TÍN NGƯỠNG TÔN GIÁO CỦA NGƯỜI MƯỜNG Ở THANH HÓA

VE TIN NCl/dNC TON GIAO CUA Ncirdi Mi/dNC THANH HOA MAI VAN TtlNG* T dn giao khdng chi lfi dra tUdng nghien cflu eua ngfinh khoa hpe tdn gifio mfi cdn lfi dm tupng nghidn cflu cua nhieu ngfinh khoa hpc khfic nhfl lich sfl, triet hpc, nhfin hpc Tfl khoa hpc tdn gifio hinh thfinh, cfie nha khoa hpc nghien cflu ve tdn gifio hpe da phan loai cfie hinh thflc tdn giao theo nghia hep va nghia rdng Nghia hep, lfi ehi mdt tdn giao cu thi cd he thd'ng to' ehfle vdi gifio nghia vfi nghi le ciing cac dng ehu td' thi hfinh eae Id nghi tdn giao ay, vi du nhu Phat gifio hay Kitd gifio Nghia rdng, lfi ehi tfi't ca nhflng gi hen quan deh danh tfl tdn gifio, mang tinh tdn gifio Hay noi khae di lfi mpi ton giao cd td' ehfle vfi khdng cd td' ehfle (nhfl viec thd cung td tien ciing dflpc xem lfi mot loai hinh ciia tdn gifio) Tuy vfiy, cho den hien eung cdn cac quan didm khfic ve tin ngfldng, tdn gifio Lfi mdt nhflng nha nghien eflu hfing dau ve" tdn gifio d 'Viet Nam, GS Dang Nghidm Van khdng mudn phan chia rach rdi gifla tin ngudng va tdn giao, cung nhfl khdng nha't tri ve thuat ngfl tin ngfldng dfin gian Ong eho rfing ein xem lai sfl phfin bipt cae efi'p dp, cfie hinh thfii tdn giao, khdng nen eoi tin ngudng, tdn gifio nhu hai cfi'p dp cao thfi'p (1) Trong dd GS Phan * TS Trudng Dai hpe Hdng Dflc Ngpe lai cho rang, nd'u tin ngudng bien nhan loai thi tdn giao lfi mdt hipn tupng ridng cua mpt sd tde ngfldi vfi ton gifio chi ddi xufi't hidn tU tudng phg phfin tin ngfldng, ehfi'p nhan cfii nfiy gat ho eai kia, td ehfle lai tfi't ca theo mdt nguyen ly chfit ehe Nd'u nhfl tin ngUdng ehi ddn t h u i n la mdt thdi quen dflpc ehfi'p nh^n khdng cin dd'n sfl 1;^ giai thi tdn giao doi hoi mdt sfl ly giai, it nhfi't cin dd'n logic (2) Quan diem nghidn cflu tdn giao nhfin hpc theo nghia rpng Khi quan niem vd^ tdn gifio theo nghTa rdng, ngudi ta cdn c6 thi phan loai tdn giao mdt each co diln lfi tdn gifio nguyen thiiy, tdn giao dan toe (hay qud'c gia) va tdn giao th^ gidi Tdn giao nguydn thuy lfi tdn giao cua nhiing ngfldi sd'ng xa hpi chua cd chii vidt Dd lfi tdn giao chi lflu hfinh pham vi mpt dan tdc hay chiing tdc Tdn giao t h ^ gidi la tdn giao khfi bie'n trdn thS^ gidi, lflu hanh rdng rai nhieu dan tdc nhfl Phfit giao, Thidn chua giao, Hdi giao Nhin chung, vfi'n de phan loai tdn giao chi lfi tflpng doi Vi suy eho dd'n tfin g6c re thi tdn gifio t h ^ gidi cung bfit ngudn tfl tfln giao dan tdc va ngpn nguon eua tdn giao ve Hn ngirong Wn gl6o e^a ngudl mtrtog dan tde lai bat ngudn tfl tdn giao nguydn thuy Nghien cflu ve tin ngfldng tdn gifio cua ngudi Mfldng d Thanh Hda, chflng tdi theo quan diem cua khoa hpc nhan hpc (Anthropology) Dd lfi hieu tdn giao theo nghia rdng chfl khdng theo nghla hep Nghia la ta't ca nhflng gi lien quan dd'n danh tfl tin ngfldng hay tdn gifio, cd hfinh vi tdn gifio, mang tinh tdn gifio ; hay ndi khac di lfi mpi tdn gifio cd to' chflc vfi khdng ed td chflc nhfl vide thd cflng td' tien, hay thd eflng eac vi t h i n tii nhien, nhflng kieng ky deu dUde xem lfi tdn gifio Doi net ve ngifcfi Mviitng d T h a n h Hda Ngudi Mudng d Thanh Hda sd'ng tap trung chu yd'u d cac huyen Thach Thfinh, Cim Thuy, Ba Thfldc, Ngpe Lac, Nhfl Thanh, hien cd tren 35 van ngfldi Dia ban efl trfl eua ngfldi Mfldng d Thanh Hda ehu yd'u lfi vflng thung lung - bdn dia, mien trung du, nfli thfi'p ven eae lflu vflc sdng Ma, sdng Chu, sdng Am, sdng Ciu Chfiy, sdng Budi, sdng Muc O viing nfiy cd nhflng thung liing Idn vfi nhflng bai boi ven sdng dfi't dai mau md Bdi vfiy, ngudi Mfldng day da phat tridn nghe ndng trdng Ifla nUdc tfl rfi't lau ddi Ben canh canh tfie rupng nudc ddng bfio cdn ke't hdp canh tfie nfldng rfiy Rflng phan ldn lfi rflng nguydn sinh ed nhieu mudng thu Hp th^ng sdng sudi mang lai ngudn ldi ldn ca, tdm, cua, d'e Von la cfl dan ban dia, xUa hp sdng chia yd'u d cac mfldng cd, mfldng ldn nhfl mfldng Phfi'm, mfldng Gianh, mfldng Vam, mfldng Vong, mfldng K m , mfldng Cdi, mfldng Trfic (huyen Cam Thiiy); mfldng Ne (Yen Dinh), mfldng Chenh (Mudng Chanh), mfldng Khat, mfldng Giao Lao (huydn Lang Chanh); mfldng Rfic, mudng Ngdn, mudng Mdn, mfldng Lfip (Ngpe Lac); mudng Dii, mfldng La Khdn, mfldng Dp, mfldng Vdn (huydn