seventythree seconds after takeoff, tragically killing all seven of its crew members Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc ■ PAGE 51 Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 12 65 ... Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 12, Unit 12 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc ■ B Using Appositives and Appositive Phrases Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date 12. 3... Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 12, Unit 12 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date 12. 4... Writer’s Choice: Grammar Enrichment, Grade 12, Unit 12 13 Grammar Enrichment Name Class Date 12. 2 Appositives and Appositive Phrases ■ A