Hướng dẫn ôn luyện thi THPT môn sinh học

570.76 BUI V A N S A M - MAI S Y T U A N - I R A N K H A N H N G O C H561D U O N G DAN ON LUV6N IHITOUNGHOC PHO IHONG OUOC Gl NHA X U A T B A N O A ! H O C S\J P H A M BUI VAN SAM - MAI SY TUAN - TRAN KHANH NGOC Hl/flNG DANONLUYEN THITRUNG HOC PHO THONG QUOCGIA MON SINH HOC N H A XUAT BAN DAI HOC S U P H A M UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION PUBLISHING HOUSE H U O N G DAN O N L U Y E N THI T R U N G H O C P H O T H O N G Q U O C GIA MON SINH H O C Bui Van Sam - Mai Sy Tuan - Tran Khanh Ngoc Sacii duoc xuat ban phuc vu viec 6n luydn thi trung hoc thdng quoc gia t(i nam 2015 Ma so sach tieu chuan quoc te: ISBN 978-604-54-2246-5 Ban quyen xuat ban thuoc ve Nha xuat ban Dai hoc Su pham Mpi hinh thilc ch^p toan bo hay mot phan hoac cac hinh thitc ph^t hSnh ma khong c6 su cho phep trU6c bSng van ban cua Nha xuat ban Dai hoc Su pham deu la vi pham phap luat Chung tot ludn mong muon nhqn duoc nhOng y kien 66ng gdp cua quy vi doc gia desdch cang hoan thien han Mpi gdp y ve sach, lien he ve ban thao va dich vu ban quyen xin vui long gCri ve dia chi email: kehoach&nxbdhsp.edu.vn Ma so: 01.02.177/900 - TK 2015 MUC LUC LOIGIOITHIEU LOINOIDAU Phan m o t : D I N H H U O N G C H U N G K I T H I T R U N G HQC PHO T H O N G QUOC GIA M O N SINK HOC Phan h a i : CAC C H U D E ON LUYEN Chii de Casaphdn I hien tuong di truyen vd bien di 13 17 Co so tebdo cua hien tuong di truyen vd bien di Kien thuc c a b a n I I Bai tap m i n h hoa 26 31 34 34 I I Bai tap m i n h hoa 44 I I I Bai tap t u luyen 50 Chii de Di truyen hoc qudn the I ^' 21 21 I I I Bai tap t u luyen Chu de Tinh quy ludt cua hien tuong di truyen vdbiendi I Kien thuc CO b a n * I I I Bai tap t u l u y e n I I I I Bai tap m i n h hoa ChudeZ ? tiicua T o m t a t kien thuc ca b a n 56 Kien thuc ca b a n 56 I I Bai tap m i n h hoa 58 I I I Bai tap t u luyen 61 Chii de Ung dung di truyen hoc vd di truyen hoc nguoi I Kien thuc ca b a n 65 65 I I Bai tap m i n h hoa 69 I I I Bai tap t u luyen 75 ChddeG Tien hod 80 I Kien thiic ca ban I I Bai tap m i n h hoa 80 87 I I I Bai tap t u luyen 88 Chd de Sinh thai I 93 Kien thiic ca ban 93 I I Bai tap m i n h hoa I I I Bai tap t u l u y e n 104 105 Phan ba: M O T SO DE T H I THAM KHAO DESOl 108 108 163 DE SOS 155 DE SO? 147 DE SO 139 DE SOS 131 D E S 123 DE SOS 116 DE DAP A N VA HUONG D A N GIAI 171 Ldl GI6I THIEU Thuc Men Quy6t dinh s6 3538/QD-BGDDT 09/9/2014 ciia Bo tnrong Bo Gido due va Dao tao phe duyet phuomg an thi tot nghiep trung hoc thong va tuyen sinh dai hoc, cao dang tu nam 2015 (goi la ki thi trung hoe thong quoc gia), huong tdi vice thuc hien doi mod chuong trinh va sach giao khoa, Nha xuat ban Dai hoe Su pham to chue bien soan va phat hanh bo sach Hir&ng dan on luyen thi trung hoc thong quoc gia gom cuon, tuong ung vai mon: Toan, Ngu van, Tilng Anh, Sinh hoc, Hoa hoc, Sinh hoc, Lich su va Dia If Bo sach cac tac gia la giang vien uy tin ciia Truong Dai hoc Su pham Ha Npi, giao vien gioi a truong trung hoc thong va mot so can bo ciia cac ca quan chuyen mon - nhung nguai c6 nhieu kinh nghiem tham gia cong tac tuyen sinh ciia Bg Giao due va Dao tao - bien soan bam sat Chuang trinh giao due trung hoc thong, hudng tdi doi mdi phuong phap day va hoc Cau true moi cuon sach gom ba phan: Phan mot: Djnh huong chung ki thi trung hoc thong quoc gia (theo tung mon) Phan hai: Cac chu d§/noi dung on luyen Cae chu de/noi dung on luyen dugc bien soan doi mdi theo hudng danh gia nang lue, bam sat quy dinh eua Bg Giao due va Dao tao ve cau true de thi, eo phan tom tat li thuyet, yeu cau ve bai tap/cau hoi van dung, cac bai tap/cau hoi mau va hudng dan on luyen Phan ba: Mot so de thi tham khao Cac de thi c6 dap an hoac hudng dan tra Idi Hgc sinh nang cao dugc ki nang ren luyen thuc hien trgn ven mot de thi thai gian quy djnh; mot mat luyen kha nang giai bai tap, giai quyet van de, mat khac he thong hoa dugc cac kien thuc va ki nang can thiet cho ki thi trung hgc thong quoc gia Cung vdi bg sach tren, Nha xuat ban Dai hgc Su pham tiep tue gidi thieu va phat hanh bo sach Boi duong, on luyen thi trung hoc thong qu6c gia theo bo de gom mon (Toan, Ngu van, Tieng Anh, Sinh hgc, Hoa hgc) phuc vu hgc sinh on luyen thi trung hgc thong quoc gia mot each hieu qua Dgi ngu giao vien thong c6 the su dung sach de hudng dan hgc sinh on luyen kien thuc, ki nang theo hudng tiep can nang luc mot each c6 he thong nham dat hieu qua cao nhat ki thi trung hgc thong quoc gia, bat dau thuc hien tu nam 2015 Xin trdn gi&i thieu! NHA XUAT BAN DAI HOC SlT PHAM Ldl NOI DAU Cuon sach nham dap ung nhu cau cua hoc sinh vice on luyen thi trung hoc thong quoc gia mon Sinh hoc Ngi dung cuon sach gom ba phan, dugc cac tac gia bien soan theo huong doi mdi ve hinh thuc va noi dung, dong thoi huong tdi nhiing tai lieu boi duong giao vien nhung nam sau Phdn mot la dinh