Thach Thfinh); mfldng Lfin Ru 65 (huydn Nhfl Xufin); mudng Ong, mUdng Ai, mudng Khd, mudng Tien, mUdng Trud'i (huydn Ba Thudc) Ngfldi Mudng d Thanh Hda dUdc efi'u tfl nhieu bp phfin khac Bg phgn tha nhat, dang ehu y nhfi't vfi eung lfi edt ldi ciia ngudi Mfldng xfl Thanh dd la khdi cfl dan Mudng ban dia, hp tfl nhan minh la Mdn Ha (tfle ngudi Mfldng Trong, edn gpi lfi Mudng sdng Ma) Dfiy la bd phfin CO ngudn goe Iieh sfl lau ddi efl tru chii yd'u d cac vung Bfi Thflde, Ngpe Lfie, Lang Chfinh, Cim Thuy Tinh ban dia cua bd phfin dang kd nfiy khdng pha tap, khdng ddng hda, khdng lfin vdi eac bd phfin khfic tfl tid'ng ndi dd'n trang phuc Bg phgn thit hai, lfi ngudi Mudng tfl phia Bfie, ehu yeu lfi ngfldi Mudng Bi tinh Hda Binh di cu vao sau nfiy dupc gpi lfi Mdn Hee, hay Molbi (3) Bd phfin sd'ng chu yd'u d cfie huydn Thach Thanh, Nhfl Thanh va mot so it d huyen Cim Thuy, Ngpe Lac vfi mpt so huydn khfie Qufi trinh di efl nfiy didn ehii yd'u trflde Cfich mang thfing Tam nam 1945 Bd phdn thU ba, ed ngudn gdc tfl ngfldi Thai, ngudi Kinh sdng xen ke lfiu ngfiy vdi ngfldi Mudng ndn dfi dflde Mfldng hda Ngfldi Mudng Thanh Hda ndi chung cd kho tfing vfin hda dan gian gifiu chfi't ban dia, phong phu va da dang ve" the loai Trong dd ndi bfit lfi cac truydn ke v i truyin thuyd't, cd tich, sfl tich, tuc ngfl, cfiu dd', dan ca va hang van eau sfl thi dfi dupe bidn tfip thfinh Mo sfl thi dan tde Mfldng (4) Dfiy la mdt trudng thidn hflng trfing ed mdt khdng hai ciia ngfldi Mfldng e^ d Ddng Nam A Dfing quan tam nhfi't d day lfi kho tang van hoa dan gian, ngudi Mfldng cd ddi sdng tdn gifio diy tinh nhan vfin vfi huyen didu, dd lfi mdt p h i n quan trpng khdng the thieu dupe ddi song tinh thin, phan anh nhfin thflc vd" nhan sinh quan va the' gidi quan sau sfic gifla thang Am lich) Trong cac ll vfit dang ldn td' tien gin nhU bfit budc phai cd nude lfi, t r i u cau, rflpu va ngfiy khai ha, Nhiiu dan tdc d Viet Nam ndi ridng va mdng thang vfi tet cdm mdi bfit budc the gidl noi chung tin rang chet lfi ve vdi td phai cd cfi Phai cd cdm d i u vu vfi efi diu tidn ndi chin sudi; tin rfing d ndi am phu, mfla Dfiy cung lfi mong mudn no du hfing chin sudi, nhUng dng bfi td' tidn vfin thudng bao ddi ciia ngfldi Mfldng Thd thdnh hoang ldng xuydn ve thfim nom, phfl hd cho eon chfiu Trflde day, tue thd hofing cflng Niem tin nfiy lfi ed sd hinh thfinh tin ngudng phd' bien d cae vung Mfldng Thanh Hda, thd eflng td tidn Thd cung to tien eung lfi mdt net vfin hda nhflng kha thinh hanh d cac huyen Thach tam linh ciia ngfldi Mudng NgUdi MUdng Thfinh, Ba Thude, Ngoc Lfic Cae vi thfinh gpi td' tidn lfi ma nhfi Qua ldi eflng eho bid't t h i n d day diu lfi phuc t h i n Ngoc L4c, tidu bieu nhfl thd anh hflng ngudi Mudng thd eflng den ddi {ong tot ta da tdi het; co td dd quang; ong cdmd co; ong dfin tde Ld Lpi (lang Nhfl Ang, xa Kien mdn mu; ong chua hoc mu ngobc nhd) (5) Thp), cac khai quoe cdng than nhu Ld Lai Thi hi$n d^o ly ud'ng nflde nhd ngudn va y Gang Dung Tu - lfing Tdp) d xa Kien Thp, thflc sfiu sfic v i t i m quan trpng eua nhflng Dinh Ld, Dinh Bd, Dinh Lipt (xfi Minh ngfldi da khufi't pham vi gia dinh, Tieh), Pham Cud'ng (xa Vfin Am) ddng hp Ndi thd to tien dflde dinh vi t^i mdt Ba Thfldc cd d i n thd qufin cdng Hfi gian quan trpng, dd lfi gian chinh cua nha Cdng Thai (7), dan gian quen gpi lfi ehfla sfin, gian nfiy cd cfla sd' gpi lfi vodng tdng Meo Ha Cdng Thai thudc ddng hp Hfi Tren giUdng thd cd the cd mfi'y mfim, nhflng Cdng, ddng ddi lang dao nhieu ddi d vflng mfim dng chua ndc, bfi gde nhfi dflde dat Mudng Bfi Thudc (Thanh Hda) La ngUdi canh edt cai nha gae (6) ra't cd cdng vdi trieu Nguyin ndn dupc trieu Khae vdi nhiiu dan tdc, ngUdi Mudng thd dinh phong tdi ehfle quan cdng, kham sai gia tien cd diem rieng Dd lfi tfi't ca nhiilng chanh thd'ng Ifinh thfldng dao trfi'n Thanh ddi dUdc thd ciing deu dfldc kinh ngfldng Hoa Sau dng mfi't (nfim 1822, tfle nfim nhu NhUng cha me da qufi cd'thi Nham Ngp), vfio thdi vua Minh Mdnh dflde ngudi eon tdn cha me ldn lfim dng ehfla ndc, nhfin dan dia phfldng dung den thd Hidn ba gdc nha Cfl nhu thd' lin lupt doi qua efic den thd Ha Cdng Thfii thude xa Diin ddi Dd lfi ghi nhd edng dn ngUdi true tid'p Trung Day la ehon tam linh eiia