Writers choice grammar enrichment grade 12

Expanding Simple Subjects and Predicates On a separate sheet of paper, write an expanded version of each simple sentence below byadding other words and phrases... Tell whether the underl

Grammar Enrichment

Grade 12

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10.1 Nouns 1

10.2 Pronouns 2

10.3 ActionVerbs 3

10.3 Linking Verbs 4

10.4 Adjectives 5

10.5 Adverbs 6

10.6 Prepositions 7

10.7 Conjunctions 8

Parts of the Sentence 11.1–3 Subjects and Predicates 9

11.5 Direct and Indirect Objects 10

11.5 Object Complements 11

11.5 Subject Complements 12

Phrases 12.1 Prepositional Phrases 13

12.2 Appositives and Appositive Phrases 14

12.3 Participles and Gerunds 15

12.3 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases 16

12.4 Absolute Phrases 17

Clauses and Sentence Structure 13.1–4 Clauses and Sentence Structure 18

13.5 Adjective Clauses 19

13.6 Adverb Clauses 20

13.7 Noun Clauses 21

13.8 Four Kinds of Sentences 22

13.9 Sentence Fragments 23

13.10 Run-on Sentences 24

Verb Tenses, Voice, and Mood 15.1–3 Verbs: Principal Parts and Tense 25

15.4–5 Verb Tenses and Forms 26

15.7–8 Voice and Mood of Verbs 27

Subject-Verb Agreement

Unit 16

Unit 15

Unit 13

Unit 12

Unit 11

17.1 Case of Personal Pronouns 30

17.2–3 Pronouns 31

17.4 Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns 32

17.5 Who and whom 33

17.6–7 Pronouns and Antecedents 34

Using Modifiers Correctly 18.1–2 Comparisons 35

18.5–6 Using Modifiers Correctly 36

18.7 Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers 37

Capitalization 20.1 Capitalization of Sentences and I 38

20.2–3 Capitalization: Proper Nouns and Adjectives 39

Punctuation, Abbreviations, and Numbers 21.1–3 Period, Exclamation Point, Question Mark 40

21.4 The Colon 41

21.5 The Semicolon 42

21.6 Commas and Compound Sentences 43

21.6 Coordinate Adjectives 44

21.6 Commas and Nonessential Elements 45

21.6 Commas: Titles, Addresses, Direct Address 46

21.6 Proper Use of Commas 47

21.8–9 Parentheses and Brackets 48

21.10–11 Ellipsis Points and Quotation Marks 49

21.12 Quotation Marks and Italics (Underlining) 50

21.13 The Apostrophe 51

21.16 Numbers and Numerals 52

Answers 53

Unit 21

Unit 20

Unit 18

■ A Identifying Nouns

Above each underlined noun in the sentences below, write Proper or Collective; if the noun is neither proper nor collective, write Concrete or Abstract.

1. Preparation for the Boston Marathon involves strenuous work

2. Runners must prepare themselves both mentally and physically to run the full distance

of more than twenty-six miles

3. Most racers train for months to prepare for the important Monday

4. Their training often involves running a total of more than fifty miles per week

5. Many athletes believe that those who are preparing for the marathon should also run the entire length of the course at least once before the big event

6. Some of the running fraternity also train by running up and down hills

7. They believe that this will increase their endurance

8. During competition, those who did not train for running on inclines are usually sorry

9. The first part of the marathon course is a gentle downhill slope

10. However, later, after the running tribe are tiring, the route becomes hilly before the finishline in the city of Boston

Use nouns you identified above to write a sentence as requested for each type of noun below

Underline the nouns

1. (two proper nouns)

2. (one collective noun and one plural noun)

3. (one singular concrete noun and one singular abstract noun)

4. (one singular proper noun and one plural common noun)

5. (two nouns of your choosing)

■ A Identifying Pronouns

On a separate sheet of paper, list all the pronouns in the sentences below Then identify

each pronoun as Per (personal), Poss (possessive), Ref (reflexive), Inten (intensive),

Dem (demonstrative), Inter (interrogative), Rel (relative), or Ind (indefinite).

1. History, as we know it, began with the birth of civilization

2. Many historians believe that Western civilization began about 5,000 years ago in

Mesopotamia, which is the portion of southwest Asia that is located between the

Tigris and Euphrates rivers

3. What about the area favored such a development?

4. The site is characterized by an adequate water supply and fertile soil; these are essential

environmental factors for the development of civilization

5. Which of the other major early civilizations originated in regions whose environmental

characteristics were similar?

