Phương pháp nghiên cứu tâm lý học thực nghiệm Handbook of research methods in experimental psychology

Handbook of Research Methods in Experimental Psychology Edited by Stephen F Davis Blackwell Handbooks of Research Methods in Psychology Created for advanced students and researchers looking for an authoritative definition of the research methods used in their chosen field, the Blackwell Handbooks of Research Methods in Psychology provide an invaluable and cutting-edge overview of classic, current, and future trends in the research methods of psychology • Each handbook draws together 20–25 newly commissioned chapters to provide comprehensive coverage of the research methodology used in a specific psychological discipline • Each handbook is introduced and contextualized by leading figures in the field, lending coherence and authority to each volume • The international team of contributors to each handbook has been specially chosen for its expertise and knowledge of each field • Each volume provides the perfect complement to nonresearch-based handbooks in psychology Handbook of Research Methods in Industrial and Organizational Psychology Edited by Steven G Rogelberg Handbook of Research Methods in Clinical Psychology Edited by Michael C Roberts and Stephen S Ilardi Handbook of Research Methods in Experimental Psychology Edited by Stephen F Davis © 2003 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd except for editorial material and organization © 2003 by Stephen F Davis 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5018, USA 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK 550 Swanston Street, Carlton South, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia The right of Stephen F Davis to be identified as the Author of the Editorial Material in this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher First published 2003 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Handbook of research methods in experimental psychology / edited by Stephen F Davis p cm – (Blackwell handbooks of research methods in psychology) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-631-22649-4 (hardcover : alk paper) Psychology–Research–Methodology Psychology, Experimental–Research–Methodology I Davis, Stephen F II Series BF76.5.H35 2003 150′.7′24–dc21 2003001710 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library Set in 10.5/12.5 pt Adobe Garamond by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by TJ International, Padstow, Cornwall For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com Contents List of Contributors Part I Historical Roots and Future Trends Psychology’s Experimental Foundations C James Goodwin Current and Future Trends in Experimental Psychology E J Capaldi and Robert W Proctor Part II Research Designs, Methodological Issues, and Analytic Procedures vii 24 39 Traditional Nomothetic Approaches Richard J Harris 41 Traditional Idiographic Approaches: Small-N Research Designs Bryan K Saville and William Buskist 66 The Importance of Effect Magnitude Roger E Kirk 83 The Changing Face of Research Methods Randolph A Smith and Stephen F Davis 106 Ethical Issues in Psychological Research with Human Participants Richard L Miller 127 vi Contents Research with Animals Jesse E Purdy, Scott A Bailey, and Steven J Schapiro 151 Cross-cultural Research David Matsumoto 189 Part III Selected Content Areas 209 10 Comparative Psychology Mauricio R Papini 211 11 Animal Learning and Animal Cognition Lewis Barker and Jeffrey S Katz 241 12 Sensation and Perception Research Methods Lauren Fruh VanSickle Scharff 263 13 Taste Scott A Bailey 285 14 Olfaction: Recent Advances in Learning about Odors W Robert Batsell, Jr 299 15 Physiological Psychology: Biological and Behavioral Outcomes of Exercise Brenda J Anderson, Daniel P McCloskey, Despina A Tata, and Heather E Gorby 323 16 Research Methods in Human Memory Deanne L Westerman and David G Payne 346 17 Research Methods in Cognition David G Payne and Deanne L Westerman 365 18 Motivation Melissa Burns 389 19 Audition Henry E Heffner and Rickye S Heffner 413 20 Psychophysics H R Schiffman 441 Subject Index Name Index 470 486 Contributors