ngUdi sinh minh Dfiu eon chau vfin thUdng nhd Mfldng Khd ndi ridng vfi cua ngUdi dfin Cim dng bfi nhimg quan diem eua ngfldi Mfldng Thuy (trudc day), Bfi Thfldc (sau nfiy) noi v i dm dfldng cd khae Am dUdng cfich trd chung Hfing nam efl vfio dip 20 thang Am "dudng nfi'y budc, dupc di" Khi lich li hdi Mudng Khd lai dUpc diin nhdn chau cd thfip hfldng mdi dd'n mdi trd v i nhip t h i hipn ldng kinh cua ngUdi hudng ed vfi phfl hd cho ehfiu binh an dan dia phfldng vdi qufin cdng Hfi Cdng Ngfldi Mfldng thudng ehi thfip hfldng mdi Thai Ngoai ra, d vung Mfldng Bfi Thfldc cdn td' tidn ve hfldng le vfio nhiing dip quan cd diem tam hnh khac dd lfi Mid'u (lfing trpng nhfl Td't Nguyen dan, td't mdng Dfim, xa Lam Xa), den Doi vfi den thd Hfi thfing 5, td't rfla lfi Ifla (thupng diin thang Vfin Nho 7), td't cdm mdi (sau thu hoach xong, vfio d vflng Mudng Thach Thanh, nhiJng di Nhiing net ctf b a n ve t i n ngflfing t d n giao cua ngvtdi Mvidng d T h a n h Hda Thd cung to tien a^—^a ***" a'"w' •titt uyuui uiinmg tich xfla cdn lai khdng nhieu, mdt vfii di tich edn l?ii dSh nay, tidu bieu phai ke den din Tam Thanh Din tfldng truyen thd bp ba tfldng cua Tan Vidn, eon r l vua Hiing vfldng thfl 18 Quy md cua den khdng ldn lfim nhflng thudc loai b i thd' vung Diiu vd't kid'n true edn lai ngfiy lfi dfi'u vit kid'n true thdi Nguyin Day lfi ndi tdn nghiem vfi td^ li quan trpng cua Mfldng Du xua vfi lfing An Do sau nfiy Thin pha ciia din cd ndi de'n viec Ly Nam D^ t u i n du qua dfiy vfi nghi tai den nfiy Sau mpt sd trieu vua Nguyin eung ed sfic phong cho din ChUa ndi dd'n cfie nghi l i vfi ngh$ thufit kid^n trflc, rieng vide Tan Vidn tfl he thong t h i n didn eua ngUdi Vidt dflde ngfldi Mfldng d day phong lfim Thanh hofing eung dfit vfi'n de v i mdi quan hd Vidt - Mfldng sinh hoat vSn hoa truyin thdng eua ngfldi Mudng Du (8) Qua day cho thfi'y, ngUdi Mfldng cd truyen thong uong nflde nhd ngudn, tri an nhiSng ngfldi cd cdng vdi dfin vdi nflde Dd lfi ed sd hinh thfinh ndn tin ngudng sung bai ngUdi tfl bao ddi cua ngUdi Mfldng d Thanh Hoa ndi rieng vfi d nflde ta ndi chung Tin ngudng thd Mau Khdi cU dan Viet - Mfldng ndi rieng ed truyin thdng thd Mfiu Vi^t Nam, tin ngudng thd M i u tfl lfiu da trd thfinh mdt dao tidu bieu - dao Mfiu (9) Day vfla la dfic trflng tdn giao, vfla lfi mfiu sd ehung v i tin ngfldng eua cac cfl dan ndng nghidp Ifla nflde ndi chung viec d i eao vfi coi trpng Mp - dfi'ng tdi linh dai didn cho sfl sinh sdi nd, sfl bao dung vfi ehe chd Tuy khdng diln hinh nhfl ngfldi Kinh, song d vflng Mfldng Thanh Hda eung ed mdt so ndi tdn thd bfi chua Lieu Hanh Hai dia diem thieng thd Bfi lfi ndi dfic d?o ciia Ba la D i n Sdng vfi Phd Cat Trong bai hat chiu vfin n^i tid'ng v l Bfi cd cau: "BSn Sbng, Pho Cdt Id nai c6 di vi' D i n Sdng thudc Thi xa Bim Sdn, Phd Cfit thude xa Thfinh Van, huydn Thach Thfinh trflde day deu nguy nga vfi linh thieng Trong khang chid'n chong thflc dan Phap da bi may bay thflc dan Phap ban phfi Nay ca hai ndi diu da dfldc stta sang khang trang vfi trd thfinh cfie trung tfim thd Mfiu tidu bilu d Vidt Nam Thfle t^ hien ngfldi Mfldng di theo dao nfiy eiing khdng nhiiu O Thach Thfinh cung ehi tha'y cd mfi'y xa dd ed Thfinh Vfin, Ngoc Trao O mdt sd ndinhfl Thach Thanh, Cim Thuy, Nhu Thanh, cae phii thd bfi Lilu Hanh g i n day trd thfinh cac cd sd h i u bdng, hfit vfin khdng chi eua ngfldi dan dia phfldng mfi ciia ca du khfich thfip phUdng (10) Tin ngudng sung bdi tU nhien Ngfldi Mudng cd tin ngfldng ban dia ra't dae sic D6 lfi tin ngfldng van vfit hflu linh Trong nhfi ngofii vUdn ngUdi Mfldng diu cd thd thin: Vua bep trdng coi cui liia (tUdng tfl nhfl thd Tfio Qufin eua ngfldi Kinh); thd lang chfing Khoong lfi vi t h i n ngfin can khdng cho ma may • ma vd chu vfio nhfi qufi'y pha gia chii; thd lang eun lang chang Ddn: t h i n bao hp chfim sdc eho sU phat trien an lanh ciia gia sflc Cfie vi t h i n nfiy dflde thd trdn gifldng treo phia ddng nhfi sfin, khdng thd ehung vdi gia tien Ngoai ra, ngudi Mudng edn thd t h i n dfi't, goi lfi dng ti (dng dia) Day lfi vi t h i n ed nhidm vu eai quan dfi't dai cho gia chu, dflde thd ridng mot chd d gdc vfldn, khdng ducfc thd d nhfi Ngoai ra, tin ngfldng dan gian cua ngfldi Mudng, hfing nfim dan lfing cdn