huong chung ciia ki thi trung hoc thong quoc gia mon Sinh hoc; Phdn hai la cac chii d l on luyen, Phdn ba gioi thieu mot so dk thi tham khao CO huong dan giai Noi dung Phdn hai gom chii de: • Co so phan tii ciia hien tugng di truyen va bien di • Co so te bao cua hien tugng di truyen va bien di • Tinh quy luat ciia hien tugng di truyen va biSn dj I • D i truyen hgc qukn the • iTng dung di truydn hgc va di truySn hgc nguoi • Tien hoa • Sinh thai Trong moi chii de, cac tac gia trinh bay thong nhat theo cac muc: Tom tat kien thuc CO ban; Bai tap minh hoa; Mot so luu y; Mot so bai tap minh hoa; Bai tap tu luyen Cuoi chii de la dap an va huong din giai ph§n bai tap tu luyen Cuon sach la tai lieu tham khao huu ich cho cac thay, c6 giao giup hgc sinh on luyen hieu qua mon Sinh hgc ki thi trung hgc thong quoc gia Cac tac gia mong muon nhan dugc nhirng gop y ciia dgc gia va cac dong nghiep de nang cao chat lugng cuon sach cac Ian xuat ban sau Mgi y kien gop y cho cuon sach xin gui ve dia chi: Phong Bien tap, Nha xuat ban Dai hgc Su pham, Truong Dai hgc Su pham Ha Ngi So 136, Duong Xuan Thuy, Quan Cau Giay, Thanh Ha Ngi Cac tac gia Phan mot DjNH HadNG CHUNG Kl THI TRUNG HOC PHO THONG QUOC GIA MON SINH HOC Ngay 09/9/2014, Bo truong Bp Giao due va Dao tao da ban hanh QuySt dinh s6 3538/QD-BGDDT v^ viec phe duyet phifong an thi tot nghiep trung hoc thong va tuyin sinh dqi hoc, cao dang tic nam 2015 (goi la ki thi trung hoc thong quoc gia), quy dinh thi sinh phai thi mon toi thieu gom: mon bat buoc la Toan, Ngii van, Ngoai ngu va mon tu chon cac mon Sinh hoc, Hoa hoc, Sinh hoc, Lich sii va Dia li Ngoai mon thi noi tren, thi sinh c6 quydn dang ki thi them cac mon thi lai ciia ki thi de su dimg cho viec dang ki tuyen sinh dai hoc, cao dang theo yeu cau cua cac nganh dao tao tvmg truong dai hoc, cao dang quy dinh De an tuyen sinh cua truong D§ thi trung hoc thong quoc gia nam 2015 mon Sinh hoc se c6 cau true tuomg tu nhu d^ thi t6t nghiep trung hoc thong va de thi tuyen sinh vao dai hoc, cao dang nam 2014 Noi dung de thi bam sat chuong trinh trung hoc thong, chii yeu la lop 12, tang cucmg phan hoa va c6 nhieu cau hoi mo De thi c6 phan kiem tra kien thiic ca ban, dung dk xet t6t nghiep; va phkn nang cao, dung de sang loc thi sinh tuyen sinh vao cac truong dai hoc, cao dang ui-ixs.^n -^r.: De thi dam bao ca mure nhgn biet, thong hieu, van dung, van dung cao, doi hoi hoc sinh van dung kien thirc tSng hap, lien mon dS lam bai, giai quyet cac van de lien quan d^n thirc tiin cuoc s6ng Cong tac d8 thi tilp tuc dugc doi mai theo huong ddnh gid ndng luc ngic&i hoc, tang dan cdc cau hoi a mite van dung, cac cau hoi ma; noi dung cau hoi chii hinh pham chat, nang lire cua hoc sinh; de thi se tang dan yeu cau van dung ki^n thuc tong hop, lien mon tu de den kho Be thi mon Sinh hoc d dang tAc nghiem khach quan vai thai gian lam bai la 90 phut Phan hai C A C CHU D E ON L U Y E N i C H U D E C d S d P H A N TLT C U A H I E N T a O N G Dl T R U Y E N VA B I E N D! Vat chat di truyen va c d c h e phan tuf cua hien ti/dng di truyen, bien dj TOM TAT KIEN THL/C CO BAN I - Vat chat di truyen a cip phan tu la axit nucleic C) virut, vat ch4t di truyin c6 thk la A D N hoac ARN O vi khuan (sinh vat nhan so) va sinh vat nhan thyc, vat chat di truyen la ADN - Ca che phan tu cua hien tugng di truyen la qua trtnh nhan doi ADN, phien ma va dich ma binh thuong ^ - Ca che phan tu ciia hien tugmg biSn di la qua trinh nhan doi A D N , phien ma va dich ma c6 xay sai sot G e n - Gen la mot doan cua phan tu A D N mang thong tin ma hoa cho mot chu6i polipeptit hay mot phan tu ARN - Thong tin di truyen gen dugc truyen tu te bao sang tS bao khac thong qua qua trinh nhan doi ciia phan tu ADN qua trinh phan bao - Cau true chung ciia mot gen c§u true g6m vung trinh tu nucleotit: viing dilu hoa, viing ma hoa, viing ket thuc Ma di truyen - Gen dugc cau tao tu loai nucleotit, chuoi polipeptit dugc cau tao tu cac axit amin Thong tin ve trinh tu cac axit amin chuoi polipeptit dugc ma hoa gen bang each cur nucleotit lien ma hoa cho axit amin Ba nucleotit l i l n tren mach goc cua gen ma hoa cho axit amin dugc goi la bg ba ma hoa (triplet) Ba nucleotit tren phan tu mARN bat doi bo sung vai triplet dugc goi la bo ba ma (codon) M6i phan tu tARN c6 mot bg ba doi ma dac hieu dugc ggi la anticodon hit doi b6 sung vai codon tren mARN - Cac dac diem cua ma di truyen: la ma bg ba; dugc dgc tu mot diem xac dinh theo tung bg ba nucleotit va khong goi len nhau; c6 tinh ph6 bi§n; c6 tinh dac hieu va c6 tinh thoai hoa Qua trinh nhan doi ADN (tai bhn ADN, ttT s a o ADN) - Tong hap cac mach dcm m&i: Do enzim A D N polimeraza chi di chuyen tren mach khuon theo chieu 3' —> 5' nen cac mach mai luon dugc t6ng hgp theo chi^u 5' —> 3' Tren mach khuon c6 chieu 3' —> 5' thi mach mai dugc tong hgp lien tuc, tren mach khuon CO chieu 5' 3' thi mach mai dugc