CHÍNH SÁCH GIÁO DỤC CỦA THỰC DÂN ANH Ở ẤN ĐỘ VÀ NHỮNG HỆ QUẢ

CHINH SRCH GIRO DUC CUfl THU'C DRN RNH O RN DO VR N H I T N G H € O U R TRAN TIU TIIANH VAN* N en gifio due An Dp da cd mpt hanh trinh phat trien va bie'n ddi sau sfic tfi ndn giao due phong kidn sang nen giao due hifin dai Bifi'n c6' hch sfl quan nhfi't lfi sfi xfim Ifidc cua chii nghia thuc dan Anh d An Dp keo dfii gin hai the' ky Chinh sach gifio due cua Anh doi vdi An Dp nfim he thong chinh sach cai tri d thupc dia, phuc vu muc dieh eua chinb quyfii thfie dan Ban eha't eua nhflng chfnh sach khdng hfldng tdi nhfing pham tru to't dep von cd cua mpt hoat dgng nhfim dUa dfi'n sfi tie'n bfi xa hpi nhil chinh sfich gifio due va vfin hda Nhu Philip G Altbach vfi Gail P Kelly da ndi d gdc dp ly thuygt "trfldng hpc thilc dan khSng bao gid cd trien vpng hgi nhfip vao ndn van hda ban dia", no phan anh "sil chufin bi eho viSc xam chiem quyen luc xa hpi dd" (1) NhUng kfi't qua eua nfin giao due thilc dan d An Dp da vfidt khdi nhfing muc dfeh ban d i u cfla ngfidi Anh Chfnh quyfi'n thfic dan dat dfldc cac muc tieu eua minh nhUng ngfidi dan An Dp cung tig'p nhan nen giao due theo each cua hg, tao dung nen nhflng gia tri rigng cho chinh minh He qua hai mat eua ehinh sach thfic dan vd giao due da tao nen 'TS TrUdng Dai hgc Sai Gdn sfl thay ddi ngoai y muS'n, nhflng gia tri mang tfnh "xay dfing", "phue hfing" nhu K Marx da ehi Giao d u e v6i m u e t i e u t r u y e n giao v a giao thfidng dfidi t h M Cong ty Ddng An Anh Cong ty Dong An Anh (2) dUdc thfinh lap vao 31 thang 12 nam 1600 dfidi hinh thflc la mpt cdng ty co' phin, phat trien theo xu the trgng thfldng, banh trfidng ve phia Ddng An Do va ea vung bien An Do Dfldng rdng ldn Tfi thfi'ky XVH, thfidng gia Anh da nd lfie nam gifi ldi ieh d An Do bang mpi gia Kifim soat bifin mpt ky nguyfin thfidng mai xufi't k h i u mang lai cho ngUdi Anh ldi nhuan khong Id, tao nfin thfi' va lfic cho Anh chie'n thang cac doi thu Trong khoang thdi gian tfi diu the' ky XVII dg'n gifia thg' ky XIX, CSng ty DSng An Anh da xam nhap vao An Dp, thfie hiSn hai nhifim vu cd ban: xam chiem va cai tri Tfi nam 1600 den nam 1757, cung vdi sfi banh trfidng thfi' lfic thfic dan la qufi trinh thay do'i vfi~ to chfle Dd lfi sfi hoan thifin vd quyen lilc va khang dinh vai trd cua mSt tap doan tfi ban trgng thfidng viec cai tri thuoc dia Nam 1757 dfldc xem la md'c Qiinh sach giAo due eila Hiuc dan ?Inh danh dfi'u vific CSng ty thiet lfip dUdc ehinh quyen thilc dan d i u tifin d An Dp Trong mgt thfi' ky nfim quyen d An Dp (tfi nam 1757 de'n nam 1858), Cong ty DSng An Anh tfi mpt lfie lUdng thfidng gia trd mpt tap doan ehinh tri quan sfi, dfidc Nfl hoang Anh uy quyen cai tri thupc dia Cdng ty da bifi'n vi thfi' eua ngfidi Anh d An Dp