Brenda J Anderson, Department of Psychology and the Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, SUNY at Stony Brook Scott A Bailey, Department of Psychology, Texas Lutheran University Lewis Barker, Department of Psychology, Auburn University W Robert Batsell, Jr, Department of Psychology, Kalamazoo College Melissa Burns, Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University William Buskist, Department of Psychology, Auburn University E J Capaldi, Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, Indiana Stephen F Davis, Department of Psychology, Emporia State University C James Goodwin, Department of Psychology, Wheeling Jesuit University Heather E Gorby, Department of Psychology, SUNY at Stony Brook Richard J Harris, Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico and American Society of Radiologic Technologists Henry E Heffner, Laboratory of Comparative Hearing, Department of Psychology, University of Toledo viii Contributors Rickye S Heffner, Laboratory of Comparative Hearing, Department of Psychology, University of Toledo Jeffrey S Katz, Department of Psychology, Auburn University Roger E Kirk, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Texas Daniel P McCloskey, Department of Psychology, SUNY at Stony Brook David Matsumoto, Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University Richard L Miller, Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska at Kearney Mauricio R Papini, Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University David G Payne, Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School, Binghamton University Robert W Proctor, Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, Indiana Jesse E Purdy, Department of Psychology, Southwestern University, Texas Bryan K Saville, Department of Psychology, Stephen F Austin State University, Texas Steven J Schapiro, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center Lauren Fruh VanSickle Scharff, Department of Psychology, Stephen F Austin State University, Texas H R Schiffman, Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Jersey Randolph A Smith, Department of Psychology, Ouachita Baptist University, Arkansas Despina A Tata, Department of Psychology, SUNY at Stony Brook Deanne L Westerman, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University Psychology’s Experimental Foundations PART I Historical Roots and Future Trends Goodwin Psychology’s Experimental Foundations CHAPTER ONE Psychology’s Experimental Foundations C James Goodwin When the fledgling American Psychological Association (APA) held its third annual meeting at Princeton University in December of 1894, a major item of business for the 22 attendees was the ratification of the organization’s first Constitution It was a modest document – seven “Articles” that filled less than a page in the published report Article is worthy of note as a way to begin this Handbook’s opening chapter, because it concerned the basic nature of the emerging academic discipline of psychology It described the principal object of the Association as “the advancement of psychology as a science Those eligible for membership are engaged in this work” (Cattell, 1895, p 150, italics added) This statement did not mark the origins of the attempt to make psychology “scientific,” but it provided a clear statement of the values held by the early leaders of academic psychology in the United States Recognition of the scientific status for this newly emerging field did not happen overnight, of course – declaring one’s discipline to be a science does not by itself bring about such standing Indeed, the status of psychology was an important issue throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, with some insisting that psychology would always be a subdiscipline of philosophy, while others argued that psychology could be reduced to physiology The ambiguity of psychology’s disciplinary identity is illustrated by what happened to Princeton psychologist James Mark Baldwin in the early 1890s He ordered the two-volume set of Alexander Bain’s famous psychological treatises, and when it arrived Baldwin protested the import duty of $25, referring to