6. In Egypt, the Nile River deposited rich, black soil when it overflowed its banks during its

annual flooding

7. In Middle America, the Maya and Aztecs farmed their crops on rich volcanic soil that was

watered by canals leading from lakes and rivers

8. In the Andes, Inca farmers taught themselves to farm on terraces, which were dug into the

sides of steep mountain slopes

9. By doing this, they themselves learned to control the heavy water runoff that threatened

agricultural efforts on mountainous terrain

10. Others of the earliest civilizations sprang up in locations that were as diverse as western

Africa, India, southeast Asia, and China

5. (one indefinite pronoun)

■ A Identifying Action Verbs

Each of the following pairs of sentences has the same verb Underline the verb In the space,

write A—T for each action verb that is transitive and A—I for each action verb that is

intransitive

_ 1 a. People still search the streams of the American Rockies for gold

_ b. Other prospectors search for gold in the jungles of Brazil

_ 2 a. Some people dig gold out of the hillsides with pickaxes and shovels

_ b. Others dig in the sides of mountains or deep in the earth

_ 3 a. Some prospectors pan alluvial gold from the topsoil

b. Still other prospectors pan in streams

_ 4 a. The heavier gold dust and nuggets sink to the bottom of the pan

_ b. The dust and nuggets sink because of their weight

_ 5 a. Because of its weight, the gold remains in the pan

_ b. The prospector remains at his claim with his pan in his hands

■ B Using Action Verbs

Complete each sentence with verbs in the forms requested

1. Nearly a fourth of Mexico’s estimated ninety-three million inhabitants

(action, present tense) in Mexico City or its surroundings.

2. Mexican government experts (action, past tense) some time ago that the city’s residents (action, present tense) 29.5 million trips every day

in nearly three million motor vehicles

3. Because of the amount of gasoline that these vehicles (action, present tense), Mexico City’s serious ozone smog problem probably (action,

future tense)

4. When the government (action, past tense) a one-day-a-week driving ban for each private car in 1989, pollution levels (action, past tense)—until families (action, past tense) additional cars to use

on the one day they could not drive their main cars

5. Since the altitude of of the city is 7,500 feet, its oxygen supply is and will be thin, meaning

that fuels burn and always (action, future tense) inefficiently.

■ A Identifying Linking and Action Verbs

Underline each verb, and identify it as AV (action verb) or LV (linking verb) by writing the

correct letters above the verb

1. The Sahel is a semi-arid belt of poor soils two hundred to seven hundred miles wide that

stretches across the northern portion of the African continent

2. In the last fifty years, deforestation and overuse added to the Sahel an area that seems

equivalent in size to France

3. More agriculture and greater population are threats that inevitably increase the size of

desert regions

4. Desertification, or the process by which land becomes desert, perpetuates drought

5. The future for the Sahel looks bleak

■ B Using Linking Verbs

From the list below, select the best linking verb to complete each sentence Use each verb only

once Write the verb in the tense specified in parentheses (Make sure that your verb agrees in

number with its subject.)

sound be remain become grow

1. Jim usually (present tense) tired while he is playing basketball.

2. However, this year he can play longer without tiring than he could last year, when he

(past tense) tired very early in each game.

3. Despite the way he feels, Jim always tries his hardest and

(present tense) cheerful throughout every game

4. Despite his team’s poor record, Jim (present tense) optimistic

that they will do better

5. Practicing basketball for fifteen hours a week (present tense) difficult,

but Jim thinks of it as pure fun

■ A Identifying Adjectives

The passage below is excerpted from The Snow Leopard by Peter Matthiessen In this passage

the author is in the Himalayas of central Asia studying a pack of rare Himalayan blue sheep,

bharal, when he sights some even rarer animals—wolves Underline each adjective in the

passage (Do not include articles.)(1) In the hard light, the blue-gray creatures [bharal] seem far too swift to catch, yet thestreaming wolves gain ground on the hard snow (2) Then they are whisking through the matted juniper and down the steepening rocks, and it appears that a bharal will be cut offand bowled over, down the mountain, but at the last moment it scoots free and gains a narrow ledge where no wolf can follow

(3) In the frozen air, the whole mountain is taut; the silence rings (4) The sheep’s flanksquake, and the wolves are panting; otherwise, all is still, as if the arrangement of pale shapesheld the world together

(5) Briefly, the wolves gaze about, then make their way up the mountainside in the unhurried gait that may carry them fifty miles in a single day

■ B Using Adjectives

In the following paragraph from “The Adventure of the Speckled Band” by Arthur ConanDoyle, Dr Watson and Sherlock Holmes are driving through the English countryside Someadjectives have been left out of the description In each blank, write an adjective as requested

in parentheses Choose vivid adjectives

At Waterloo we were (1.adjective referring to luck) in catching a train forLeatherhead, where we hired a trap at the station inn, and drove for four or five miles through

the (2.adjective describing appearance in a positive way) Surrey lanes It

was a perfect day, with a (3.adjective describing how something looks)

sun and a few (4.adjective conveying the idea of softness) clouds in the

heavens The trees and the wayside hedges were just throwing out their first

(5.adjective describing color) shoots, and the air was full of the

(6.adjective conveying a positive feeling) smell of the (7.adjective

describing a physical quality) earth To me at least there was a

(8.adjective conveying the idea of oddness) contrast between the sweet promise of the spring

and this (9.adjective conveying the idea of danger) quest upon which

we were engaged My companion sat in the front of the trap, his arms folded, his hat pulled

down over his eyes, and his chin sunk upon his breast, buried in the

(10.adjective conveying the idea of seriousness) thought Suddenly, however, he started,tapped me on the shoulder, and pointed over the meadows