tfi "The British Powet" (Thd lfic Anh) "The British Empire" (f)e che' Anh) Muc dich cfla Cdng ty Dong An Anh va Chinh phu London la xay dUng mgt ehinh quydn thfic dan hign dai, ed uy quyen d An Dp, kg't hdp dfide quydn ldi gifla nhflng nhan vign CSng ty d An Dp va cae tap doan tfl ban d Anh CSng ty DSng An Anh da thflc hign ehflc nang cai tri thupc dia nhfi mpt nhfi nflde thfie dan Chfnh sach giao due d An Dp cung dfide ban hanh va dieu chinh nham dat dfide nhflng muc dfch dd Trong thdi ky diu, sfl bfinh trudng thfle dan cua CSng ty DSng An Anh hfldng tdi thfidng mai va ldi nhufin Giao due cua ngfidi Anh d An Dp nham "khai hda" ngfldi ban dia vi muc tieu truyen giao va giao thUdng bdi ngUdi Anh nghi rang: "ng'u giao thildng vdi mpt ngfidi van minh thi se dfi dfing vfi thuan ldi hdn rfi't nhieu so vdi ngfidi d trinh lac hau, da man" (3) Ban dau, sfl quan tam dfi'n giao due chi dfldc bieu Men d vfii boat dgng dang ke Giao due eua CSng ty d An Do chu yfi'u chi danh cho nhflng dfia tre ngUdi Au, cua nhfin vifin CSng ty hoac mgt sd it la ngfldi An gde Anh Dfi'n nfla sau thfi' ky XVIII, CSng ty kiem soat dUdc dUdc nhfing vung lanh thd rpng ldn nhu Punjab vfi Sind, ngfidi Anh bat dau nghi vd gifio due ngfidi An Dp de "khai hda" hg Nam 1781, Warren Hastings (4) md Trfldng Cao dang Madrasah d Calcutta dd hpc va day lufit phap Muslim eung nhu cfie van dd hfin 65 quan Nam 1791, Jonathan Duncan md TrUdng Cao dang tifi'ng Phan Benares d Varanari, ndi ong da tfing hpe luat Hindu va trifit hpc Ca hai ndi dfidc dfi tinh la dg eung efi'p thfidng xuyen nhfing ngiidi An Dp cd bfing cfi'p, giup vific cho nfi'n hanh ehinh ed phap luat va nhfing tofi fin cua CSng ty DSng An Anh Nam 1792, Charles Grant - Giam dde eua CSng ty DQng An Anh va cung lfi mgt tfn dd Thifin chua giao, da soan thao mpt ke hoach chi tie't d i u tien ve gifio due cfla Anh d An Dp Vi thfi', nhfing npi dung dUdc truyen ba d i u tien bang tidng Anh d An Dp lfi gifio ly dao KitS nhUng cung thong qua dd phd bie'n nhflng kidn thfic ve van hoa, kinh te va xa hpi cfla cpng ddng Theo Grant, tifi'ng Anh vfi nfin giao due phUdng Tay chinh phuc Hindu giao nhflng cuoi cung nhfim muc dfch ve thUdng mai va chfnh tri Vi the', Sng ta da de nghi Chfnh phu day manh hdn nfla viec gidi thifiu tifi'ng Anh d An Dg Den d i u the ky XIX, mgt sS' nha truyen giao vfi nhflng ngudi theo ehfl nghia nhan dao da gay ap luc len Cong ty vdi mong muS'n dua ndn giao due hifin dai phfldng Tay vfio An Dp Trong nhflng ngudi theo chu nghia nhan dao, gdm cd nhifi'u ngudi An tin rang, "tri thflc hifin dai se la sU cai tao tot nha't cho ndn kinh tfi', chinh tri, xa hgi S'm yfi'u efla dan tSc" thi nhiing nha truyen giao lai eho rfing giao due hifin dai se "pha buy long tin cua ngfidi vao tdn