to ehfle cac le eung vfi nhflng kieng ky hen quan de'n cfie vi t h i n nflde, than d i t va than riing khdng gian sinh tdn eua tflhg cdng ddng di ciu mong eho dan lfing binh an, mfla thufin gid hda, mfla mfing bdi thu - Tin ngudng vi dat Tin ngfldng dfin gian v i dfi't eua ngfldi Mudng bilu hien sd'ng ddng, tfip trung chu yd'u cfie nghi Id thd cung dUde dong bfio td' ehfle hfing nfim Ngfldi Mfldng d Ba Thude quan nidm "£>d'if cd tho cong, song c6 hd bd" Vdi ngudi Mudng, tho cdng thd dia lfi vi t h i n dfi't cd traeh nhidm eai quan dfi't dai va bao vd mang sd'ng, sflc khoe cho dan lfing Vi vfiy, ngudi dan d cac lfing, eac Mfldng diu dflng nha {nhd sdn) dd thd vi t h i n nfiy O iang Cha (Mudng Ong), hang nfim vfio thang 2, thang Am lich, xa chdm, lang dao tfip trung dan lfing lfim Id cung than Khoang deh nam lfing td' chflc dai ll Cling trau cho than mdt lan Cung xong ca lfing tfip trung fin ud'ng tai ndi thd thin Ngfldi Mudng edn quan niem mdi mdt xfl ddng, thfla rudng deu cd nhflng vi t h i n eai quan Vi vdy, thd t h i n rudng trd mdt phong tue phd' bie'n cua ngfldi Mfldng d Thanh Hda Chi tinh rieng lang Sdo (mfldng Khd) trflde day eo tdi ndi thd t h i n rupng d xfl ddng ldn (ddng Sdo, dong Cpn, dong Ddn) Hang nfim, cfie gia dinh eay cfi^y d nhflng xfl dong nfiy to chflc Id cung t h i n rudng hai l i n trUdc eay vfi sau thu ho^eh vdi muc dich ciu xin eiing nhfl ta dn t h i n rudng da phu hd cae gia dinh no fi'm Dac bipt, ngfldi Mudng cdn rfi't "hiem ddt', tfle lfi quy trpng vfi gifl gin dfi't Bdi vfiy, d mdt so lfing nhflng ngfiy tg't Nguydn dan ngfldi ta kieng ky dflng vfit nhpn dfim xudng da't de khdng lfim ddng deh dfi't Nhin ehung, dfi't dai cd vi tri vd cflng quan trpng khdng chi cd gia tri san xufi't, dinh cfl eude sdng , dupe ngudi Mudng linh thidng hofi, bieu thi sfl "kinh trpng" dfi't Day lfi tin ngfldng ban dia rfi't dac trflng cua ngfldi Mfldng - Tin ngudng vinudc De ed nflde an udng, sinh hoat vfi san xufi't, trflde day ngoai cac quy flde vide sii dung vfi quan ly de bao ve ngudn nflde thi ngfldi Mfldng cdn cd nhflng tin ngfldng v i nUdc, dfldc the hidn cac nghi Id ciu mfla, ciu nflde Nhfi dan tdc hpe Tfl Chi da dien giai thd' gidi quan cua ngfldi Mfldng bang md hinh "Vu tru tang - thd' gidi" Tang thfi'p nha't ciia vfl tru lfi Mfldng Bua Khu (Mudng Vua Khfl) (11) Hidn ngUdi Mfldng vfin cdn lflu truyin nhilu truyen thuyd't ve the' gidi nflde Lofii Khu mfi dan gian gpi lfi Vua Khfl {Bua Khu), nd gin gid'ng vdi quan nidm v i vua Thuy Ti ciia ngUdi Viet (Kinh) Vdi ngfldi Mfldng Thanh Hoa ndi chung cdn quan nipm vua nudc - ma nudc - than nflde lfi vi t h i n cai quan the' gidi nflde T h i n nflde tfldng tfldng dan gian eua ngUdi Mfldng thude lofii r i n , ed hinh thfl gid'ng nhfl thudng ludng, hay tru ngu d nhflng vung nflde sau, bd'n nflde hoac sdng sudi lfing Thin nudc ed the lfim hai dd'n eupe sd'ng cua dfin lfing, gay lu lut, han hfin t h i n nUdc khdng hfii ldng vdi ngUdi Mdt ngudn nflde quan doi vdi ngfldi dan Mfldng xfla d cfie lfing dd lfi ngudn nflde md (yd rgac) Trong tfim thflc cua Mudng dfiy la ngudn nflde ngim tinh khid't nha't cua trdi da't, vi thd' h i u hd't eae nghi Id ein de'n nflde deu phai sii dung ngudn nflde n g i m nfiy di eflng, dfic bi^t ll cflng td' tien vfi li cflng nhflng tet Cd nhflng ndi ngfldi ta cdn quan niem nflde md nhU lfi nflde thidng, ora nang sfip chet cung mudn udng nguon nflde Ngfldi Mudng d mfldng Khd, mfldng 6ng, mfldng Ai trflde eung nhfl hipn c6 tue di la'y nflde e i u may d i u nfim Khdng bao nhflng cfl sau thdi diem giao thfla ngudi dan lang t^p trung d md nflde Ngfldi ta cho rfing cang di sdm thi nam gia dinh cang gfip dflpc nhiiu may mfin, dflpc trdi da't phfl hd, ban phat phudc Ifinh vfi lfim fin phat d?t vi liy dfl^e nUdc d i u rdng Ngoai ra, cac dng mo, bfi mfiy u u uyuwi Luuung trflde day ed sit dung nflde md d l ehfla bdnh va trfl tfi ma Trong xa hdi truyen thdng nhiiu lfing Mudng td' ehfle l i ciu mfla, ciu nflde "cd'u rgac" vao dip dau nam XUa d mdt sd* iang Mudng nd'u md nflde ngCfng ehay thi xa chdm ehuan hi mdt mam edm, phai ed mot gfi trfing, dem cung tai md nflde c i u xin t h i n nUdc cho nflde chay trd lai T^i lai phai cflng gfi trfing (kl ca ngfldi Mudng d Hda Binh) cho