tong hgp ngat quang tao nen cac doan ngan (doan Okazaki) Sau cac doan Okazaki dugc noi lai voi nha enzim noi (ligaza) tao soi hoan chinh - Mot so loai enzim tham gia vao qua trlnh nhan doi ADN: + Enzim thao xoin: giup cho mach don ciia phan tu ADN tach dan tao nen chac chCr Y (chac tai ban) va de 16 mach khuon + Enzim ADN polimeraza tong hop mach mai theo nguyen tac bo sung (A cap doi voi T, G cap doi vdi X va ngugc lai) + Enzim n6i ligaza: n6i cac doan Okazaki voi tao mach hoan chinh - Nguyen tac nhdn doi: + Nguyen \kc khuon mlu (NTKM): M6i phan tu ADN deu c6 hai mach don mot mach cu la tu ADN me (mach khuon), mot mach mai dugc tong hgp tu cac nucleotit tu moi tnrcmg noi bao (con goi la nguyen tac ban bao toan) + Nguyen tic b6 sung (NTBS): Cac nucleotit tir moi truong noi bao lien ket voi cac nucleotit tren m6i mach don cua ADN theo nguyen tac bo sung (A cap doi bo sung voi T, G cap doi b6 sung vdi X va ngugc lai) t + Nguyen tac mot chieu: cac mach mai luon dugc tong hgp theo chieu 5' 3' —> Nha cac nguyen tac nhan doi ma tu mot phan tu ADN me tao hai phan tii ADN giong va giong phan tu ADN me - Qua trinh nhan doi ADN diln khSng binh thuang se phat sinh dot bien ggi la dot bien gen Dot bien gen la su bien doi cau true ciia gen Bien doi lien quan den mot cap nucleotit ggi la dot biSn diem M6i \kn bien doi ve cau true ciia gen lai tao mot alen mai khac vai alen ban dau Alen mai quy dinh trang thai kieu hinh moi ciia tinh trang - Dot Men gen c6 the phdt sinh mot so truong hap sau day: + Sir kit cap khong diing qua trinh nhan doi ADN bazo nita dang hiem hoac cac bazo nito bi ion hoa c6 the lam xuat hien dot bien gen dang thay the mot cap nucleotit + Tac dong ciia cac tac nhan gay dot bi8n: tac nhan 5BU c6 th§ gay dot biSn thay th8 cap A - T bang cap G - X; tac nhan acridin c6 the gay dot bien them hoac mat mot cap nucleotit; tia UV c6 thS lam cho baza timin tren cung mach lien ket vdi cung dan den phat sinh dot bien gen, - Dot biSn gen c6 thi gay hai, nhung ciing c6 the v6 hai hoac c6 Igi cho the dot bien Miic gay hai ciia alen dot biSn gen phu thugc vao dieu kien moi truong va to hgp gen A .r,., , V Phien ma Dich ma „ ADN (gen) > mARN >• Protein Tai ban -r- L * • Tinh trang A Sai sot (dot bien gen) ADN' (gen) Pliien ma Dich ma • mARN' — >• Protein' > Tinh trang A' {Lieu y: Trong so tren, ki hieu A va A' nhSm bilu hien cac trang thai (kieu hinh) khac ciia cung mot tmh trang) C a u 45: Qum he canh tranh giua cac ca the quan the sinh vat A chi xay a cac quan the dong vat, khong xay a cac quan the thuc vat B dam bao cho so lugng va su phan bo cac ca the quan the t r i a muc phu hop v a i sue chira ciia m o i tnrong C thuong l a m cho quan the suy thoai dan den diet vong D xuat hien k h i mat ca the cua quan the xuong qua thap C a u 46: Cho cac thong t i n ve d i l n the sinh thai nhu sau: (1) Xuat hien a m o i tnrong da c6 mot quan xa sinh vat tung song; (2) Co sir bien doi tuan t u cua quan xa qua cac giai doan tuong ung v a i su bien doi cua m o i tnrong; (3) Song song v o i qua trinh bien doi quan xa d i l n the la qua trinh bien doi ve cac dieu kien tir nhien cua m o i tnrong; (4) L u o n dan t d i quan xa b i suy thoai Cac thong tin phan anh su giong giua dien the nguyen sinh va dien the thu sinh la A ( l ) v a ( ) B (3)va(4) C (l)va(2) D (2) va (3) C a u 47: Gia su mot l u o i thuc an don gian gom cac sinh vat dugc mo ta nhu sau: cao cao, tho va nai an thuc vat; chim sau an cao cao; bao an tho va nai; meo rung an tho va chim sau Trong l u o i thuc an nay, cac sinh vat cung thupc bac dinh duong cap la D cao cao, chim sau, bao C chim sau, tho, meo rung B chim sau, meo rung, bao A cao cao, tho, nai C a u 48: M o t nhung diem khac giua he sinh thai nhan tao va he sinh thai t u nhien la: A He sinh thai nhan tao c6 kha nang t u dieu chinh cao hon so voi he sinh thai t u nhien c6 su can thiep ciia nguoi B He sinh thai nhan tao thuong c6 chuoi thuc an ngan va l u o i thuc an don gian hem so v o i he sinh thai t u nhien C He sinh thai nhan tao c6 da dang sinh hoc cao hon so v o i he sinh thai t u nhien dugc nguoi bo sung them cac loai sinh vat D He sinh thai nhan tao luon la mot he thong k i n , he sinh thai t u nhien la mot he thong mo C a u 49: Cho chuoi thuc an: Cay ngo —> sau an la ngo —> nhai —>• An h6 mang —> diSu hau Trong chuoi thuc an nay, nhung mat xich vua la nguon thuc an cua mk xich phi'a sau, vua CO nguon thuc an la mat xich phia trudc la: D cay ngo, sau an la ngo, diku hau C nhai, ran ho mang, dieu hau B cay ngo, sau an la ngo, nhai A sau an la ngo, nhai, ran ho mang C a u 50: Trong quan xa sinh vat, kieu phan bo ca the theo chieu thang dung c6 xu huong A lam giam muc dp canh tranh giua cac loai, nang cao hieu qua su dung nguon song B lam tang muc canh tranh giiia cac loai, giam h i f u qua su dung ngu6n song C lam giam muc canh tranh giua cac loai, giam