gifio va dfin hg di theo Thien chua giao" (5) Sfi thay ddi bfit d i u tfi Bgo lugt Hien chuang - The Charter Act (hay Tuygn bd ddi mdi - The Charter Renewal) dupc ban hanh nam 1813 Theo dd, phap luat Anh da cdng nhan nghia vu va quyen han cua Cdng ty Ddng An Anh viee truyen ba nhiing kie'n thiJte cho ngfidi An Dp vfi lfic Rghien cfiu XJeh sit s6 6.8015 Ifidng dfidc tfn nhifim khSng chi la cac nha truyfi'n giao nfla mfi cdn cd cac nha phUdng Ddng hpc ngfidi Anh Tuyen bd' nam 1813 dfldc xem nhu la "td giiy thong hanh" md cfia til cho cac nha truyen dao Anh xam nhfip vfio An Dp CSng ty da sfl dung hp nhfi lfi "the lilc dai difin dfi lfim bfi't cfi nhflng ^ phai lam Cdng ty thi say dfim vdi thildng mai cdn Chinh phu thi tham vpng banh trUdng dS' ehe*' (6) Cae nha truyfi'n giao thilc hifin kg' hoach gifio due ngudi An, day eho hp mpt ngon ngfi mdi, m&t tdn gifio mdi va mgt nen van hda mdi Tfi gifia nam 1815 dfi'n nam 1840, trfidng hpc ve Thifin chua giao da dddc lap nhifi'u ndi trfin da't nflde An Do nhu The Baptist Mission Schools (1815), The Serampore College (1818), The London Mission Society's Schools (1818), The Bishop's College at Sibpur (1820), The Calcutta School Society's School (1819), The Jaya Narayan Ghoshal's English School at Benares (1818) va quan trgng nhajt sd dd la General Assembly's Institution (1830) dfidc thfinh lap bdi mpt nhfi truyen gifio ngfldi Scotland la Alexander Duff Day lfi ngUdi hieu dUdc vai trd quyg't dinh cua giao due thdng qua phuong tien trung gian la tie'ng Anh vigc chuyen big'n mpt ngfidi An chien ciia Chua Mpt diem mS'c quan trpng vific phat trien gifio due cua ngfidi Anlj d An Dg lfi vao nam 1823, Uy ban chung ve truyfi'n ba cong cdng (General Committee of Public Instruction) dfldc lap Uy ban bao gdm 10 vifin, ung hg ea giao due phUdng Tay l i n phfidng Dong Td chfic da cSng nhfin sfi lfip cfie trfldng eao dfing ve tifi'ng Phan nhfi la Calcutta Madrassa and Benares Sanskrit College, Poona Sanskrit College (1821) va hai trfidng nghign eflu vd phUdng DSng hpc d Agra (1823) vfi Calcutta (1824) Uy ban da dam nhfin vific in fi'n sach bang ngSn ngfl Sankrit va Arabic, ddng y cho cac hpc gia phUdng DSng dich sach tfl tig'ng Anh sang cac ngSn ngfl An Ngudi Anh mud'n tao fi'n tfidng to't vdi ngfldi dan An, dfic bi$t lfi nhflng hpc sinh ban dia Day thfic sfi la mpt budc tifi'n quan trpng vice thilc hien muc tifiu truydn bfi Anh ngfl cua ngudi Anh tai An Dp Tfi nam 1824 dfi'n nam 1835, cac ldp day tifi'ng Anh d i u tifin da dfide md d Calcutta Madrassa, the Benares Sanskrit College, Dellhi College, Agra College va cac cd quan giao due Dfing phUdng hgc khae "NhQng ngfidi An Dp tre tudi dudng nhfi hi ISi cuS'n bdi quan diem mdi, ehflng tpc mdi Hp nghi rfing day la thdi ky van hda