dd'n ngfldi Mfldng v i n chfla cd giai thich thoa dang Vfio cudi thfing Ba, d i u thfing Tu Am lich, day la thdi gian chuyin tfl mua khd sang mfla mfla, le cung nUdc mdi dfldc tid'n hfinh kha ddng bd d tfi't ca cac lfing Mfldng d Ba Thflde, C i m Thuy, Lang Chanh, Ngoc Lac xa Cim Tu, huy0n Cfim Thuy vao cudi thang Ba, d i u thang Tu Am lich nhiiu lfing td ehfle l i mflng nflde Dd lfi mua nflde dang, ca len, ngfldi ta bat nfldng, sau dd trdn ea vdi gao n i p rdi dd len di lfim le eung dinh lfing Ngofii ra, tin ngfldng v i nflde cdn dflpc bieu hien qua li hdi, g i n liin vdi cac trd chdi "rong rfin ldn may" hay "rdng r i n dfinh nhau" Nhin chung, nflde khdng chi cd gia tri ddi sd'ng hfing ngfiy nhfl an udng, sinh hoat, san xufi't mfi nflde edn cd y nghia ddi sdng tinh t h i n , dfldc ngfldi Mfldng linh thieng hoa bieu thi sfl "kinh trpng" nflde, vfi nflde khdng t h i thid'u dflpe nhiiu trfldng hpp khfie lidn quan den tin ngfldng - Tin ngudng vi rOng Vdi tin ngfldng van v^t hflu linh, ngfldi Mfldng xfla tin vfio viec cae efiy cd thu, dfic bi$t lfi cfiy si, efiy gao, cfiy da, eay sdi diu c6 t h i n Vi th^, ddng bfio kidng ehat cfie loai cay nfiy mdt cfich bfla bai, nhfi't lfi d nhiing khu riftig d i u ngudn, rflhg thidng, riing ma Theo tfip qufin cu, ngfldi Mfldng kieng s i dyng cay si d l lfim nhfi vi ddy lfi eay thidng lidn quan de'n tud'i thp eua ngfldi (12) Trflde dfiy, ngfldi Mfldng d mudng Ong kieng chat nhflng loai cay hidm, cay cd' thu nhfl cay eho, cay khdng mang Hp quan nidm, eay chd lfi cay ehu rflng nd'u chat se lam anh hfldng din rflng, ngudi ta edn cho rang cay chd lfi cay ciia ma sfl (ma nflde) neu Ifi'y efiy fi'y lfim edt nhfi se bi ma su rut xud'ng dfi't, nhfi se bi Cfie phfldng san cua ngudi Mudng d mfldng Khd, mfldng Ong trudc day rfi't ky ban phai nhflng eon cd chfla nhfi't lfi nai chfla Hp cho rang sat hai nhflng eon vfit ed c h i a la khdng gfip may, ca mua san nfim a'y cd di sfin eung khdng hidu qua Theo lufit tuc, khdng lfing ban dUde phdp sfin bfin, be mang, phat nUdng lfim rfiy d riing cfi'm, rflng thieng cua lfing Ne'u vi pham lfim cho ngfldi thfin nhfi, ban bi oin dau hoac gap nhflng diiu xui qufiy thi ngfldi dd phai cd trfich nhidm mo Ipn, m^ trau de cflng t h i n rflng d dflng ndi da vi pham O mdt sd lfing trflde dfiy edn ed nhflng kidng ky nghidm ngat san bfin Trong mdt bud'i di san ngfldi thp sfin ne'u gap mdt b i y thfl eflng ehi dflpe phdp ban ehe't mdt eon, nd'u bfin tid'p eon thfl hai thi pham vfio diiu eSTm cua t h i n rflng Ai dd ching may vd tinh b i n chd't thfl hai thi phai sang tdn nhfldng vat cho mpt ngfldi khac di chflng td vdi t h i n linh lfi chi bfin mdt eon, n i u khdng c6 ngfldi de nhfldng eon thu da trdt b i n chd't, ngfldi thp san phai mang ea hai thfl ve nhfi lfim thit eflng than rOtog, vfi xin t h i n rflng bd qua cho ldi l i m da pham phai Y nghia thflc chfi't cua tuc Id nfiy la bao vd ngudn ddng vfit san bin Xfla kia, nd'u sfin dfldc thfl nfio ldn (tfl eon Ipn rflng, nai, eon hofing trd len) thi phai lfim Id vai ehua sdn lam NhiJng tfin dfl cua tin ngfldng vfit to' (td tem gifio) trflde day xa hdi Mudng rfi't dfim ndt, do ngudi Mudng ed nhflng kieng ky nhfi^t dinh san bin Hp kidng sfin b i n eung nhfl an thit nhflng vfit hp cho cd quan he g i n giii vdi hp, da eflu giup to tidn hp Chang han nhfl hp Trfldng kieng an thit h^, khi, hp Hfi kieng fin thit cud'c, hp Biii kieng an thit ky d a Dang chu y la tuc thd hd' (cpp), ed ngfldi ta thd tinh ho da an thit nhiiu ngfldi vfi thd ngudi bi hd fin thit Tfi't ca nham muc dieh eho lfing xdm dfldc an Ifinh Tpc nfiy trude Caeh mang thang Tfim nfim 1945 cdn thfi'y Thach Lam, Thach Tfldng (Thach Thfinh), Cam Lfldng (Cim Thuy) vfi nhieu ndi khfic O lfing Sdo (thuoc mfldng Kho trUdc dfiy), ddng ho Trfldng Cdng thd t h i n hd' vfi kidng an thit ho Trfldng ddng hp TrUdng Cdng hi$n vfin cdn gifl bfin thd ho cua td' tidn dl lai (13) Ly thd hd' dflpc cac eu ddng hp k l lai rang, eon hd' da cflu dng td nhiiu ddi cua ddng hp nfiy thoat qua mot kid'p nan vfi tfl t h i khdng an thit hS va thd hd' nhu mdt vi t h i n eflu tinh Dd nhd cdng dn dd ddng hp nfiy da lap ban thd thd hd' nhu thd td' tidn eua minh (14) Nhin chung, tin ngudng ve rijfng cua ngfldi Mudng gfin