a law that allowed scientific books to be imported duty-free The official reply from the government was that its experts had determined that the books were “in no way scientific” (quoted in O’Donnell, 1985, p 132) One way to convince others (even government “experts” perhaps) that one’s field is scientific is to apply recognized scientific methods to the questions of interest, and that is precisely what the early psychologists did, borrowing methodology from physiologists (e.g., psychophysics and reaction time) or creating new strategies (e.g., mental tests and 494 Name Index Head, K B 52 Heath, R A 352 Hedges, L V 91, 94, 99 Heeger, D J 263, 270, 273 Heffner, H E 414, 415, 416, 417, 420, 421, 423, 424, 426, 427, 429, 430, 431, 432, 434, 435 Heffner, R S 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 429, 430, 431, 432, 434, 435 Hegarty, M 373 Heidegger, M 115 Heinrich, B 217, 218 Heistad, D D 332 Heller, J 128 Helmholtz, H von 4, Hendrickz, H 309 Hendry, L 356 Henkel, L A 381 Henkin, R I 286 Herbranson, W T 256 Herman, C P 286 Herman, E Y K 172 Herman, L M 172, 176 Heron, T E 73 Herrera, C D 117, 131 Herrnstein, R J 253, 256 Hersen, M 69 Hershey, N 129 Hertwig, R 116, 117, 132 Hertz, R S 222 Herz, R S 312 Heward, W L 73 Hienz, R 415 Higa, J J 158 Higbee, K L 130 Higgins, A 134 High, D M 137 Higley, J D 172 Hill, A L 276, 277 Hill, G O 379 Hill, R A 171, 174 Hintzman, D L 55, 353, 354 Hirase, H 337 Hirsch, J 109, 215 Hitch, G J 368 Hitzig, E 428 Hoagwood, K 137 Hobbes, T 390, 394, 396–7 Hobbs, N 115 Hoffman, H S 226, 227 Hoffman, M L 408 Hofling, C K 46 Hofstede, G H 191 Hogarth, L A 159 Hogberg, D K 119 Holcomb, J R., III 33 Holder, M D 304–5, 306, 307, 308 Holder, W B 119 Holland, P C 159 Hölldobler, B 218 Hollis, K L 217 Holloszy, J O 325 Holman, E W 304 Holmes, D S 131 Holstein, J A 111, 112 Holt, L E., Jr 286 Holyoak, K J 257 Honey, R C 227 Honig, W K 242 Honzik, C H 242 Hoogland, J L 173, 176 Horn, G 226 Hougham, G W 137 Howard, A 117–18, 118 Howard, D V 377 Howard, G S 100 Howard, J H 377 Hsieh, C C 325 Hu, D 215 Huang, Y 167 Huang, Y M 338 Hubert, L J 352 Huffman, M L 404 Hulicka, I M 120 Hull, C L 18, 162, 245, 398 Hulse, S 414 Hulse, S H 242 Human Research Ethics Group 129 Humphreys, K 139 Hunt, G E 314, 316 Hunt, R R 121, 256, 356 Hunter, J E 35, 85, 87, 88 Hunter, M J 306, 307, 308 Hunter, W S 242 Husserl, E 115 Hutton, J 274 Hutz, C S 137 Name Index 495 Huynh, H 42 Hyde, R T 325 Hyman, S 137 Inman, A 171, 173, 177 Irwin, S A 168 Isaacs, K R 327, 328, 332, 333, 334 Ismail, A H 325, 326 Ivancic, M 172 Iwamasa, G 133 Jacklin, C N 118 Jackson, J F 134 Jacobs, J 293 Jacobs, L F 222 Jacoby, L L 353, 354, 355, 372 Jaeger, M E 31 James, L R 45 James, W 8, 20n.1, 21n.3, 396, 429, 435 Jarvis, J U M 172 Jasechko, J 355 Jelicic, M 355 Jenkins, J J 384 Jenkins, W M 432 Jensen, P 137 Jerger, J 430 Jerger, S 430 Jerison, H J 221, 223, 224 Jewkes, R 138 Joe, R C 191 Johanson, D 216 Johnson, M H 226 Johnson, M K 347, 350, 354, 380, 381 Johnston, J M 69, 72 Johnston, N 140 Johnston, W A 376 Jones, D L 301 Jones, L V 86, 87 Jones, R A 139 Jones, S E 116 Joynes, R L 221 Judd, C M 94, 176 Jung, J 130 Juola, J F 353 Kahneman, D 375 Kaiser, H 43, 86 Kalat, J W 120, 248, 301 Kalish, D 400 Kalki, J 276 Kalogeris, T J 406 Kamil, A C 173, 177, 251, 252 Kamin, L J 244, 303 Kandel, E R 165, 167, 230, 234 Kankaanpaa, M I 276 Kant, I 395 Kantrowitz, G 287 Kaplan, D W 136 Kaplan, J 228 Kare, M R 285 Karlawish, J H T 136, 137, 138 Karp, E 430 Kasri, F 204 Katz, J S 229, 249, 251, 252, 254, 256 Kavanagh, G L 433 Kawamura, Y 290 Kazdin, A E 69, 72, 139 Kazuchika, M 157 Keen, A 274 Kehoe, E J 244 Keith, S J 130 Keller, A 334 Kelley, C 355 Kelley, M R 356 Kelly, J B 433, 434 Kelman, H C 129, 132 Kemp, S 347 Kempermann, G 338 Kempski, O 336 Kendall, P C 92 Kendrick, D F 256 Kenmuir, C L 291 Keppel, G 356 Kerlinger, F N 69 Keyes, B J 119 Kiefer, S W 290, 292 Kierniesky, N C 120 Kiesler, C A 56 Kiesler, S B 56 Killebrew, D A 172 Killeen, P R 254 Kim, J A 167 Kim, J J 92, 98 Kimmel, A J 116, 132 Kimura, D 270 King, A J 413 King, A P 159 King, D B 109, 117 496 Name Index King, J S 167 King, T E 166 Kinnamon, S C 289 Kirk, R E 88 