■ A Identifying Adverbs

Underline the adverbs in each sentence below Identify whether the adverb is Neg (a negative

word) or one that tells when, where, to what degree, or how by writing the appropriate word(s)

above the adverb

1. The work of the North American Indian artist was completely and irrevocably upset by

the appearance of the European trader

2. With metal knives, carving could be done more efficiently

3. Many new decorative materials, whose existence had scarcely been imagined before,

came into use

4. Some, such as glass beads, continued to be used primarily in the same way that older

materials, such as porcupine quills, had been used

5. Other new trade items, such as steel sewing needles and Spanish guitars, forever altered

the Native American way of life

Follow the directions in parentheses below and write an appropriate adverb in each space

provided (You may use more than one word in a space.)

1. The subsequent arrival of the settlers brought about changes

(use a comparative adverb) than one might have guessed

2. The wealthy settler who brought along a few prized Oriental rugs

(use an adverb that tells when) started a chain reaction.

3. The rug patterns (use an adverb that tells to what degree) influenced

Native American art, such as Sioux beadwork

4. (use a negative adverb) altered, this “Indian design” was carried east

with the Buffalo Bill shows

5. (use an adverb that tells where), the Oriental designs were thought

to be authentic Indian designs

■ A Identifying Prepositions

The sentences below are taken from a passage written by William Least Heat-Moon

Underline all the prepositions in the sentences Above each preposition, write the object of the preposition (One preposition has more than one object.)

1. In Kay County, Oklahoma, fifteen miles south of the Kansas line and twelve northeast ofPonca City, on a hilltop, in the distance the dammed and inundated valley of the ArkansasRiver turned to a reservoir called Kaw Lake: I am sitting in a maintenance shed with agrandson of a Kansa chief in a broad shaft of sunlight sloping through the open door; itwarms us in the cool wind

2. From time to time he removes [his] hat [and strokes] his palm over his thinning hair; hishands are big, darkened as if oxidized, except for weathered-in networks of white like(dried-up saline creeks; the fingernails are thick and broken

3. In a paper sack is his lunch: a can of Vienna sausage, two slices of white bread, an apple,

an orange; during the time we talk, he does not eat, because he forgets about food and thepassing hours

4. His words are soft with a slight rasp at the edges, as if they were old, frayed cotton, and hispronunciation is that of the southwest hill country

5. A few yards north of the shed stands the old Kaw council house and south of it the dance-ground, a big circle of buffalo grass with a high view of the former reservation,east across the river

■ B Using Prepositions

On a separate sheet of paper, write sentences as requested in the parentheses below Underlinethe objects of the prepositions

1. (Write a sentence using the word until as a preposition.)

2. (Write a sentence using a compound preposition that is not except for.)

3. (Use two prepositions that you did not identify above.)

4. (Use the word before twice in one sentence—once as a preposition, once as another part

of speech.)

5. (Use a three-word compound preposition.)

■ A Using Coordinating and Correlative Conjunctions

Write an appropriate coordinating or correlative conjunction in each space below (See the lists

of conjunctions on pages 467–468 of Writer’s Choice.)

1. Mary Cassatt was an important American artist

the guiding force behind some of the finest art collections in this country

2. When she decided to study painting, Cassatt faced the prohibitions

prejudices of Victorian society

3. Her father supposedly said that he would not mind seeing her dead,

that he did not want her to study painting

4. Most of Cassatt’s art instruction came from haunting art museums in Europe

from teaching herself.

5. were the themes of Cassatt’s paintings invariably feminine,

they were frequently maternal.

■ B Using Subordinating Conjunctions and Conjunctive Adverbs

Follow the directions in the parentheses below and write an appropriate word or words in each

space (See the lists on pages 470 and 472 of Writer’s Choice.)

1. (use a subordinating conjunction) Mary Cassatt painted many

pictures of young women and children, she depicted them in a straightforward and

unsentimental manner

2. (use a subordinating conjunction) she had decided that works of art

ought to stand on their own merits instead of depending upon the whims of juries or

critics for their success, she never again entered her work in any competition

3. In her art, Cassatt gradually moved away from impressionism to a style that placed greater

emphasis on line and structure; (use a conjunctive adverb), that style

was greatly influenced by Japanese art

4. Mary Cassatt’s art was largely ignored or belittled in her native United States;

(use a conjunctive adverb), she lived and worked in Europe.

5. (use a subordinating conjunction) she painted, Cassatt was

considered an “artist’s artist”—one more honored by her artist peers than by critics

or the public

■ A Identifying Simple Subjects and Predicates

On the line beneath each sentence, write the simple subject and simple predicate

(Some sentences may contain compound subjects.)