kha nang su dung ngu6n s6ng D lam tang muc canh tranh giua cac loai, tang hieu qua su dung nguon s6ng 170 DAP AN VA HUdNG D A N G I A I DE SO ' lA 2B 3B 4C 5A 6A 7C 8B 9D IOC IIB 12A 13B 14A 15C 16D 17B 18D 19D 20D 21B 22A 23A 24B 25B 26B 27C 28D 29C 30B 31D 32B 33C 34C 35A 36A 37C 38D 39D 40B 41C 42D 43C 44A 45D 46D 47D 48A 49B 50B Cau3: ChonB Chu6i khuon c6 A+G = 0,25 = - ^ (T + X) = i = 20% t6ng s6 nucleotit ciia chu6i; (A + G) = ^ = 80% —> T i le cac loai nucleotit tu can cung cap cho qua trinh tong hop nhan tao mot chu6i polinucleotit b6 sung la A + G = 20%; T + X = 80% Cau9:ChonD - Qua trinh giam phan cua cay dung lam bo khong xay dot b i l n va khong c6 trao doi cheo da tao toi da 256 loai giao tu = 2^ —> c6 cap NST Bo NST ciia cay bo la 2n= 16 - Mot hop tu nguyen phan binh thuong lien tiep Ian tao 16 t l bao va c6 384 = 24 = 3n tong so 384 NST a trang thai chua nhan doi —> So NST cua hop tu la 16 —+ Bo nhiem sac the va so lugng nhiem sac the c6 mot te bao dugc tao qua trinh nguyen phan la 3n = 24 Cau20:ChonD - Xet rieng timg tinh trang, moi tinh trang deu phan li theo ti le ; ^ Cay than cao, qua mau do, tron di hgp ve ba cap gen - Phep lai phan tich ba cap tinh trang cho ti le : : : ^ Trong ba cap gen tren CO hai cap cung nam tren mot NST va lien ket hoan toan - Nhan thay cao luon di voi dai, thap luon di voi tron —> cap alen A, a va D, d cung nam tren mot NST Ad ad —> So lai cho ket qua phii hgp voi phep lai tren la — Bb x — bb ad ad 171 Cau 22: Chon A - Cay tu bpi c6 kieu gen AAaaBbbb tir thu phan —>• Co the viet (AAaa x AAaa) x (Bbbb x Bbbb) = (35 : vang) x (3 ngpt : chua) —»• ti le phan H kieu hinh a doi la 105 : 35 : : Cau 36: Chon A - Tu nguoi gai bi benh (III.4) cua the he thu III (bo me binh thuong) —* benh alen Ian nam tren NST thuong quy dinh va bo me binh thuong deu c6 kieu gen Aa (1) Xac suat de III.3 c6 kieu gen A A la - hoac Aa la - • - Tuong tu, II bi benh —>• I l va 1.2 binh thuong va deu c6 kieu gen Aa —> (2) Xac suat de II.3 c6 kieu gen A A la - hoac Aa la - • - Theo de bai, II.4 c6 kieu gen A A , ket hop voi (2) —>• Xac suat de ni.2 c6 kieu gen la - hoac Aa chiem - 3 (3) —» Tir (1) va (3), xac suSt nguoi dSu long ciia cap vg chong o th§ he thu HI bi benh la - x — x — = — 3 18 DE 44B 43C 34C 33C 32B 24D 23D 22c 21B 14A 13D 12A llA 4D 3A 2C IB 42B 41D 31A 5B 15A 25A 35C 45B Cau 25: Chon A 6B 16C 26C 36B 46A 7C 17B 27C 37B 47C 8C 18D 28B 9A IOC 30B 29C 20D 19C 49C 48B 39B 38A 40A 50D - - V i X'^X'' X X°Y tao - ruoi mat : - ruoi mat trang 52,5% ruoi than xam, 4 canh dai, mat = 0,7 than xam, canh dai x 0,75 mat —>•ti le cac ruoi than den, canh cut a Fi la 0,2 ti le cac ruoi than xam, canh cut o Fi la 0,05 Ti le ruoi due than xam, canh cut, mat tong so ruoi Fi la 0,05 X 0,25 = 0,0125 = 1,25% Cau 28: ChonB - (P) thuan chiing, khac ve hai cap tinh trang - > Fi di hgp ve hai cap gen - V i qua trinh giam phan hinh giao tu due va giao tu cai diu xay hoan vi gen vdd tan so bang —> 0,16% than thSp, qua dai - 0,0016 = 0,04 ab x 0,04 ab - Giao tvr ab = 0,04 < 0,25 —* la giao tii dugc tao hoan vi Ad F, la — va tan so hoan vi gen la 0,04 x = 0,08 = 8% aB Cau 30: Chon B Kieu gen ciia cay - Quy uac: ( A - B - ) : long den; (A-bb) hoac (aaB-): long nau; (aabb): long trang - (P): AaBb x aaBb = (Aa x aa) x (Bb x Bb) = ( ^ A a : ^aa ) x ( ^ B B : ^ B b ) -> Trong tong so cac ca the thu dugc o F,, so ca the long den c6 kieu gen di hop tu vS hai cap gen (AaBb) = i A a x - B b = - = 0,25 = 25% 2 Cau 32: ChonB , AB DE AB DE ^ u - Phep lai: x cho x = loai kieu hinh ab dE ab dE - Phep lai: — X ^ X ' ^ x — X ^ Y cho x = 12 loai kieu hinh aB - Phep lai: — Dd x — ab , dd cho x = loai kieu hinh aB ab - Phep lai: AaBbDd x AaBbDd cho x x = loai k i l u hinh Phep lai cho doi c6 nhi^u loai k i l u hinh nhdt la — X f ' X ' ' x — X " Y • aB ab Cau36: ChonB - Tu IV.18 va IV.19 la nhung ca the binh thuong ma b6 me cua ho (ni.l2 va HI 13) deu bi benh —> Benh alen troi, nam tren NST thuong quy dinh va I I I 12 va I I I 13 deu CO kieu gen Aa Nhixng ca t h i binh thuong ( I l ; II.3; II.7; II.8; m.9; I I I l l ; III 14; III.15; ffl.l6; IV.18; IV.19) dSu c6 kiSu gen aa - Do I l CO kieu gen aa va xuat hien II.7 c6 kieu gen aa Cac ca the 1.2, II.4, II.5 va II.6 deu CO kieu gen di hgrp Aa - Do II.3 CO kieu gen aa nen III 10 c6 kieu gen Aa - V i III.12 va III.13 deu c6 kieu gen Aa nen IV.17 va IV.20 c6 t h i c6 ki8u gen AA hoac Aa —> Nhixng nguai chua xac dinh dugc kieu gen la: IV 17 va IV.20 173 43A 52B 41C 33C 32D 31C 22B 21D 12C IIB 2C IB 3D DE 3 24A 23B 15C 14C 13D 5D 4D 34D 44C 25B 35B 45C 6B 16A 26C 36C 46B 18B 17D 8D 7A 27C 37A 47C 28B 38B 48B 9C 19A 29A 39D 49C lOD 20B 30D 40C 50C C a u 16: Chon A - K i hieu N S T binh thuong cua cap s6 la A , N S T b i dot b i l n c l u true la a; NST binh thuong cua cap so la B , N S T bi dot bien cau true la b ^ N h o m te bao sinh tinh c6 