phuc hfing d An Dp Hg dd xo tdi cae ldp hgc tifi'ng Anh, bat d i u vifi't thd, van vfi cae bai nghien cflu bang tieng Anh va bao chf xua't ban cho hp" (7) Mfit sS' da thong thao tig'ng Anh va hieu sau sac van hpe Anh, didu ma "thfim chf khong the ed dfidc d chau Au" Bao chf tie'ng Anh da dUde xua't ban tfl nam 1780 dfi'n nfim 1795 d Calcutta, Madras va Bombay, khuyfi'n khfeh ngudi An vifi't tifi'ng Anh Tuy nhien, viec bd nhifim nhflng ngfidi fi'n ban dia trung bie't tig'ng Anh vin ehfla dfidc phd bie'n rpng rai D6 la mpt kh6 khan ldn dd'i vdi CSng ty DSng An Anh vific kidm soat thi phan rgng ldn tai An Do Sau lfin vi trf Toan quyfi'n vao nam 1828, Lort Bentinck da de xufi't Uy ban truyen bfi cSng cgng xuc tien vific sfl dung tifi'ng Anh lam ngSn ngfl ehinh thfic cua chinh quyen va giao due d An Dp Vfi'n de' dd dfi dupc giai quyfi't Macaulay tdi An Do vfio thing nam 1834 va dfidc bd nhigm vi trf Gifim ddc Uy ban truydn ba cong cgng.'Ngfiy thfing 2^ nfim 1835, Macaulay da thSng qua mot kd Chinh saeh giao due eiia thuc dan ?Inh hoach mang ten "The Minute" vk dfldc xem nhu la "Ban Tuygn ngSn" cua giao due tig'ng Anh dAn Dp Npi dung eua "The Minute" nghia la giao due cho ngudi An tuiig phut, ra't rd rang vd mue tigu eua vifie giao due tig'ng Anh d An Do "Chung ta phai kfi't nSi moi quan hg gifia chung ta va hang trieu ngUdi bi cai tri, nhfing ngfidi cd mau va mau da An nhflng lai CO thi bifi'u, quan digm, tinh t h i n va tri tug Anh" (8) Macaulay da ta'n cong mot each manh me vao he thdng kifi'n thflc, ngon ngfl, van hpc va ea ton giao cua ngudi An Tfi dd truyfi'n ba van hda cung tren cac mat: ngdn ngfl, van hpc va ton giao Theo Sng, la "trung tam ve mat van hda cfla De' ehS va sfl banh trfldng thfldng mai cua Cdng ty" (9) Sau nhflng quyfit sach manh me nay, tfl nfim 1837 tifi'ng Anh da trd ngdn ngfl chfnh thfic cua giao due d An Do moi qufin, CSng ty Ddng An Anh cho lap cac trUdng trung hgc ndi tig'ng Anh hoac dung ca tig'ng Anh Ifin tidng dia phUdng Cac trfidng trung hpc dung tig'ng Anh nfi'u chfi't Ifldng tdt se dflde nang ca'p bae len cao dang Cd mdt sd triidng truyen giao cung day tig'ng Anh Theo thfi'ng kfi nam 1845 cd khoang 30.000 trfidng loai Thanh nifin An tim dfi'n cac trfidng day Anh ngfi vdi hy vpng hp se dfldc fiu tifin sau to't nghiep, dfldc bd nhiem vao cac vi tri cong viec eua CSng ty DSng An Anh Tuy nhifin, vice truydn ba tifi'ng Anh va nen giao due phUdng Tay da gap mgt so' trd ngai Kfi' hoach giao due cua Macaulay da khfing dinh tie'ng Anh la ngSri ngfl cua chfnh tri vfi thUdng mai, giao due tifi'ng Anh la nhfim tao mpt ldp ngudi An trung bifi't tifi'ng Anh nhUng sd chidm ty lfi qua nhd so vdi dan sS'An Hdn nfla, giao due tifi'ng Anh theo Macaulay chi d cac khu vile dd thi mfi khong 