Kirkpatrick-Steger, K 256 Kirouac, G 109 Kitcher, P 27 Kjaer, M 332 Klahr, D 32 Klaw, E 139 Kleim, J A 334 Klein, S A 267 Kline, L 17 Kling, A 228 Klinger, E 401 Klinsova, A Y 166, 168 Klump, G M 414 Knauss, K S 256 Knill, D 264 Knoblauch, K 267 Knoll, A H 234 Koay, G 417, 421, 427 Kocinski, D 356 Koelling, R A 151, 244, 247, 286, 291, 300 Kohler, W 242 Kohn, M 285 Kohrman, A F 136 Kohut, N 136 Kolers, P 377 Kolers, P A 348, 350 Koliatsos, V E 338 Koller, S H 137 Koocher, G P 138 Kooken, K 204 Korf, J 337 Korn, J H 116, 117, 132 Kosar, E 290 Kostowski, W 336 Kouznetsova, N 206 Kozhevnikov, M 373 Kraemer, H C 92 Kraly, F S 406 Kramer, A F 326 Kratochwill, T R 69 Krause, M A 174, 177 Krebs, J J 131 Krechevsky, I 249 Krishnan, V V 174, 178 Krueger, J 35, 36 Krupp, D 206 Kuhn, H G 338 Kuhn, T 24–5, 30–1, 31–2, 33, 34, 35, 36 Kukkonen, H 276 Kulik, J 347 Kulik, J A 120 Kulish, C 309 Külpe, O 4, 11 Kumazawa, T 285 Kurihara, K 285 Kutas, M 382 Kuther, T 140 Kuther, T L 134 Kvetnansky, R 338 Lacey, E A 173 Lachman, J L 366 Lachman, R 366 Lackey, S 356 Lafond, M V 159 Lai, C 206 Lakatos, I 33 Laland, K N 403 Lamb, C A 356 Lamprecht, R 290, 291 Landrum, R E 132 Langley, C M 252 Lapsley, D K 86 LaRossa, R 135, 137 Larsen, J O 333 Larsen, O N 415 Larson-Gutman, M K 401 Lashley, K S 285, 294 Lasiter, P S 290, 301 Lassonde, M 432 Latham, P E 159 Lattal, K A 69, 72 Lau, Y.-F 116 Laudan, L 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 36 Laudan, R 34 Laudenslager, M L 172 Lavin, M 141 Lawson, C 135 Lawson, T J 120 Lax, D A 92 Leach, L R 290 Leahey, T H 55 Leak, G K 130 Name Index 497 Leavitt, G S 119 LeDoux, J E 429 LeDoux, P E 229 Lee, H B 69 Lee, J 317, 318 Lee, R M 134 Lee, Y 318 Lee, Y S 358 Leeper, R 107, 121 Legge, G 277 Lehmann, E L 83 Lehrman, D S 225 Lehtonen, R 46 Leibowitz, H W 119 Leigh, B 139 Leikin, S L 136 Leonesio, R J 380 Lepore, F 432 LeSage, M G 69 Lessard, N 432 Lett, B T 293 Leung, K 192 Levey, A B 312, 314 Levi, D M 267 Levin, J R 94 Levitin, D J 354 Lewin, K 400–1 Lewis, B R 352, 353 Li, X 287 Libman, M 133 Libutti, P O 135 Lichtenstein, S 139 Lidz, C W 137 Lieberman, D A 107 Lin, W 289 Lindsay, D S 354, 380 Lindsay, R C L 116 Link, M 18 Lisman, S A 137 Littlejohn, S W 132 Liu, N 276 Locke, J 253, 393 Lockhart, R S 348–9, 358 Loew, F M 117 Lofdahl, K L 215 Loftus, E F 357 Logue, A W 404 LoLordo, V M 302 Lomber, S G 429 Long, H B 137 Long, K L 404 Lopez, H H 404 Lorden, J F 290 Losos, J B 215 Lovegrove, W 274 Loveland, D H 256 Lowe, C F 73, 76 Lucas, F 305, 308 Ludvigson, H W 299 Lui, L Y 325 Lussnig, E 334 Lycett, J E 171 Lynn, J 130, 138 McAdams, C 265 McAllister, R J 134 McCann, L I 107, 108, 117, 119, 120, 121 McClelland, G H 94 McCloskey, D P 327, 334, 336, 339, 341, 372–3 Maccoby, E E 118 McConkie, G W 378 McConnell, J V 230 McConnell, W A 131 MacCorquodale, K 369 McCrady, B S 137 McDaniel, M A 256, 356 McDavis, K 408 McDermott, K B 352, 358, 381 McDonald, R J 173 McDougall, K D 396–7 McDougall, W 396–7 McFarlane, T 286 McGaugh, J L 166, 168, 290, 413 McGaw, B 53 McGeoch, J A 357 McGregor, I S 314, 315, 316 Macha, I V B 172 Macintosh, N J 245 MacKay, D G 373–4 McKenna, F S 119 McKinney, M L 225 Mackintosh, N J 159, 162 McLachlan, D R 354 MacLeod, M D 358 McLin, D., III 167 Macmillan, N A 353 498 Name Index McMullen, C A 291 McNamara, K J 225 McNaughton, N 229 McNish, K A 158 McPhillips, S A 301 Macrae, C N 358 MacRae, H H 326 MacRae, P G 326, 327, 335 McReynolds, P 15 McShea, D W 235 Madigan, S 367 Makhamra, S D D R 421 Makino, S 338 Malhotra, A K 137 Málková, L 165, 168 Malott, R W 230 Mammel, K A 136 Mandler, G 353, 355 Mann, N L 173 Mann, T 131 Marcel, A J 374 Marcstroem, A 286 Marcus, M L 332 Margolskee, R F 288 Marin, B V 201 Marin, G 201 Mark, T A 159 Markowska, A L 338 Marler, P 174 Marr, D 266 Marshall, B 244 Marshall, C 113 Marss-Garcia, A 92 Martell, R F 73 Martin, D K 136 Martin, I 312, 314 Martin, K C 167 Martin, R D 223 Martinez-Pons, M 407 Marzluff, J 217, 218 Maslow, A 402–3 Mason, W A 228 Massopust, L C., Jr 433 Masterton, R B 416–17, 420, 433, 435 Mather, M 381 Matheson, M D 172, 175 Matsumoto, D 191, 192, 202, 204, 206 Matus, D S 172 Matute, H 157 Maunsell, J 265 Maunsell, J H