kieu gen A a B b k h i giam phan binh thuong va khong xay trao doi cheo se tao loai giao t u khong mang N S T dot bien ( A B ) tong s6 loai giao t u la - C a u 20: Chon B - Cay F i t u thu phan thu dugc F2 gom 176 cay qua va cay qua vang ~ 35 : vang —> Cay qua vang chiem t i le — = i aa x - aa —>• Cay F , c6 kieu gen AAaa, t u thu phan 36 6 cho F2 CO loai kieu gen voi t i le la — A A A A : — A A A a : — AAaa : — Aaaa : — aaaa • 36 36 36 36 36 C a u 22: Chon B (1) A a B b X aabb cho doi c6 x = loai kieu hinh (2) aaBb x A a B B cho d o i c6 x = loai k i ^ u hinh (3) aaBb x aaBb cho doi c6 x = loai kiSu hinh (4) A A B b X A a B b cho doi eon eo x = loai kiSu hinh (5) A a B b X A a B B cho doi eon eo x = loai k i ^ u hinh (6) A a B b X aaBb cho doi c6 x = loai kiku hinh (7) A A b b X aaBb cho doi eon c6 x = loai kieu hinh (8) Aabb x aaBb cho d o i c6 x = loai kieu hinh - Cac phep lai cho doi c6 hai loai kieu hinh la (2), (3), (4), (5) va (7) Co tong so phep lai C a u 28: Chon B - Quy uoc: ( A - B - ) : hoa do; ( A - b b ) hoac (aaB-) hoac (aabb): hoa trang - A a B b D d x aabbDd = (AaBb x aabb) x (Dd x Dd) Cho doi c6 k i i u hinh than cao, hoa chidm t i le la - (AaBb) x - (dd) = — = 6,25% 4 16 •• • " " • " 174 Cau29: Chon A - Trong long s6 ca th^ Fi, s6 ca thk cai c6 long hung, chan thap, mat den chiem ti le % ^ 0,01 — X ^ X ^ = 0,04 — X 0,25 ab ab X V - V i xay hoan vi gen a ca hai giai vai tan so nhu va (P) la $ ab x S — —>• aB ah - 0,04 — = 0,4ab x 0,lab (tan so hoan vi gen deu la 20%) ab AB —> hoan vi gen v6i tan so 20% tao cac loai gjao tur la: AB = ab = 0,4; Ab = aB = 0,1 ab Ab S — h o a n vi gen vai tan so 20% tao cac loai giao tur la: AB = ab = 0,1; aB Ab = aB = 0,4 Ab - Cac ca the long x^m di hop, chan thap, mat nau a Fi c6 kieu gen — ( D - ) = ab [(0,4Ab X 0,4 ab) + (0,1 Ab x 0,1 ab)] x - (D-) = 0,17 x 0,5 = 0,085 = 8,5% ;T Cau 32: Chon D - Fi xuat hien ruoi c6 kieu hinh than den, canh cut, mat trang Doi vai tinh trang mau sac than va chieu dai canh, ru6i (P) deu di hop tu vg hai cap gen (Aa,Bb); d6i vai tinh trang mau mSt, ki§u gen ciia (P) la : X ^ X ' ' x X ° Y - KiSu hinh than den, canh cut, m4t trSng d Fi chiSm ti le 2,5% = 0,025 — X ^ Y = ab 0,1 — X O , X ' ' Y ab - Kieu hinh than den, canh cut ab chiem 0,1 vaby Kieu hinh tham xam, canh dai ( A - B - ) = 0,5 + 0,l =0,6 ^ Ti 1? kieu hinh than xam, canh dai, m5t ( A - B - D - ) a Fi = 0,6 x 0,75 = 0,45 = 45% M 175 42A 41B 32C ID 22D 21A 12C llA 2D lA 3A DE 44D 43A 35D 34C 33A 25D 24A 23D 15D 14B 13D 5C 4A 45C 28D 27B 18B 17B 16A 7D 6D 26D 36C 46A 8C 48D 47A 38C 37C 9B 19C 29D 39C 49A lOA 20C 30C 40A 50C Cau 9: Chpn B F] phan l i theo ti le : trang —> Tuong tac bo sung, tinh trang mau hoa hai cap gen khong alen tuomg tac vai quy dinh —> Qua trinh giam phan ciia cac cay F, tao toi da bon loai giao tu la AB, Ab, aB va ab Cau 19: Chon C - Kieu gen AaBb cho giao tu ab chiem ti le — = 25% - Kieu gen X^^X**^ xay hoan vi gen giiia cac alen D va d vdi tan s6 20% cho g i a o t u X ' ' ' v a i t i l e 10% -> Ti le loai giao tu ab X"' dugc tao tu ca th§ AaBb X ^ X ' ^ la 25% x 10% = 2,5% Cau 25: Chon D • ' ' Ab - Ruoi giam due khong xay hoan vi gen nen due c6 kieu gen — van chi aB tao hai loai giao tu la Ab = aB = 0,5 Ab - Ruoi giam cai c6 kieu gen — cho hai loai giao tu Ab = ab = 0,5 ab Ti le ruoi due than xam, canh cut, mat (A - bb X^Y) = [(0,5 Ab X 0,5 Ab) + (0,5 Ab X 0,5 ab)] X 0,25 = 0,125 = 12,5% Cau27:ChonB f-^.O-n-j, -jh : rtSji; ; - Ti le cac loai giao tu a gioi due (0,95A : 0,05a) - Ti le cac loai giao tu d giai cai (0,90A : 0,1a) - The dot bien la ca the mang dot bien dugc bieu Men kieu hinh c6 kieu gen (aa) —» Trong tong so ca the mang alen dot bien a dai (Aa va aa), the dot bien (aa) chiam ti le = ^'"^^"^ ~ 0,0345 = 3,45% (0,95 X 0,1) + (0,05 X 0,90)+(0,05 X 0,1) Cau 30: Chon C - Cay than cao, hoa (P) tu thu ph§n, thu dugc Fi g6m b6n loai k i l u hinh Cay (P) di hgp ve hai cap gen (AaBb) va cho bon loai giao tu vai ti le la l A B : Ab : laB : lab 176 - Cay (P) (AaBb) giao phan vai cay thu nhat, thu dugc dai co kieu hinh phan l i theo ti le : : : ^ Cay thu nh§t co kieu gen aabb - Cay (P) (AaBb) giao phan vai cay thii hai, thu dugc dai chi co mot loai kieu hinh Cay thu hai chi cho mot loai giao tu AB —> Cay thu hai co kieu gen AABB Cau 36: Chon C - Tu in 14 la nu bi benh ma bo me deu binh thuong —> benh alen Ian, nam tren NST thuong quy djnh va II 8,11.9 deu co kieu gen di hop, ki hieu la Aa , , , —>• Xac suat de III 13 co kieu gen A A la - hoac Aa la - - Tu n.6 binh thuong va II.7 bi benh (kiSu gen aa) -^111.12 binh thuong nhung co kieu gen di hop Aa 1 —)• Xac suat cap vg chong III 12 va 111.13 sinh dau long bi benh la Xac suk ho sinh d§u long khong bi benh la - D^S6 IC 2C 3B 4A 5C 6A 7C 8C 9D lOD IID 12C 13A 14B 15A 16B 17A 18B 19D 20C 21D 22A 23B 24C 25C 26A 27C 28B 29D 30D 31B 32D 33B 34B 35D 36B 37A 