hen vdi nhiing tin ngudng td tem vfi nhiing kieng ky khai thae ddng thUc vfit Day la loai hinh tin ngUSng ban dia sd khai cdn tan dvt dfim ndt ddi sdng tdn giao eOia ngfldi Mudng Su tiep bien cdc ton gido chinh thong TrUdc hd't phai khing dinh, mpt so' tdn giao ehinh thd'ng da dd'n vdi ngUdi Mudng, dupc ngUdi MUdng tie'p bie'n nhUng tfldng ddl md nhat chfl khdng dam net nhfl d vflng ngudi Vidt (Kinh) Trong cae tdn giao ldn nhfl Phat giao, Ki td giao thi Phfit giao de'n vdi ngudi Mudng sdm hdn Chung ta co t h i tim tha'y da'u a'n eac rang mo, tinh ca Nang Nga - Dao Hai Mdi (15) vfi cae ang xudng cung cd nhfic de'n But, dd'n Phat, hay ndi dd'n ciu Phat Nhieu dia phfldng vung Mfldng Thanh Hda cd chfla thd Phfit Song cac chfla phan ldn dfla vfio eac hang dfi, mai da Cd it ehua xfiy ldp ngdi Da cd nhflng chfla nd'i tiing trflde day nhu chua M i u (ndi ehua Trinh Sfim da d i thd trdn vach nui heuig chua), chua Trfing, ehfla Rdng, ehua Mdng (Cfim Thuy), ehua Rfim (Ngpe Lae), ehua Mdo (Lang Chanh) Cac chfla nfiy cd tfldng, cd chudng ddng nhflng khdng cd tru tri Cac dng tfl dan cfl Hfing nfim dip l i td't, ram thang bay cd ngfldi de'n le, de'n chdi Day cdn la ndi sinh hoat van hoa edng ddng hdn la thoa man dfle tin O eac huydn vflng tha'p nhfl Thach Thanh, Cim Thuy, Ngpe Lac vfio nhflng nam 30-40 the' ky trflde da xufi't hien Dao Ddng O cac vung nfiy, thiy phu thuy hoat ddng kha manh eae dam chay, giai oan, c i t doan khu true tfi ma nhung sau Cfich mang thang Tfim nam 1945 Dao Ddng d day da mfi't han (16) Cflng vdi dao Phat, dao Thien chua eung da ngfi'm vao vflng Mfldng tfl sau phong trao Cin Vfldng cOia cac van than bi thUc dan Phfip dfin ap Nhiing ed sd tdn giao nfiy ciing chi lap dUdc d mdt sd viing nhfl d Ddng Chu (Thaeh Binh), Thgch Long (Th?eh Thanh), Cim Tan, Cam Long, Ca'm Phong (Cim Thuy) Ca khu vflc Mudng nfiy dfi'xac lap dfldc xfl dao Phong Y (1889) Xfl dao dfldc lap trdn da't Mfldng song eae eon chidn chu yd'u lai la ngudi Kinh d thi tra'n, so lupng eon ehien la ngfldi Mfldng khdng nhieu (17) N h a n x e t Nhin ehung, ngudi Mfldng d Thanh Hoa lfi tpc ngfldi ban dia, cd ddi sd'ng tdn giao he't sflc sinh dpng, vdi dac trflng tin ngUdng da t h i n , dUdc bieu hidn rfi't ro ndt niem tin mdi ca nhan vfi cdng dong Nhflng niem tin tdn giao vfi nhiing hfinh vi tdn giao ddi sd'ng hang ngfiy tao ndn ban sac van hda toe ngfldi Dfiu rang dd eo ve Hn ngucnrig Mn giao ciia ngucri Igif&ng nhiing p h i n lfi me tin, nhung eung cd rfi't nhidu ndi dung rfi't hflu ich ddi s3ng tinh t h i n eua ngfldi Mudng Dd lfi giao due truyin th^ng ud'ng nflde nhd ngudn, tri an nhflng ngfldi cd cdng vdi cdng dong dfin tdc Nhflng tin ngfldng ve tfl nhien nhfl dfi't, nflde, rflng khdng ddn t h u i n lfi niem tin tdn giao ma cdn ed y nghia nhan vfin sfiu sic nham bao v$ tfii nguyen thidn nhien vfi tri sU da dang sinh hpc cung nhfl bao ve mdi trfldng Hidn nay, ddi song tin ngfldng tdn giao cua ngudi Mfldng cd sfl bid'n dd'i nhfi't dinh, rd net nhfi't lfi sfl nhat phai tin ngfldng sung bai tU nhien Sfl phai nhat a'y bi tae ddng bdi nhieu ly Theo ehflng tdi, trUdc hit mdt p h i n lfi xu hfldng Vidt hofi Day lfi xu hfldng tfi't ye'u cac phUdng thflc san xufi't eua ngfldi Mfldng vfi ngfldi Kinh giong nhau, ma tre em Mfldng hien theo hpe cac trfldng hpe thdng nhu ngudi Kinh, mfle sdng ciia ngfldi Kinh trd thfinh chuin mUc cho ngfldi Mfldng noi theo (tfl nhfi d eho de'n cfie tidn nghi sinh hoat khac), hdn nhan gifla hai toe ngfldi Kinh - Mfldng ngfiy cfing trd nen phd' bid'n Thti hai, qua nhiiu nfim tiep thu nen gifio due hien dai, giao due the CHU gidi quan vd t h i n d cac nhfi trfldng phd' thdng it nhieu cung da tac ddng den y thfle ddng bfio Mudng lfim han ehd' niim tin vfio thd' gidi eua t h i n linh Ddng thdi, cudc each mang vfin hofi gfin liin vdi phong trao bai trfl me tin di doan cung da iam giam nhe niem tin vao the' gidi tfim linh cua ngUdi Mudng Ngofii ra, nhflng ehuyin dd'i phfit triln ndng nghidp gfin liin vdi phong trfio hdp tae hoa ndng nghidp, eu t h i lfi efieh thfle lfim fin tap the, qud'c hflu hoa san xua't eung lfi mdt nhflng nguydn nhan cfin ban lfim mfi't d i n di nhflng tin ngudng lidn quan de'n dfi't, nUdc vfi rflng Bdi vfiy, tinh t h i n "kinh trpng