1. Games and sports can provide socialization, adventure, and relaxation

■ B Expanding Simple Subjects and Predicates

On a separate sheet of paper, write an expanded version of each simple sentence below byadding other words and phrases

■ Distinguishing Between Direct and Indirect Objects

Write DO above each direct object and IO above each indirect object in the sentences below.

(Some sentences may not have an indirect object.)

1. The South American rubber tree produces most of the natural rubber in the world

2. In the late 1800s, someone carried seedlings of the tree to Malaya, and rubber cultivation

was begun

3. For decades after the introduction of rubber to Europe, Europeans did not give rubber

much value

4. An English chemist, Charles Mackintosh, first coated fabric with rubber

5. He gave the mackintosh, a waterproof coat, his name

6. The fascination of such an invention soon gave Americans the great “India Rubber

Boom.”

7. New York investors offered manufacturers of rubber products millions of dollars for

the development of rubber-coated articles

8. Producers sold people large quantities of rubber shoes, caps, coats, sheets, and life

preservers

9. Eventually, however, the weather brought rubber promoters one disaster after another

10. Summer heat melts rubber; winter cold hardens it

11. Rubber caused its users trouble for years, and then Charles Goodyear appeared

12. Goodyear gave the search for more durable rubber his entire life

13. He showed potential investors invention after invention

14. Some gave him money for his experiments

15. Many refused him even encouragement

16. Goodyear paid the latter no attention

17. This single-minded inventor continually brought his family unhappiness and poverty

18. In 1844 he finally patented a successful vulcanization process

19. The process has earned many people great fortunes ever since

20. However, it left Goodyear’s family a two-hundred-thousand-dollar debt upon his death

■ A Identifying Object Complements

Identify which sentence in each of the pairs below has an object complement by underliningthe letter of the sentence Then underline the object complement

1 a. Evening finds me wide awake

b. In the evening I am wide awake

2 a. My friends call me “Night Owl.”

b. My friends say I am a “night owl.”

3 a. I consider that their name is appropriate

b. I consider their name for me appropriate

4 a. I call the evening my favorite time for books and letters

b. I have chosen the evening as my favorite time for books and letters

5 a. I make that a time that is free of telephone calls

b. I make that time telephone-free

Tell whether the underlined word in each sentence is used as an object complement by writing

Y (for yes) or N (for no) in the space provided.

_ 1. After years and years of working for an agreement, each group suddenly considered

the other group a partner in negotiation

_ 2. Each group found the other totally trustworthy

_ 3. People of each group called the other’s views stubborn yet not unreasonable

_ 4. Even small children called their opponents friendly names

_ 5. Each side appointed its most capable diplomat speaker

_ 6. The groups thought themselves advocates of enlightenment and reason, but the

methodology of the groups was different

_ 7. Both sides eagerly elected expert communicators their leaders

_ 8. Each leader called the other leader a skilled and aggressive dealmaker

_ 9. Each side thought a trade agreement a worthy goal—a goal that could only be achieved

through much give and take

_10. The trade agreement at last went into effect

■ A Identifying Subject Complements

Underline the subject complement in each sentence Identify each complement as a predicate

nominative or a predicate adjective by writing PN or PA in the space provided.

_ 1. The idea of a bank is very old

_ 2. The earliest banks were simply the strongboxes of international money-changers

_ 3. Banco di Rialto was the first modern bank in 1587 in Venice, Italy

_ 4. Banks became an active part of urban life, with early Italian bankers at work on

benches along city streets

_ 5. In fact, the origin of the English word bank is the Italian word banco, or “bench.”

_ 6. Goldsmiths of seventeenth-century England stored people’s gold and silver in strong

vaults, and their notes of receipt became acceptable money

_ 7. Early American banks were mostly unsuccessful

_ 8. These banks often were unsafe for their depositors’ money

_ 9. They were risky; they issued unsecured notes of receipt

_10. Early banks became unhealthy because of inadequate capital, erroneous judgment,

and poor management

Write a sentence in the manner requested for each complement identified in parentheses

1. (old used as a predicate adjective)

■ A Identifying Prepositional Phrases

Underline all the prepositional phrases in the passage below from The Call of the Wild by

Jack London

It was a hard day’s run, up the Canyon, through Sheep Camp, past the Scales and the timberline, across glaciers and snowdrifts hundreds of feet deep, and over the great ChilcootDivide, which stands between the salt water and the fresh and guards forbiddingly the sad andlonely North They made good time down the chain of lakes which fills the craters of extinctvolcanoes, and late that night pulled into the huge camp at the head of Lake Bennett, wherethousands of gold-seekers were building boats against the breakup of the ice in the spring

Buck made his hole in the snow and slept the sleep of the exhausted just, but all too early was routed out in the cold darkness and harnessed with his mates to the sled

■ B Using Prepositional Phrases

Expand the sentences below by adding at least one adjective phrase and one adverb phrase to

each Identify your phrases by writing Adj or Adv above each.