R 274 Maxwell, S E 100 May, R B 87 Mazmanian, D S 256 Mazur, J E 245 Meagher, M W 166, 167 Medin, D L 256 Meehl, P E 41, 85, 369 Mees, C E K 393 Megargee, E I 137 Meiselman, H L 289 Mendel, G 230, 231 Mendoza, S P 228 Menor, J 356 Mercado, E 172, 176 Merigan, W H 274 Merzenich, M M 432 Meslin, E M 136 Metcalfe, J 349 Methot, L L 69 Metz, M 171 Metzler, J 7, 368 Meyer, D R 285, 433 Meyer, E 333 Meyer, J S 325 Miasnikov, A A 167 Michalak, E E 135, 139 Mickley, G A 291 Miles, W R 17 Milgram, S 46, 116, 117, 133 Mill, J S 29 Millard, R J 130 Miller, A 132 Miller, D C 52 Miller, D G 357 Miller, D T 98 Miller, F G 130, 137 Miller, G W 167 Miller, I J 285 Miller, J 415 Miller, N 24 Miller, N E 285 Miller, R L 116 Miller, R R 33, 157 Miller, S D 286 Milner, P 403 Mineka, S 234, 314 Minnich, D E 285 Name Index 499 Mintum, M 383 Mio, J S 133 Mirels, H L 85 Mirenowicz, J 159 Mishkin, M 165 Miskevich, S L 139 Mitchell, S C 128 Mitchell, S L 286 Mogenson, G J 337 Molkowitz, H R 289 Monroe, B 248 Montenegro, L 286 Moody-Ayers, S 128 Moore, B C J 418, 425, 428 Moore, D R 413 Moore, M C 220 Moreno, J D 129 Morey, D F 212 Morgan, C A., III 317 Morgan, C T 405 Morgan, C L 16, 242, 253 Morgan, D 76, 78 Morgan, J T 405 Morris, C D 349, 356 Morrone, M C 263 Morrow, N S 290 Mortel, K F 325 Mosel, J N 287 Moser, E I 341 Moser, M B 341 Mosteller, F 162 Mulaik, S 59 Mulaik, S A 45 Mullen, K T 276 Müller, J P Muller, R U 167 Mulligan, N W 348, 375 Mulvey, E P 137 Mumme, R L 174 Münsterberg, H 119 Murphy, M D 352 Murray, A D 408 Murray, E J 285 Murray, H 401–2 Murray, M 135 Musial, P G 431 Musicant, A D 417 Mustaca, A 404 Myers, K M 161 Nagy, T F 116 Nairne, J S 348, 350, 356, 358 Nakamura, M 285 Nakamura, Y 355 Narens, L 379 Nash, M M 138 Nash, S 247 Nath, S R 92 Nation, J R 116 National Bioethics Advisory Commission 133, 134 National Commission 128, 136 National Science Foundation 118 Navarro, M 168, 290, 291 Neely, J H 357, 366 Neeper, S A 327, 338 Neff, W D 420, 429, 431, 433, 434 Neisser, U 121, 347, 380, 381 Nelson, T O 379, 380 Neuman, W L 114–15 Nevitt, M 325 Newby, V 226 Newsome, W 265 Newton, I 28, 30, 35, 323 Neyman, J 83 Nicholson, C 222 Nickerson, R S 85–6, 88, 357 Nielsen, M 337 Nieuwenhuys, R 222 Nikula, R 401 Nisbett, R 198 Nizhnikov, M E 166 Noll, D C 273 Norcross, J 172 Nordholm, L A 92–3 Norgren, R 290, 293 Northcutt, R G 223 Nosanchuk, T A 87 Nowlis, G G 291 Nussbaum, M C 213 Nyswander, D B 17 Oden, D L 254, 257 Odling-Smee, F J 403 O’Donnell, J M Office for Protection from Research Risks 130 O’Grady, K E 93, 94 O’Hara, R 367 500 Name Index Ohl, F W 435 Ohman, A 234, 314 Olds, J 403 Olejnik, S 92 Olkin, I 91, 99 Olmstead, M C 159 Olton, D S 329 O’Malley, P M 201 Opuda, M J 254 Orban, G A 249 Oreskes, N 33 Orr, M R 292 Ortmann, A 116, 117, 132 Osborne, L 326 Osler, S 349 Ostry, D J 348, 350 O’Vary, D 247 Owings, D H 173, 176 Pack, A A 172 Packer, C 214 Paffenbarger, R S., Jr 325 Pahkinen, E J 46 Palay, S L 285 Palladino, J J 120 Papini, M R 230, 234, 242, 247 Paradis, E K 130, 137 Parish, D H 277 Parker, L S 137 Paschall, G Y 166, 303, 317, 318 Pate, J L 224 Patterson, W C 414 Patton, H D 285 Paul, S 379 Pauli, W 34–5 Pavlov, I P 67, 116, 242, 243, 245, 301 Paxinos, G 167, 318 Payne, D G 365, 366, 367, 376, 381 Pearce, J M 157, 159, 162, 254 Pearson, E S 83 Pearson, F D 173, 177 Peissig, J J 158 Pelchat, M L 293 Pellegrini, S 404 Pellegrino, J W 352 Pelleymounter, M A 338 Pelli, D 277 Peng, K 198 Penhune, V B 432 Penn-Xerkana, L 138 Penner, M J 415 Pennypacker, H S 69, 72 Penpeci-Talgar, C 263 Penrod, S 380 Perlman, B 107, 108, 117, 119, 120, 121 Perone, M 69, 72 Perreau, V M 340 Perry, L B 132 Peterson, L R 356 Peterson, M R 356 Peterson, S E 383 Petrie, M 216 Petrov, E S 166 Petterson, N 226 Pewters, D 139 Pfaffmann, C 285, 286 Pfingst, B E 415 Pharr, V L 217 Phelps, P 137 Phelps, S M 165 Philhower, J 167 Phillips, S R 136 Pickar, D 137 Pietrewicz, A T 251, 252 Pilgrim, C 352 Pinals, D A 137 Pion, G M 118 Platel, R 223 Plaznik, A 336 Pliny the Elder 212 Plotkin, J 139 Plous, S 116 Poirier, P 432 Poling, A 69 Polivy, J 286 Pollatsek, A 367, 378, 379 Pomerantz, J R 129 Pond, W C 285 Poortinga, Y H 191, 197, 198–9, 203, 