38A 39B 40A 41C 42D 43B 44D 45C 46B 47A 48D 49A SOD Cau 10: Chon D Thay 128 NST kep dang phan l i ve hai cue ciia te bao —> Cac tS bao dang a ki sau I cua qua trinh giam phan —> Co 128 : = 16 te bao dang tiSn hanh giam phan —>• So giao tu dugc tao sau qua trinh giam phan ket thiic la 16 x = 64 Cau 11: Chon D - Cac te bao mang cap gen Aa phan li binh thuong tao hai loai giao tu la A va a - Mot so te bao co cap nhiem sac the mang cap gen Aa khong phan l i giam phan I, giam phan II dien binh thuong tao hai loai giao tu la Aa va O - Cap nhiem sac the gioi tinh phan li binh thuong tao hai loai giao tu la X^ va Y —> So loai giao tu toi da dugc tao sau qua trinh giam phan la x x = (loai) Cau 22: Chon A - Ca the c5'AABBDD chi cho mot loai giao tu A B D —> S6 kieu gen d doi phu thugc vao so loai giao tu cua co the $aaBbdd 177 - Cac te bao cua co the $aaBbdd giam phan binh thuong tao hai loai giao tu la aBd va abd - Mot so te bao cua ca the $aaBbdd giam phan khong binh thuong, cap nhiem sac the mang cap gen Bb khong phan l i giam phan I , giam phan I I diin binh thuong tao hai loai giao tu la aBbd va ad —> So loai kieu gen toi da a dai la x = loai Cau 25: Chon C - Phan tich rieng timg tinh trang a Fii + Tinh trang chieu cao than: cao : thap + Tinh trang mau sac hoa: : trang + Tinh trang hinh dang qua: tron : dai —>• (P) di hop ve ca ba cap gen - Phan tich dong thai tung cap tinh trang d Fi: + Tinh trang chieu cao than va mau sac hoa: cao, : cao, trang : thap : th§p t r k g ^ Phan li doc lap ^ (P): AaBb X AaBb (1) + Tinh trang chieu cao than va hinh dang qua: cao, dai : cao tron : th§p, tron —> Lien ket gen hoan toan, di hop cheo Ad Ad (P): — x — aD aD (2) AH Tu (1) va (2) Kieu gen ciia (P) la — Bb aD Cau 26: Chon A - ICieu hinh than thap, hoa vang, qua dai Fa chiem ti le 4% ^ — d d - , = 0,16 — x , d d ad ad - Kieu hinh than thap, hoa vang - 0,16 Kieu hinh than cao, hoa = 0,66 —> cay CO kieu hinh than cao, hoa do, qua tr5n a Fachi^m ti le 0,66 x 0,75 = 0,495 = 49,5% Cau 36: Chon B - III la trai, khong bi benh M , chi bj benh P ^ tu me ^ II.5 CO tao giao tu X"'' i-1.2 bi benh M , khong bi benh P co kieu gen X^''Y II.5 CO tao giao tu X^^ co kidu gen X"^Y nhan X'^ (1) II.5 la gai, nhan X^" tu b6 (2) - Tu (1) va (2) -> n.5 CO k i l u gen la X^'X'" -> K i l u gen ciia II.5 va III.8 ISn lugt la X^^X'"^ va X^^Y + Phep lai (5) va (6): khong thoa man vi cay hoa hong khong thuan chiing + Phep lai (1) va (2) gi6ng nhau: AAbb x AaBb = l ( A - ) x (IBb : Ibb) = l(A-Bb): l(A-bb) Thoa man ca (1) va (2) :v • > 178 + Phep lai (3) AAbb x AaBB ^ l ( A - ) x l(Bb) = 100% (A-Bb) Khong thoa man + Phep lai (4) AAbb x AABb = 1(AA) x (IBb : bb) = l(AABb): l(AAbb) - > Thoa man —* Co ba phep lai thoa man tk ca cac thong tin tren la (1), (2) va (4) DEsde IB 2C 3C 4A 5D 6B 7C 8B 9B lOD lie 12C 13A 14D 15A 16A 17C 18B 19A 20C 21A 22A 23A 24B 25A 26A 27B 28B 29C 30D IB 32D 33A 34C 35A 36A 37D 38 A 39B 40C 41A 42C 43B 44C 45D 46B 47D 48A 49A OB Cau 24: ChonB - Cay thap nhat (kieu gen aabb) c6 chieu cao 100cm —>• Cay cao nhat c6 kieu gen AABB CO chieu cao 140cm - Cay CO chieu cao 120cm a F2 c6 the c6 cac kieu gen AAbb - aaBB = — ; AaBb = — 16 16 —>• Ti le cac cay a F2 la 37,5% Cau 27: Chon B - Tinh ti le kieu gen di hop tu ve ca bon cap gen: + AaBb X aaBb = - A a X - Bb = - A a B b = 0,25 2 De De + — X — xay hoan vi gen a ca hai gioi vai tan so 24% = (0,38De : 0,38dE : dE dE 0,12DE : 0,12de) x (0,38De : 0,38dE : 0,12DE : 0,12de) Kieu gen di hop ^DE^ ^De^ a dai la: hoac dE de (2 X 0,38 X 0,38) + (2 x 0,12 x 0,12) = 0,3176 Ti le kieu gen di hop tu ve ca bon cap gen a doi la: 0,25 x 0,3176 = 0,0794 = 7,94% - Ti le kieu hinh troi ve ca bon tinh trang ( A - B - D - E - ) : + AaBb X aaBb = - ( A - ) x - (B-) = - = 0,375 De De , , , , x ^^.^ , de + — X — xay hoan vi gen a ca hai giai vcn tan so 24% —> Kieu hinh Ian — = dE dE de 0,12 X 0,12 = 0,0144 Ki6u hinh troi v8 ca hai tinh trang (D-E-) = 0,0144 + 0,5 = 0,5144 Ti le kieu hinh troi ve ca bon tinh trang ( A - B - D - E - ) a doi la 0,375 x0,5144 = 0,1929 = 19,29% 179 Cau 29: Chon C - Tinh rieng timg cap NST, ta c6: BD BD BD + X (xay hoan vi gen d ) cho (BD : Bb : bD : bd) x (BD : bD) bd bD bd —• Cho bay loai kieu gen va hai loai kieu hinh ( B - D - ) va (bbD-) + X'^ X X^Y cho bon loai kieu gen va bon loai kiku hinh BD BD —> Phep lai (P): X'^X^x X^Y cho dori c6 so loai kieu gen va kieu hinh bd bD toi da la 28 loai kieu gen va loai kieu hinh Cau 32: Chon D - Theo de bai, quy uac: ( A - B - ) : hoa do; (A-bb) hoac (aaB-) : hoa h6ng; (aabb) : hoa trang - Fi gom 50% cay hoa va 50% cay hoa h6ng = l ( A - B - ) : l(A-bb) hoac l ( A - B - ) : l(aaB-) - Lan lugt thur cac phep lai, ta c6: + Phep lai (5) va (6) : khong thoa man vi cay hoa hong khong thuan chiing + Phep lai (1) va (2) gi6ng nhau: AAbb x AaBb = l ( A - ) x (IBb : Ibb) = l ( A - B b ) : l(A-bb) Thoa man