1. A girl walked down the street

■ A Identifying Appositives and Appositive Phrases

Underline the appositives and appositive phrases in each sentence

1. “Her Royal Deepness,” Dr Sylvia Earle, an intrepid adventurer and an eminent scientist,

was appointed in 1990 to head the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,

a branch of the Department of Commerce

2. Dr Earle, the first woman head of NOAA, has published two books and more than

seventy articles on environmental subjects

3. The first explorer of the ocean 1,250 feet underwater without a tether to the surface,

she has set many records for deep-sea dives

4. One of three children, Dr Earle was raised in New Jersey on a farm with many animals

5. Then her family moved to Dunedin, a small town in Florida

6. There the teen-ager, an excellent student, studied hard and examined the plants and

animals in the warm waters of the nearby Gulf of Mexico

7. In the sixties, Earle, then a graduate student at Duke University, was one of the first

users of the new invention, scuba equipment

8. Dr Earle’s first expedition, a major one, was to the Indian Ocean with the National

Science Foundation

9. Since then, Dr Earle, a veteran of nearly six thousand hours underwater, has taken many

more research trips to remote spots in all of the world’s oceans

10. According to Dr Earle, human beings, people like you and me, are destroying the marine

ecosystem and are its only possible saviors

■ B Using Appositives and Appositive Phrases

On a separate sheet of paper, write original sentences using appositives as directed below

1. Use a new office building as an appositive phrase.

2. Add an appositive to the first president of the United States.

3. Use a local newspaper as a nonessential appositive phrase.

4. Add an essential appositive phrase to my friends.

5. Add a large, congenial man as the appositive to the object of a preposition.

■ A Identifying Participles and Participial Phrases

Underline the participles and participial phrases in the following passage from Treasure Island

by Robert Louis Stevenson

The place was entirely landlocked, buried in woods, the trees coming right down to water mark, the shores mostly flat, and the hilltops standing round at a distance in a sort ofamphitheater, one here, one there Two little rivers, or rather two swamps, emptied out intothis pond, as you might call it, and the foliage round that part of the shore had a kind of poi-sonous brightness From the ship we could see nothing of the house or stockade, for they werequite buried among the trees; and if it had not been for the chart on the companion, we mighthave been the first that had ever anchored there since the islands arose out of the seas Therewas not a breath of air moving, nor a sound but that of the surf booming half a mile awayalong the beaches and against the rocks outside A peculiar stagnant smell hung over theanchorage—a smell of sodden leaves and rotting tree trunks I observed the doctor sniffingand sniffing, like someone tasting a bad egg

high-■ B Identifying Gerunds and Gerund Phrases

Underline the gerund or gerund phrase in each sentence Then, in the space provided,

indicate how the gerund or gerund phrase is used: S (subject), DO (direct object),

IO (indirect object), OPrep (object of a preposition), PN (predicate nominative),

or App (appositive).

_ 1. An activity some people find absorbing is trading antique toys

2. Predicting the weather involves the study of meteorological phenomena

_ 3. Everything else they learned quite easily, but the technique of gliding took a long

time to master

_ 4. They gave solving the problem on their own one more chance before they called

the plumber

_ 5. When the weather is warm, the family enjoys eating outside

_ 6. The children, engaging in imitative behavior, practice storytelling in small groups

of four and five

_ 7. My grandfather’s favorite pastime, fishing, has thrilled him since he was a boy

_ 8. Bowling is an activity he also enjoys

_ 9. His idea of participating in sports is to enjoy himself

_10. He doesn’t care about competing against others

■ A Identifying Infinitives

Underline each infinitive or infinitive phrase In the space provided, write whether it is used as

N (noun), Adj (adjective), or Adv (adverb).

_ 1. To cackle wickedly was the queen’s only response to their pleas

_ 2. The salmon have gone to find the open water

_ 3. Almost everyone needs to exercise regularly

_ 4. Our country’s founders had the vision to ensure the right of personal property

_ 5. Her performance was so moving that the audience wanted to applaud only her

_ 6. Because he was so late, he needed to dash to the shop before it closed

_ 7. The ability of the trees to bend in the wind kept them from breaking in the storm

_ 8. We were distressed to remember that we had left the keys to the house on the table

_ 9. To protect the population from morbid diseases was the reason a program for

complete immunization was implemented

_10. She taught us to use the software more quickly and efficiently

■ B Using Infinitives

Write a sentence as directed for each infinitive listed below You may expand the infinitives into

phrases by adding complements or modifiers

1. Use to gossip as a direct object.

2. Use to learn as an adjective.

3. Use to forget as a direct object.

4. Use to type as an adverb.

5. Use to succeed as an adjective.

■ A Identifying Absolute Phrases

Underline the absolute phrases in the following passage (Not every sentence contains anabsolute phrase.)