204, 205 Popper, A N 413 Popper, K 29, 30, 31, 35 Populin, L C 420 Porter, J P 17, 136 Posner, M I 383 Post, R M 338 Postman, L 356 Powell, G F 286 Name Index 501 Prados, J 157, 159 Premack, D 253, 256, 257 Prentice, D A 98 Prentice, E D 129 Prescott, J 310, 311 Pressman, T G 285 Preuschoft, S 171, 172, 175 Prewitt, J 326 Pribram, K H 167 Price, D 338 Price, J R 355 Proctor, R W 26, 27, 28, 32, 112 Pruzek, B 43 Przykorska, A 332 Puff, R 352 Purdy, J E 152, 181 Pusen, C P 348 Quelce-Salgado, A 286 Quervain, D de 166 Quine, W V O 32 Raichle, M E 383 Raine, A 270 Rajaram, S 358, 380, 381 Randall, J 223 Rankin, C H 229, 230 Rapp, D N 335 Rashotte, M E 398 Ratcliff, R 353 Ratner, A M 227 Rau, J B 134 Ravizza, R 417, 432, 433 Raye, C L 381 Rayner, K 367, 378, 379 Rayner, R 244 Razran, G 245 Read, D 380 Reber, A S 377 Recanzone, G H 421 Rech, A 435 Redhead, E S 157 Reeve, J 396 Regehr, C 130, 137 Reid, P J 251 Reid, T 28–9 Reilly, P R 137 Reis, D J 429 Reiser, S J 140 Relucio, K I 334 Remmers-Roeber, D R 291 Rendall, D 170, 171 Renner, M J 324 Rescorla, R A 157, 160, 162, 163, 164, 244, 303 Revusky, S 308 Reynolds, W F 256 Reznick, D N 215 Rheingold, H L 408 Richardson, D 133 Richardson, R 317, 318 Richardson-Klavehn, A 350 Richter, C P 285, 286 Ricker, J P 215 Riddel, W I 224 Ridet, J.-M 223 Riley, D 251 Riley, D A 252 Rindskopf, D M 86 Ringheim, K 137 Risley, T R 69, 73 Ritchie, B F 400 Ritter, S 406 Rivera, J J 160 Roberts, B 137 Roberts, B B 130 Roberts, L W 130, 137 Roberts, S 159 Roberts, W A 159, 160, 242, 249, 254, 256 Robins, R W 121 Robinson, D N 116 Robinson, J P 52, 68 Robinson, P W 67, 69, 74 Roby, T B 398 Rodd, F H 215 Rodrigues, S M 229 Roediger, H L 357, 371, 375, 381 Roediger, H L., III 352 Roenker, D L 352 Rogers, A M 120 Rogers, A S 136 Rogers, R L 325 Roitblat, H L 242 Roland, P E 333, 335 Rolls, B J 406 Rolls, E T 291, 406 Rolph, S 139 502 Name Index Rolsten, C 332 Romanes, G 16, 242 Rompre, P P 404 Roozendaal, B 166, 167 Rose, J K 229, 230 Rosen, J B 316 Rosenau, P M 111 Rosenblum, T B 385 Rosenstein, D L 137 Rosenthal, R 87, 88, 94, 129, 130, 131 Rosenzweig, M R 324 Rosnow, R 88, 94, 129, 130, 140 Rosnow, R L 31 Ross, D 9, 10 Ross, S 285 Rossi, M 76, 87 Rossier, B C 289 Rossman, G B 113 Rotello, C M 353 Rotenberg, A 167 Rotheram-Borus, M J 129 Rothholtz, V 413 Rothman, D J 128 Roush, R S 172, 175 Rovamo, J M 276, 277 Rowan, A N 117 Rowe, E T 406 Rowe, M P 173, 176 Roy, S N 60, 61 Rozeboom, W W 85 Rozin, P 248, 288, 293, 301, 309, 312, 313 Rubin, D 347 Rubin, D B 94 Rubin, D C 347 Rubin, G 277 Ruch, T C 285 Rumbaugh, D M 224 Rusiniak, K W 292, 301, 302 Rusk, J G 52 Russell, M 228 Russo-Neustadt, A A 338 Rutledge, L T 334 Rychlack, J F 27 Sachs, G A 137, 138 Sachs, G S 136 Sackett, G P 228 Sakaguchi, A 429 Sakai, H 56 Sakai, N 290 Sakata, J T 166 Sako, N 290 Salas, C 222 Saldanha, P H 286 Sales, B 140, 141 Salmon, D P 253 Salvendy, G 326 Samarapungavan, A 32 Samorajksi, T 332 San Miquel, S 133 Sanders, C 216 Sands, S F 160 Sanford, E 6, 8, 17, 19, 20 Saper, C B 290 Sapolsky, R M 171, 174, 175 Sarbin, T R 27 Särndal, C E 92–3 Sarter, M 107 Sartre, J.-P 115 Saskata, J T 165 Saunders, R C 165 Scarr, S 137 Schab, F R 350 Schacter, D L 350, 354, 355 Schafe, G E 229, 301 Schallert, T 167 Scharff, L V 264, 276, 277, 278, 280 Scharrer, E 285 Schasfoort, E M 337 Scheich, H 435 Scheirer, C J 120 Schiff, D 226 Schiffman, H R 449, 450, 455, 456, 457, 459, 463, 467, 468 Schiller, D 288 Schlesinger, L 318 Schleske, M 277 Schlosberg, H 20, 109, 115 Schmajuk, N A 229 Schmidt, F L 85, 88 Schmitt, D P 405 Schneider, W 273 Schoener, T W 215 Scholsberg, H 107, 117 Schooler, N R 129 Schopfle, G 113 Schrama, L 316 Name Index 503 Schreurs, B G 165 Schuster, E 137 Schwartz, R D D 51 Schwartz, S H 131 Schwarz, E R 334 Sclafani, A 305, 308 Scott, D 356 Scott, J P 228 Scott, W D 119 Scott-Jones, D 129, 130, 136 Searle, J 226 Seashore, Carl 15, 285 Sebastian, M V 356, 358 Sechrest, L 51, 86 Sedlmeier, P 90, 93 Segall, M H 191 Seger, C A 376 Sejnowski, T J 329 Self, E A 407 Seligman, M E 291 Seminowicz, D A 270 Seres, M 172 Serlin, R C 86 Setlow, B 166, 168 Seyfarth, R M 170, 171, 174, 178, 179, 228 Shadlen, M 265 Shah, R 