ca (1) va (2) + Phep lai (3) AAbb x AaBB = l ( A - ) x l(Bb) = 100% (A-Bb) - » Khong thoa man + Phep lai (4) AAbb x AABb = 1(AA) x (IBb : Ibb) = l(AABb): l(AAbb) Thoa man Co ba phep lai thoa man tit ca cac thong tin tren la (1), (2) va (4) Cau 36: Chon A - Tir n.7 la nvi bi benh nhung bo me deu binh thuong —> Benh alen lan (ki hieu a), nam tren NST thuong quy dinh; alen troi A quy dinh khong bi benh (binh thuong) va kieu gen ciia III.13 la Aa (1) - n.lO va n l l deu binh thuong nhung sinh 111.16 bj benh (aa) —>• 11.10 va 11.11 deu c6 kieu gen Aa —> Xac suat de 111.14 c6 kieu gen AA la - hoac c6 kieu gen Aa la - (2) - Tir (1) va (2) —>• Xac suat sinh dSu long bi benh ciia cap vg ch6ng 111.13 va 111.14 la X - X - = - 180 DE S O ? ID 2C 3C 4D 5C 6A 7D 8D 9A IOC IID 12A 13B 14A 15B 16B 17B 18C 19A 20D 21B 22A 23A 24B 25C 26D 27A 28B 29A 30A 31C 32B 33A 34A 35B 36B 37D 38C 39B 40C 41D AID 43B 44A 45B 46D 47A 48A 49B 50D Caul2:ChonA - Quy uoc: alen A : gay benh P, alen a : khong mac benh P; X^: khong m4c benh Q, X ' : mac benh Q - Do II.3 binh thuang c6 kieu gen aa ^ III.l mac benh P, khong rake benh Q c6 kieu genAaX'^Y (1) - Do 1.4 la nam, mSc benh Q c6 ki^u gen X''Y genX''X^ - II.4 va II.5: X ^ Y x X'^X" ^ II.5 nhan X'' tir 1.4 - > II.5 c6 k i i u IX'^X'': IX'^X'' ^ Xac suSt III.2 khong m k ca hai benh c6 kieu gen aaX X la - hoac c6 kieu gen aaX X la — (2) - Tir (1) va (2) ^ Xac suat sinh dau long la trai bi ca hai benh ciia cap III.l va in.2 la: - X i X 1:= i - = 6,25% 2 16 v.,,,^, Cau 18: Chon C - Fi phan l i theo ti le 12 hoa trang : hoa vang : hoa hoac (A-bb) : hoa trang; (aaB-): hoa vang; (aabb) : hoa Quy uac: ( A - B - ) - Cac hat trang a Fi dong hgrp ve ca hai cap gen c6 t h i c6 cac kiSu gen la AABB hoac AAbb chiem ti le tong so hat trang a Fi la 16 16 12 16 ^1 Cau 28: ChonB - Bo me di hop ba cap gen, dai c6 16 t6 hap ki8u hinh cap gen Dd lien k i t hoan toan vai cap gen Aa (hoac Bb) Loai cac phuong an A va D - Ta c6: — than cao, hoa (A-B-D-) = - (A-D-) x - (B-) hoac = - (B-D-) x - (A") 16 4 • 4 ^ Cap Dd lien ket hoan toan voi cap Aa (hoac Bb) a trang thai di hop deu 181 ' ' AD AD —* Phcp l a i phCi hgrp nhat v a i ket qua tren la Bb x Bb ab ad C a u 39: C h o n B Co the A A a a tao cac loai giao t i i la - A A : - A a : - aa ^ 6 tao dai c6 kieu gen dong hgrp la — A A A A va — aaaa 36 36 Phep lai AAaa x AAaa kiSu gen di hop t u a dai chiem t i le — = — • 36 18 C a u 40: Chpn C - M o i te bao c6 kieu gen k h i xay hoan v i gen deu tao loai giao t u v a i t i ad le bang la A D = ad = A d = aD, hai loai giao t u A d va aD dugc tao hoan v i Tong so giao t u hoan v i - Tan so hoan vj gen (f) = — ; '— x 100% Tong so giao t u duac tao —> Goi so te bao c6 hoan v i gen la m, ta c6: x 100 = 18 m = 360 4000 AD —> C u 1000 te bao sinh tinh ciia ca the c6 kieu gen ' ' giam phan thi so te bao ad khong xay hoan v i gen giua cac alen D va d la 640 te bao Liru y: M u o n giai dang bai tap nhanh can ghi nho tan so dot bien luon bang mot nua so te bao xay dot bien C a u 48: Chon A - F phan l i theo t i le 13 hoa trang : hoa T i n h trang mau hoa hai cap gen khong alen tuong tac v a i quy dinh va F i di hop hai cap gen (AaBb) - Quy uoc: Cac kieu gen ( A - B - ) hoac ( A - b b ) hoac (aabb) deu quy dinh hoa trang; kieu gen (aaB-) quy dinh hoa Trong tong so cac cay hoa a F , cay c6 kieu gen aaBB chiem t i le — va cay c6 kieu gen aaBb chiem t i le — —»• K h i cho F i (AaBb) giao phan v a i tat ca cac cay hoa a F , a dai con, so cay c6 kieu gen dong hop t u Ian ve hai cap gen tren (aabb) chiem t i le , 1 la - x - X - = — 12 i ;^. 182 IB DE S O S 5A 6A 15B 16D 25A 26D 35A 36A 45B 46D 2D 3C 4C 7A 8B 9A lOD 17B 18A 19B 20C lie 12C 13A 14B 21B 22C 23D 24D 27B 28D 29A 30A 31C 32A 33A 34D 37A 38C 39A 40C 41D 42A 43 A 44A 47A 48B 49A 50A Cau 8: Chon B - S6 nucleotit tung loai ciia alen A: G - A = 10% G = X = 30% = 540; A = T = 20% = 360 - S6 nucleotit tung loai ciia alen a: 2A + 2G = 1800 va 2A + 3G = 2341 G = X=:541; A = T = 359; - Loai hop tu chua tong so nucleotit loai adenin ciia cac alen noi tren bSng 1438 -2x 360 + x 359 ^ Kilu gen cua loai hop tii la AAaa ;^ Cau 22: Chon C Fi CO kieu hinh phan H theo ti le : : : = (1 cao : th§p) x (3 : trSng) = (Aa X aa) x (Bb x Bb) ti le phan H kilu gen a Fi la (lAa : laa) x (IBB : 2Bb : Ibb) ^ 2:2:1:1:1:1 Cau 30: Chon A - Xet phep lai giCra cay luong boi (I) vai cay thu nh§t: + Ti le cao : thap = : ^ Aa X Aa + Tiletr6n:b§uduc= : ^ B b x b b (1) - Xet phep lai giua cay lu&ng bgi (I) vdi cay thu hai: + Ti le cao : thap = : ^ Aa X aa + Ti le tron : b§u due = : -> Bb x Bb (2) - Tu (1) va (2) ^ Cay luang boi (I) di hop tu ve hai cap gen (Aa,Bb), cay thu nh§t di hop ve cap Aa (Aa.bb); cay thu hai di hop ve cap Bb (aa,Bb) - Trong phep lai giua cay luong bpi (I) vai cay thii nhat, c6 kieu hinh than th§p, qua AB bau due (aabb) chiem ti le 18,75% = 37,5% ab