(1) August 29,1862, marked the modest beginning of the Bureau of Engraving andPrinting (2) Four women and two men housed in the basement of the main Treasury build-ing, the employees began to separate and seal one- and two-dollar bills that had been printed

by private companies (3) The bureau itself beginning to print currency notes the followingfall, by October 1, 1877, all United States currency was being printed in the bureau

(4) The production of U.S paper currency being neither easy nor simple, the complexprocess involves more than sixty-five separate and distinct steps (5) The production processbegins with a hand-engraved piece of soft steel known as a master die (6) Separate portions ofthe design of the die—the portrait, the vignette, the ornamentation, and the lettering amongthem—are hand cut by engravers (7) If you look closely at a currency note, you notice thatthe portrait consists of numerous fine lines, dots, and dashes, all marks being of various sizesand shapes (8) Even the tiny bits of silk threads in the paper add to the intricacy of the design

(9) The artistry and skill of the engraver being magnificent, the portrait is brought to life

(10) This process of engraving is the first step in a unique printing technique known asintaglio printing

■ B Using Absolute Phrases

Rewrite each pair of sentences below into one sentence containing an absolute phrase

Underline the absolute phrase (There are several ways to rewrite each sentence.)

1. The toddler reached for the plant The babysitter scrambled to reach him

■ A Identifying Clauses and Sentence Structure

Underline the main clause in each of the sentences below In the space provided, write SS if the

sentence is a simple sentence or CS if it is a complex sentence.

_ 1. Chris, who was my best friend in the eighth grade, moved away at the end of the

school year

_ 2. Chris and I have been sending letters, articles, and even comic strips to each other

since he moved

_ 3. Our correspondence has been a great deal of fun

_ 4. We made a decision that we should try to get together when we both had vacation

from school

_ 5. Our planning resulted in a train ticket for me to visit him over Thanksgiving break

_ 6. As the day of my departure neared, I grew more and more excited about seeing

Chris again

_ 7. When the day arrived, I wanted to arrive early at Chris’s home in time to eat

8. The train was filling with holiday travelers as I settled into my seat and opened the day’s paper

_ 9. When I saw Chris waiting with a football in hand, I knew that this was going to be

a great Thanksgiving

_10. After we ate and helped clean up, Chris and I spent the rest of the day exchanging

stories and laughing about old memories

■ B Using Clauses and Sentence Structure

Write a sentence in the manner requested for each topic suggested below Label each clause in

the sentence MC for main and SC for subordinate.

1. (simple sentence about English class)

■ A Identifying Adjective Clauses

Underline each adjective clause In the space provided, write EC (essential clause) or NC

(nonessential clause) (Some sentences may contain more than one clause.) _ 1. Max and Isabel, who had never painted outside art class, were given permission to

paint their bedrooms

_ 2. They were excited by the prospect of doing something creative with their rooms,

but the person who had final approval of all interior house design had to approve their plans

_ 3. Max, who was good at drawing, started to sketch different murals that he wanted to

paint on his walls

_ 4. Isabel went to the library to look through books that contained photographs of

ornamental friezes from different periods in history

_ 5. Isabel, who did not draw as well as her brother, was trying to find patterns or images

that she would be able to draw

_ 6. As she was paging through the books, Isabel came across Matisse’s cutouts, which

she found both beautiful and simple

_ 7. The day when the painting was to begin found both Max and Isabel ready

8. Friday evening they went out and bought all the supplies that they needed

_ 9. The two, who had decided to work together, woke up early on Saturday to get started. _10. They began by moving furniture out into the hall, where it remained for the rest of

the day, and then they painted until they had executed their ideas

■ B Using Adjective Clauses

Rewrite each sentence Add the kind of adjective clause specified in the parentheses to modifythe underlined noun

1. Monday is the day I have my appointment (nonessential adjective clause)

2. Cheryl really enjoys books (essential adjective clause)

3. Jack and Laurie decided to meet at the corner (essential adjective clause)

4. Franklin had the highest score on the math exam (nonessential adjective clause)

5. The dinner was delicious (essential adjective clause)

■ A Identifying Adverb Clauses

Underline the adverb clause in each of the sentences below Then, in the space provided, write

the word(s) that the adverb clause modifies

1. Alex and Jerome went bowling even though they had never bowled before

6. Before he had even rolled his first ball, Jerome was asking the people in the next lane how

to score a strike and a spare

■ B Using Adverb Clauses

Expand the sentences below by adding an adverb clause to modify the underlined word(s)

in each sentence Write the expanded sentence on a separate sheet of paper, and underline

the adverb clause

1. Samuel runs faster

2. I like oranges more

3. Derrick is interested in biographies

Noun Clauses

■ A Identifying Noun Clauses

Underline the noun clause(s) in the sentences below Then, above each clause, write whether

the clause is used as a subject (S), a direct object (DO), a predicate nominative (PN), or an object of a preposition (OPrep.) (Some sentences have more than one noun clause.)