tfl nhien" da phai nhat din Thfle td' eho thi^y, d h i u hd't cfie thdn lang ciia ngfldi Mfldng tfl nhflng nam 1960 -1970 trd l?i dfiy khdng td' ehfle nhflng li eung lien quan dd'n nude, dfi't, rflng, nd'u cd thi cung khdng edn man mfi nhU xUa Ndi dflng hdn, hi$n h i u hd't nhflng tin ngfldng lien quan den cfie ngudn tfii nguydn d pham vi edng ddng khdng cdn tdn tgi Trong dd cfie loai hinh tin ngfldng tdn giao khfic nhfl thd eung td' tidn, thd thfinh hofing lfing, thd Mfiu, thd Phfit vfin cdn nguydn gia tri, tham ehi ngfiy efing dfldc ddng bfio quan tfim sau sfic hdn THtCH (1) D i n g Nghiem Van, Ly lu$n vi tdn gido vd tinh hinh tdn gido d Viit Nam (tdi bdn), Nxb (3) VUcJng Anh, Tii'p can vdi vdn hda bdn mUctng, Nxb V i n hfia d i n tfie H i Nfii, 2001, tr.5- Chinh tri Qudc gia H i Nfii, 2003, tr 77-78 (2) P h a n Ngpe, Vdn hod Vift Nam, cdch tiip can mdi, Nxb V i n hoa Thfing tin, H i NSi, 1994, tr 15-17 (4) VUdng Anh (chu bifin) Mo si thi ddn tdc Mudng, Nxb V i n hfia d i n tfie H i Nfii, 1997 (Xem tiep trang 80) (27) Dupc t h i n h lap theo Nghi dinh ngiy 6-81891 cua Toan quyen Dfing DUdng, JOIF, 2* partie, 1891, tr 378 Nghi dinh n i y sau dupc sCfa doi lai nhieu l i n cho phu hpp vfii tinh hinh chinh tri Bac Ky, chu yeu l i de doi v6i phong t r i o khang chifin cua nhan dan ta (28) Rapports pohtiques, quyfin sfi^ 7, nam (29) JOIF, 2^ partie, 1891, tr 378 (30) JOIF, 1940, tr 2133 (31) Bulletin administratif du Tonkin, 1941, (32) Tfle tinh Ha Dfing tU n i m 1904 (33) Nam 1891 t h a n h tinh Hfia Binh (xem chu 1890-1891 VE TiN NGUSNG TON GIAO CUA NGUh MUftNG 0THANH HOA (Tiep theo trang 71) (5) Cao Sdn Hai, Li tuc vbng ddi ngudi Mudng, (12) Ngufii Mufing h Thanh Hoa efi tyc lam Nxb Dai hpc Qufi'c gia H i Nfii H i Npi, 2005, tr via keo c i y si, hay goi l i keo tufi'i, keo sfi'cho 19 ngUfii gii Vl ngUfii Mufing quan nipm ne'u mufi'n (6) Ngufii Mufing, ke ca ngufii Vipt (Kmh) nhieu ndi Thanh Hoa trufic dfiy khfing gpi Ii b i n flng b i , bo' me sfl'ng lau hdn thi eon chau phai lim le keo Sl thfi m i quen gpi l i giufing thfi Hipn nay, each gpi (13) Hien gia dinh ong TrUtJng Cfing Dung v i n tUOng doi ph^ bifi'n nhieu vung nguSi (6 l i n g Sio, xa Dien Ha, huypn Ba Thufie) cfi mpt Mufing Thanh Hoa, b i n thfi hfl' b n h i Hang n i m gia dinh eung (7) Xem them: Le Huy Hoing, Tim hieu vi di tich vd nhdn vdt Hd Cdng Thdi, Thanh Hod xUa vd nay, Nxb Thanh Hoa, 2014, tr.51-55 (8) T r i n Thi Lifin (chu bien) Khdo sdt vdn hoa truyin thd'ng Mudng Du, Nxb Thfii dai H i Npi, 2013, tr.22-23 Tfin giio, H i Nfii 2010 Cao Sdn Hai, Li t h i n g Gieng, i n cdm mfii (14) Mai V i n Tung, Tri thtic dia phuong vi svl dung vd qudn ly t&i nguyen thiin nhiin cua ngUdi Mucfng d huyen Bd Thitdc, tinh Thanh Hda, Luin an Tien si Khoa hpc Lich sii, Trufing Dai hoc KHXH&NV Dai hoc Qufi'c gia, H i Nfli, 2011 (9) Ngfi Dflc Thinh, Bgo Mdu Viet Nam, Nxb (10) t h i n ho v i o nhiSng dip Tfi't NguySn dan, r^m (15) Cao Sdn Hai, Truyen Ndng Nga - Dgo Hai Mdl, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hfii H i Nfli, 2005 tuc vong dM ngUiti Mudng, Nxb Dai hpc Quoc gia H i Npi, H i N6i, 2005, tr 22-23 (11) Nguyen Tit Chi, Gdp phdn nghiin ciiu vdn (16) Cao Sdn Hai, Le tuc vbng ddi ngUdi Mudng, Nxb Dai hpc Qufic gia H i Noi, H i Npi, 2005, tr 21-22 (17) Cao Sdn Hai, Li tuc vbng ddi ngUdi hda vd tdc ngUdi, Nxb V i n hfia Thfing tin, Tap chi Mudng, Nxb Dai hpc Qufi'c gia H i Npi, Ha Nfii, Vfin hoa nghfi t h u i t xui't ban, H i Npi, 1996 2005, tr 22 XIN LOI VA BOI THirOfNG CHIEN TRANH TRONG QUAN HE QUOC TE - KINH NGHIEM UCH SUf TRONG QUAN HE VIET - MY NGUYfiN THAI Y £ N HUONG' T rong quan he qudc td' ndi chung, vd'n de xin ldi va boi thudng chig'n tranh la mdt vd'n dd' ludn song hdnh vdi quan he gifla cae nUdc qua trinh han gin vdt thUdng de dd'n binh thfldng hda quan he ngoai giao Day la va'n de da dfldc nhieu nha nghien cflu quan he qud'c td' de edp theo gde dp xa hgi, lich sfl Hidn nay, quan he gifla Vidt Nam vd My da dUde binh thudng hda tfl nam 1995 va nam 2013 hai nflde da nang cap quan he Idn "ddi tac toan dien" chuye'n tham My ciia Chii tich nudc TrUdng Td'n Sang Tuy nhidn, ndi dg'n nhflng khd khdn qua trinh binh thudng hoa quan he ngogi giao giiia hai quoc gia, vd'n