335 Shannon, R V 418 Shapiro, K J 116 Sharbrough, F W., III 430 Share, L J 171 Sharkey, W F 206 Shaver, J P 85 Shaver, P R 52 Shaw, F H 215 Shaw, J S 358 Shaw, R G 215 Shaywitz, B A 274 Shaywitz, S E 274 Sheen, M 347 Sheffield, F D 398 Sheldrick, R C 92 Shen, H 340 Shepard, R 352 Shepard, R N Shepherd, R 366 Shepherd, R N 368 Sher, K J 137 Sherblom, S A 140 Sherman, P W 172, 173, 176 Sherry, D F 222 Shettleworth, S J 171, 173, 177, 241, 242, 247, 248, 249, 251, 252–3, 254 Shibasaki, T 333 Shiffrin, R M 353, 368 Shimamura, A P 355, 371 Shimp, C P 256 Shimura, T 290 Shin, J 161 Shors, T J 339 Siang, S 139 Sidman, M 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 111 Sieber, J 131, 134, 136 Sieber, J E 134, 136, 138, 139, 140 Siegel, S 166, 167 Sienkiewicz, Z J 291 Sieve, A N 166 Silverman, I 138 Simmons, R 400 Simon, H A 13, 32 Simonton, D 50 Singelis, T 206 Singer, P A 136 Singh, D 217 Singleton, R 134 Skalicky, M 330, 333 Skinner, B F 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 244, 245, 246, 249 Skleder, A A 140 Skoog, L 215 Skottun, B 274 Skottun, B C 427 Slamecka, N J 346, 348, 350, 356 Slater, P J B 173, 177 Slick, T B 290 Slotnick, B M 302, 303 Slovic, P 139 Small, W 17 Smith, D V 288 Smith, E E 256 Smith, G P 404, 406 Smith, J 159 Smith, J A 26 Smith, M A 139, 338 Smith, M L 53 Smith, M P 285 Smith, R A 114, 120 504 Name Index Smith, S M 350 Smith, S S 133 Smith, S W 285 Smith, V V 289 Smotherman, W P 166, 228 Smythe, W 135 Snodgrass, J G 353 Snowdon, C T 172, 175 Sober, E 403 Society for the Teaching of Psychology 120 Socrates 391, 392 Sokal, M M 5, 7, 8, 15 Sollars, S I 301 Solomon, G S 90 Solomon, J A 267, 277, 280 Solomon, Z 130 Solso, R L 242, 256 Soltan, H C 285 Sommers, M S 352 Sorenson, C 318 Southwick, S M 317 Spalding, D 16 Spellman, B A 357, 358 Spence, K W 29 Spencer, A N 230 Spencer, B 98 Sperling, G 277, 347, 369, 370, 371 Spieler, D 379 Spinelli, D 263 Spirduso, W W 326, 327, 328, 335 Sporer, S L 380 Spray, K J 168, 290 Squire, L R 165, 169–70, 350, 355 Staddon, J E R 157, 158 Stamps, J A 174, 178 Stanley, B 138, 139 Stanley, J C 47, 48, 54, 111 Stark, H A 355 Starnes, J W 338 Stebbins, W C 414 Stefanacci, L 165 Stefanski, R 336 Steffens, A B 337 Steggerda, M 285 Steiger, J 59 Stein, I F., Jr 405 Stein, J 274 Steingrub, J 128 Steinholtz, G 286 Stephan, H 223 Stevens, J J 106, 107, 108, 109, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122 Stevens, S S 464–8, 469 Stevenson, R J 310, 311 Stewart, K L 352 Stewart, L P 131 Steyvers, M 353 Stillman, R C 349 Stocker, R F 286 Stocking, C B 137 Stoloff, M 117 Strain, L A 137 Straits, B C 134 Straits, M M 134 Stratton, J W 226 Strauss, A 114 Strauss, N L 407 Strayer, D L 376 Strodtbeck, F L 191 Strohmetz, D B 140 Stromer, J B 256 Stromer, R 256 Stummer, W 336, 339, 341 Suddendorf, T 171, 175 Suengas, A G 381 Sugarman, J 128 Suomi, S J 172, 175, 228 Suominen-Troyer, S 326 Sutton, J E 157, 160 Swaisgood, R R 173, 176 Swartzentruber, D 301 Sweet, S 140 Swets, J A 353, 458 Swope, R L 226 Symons, D 404 Szabo, A 139 Szerb, J C 337 Szymanski, M D 427 Taborsky, M 218 Tadd, W 130, 137 Takeuchi, S 206 Talton, L E 158 Talwar, S K 431 Tangey, J 140 Taube, D O 139 Taylor, J S 406 Tedeschi, J 206 Name Index 505 Teghtsoonian, M 352 Tehan, G 356 ten Donkelaar, H J 222 Teng, E 165, 169 Terman, L 15 Terrace, H S 242 Terrick, T C 174, 177 Thagard, P 257 Thapar, A 358 Theut, S K 136 Thiele, T E 168, 290 Thomas, J 114, 267 Thomas, R K 253 Thomas, S B 128 Thompson, A M 293 Thompson, B 86, 137 Thompson, C J 333 Thompson, C P 352 Thompson, D A 406 Thompson, G 420 Thompson, G C 431 Thompson, R 230, 294 Thompson, R F 165, 221, 433 Thompson, R K R 253, 254, 256, 257 Thomson, D M 351 Thorndike, E L 17, 67, 116, 242, 245, 399 Thrasymachus 391, 392 Tillerson, J L 166, 167 Timberlake, W 247 Tinbergen, L 251 Tinbergen, N 211–12 Tinklepaugh, O L 242, 400 Tipper, S P 374 Titchener, E B –6, 9, 11, 12–13, 18, 19, 21n.3, 107, 263, 285 Todrank, J 312, 313 Toi, M 408 Tolman, E C 17, 18, 242, 399, 400 Tomasello, M 254 Tomonaga, M 256 Tomossy, G F 138 Tomsic, D 165 Tong, L 340 Toppino, T 355 Torvik, A 289 Tracy, P E 135 Trahiotis, C 434 Tranmer, B 336 Travers, J B 288 Treisman, A M 249, 251 Triandis, H C 191 Trivers, R L 218 Trut, L N 212 Tucker, J A 137 Tukey, J 86, 87, 88–9 Tully, T 229 Tulving, E 348, 349, 350, 351, 355, 367, 370, 380, 385 Turnbull, A 135 Tweney, R D 13 Ulrich, R E 116 Underwood, B J 356 Underwood, G 380 Uttal, W R 276 Vaccarino, A L 222 van de Vijver, F J R 191 van de Koppel, J M 191 Van den Bergh, O 309 van Der Perk, J 340 Van Hamme, L J 33, 256 Van Langenhove, L 26 Van Petten, C 382 van Praag, H 329, 338 van Roosmalen, A 175 Van Tassel, G 353 Van Zandt, B J 355 Vandenbussche, E 249 Vanderwolf, C H 337 Vauclair, J 257 Vestal, M 18 Viana, M 315 Vidal, J.