1. I like whatever fictional books I can get my hands on

2. What is contained within the worlds of these books always fascinates me

3. All of my dreams have come from what I am reading

4. Just in the last month I have been from the heart of Africa to the end of the galaxy;

reading is how I stretch my imagination

5. As I read the stories, I understand why the characters act as they do

6. Whatever situation a character is in becomes my situation

7. I find that I care deeply about all of the characters

8. Empathizing with the characters gives me insights into how the people around me act

9. Whoever does not like to read misses exploring many worlds beyond our own

10. What I do not understand is how people can choose voluntarily not to explore these vast riches

■ B Using Noun Clauses

Write a sentence using the noun clause what I like in each of the ways requested below In each

sentence, underline the noun clause

1. (as a subject)

2. (as a direct object)

3. (as an object of a preposition)

4. (as a predicate nominative)

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

■ A Identifying the Four Kinds of Sentences

In the space provided, identify each sentence as Dec (declarative), Imp (imperative), Int.

(interrogative), or Exc (exclamatory) Add appropriate end punctuation to each sentence.

_ 1. How did the praying mantis get its name

_ 2. The ulna and the radius are bones in the arm

_ 3 .Please buy a loaf of bread and a dozen eggs

_ 4. What’s a potato latke

_ 5. Unlike ants’ bodies, termites’ bodies are not segmented

_ 6. What a genius you are

_ 7. She asked if I would help wash the dishes

_ 8. Call the fire department or 911

_ 9. Help me wash the car, please

_ 10. Look out

_11. What a fun time we had at the mall

_ 12. The pizzeria closes at midnight

_13. Use spot remover to remove the stain from the rug

_14. My favorite breed of dog is the cocker spaniel

_15. Have you ever heard of a basenji

■ B Writing the Four Kinds of Sentences

Write a sentence as described in each item below Be sure to use the correct punctuation

1. (a declarative sentence about interrogative sentences)

■ Correcting Sentence Fragments

Rewrite each of the items below in two different ways to form complete sentences (There will

be many ways of changing each sentence.)

1. The young lobsters defenseless without armor and claws

■ Correcting Run-on Sentences

Identify each sentence below as either a complete sentence or a run-on sentence If the

sentence is a complete sentence, write CS (complete sentence) If the sentence is a run-on

sentence, rewrite the sentence in two different ways to form complete sentences

1. Glass is a very useful substance, it has been made for centuries

7. A pontil is used to attach the finished piece to a rod then the neck is cut, heated in the

oven, and shaped

■ A Identifying Verb Parts

Underline all the verbs in the sentences below Above each verb, indicate which principal part

is being used: Base/Present, Pres P., Past, or Past P (Do not underline verbals that are not used

4. Throughout its history, Poland has suffered from this vulnerability

5. On the other hand, Poland occasionally has used the absence of barriers to the east andwest to its own advantage and so has increased its territory several times

6. As the result of battles for land and power, Poland’s borders have shifted many times inthe last thousand years

7. During the Middle Ages, Poland (politically linked with Lithuania) was the largest country in Europe; however, at the end of the eighteenth century, Russia and what

is today Germany carved Poland up between them, and the country of Poland disappeared from the map

8. After World War I, which weakened Germany, Austria, and Russia, Poland reemerged as

a country

9. Quite soon, however, Nazi Germany seized half of Poland, and the Soviet Union took theother half

10. At the end of World War II, the Soviets returned very little of the land they had seized

in eastern Poland, while the defeated Germans gave back all of what they had seized inwestern Poland and more; a map of Europe today shows this arrangement

■ B Using Verb Tenses

Write a sentence using the tenses requested for each verb below

1. (present tense of move)

4. (past tense of draw)

■ A Understanding Verb Tenses

Identify the verb tenses of the underlined verbs in each pair of sentences below Then explain

the difference in meaning between the sentences in each pair

1 a. Brooks are springing to life from ice-cold mountain springs

b. Brooks have been springing to life from ice-cold mountain springs

2 a. Scientists have measured that an average stream flows a foot and a half per second

b. Scientists had measured that an average stream flows a foot and a half per second

3 a. The scientists did note that the brook carries a strip of high-velocity water in the upper

middle of its cross section

b. The scientists will have noted that the brook carries a strip of high-velocity water in

the upper middle of its cross section

4 a. Irregularities in the stream bed have retarded the current along the sides and bottom

b. Irregularities in the stream bed have been retarding the current along the sides and bottom

5 a. The water speed of a brook will be dropping markedly toward the bottom and will be

falling to nearly zero in the lee of a large rock

b. The water speed of a brook will have dropped markedly toward the bottom and will

have fallen to nearly zero in the lee of a large rock

■ B Using Verb Tenses

Write a sentence using the tenses requested for each verb below

1. (present perfect tense of put)

■ A Changing the Voice and Identifying the Mood of Verbs

Rewrite each of the sentences below to change the passive voice to the active voice Then identify whether each verb in the sentence is in the indicative or subjunctive mood

1. That they practice their lines three hours a day before next Friday was recommended bythe director

2. Every evening, the horses are fed by Ken

3. The rabbit population was greatly reduced by newly built communities of townhouses

4. That the patient not receive any visitors was suggested by the nurse

5. The small children were frightened by the dog

■ B Using the Mood of Verbs

Rewrite each of the following sentences in the imperative mood

1. You should read the directions carefully

■ Identifying Subjects and Inserting Verbs

Identify the simple subject of the missing verb in each sentence below, and write Sing above a

subject that is singular and Pl above one that is plural Then complete the sentence with the

correct present-tense form of the verb in parentheses

1. The shape of the eastern tip of Africa (earn) the region the name

Horn of Africa.