x 50% ab -> Kieu gen cua cay (I) la ab Cau 37: Chon A Tu nguai so la n\x, hi benh nhung ca bo va me deu binh thucmg alen gay benh la alen Ian va nam tren NST thuong (vi nku nkm tren NST giai tinh thi gai se nhan gen troi tu bo va khong bi benh) 183 NHA XUAT BAN DAI HOC SI/ PHAM D|a chi: 136 Bi/cing Xuan Thuy - Quan Cau Giay - Ha Noi Oienthoai:043.7547.735 | Fax;043.7547.911 | Website:http://nxbdlisp.edu.vn Phong Kinh doanh va Phat t r i e n t h j t r u d n g : Dien t h o a i : 043.7549.202 { E-mail: kinhdoanh@>nxbdhsp.edu.vn Sadi du«c gidi t h i e u t a i Tning t a m Phat h a n h sadi va GiAi t h i e u sin p h a m : Oienthoai:043.7547708 | E-mail:sachspisnxbdhsp.edu.vn mOI BA.N TIM DOC HOAHQC urn ISBN 978-604-54-2246-5 220 I 84 Gia:29^00€r [...]... dich khung) + Co thi lam chu6i polipeptit bi ngan lai (thay bg ba c6 nghia bang bg ba ket thiic; hoac lam ma ket thiic xuat hien sdm) -Oboba ket thuc: + Thay ma kSt thuc nay bSng ma k^t thuc khac —»Khong anh huong den chuoi polipeptit + Thay ma kit thiic bSng ma c6 nghia —> Co the lam chuoi polipeptit dai hon binh thuong 5.3 Tmh so gen dot bien NSu mot gen c6 mot bazo nito dang hiem thi sau k Ian nhan... lactozo thi co che di8u hoa operon Lac se nhu the nao? Cau 14: Neu mot dot bien lam thay doi trinh tir viing van hanh cua operon Lac dan den viec protein lie che khong co kha nang lien ket vao do thi sir tong hop P-galactozidaza cua te bao bi anh huang nhu the nao? Cau 15: Neu mot operon nhat dinh ma hoa cho cac enzim tong hop mot loai axit amin thiet yeu va dugc dieu hoa giong vdi operon Trp thi A axit... doi thi dang dot bien xay ra la thay the mot cap nucleotit cung loai (vi du thay the cap A - T bang cap T - A hoac thay the cap G - X bang cap X - G) 2 Neu so lugng lien ket hidro ciia gen sau dot bien thay doi thi c6 hai truong hop: - Truong hpp 1; Thay thg cap A - T hkng cap G - X thi s6 lugng nucleotit m6i loai ciia gen la A = T = 719; G = X = 481 - Truong hgp 2: Thay thS cap G - X bSng cap A - T thi. .. dong deu khong phan li, cung di ve mot cue cua te bao thi c6 the tao ra cac te bao dot bi^n (2n + 2) va (2n - 2) NIU qua trinh nay xay ra a te bao sinh duong thi se xuat hien the kham (ca the c6 cac mo chua te bao lech boi va cac mo binh thuong) Qua trinh gidm phan Qua trinh giam phan binhthwomg khong binh thw&ng Theba(2n+1) The mpt(2n-l) Ca che phdt sinh dot bien lech boi trong qud trinh gidm phan vd... tao ra giao tu thua NST (n + 1) va thi^ u NST (n - 1) Khi thu tinh, giao tu dot bikn (n ± 1) kk hop voi giao tu binh thucmg (n) tao ra the ba (2n + 1) hoac the mot (2n - 1) NIU cac giao tii dot biln (n + 1) ket hop voi cac giao tu dot bien (n + 1) thi c6 th^ tao ra cac thk dot hikn thi b6n (2n + 2) Neu cac giao tu dot bien (n - 1) kk hop voi cac giao tu dot bien (n - 1) thi c6 the tao ra cac the dot bien... song dugc hay giam sue song, giam kha nang sinh san (tuy loai) + V i du: Nguoi mac hoi chung Dao c6 bo NST 2n = 47 (cap NST so 21 c6 ba chiec), thuang CO kieu hinh thap be, ma phe, c6 rut, di tat tim va ong tieu hoa; khoang 50% benh nhan Dao chet trong 5 nam diu doi - Dot bien da boi (thucmg gap a thicc vat): ' + The da boi c6 te bao to, ca quan sinh duong Ian, sinh truang, phat trien va chong chiu tot... ve mot cue thi tao ra cac loai te bao con c6 ki hieu l4n lugt la (2n - 2 + AAaa) tuc la (2n + 2) va (2n - 2) (thidu cap Aa) Cau 7: So loai giao tu khac nhau ve so lugng NST dugc tao ra toi da trong qua trinh giam phan tren la 3 loai (n - 1, n + 1 va n) Cau 8: Co 2 truomg hop: - Neu la ki sau ciia qua trinh nguyen phan thi bo NST luong bpi ciia te bao do la 10 - Neu la ki sau cua giam phan U thi bp NST... {2n-2) tPotbien lech bolt Te bao binh thircmg (2n) Dot bien da boi The tiy boi (4n) The tarn boi (3n) Mot SO dang dot bien so lugng NST - Ca chS phat sinh dot biln lech boi tir te bao binh thuong (2n): Qua trinh nguyen phan Qua trinh binhthw&ng le bao binh th(rtmg(2n) nguyenphon khong binh thw&ng 'nteba(2n4l) The mpt (2n-l) The bon |2IH^2] The khong |2n-2) Ca che phdt sinh dot bien lech boi trong qua trinh... qua trinh phien ma B ket thiic qua trinh dich ma C ma dau qua trinh dich ma i"l>; k6tthttetjua:tftnh phi4ftBilL ^ Sir dung thong tin diroi day cho cac cau hoi 10 - 16: Dieu hoa hoat dong cua gen Khi nghien curu E coli, mot loai vi khuan rat pho bien trong rupt ket ciia nguoi va cac dong vat c6 vu khac, cac nha khoa hoc da thay mot hien tuong rat thii vi nhu sau: Khi moi tnrong thieu (hoac khong c6) axit... phien ma (nam o vung dieu hoa cua gen) va ket thiic khi enzim ARN polimeraza gap tin hieu ket thiic (nSm d viing ket thuc cua gen) - Enzim ARN polimeraza tnrgt doc theo mach goc c6 chieu 3' —>• 5' de tong hop phan tir mARN theo nguyen tac bo sung (A cap doi vai U, T cap doi voi A, G cap doi voi X va ngugc lai) theo chieu 5' —> 3' - Nguyen tac phien ma: cung thirc hien theo cac nguyen t§c khuon mlu, b6