-M 227 Viidik, A 330, 333 Villarruel, F 134 Villemagne, J 432 Vince, M A 285 Viney, W 109, 117 Virgin, C E 171, 174 Vishney, A 317, 318 Vissing, J 333, 335, 337 Vogel, E H 161 Volkow, N, D 335 Vonk, R 116 Vreugdenhil, E 340 Vuchinich, R E 137 506 Name Index Waechter, D M 90 Wagner, A R 158, 161, 162, 244 Wagner, E K 168 Wagner, H 420 Wagner, T 435 Walker, D 318 Walker, J A 329 Wallace, K J 316 Wallace, S A 136 Wallach, L 408 Wallach, M A 408 Wallenstein, G V 328, 337 Walster, E 51 Walters, T J 327 Wandell, B A 273 Ward, J H., Jr 122 Ward-Robinson, J 159 Warden, C J 17 Warheit, K L 215 Warner, L H 17 Warren, A 137 Warren, J M 253 Warren, R P 285 Warrington, E 355, 371, 372 Warwick, D P 138 Washburn, A L 397–8 Wasserman, E A 33, 158, 160, 161, 242, 253, 254, 256, 257 Watson, A B 280 Watson, C 167 Watson, J B 10, 17–18, 34, 116, 121, 244 Watts, C 138 Wax, M 133, 138 Webb, E J 51 Weber, E 5, 263, 460–2, 469 Weber, K 336 Wegener, A 33 Wehner, J M 328 Weikers, N J 430 Weinberger, N M 167, 413 Weingartner, H 349 Weise-Kelly, L 166 Weiskrantz, L 355, 371, 372 Weisstub, D N 138 Weiten, W 120 Well, A D 378 Wellman, C 338 Wells, H 285 Wen, J Y M 230 Wendler, D 131 Wenger, M J 365, 366, 367 Werner, J T 254 Werner, O 113 Wessler, A 135 West, M J 408 West, S G 116, 131 Westbrook, F 302 Westbrook, R F 308 Westerman, D L 353 Westwood, R P 173 Wetzel, W 435 Whewell, W 29, 32 Whipple, G M 369 Whishaw, I Q 337 Whiskin, E E 171, 177 Whiteman, H L 356 Whiten, A 171–2, 175 Whitfield, I C 434 Whitten, W B 347 Whittlesea, B W A 355 Wickens, C D 375 Wickens, T D 45, 87 Widner, R L 348 Wieringa, H J 270, 284 Wiers, R W 32 Wigfield, A 407 Wight, R D 120 Wilcox, R E 327, 335 Wilcox, R R 92, 95 Wilczynski, W 165, 167 Wilkinson, G 218 Williams, C C 358 Williams, J 217 Williams, M V 128 Williamson, S A 51 Willis, C E 73 Wilson, D S 403 Wilson, D W 138 Wilson, E O 24, 25, 26, 28, 218 Wilson, J P 310, 311 Wing, A L 325 Winston, A S 13, 20 Winzelberg, A 139 Wise, R A 404 Wissler, C 15 Withbeck, C 140 Witmer, L 15 Wittgenstein, L 197 Name Index 507 Wixted, J T 254 Wolf, G 290 Wolf, M M 69, 73 Wolfe, J M 249, 251 Wolin, L R 433 Wolpe, P R 129 Wong, N Y C 198 Wood, G E 339 Wood, M D 137 Woodruff-Pak, D S 244 Woodworth, R 13, 17, 18, 20, 107, 108, 109–11, 115, 117 Woolley, S C 166 Woolsey, C N 433 Wright, A A 157, 160, 161, 254, 255, 256 Wright, C 334 Wrightsman, L S 52 Wrzesniewski, A 312, 313 Wundt, W M 4, 5, 6, 9, 10–11, 18, 24, 67, 107 Wurm, L 358 Xie, M 167 Yaffe, K 325 Yamamoto, T 290 Yamamoto, Y L 333 Yang, E J 165 Yasoshima, Y 290 Yaxley, S 291 Yela, M 431 Yelton, W H 86 Yeo, G 429 Yin, R K 115 Yin, T C T 420 Yonelinas, A P 353 Young, M E 158, 160, 161, 180, 254, 257 Young, P T 286 Young, R J 325 Young, W G 406 Yuan, J W 165 Zacks, R T 358 Zajonc, R B 355 Zangrossi, H 315 Zatorre, R J 432 Zellner, D A 309 Zentall, T R 157 Zhao, W 165 Zheng, B 167 Zhou, B 415 Zigmond, M J 167 Zimbardo, P 133 Zimmerman B J 407 Zola, S M 165 Zubeck, J P 286 ... nonresearch-based handbooks in psychology Handbook of Research Methods in Industrial and Organizational Psychology Edited by Steven G Rogelberg Handbook of Research Methods in Clinical Psychology Edited... Blackwell Handbooks of Research Methods in Psychology provide an invaluable and cutting-edge overview of classic, current, and future trends in the research methods of psychology • Each handbook. .. subtasks, doing an introspective analysis for each, and then combining the results Finally, Titchener insisted that his introspectors be highly trained, becoming, in effect, introspecting machines A