2. Within this region (lie) three countries.

3. One of these states (be) Ethiopia, the third most populous country

in Africa

4. The major natural resources of this nation (include) fertile soils,

coffee, figs, grapes, and citrus fruits

5. Agriculture, the major occupation of ninety percent of the population,

(make) the country self-sufficient in food.

6. Unfortunately, severe droughts frequently (plague) this nation of

more than 36 million people

7. Ethiopians living on the arid plains (find) that, despite its fertility,

the land is suitable only for herding cattle and sheep

8. However, even during the droughts, there (be) usually ample

moisture on the high plateaus

9. A range of rugged mountains, home to few people, (cover) another

large part of the land

10. Rapid growth of population in the fertile highland areas (cause)

deforestation and soil erosion

11. Even when crops are good, a lack of roads in the rugged highlands

(make) food distribution difficult

12. Attempts by leaders of the nation to resettle farmers living in drought-stricken regions

usually (meet) with resistance.

13. Farmers working on small family plots (refuse) to work in

communal fields

14. Perhaps the greatest reason for Ethiopia’s economic problems

(be) its recent history of poor political leadership

15. (do) military rule seem conducive to democratic ideals?

■ Correcting Errors in Subject-Verb Agreement

The paragraphs below contain several errors in subject-verb agreement Locate the sentenceswith errors, and rewrite those sentences using the correct verb forms (Not every sentence contains an error.)

(1) Hurricanes are one of the natural disasters that plagues humans (2) Warm, moist airrising from the ocean waters, as well as air currents, create these storms (3) Tropical waters,such as the Caribbean Sea, is the most usual site for a hurricane (4) Many of these stormsdevelop 70-mile-an-hour winds (5) When the storms move inland, every tree and buildingthat stand in the way are destroyed (6) Fortunately, each of the hurricanes dissipate as itloses its source of warm, moist air

(7) Everyone in the scientific and meteorologic fields know how hurricanes develop

(8) Nobody, however, knows how to control them (9) Many a strategy and idea have beenproposed to lessen the impact of these storms (10) Some of the schemes suggest creating alow-pressure area ahead of the hurricanes (11) Both coating the water with oil and setting itafire are parts of this process (12 ) Air warmed by the flames send the hurricane in another

direction (13) One of the other proposals entail dropping tiny plastic bubbles over a cane (14) Then most of the heat in the upper parts of the storm system become trapped

hurri-(15) This results in new patterns of heat distribution that weakens the hurricane

(16) The most direct way of weakening hurricanes are to take away their source of surfaceheat (17) Unfortunately, none of the researchers has determined how to remove this source

(18) Some of the scientists recommend setting off underwater explosions (19) Neither thisidea nor the others mentioned above have actually been tested (20) Someday, however, eitherone of these proposals or a new idea are likely to be implemented

■ A Identifying Case of Personal Pronouns

Underline the personal pronouns in parentheses that correctly complete each sentence

1. Last summer the same landscaping firm hired Kim and (I/me) to work for (they/them)

2. (He/Him) was really happy to be doing physical work outside for most of the summer,

and so was (I/me)

3. We drove to work together since (he/him) and (I/me) lived in the same neighborhood

4. When (we/us) arrived at work, Kim and (I/me) were greeted by our boss, Sandy, who told

(we/us) what (we/us) would be doing

5. From (she/her) description, (we/us) could tell that there was going to be a great deal of

lifting and carrying for (he/him) and (I/me)

6. Sandy told (we/us) to put our gloves on and to load the truck with the equipment

(she/her) had pointed out

7. After we arrived at the work site, Sandy directed Kim and (I/me) to unload the truck;

then (he/him) and (I/me) helped (she/her) take some sightings and measurements

8. Finally, (we/our) work really began; (I/me) thought (me/my) back would break from

all the digging, raking, lifting, and carrying

9. By lunchtime, Kim and (I/me) had never felt so hungry; the first ones to finish eating

were (he/him) and (I/me)

10. By the time (our/ours) workday was over, Kim and (I/me) thought that (we/us) would

never walk upright again, but (we/us) were assured by Sandy that our pains would

eventually subside

■ B Using Personal Pronouns

Write a sentence using a personal pronoun as instructed in each exercise Underline the

personal pronoun and label it Nom (nominative), Obj (objective), or Poss (possessive).

1. (personal pronoun in a compound subject)