dd' boi thudng chid'n tranh cho Viet Nam sau nam 1975 ma to'ng thd'ng My da tuyen bo' dfldng nhu vdn la mdt de tai tig'p tuc dUdc dg' cdp mac du day la mdt cac ngi dung da dfldc neu cac cugc trao doi lidn quan de'n lich sfl quan he Viet - My Cd y kid'n cua cdc nha nghign eflu My la phfa Viet Nam qua tli tin vao chig'n thing? Lai cd y kien cho ring chfnh Viet Nam khdng n i m b i t dUdc thdng tin diy du ve ndi bp My ngn da khdng linh hoat chinh saeh dl roi "bd Id cd hgi" binh thUdng hoa vdi My Ligu day ' PGS.TS Hpc vien Ngoai giao cd that sfl Id cac ly cd sfle thuyg't phuc hay khdng? Vide nghien cflu lai mgt kinh nghidm Iieh sfl dfla theo each tig'p cdn mdi doi se khdng khach quan vd phii hdp nhflng vln se la mpt dieu ly thu Cd nhid'u gdc ludn giai da dfldc dfla de ly giai cho sU viec ndy Tuy nhien, la mgt nha nghien eflu My dfldi gdc hch su va van hod, tdc gia mao muoi tig'p can dfldi gde dp vdn hda chinh tri dd phdn tieh "kinh nghidm Iieh sfl" Va'n d l xin Ioi va boi thfldng chi^n t r a n h - t i e p c a n t r o n g q u a n he quoc te Trong qua trinh phat triln cua lich sit nhan Ioai, vide xin Ioi va boi thudng ehien tranh gifla cac chu t h i da ludn Id vide dien sau mdi l i n ke't thuc xung dot hay chien tranh Ddy la mdt hanh vi thudng diidc nhin nhdn la hdp ly, ldm diu cang thang Kl tfl sau Chie'n tranh thd' gidi II kg't thuc, trUdc nhu ciu xda bd tgi Idi cu, va'n de xin ldi va boi thfldng chie'n tranh eua cac ehinh phli, cac to chflc da cd hanh ddng phi nhdn dao da trd nen cd chieu hudng gia tang Chfnh vi vdy, vide yeu ciu chu t h i vi phgm phai cd hanh vi xin Idi hay boi thudng cho nhflng nflde bi eoi la nan nhan da dfldc khuyen khich Cae nhd nghien eflu vd cdc hay tranh thii du lugn nudc quan he vdi mdt nUde eiiu thfl Neu so sanh trudng hdp gifla Nhdt Ban vd Dfle sau Chid'n tranh the' gidi thfl II se thd'y ro dieu Doi vdi du lugn nudc cua Nh|kt Ban thi vd'n de xin ldi hay bdi thfldng eho cac nude Id nan nhan da tao ngn sii phan ddi eua phe bao thu nUdc vdi Idp ludn r i n g vd'n de boi thfldng se tgo ed cho cdc nUde lang gid'ng t h i hidn thai dp ehd'ng lgi Nhdt Ban Trong do, nUde Dflc khdng gap phai vd'n de nhfl vdy Nhflng ngfldi theo phai bao thu tgi nflde Dflc dfldng nhfl lgi mud'n ddy Id dip d l neu lai mdt giai dogn Iieh sfl cua qud'c gia vd khdng ngin ngai phai thfla nhan cac tdi ac Hitle gay Ngudi Phap da nhin nhan thue tg' nhfl la mdt qua trinh phdt tridn dan chu va ehuyen hfldng tieh efle ciia nude Dfle (4) Cho dg'n nay, hai nflde ludn ed sfl hda hdp cae chinh sdch dfldc hoaeh dinh va trien khai Lien minh ehdu Au Nhfl vay, cd thg tha'y ring, vd'n de xin l5i hay boi thudng chie'n tranh thude kha nhieu vdo tinh hinh chinh tri ngi bp ciia moi nUde vd'n de' dfldc dfla bdn cai tgi edc cd quan cd thdm quyg'n cua qud'c gia dd Hoan canh van hda - xa hdi eiia mdi nflde cung anh hfldng dd'n phfldng each xin ldi hay boi thudng Nd'n vdn hda ehinh tri eua mdi nUdc eiing la mdt nhdn td' khdng the khdng de cdp xem xet vd'n dg' quan he gifla cae qud'c gia sau mdi cupc xung dot bdi vi nhu nhieu cdng trinh nghien cflu da phan tfeh chfnh sach doi ngogi la sU tid'p noi cua chinh sach doi ndi Vai t r o q u y e t d i n h chi tieu cua Quoc hoi My (5) Tfl ban Hie'n phap cua Hdp ehung qud'c Hoa Ky ddi ndm 1789, ehinh phii qud'c gia da thUc sfl danh eho Qud'c hpi thdm quyen to ldn doi vdi cae vd'n de kinh te' thie't yg'u Dig'u 1, Khoan 8, Hie'n phap My trao cho Quoc hdi quyg'n hanh rd't Idn Imh vflc tdi chinh, dd Id quyd'n quydt dinh thu vd ehi ngan sach - quyen danh thud', in tien va vay tien, dieu tig't thfldng mai gifla cac bang va vdi nflde ngodi, chi tieu eho "phong thii chung" va "phfle Ipi chung" Bd't kg mdt dd la nao ddnh cho chinh phu lidn bang chi dung cung phai dfldc Qud'c hdi duyet theo ludt dinh Hidn phap My da quy dinh ro "khdng cd khoan tig'n ndo cd thd dfldc rut tfl ngdn kho', nhflng sfl phan bd tid'p theo ciia nd dfldc quyet dinh theo Ludt phap" (6) Bdn canh nhflng khoan chi eho Iinh vflc ddi ndi, Quoc hdi Id ngfldi quyd't dinh khoan tdi ehfnh mk Td'ng thd'ng ehi cho lfle Ifldng vu trang dfldi quyg'n Td'ng thong, eiing nhU cho sU hoat ddng cua bg may nhd nflde My Theo quy dinh, Quoc hdi dam nhdn traeh nhi$m ve phap Iy, chinh tri va dgo l