67 cap tren toan lanh thS Tifiu luc dia An Dp vo'n da phong phu ve cac loai ngSn ngfl d cac dia phildng va dieu lien quan tdi v i n de in a'n Khai niem ve in saeh, mua ban va dpc nd da khfing tdn tai d An Dp cho dfi'n ngudi Au dfla ky thuat in vao tfi thfi' ky XVI - XVII Khi saeh vd dflde in bfing tifi'ng Anh de gidi thifiu d An Do thi ngudi Anh phai ddi mat vdi nhflng khd khan ve vifie trinh bay bang ngon ngfl An TrUdc tinh hinb do, Cdng ty DSng An Anh quyg't dinh didu chinh chfnh sach gifio due d An Do Charles Wood da soan thao mgt thong bao quan trpng vao nam 1854 (10) vdi nhifi'u diem khac va thuyfit phuc hdn ra't nhieu so vdi "The Minute" cua Macaulay Trong d6 dac bifit la ke' hoach giao due tifi'ng Anh ke't hpp vdi ngdn ngfl ban dia viee truyfi'n ba tri thfle phfldng Tfiy vao thupc dia Khi chfnh sach dUdc thilc thi, cae trUdng Thien chua giao, trudng tu thuc va cac trudng trung hpe d cac qufin, huyfin dfidc bao lanh bdi CSng ty bfit diu thfic hifin vifie giang day tie'ng Anh ke't hdp vdi tifi'ng dia phUdng Tuy nhifin, khong lau sau do, cupc binh bie'n Sepoy da no (11), ke't thflc so' phfin eua Cong ty DSng An tai thuge dia An Do vao nam 1858 Giao d u e vdi m u c t i e u d a o t a o cong chfic dfidi sfi k i e m s c a t cua C h i n h p h u Anh Chinb phu Anh cung da hieu ro dfldc "tam nguy hiem" nhflng chinh sach phat trien giao due cua Cong ty DSng An Anh da tao tang 16p tri thflc An Do hifin dai cd long tU ton dan tgc Mac du rang, muc dich chfnh cua vific phd cfip nfi'n giao due phfidng Tfiy d An Dp la dao tao cfie the' he "cdng chfle da nau" eo trinh dp phuc vu cho chfnh quyfi'n thilc dan Chfnh vfio nam difin cupc khdi nghia, ngudi Anh cung da thanb lap d An Do ba trUdng dai hgc d Rghien cmi Lich sfi s6 6.2Q15 Bombay, Calcutta va Madras Vdi nhflng chinh saeh phat trien ve van hda, giao due dfldi thdi Cdng ty Ddng An, ngfidi Anh da gdp phin lam "hifin dai hda xa hgi An Do", d gdc dp nao dd, Chinh phu Anh da xem day chinh la mpt nhiing nguyfin nhan tiem i n thuc diy cac phong trfio dan tpc d thupc dia phfit trien ma eupe binh bifi'n nam 1857 lfi bai hpc dat gia Chfnh vi vay, chfl trUdng cua Chfnh phfl Anh - An sau kiem soat tnic tie'p An Dp la han che' sil phat trifin cua van boa, di cung vdi ehinh saeh tri nhiing lac hau, bao thu ve mat xa hgi Tuy vay, Chinh quyfi'n Anh chi hfidng tdi nhflng linh vfle bd ndi nhfl ban chfi' phat hanh bfio chf, sach vd, cdn linh vfic giao due h i u nhil khSng cd gi thay ddi dac bifit, Chfnh quyen Anh van sfl dung nhfing ldp cong ehfie dfidc dfio tao dudi thdi CSng ty DSng An Anh Vdi qua trinh "An Do hda" bp may hanh ehfnh thi yfiu ciu ve viec tuyfin dung nhfing ngfidi An co trinh vfin khdng ngfing tang lfin Chfnh vi the, giai ca'p cam quyfi'n Anh - An tifi'p tuc thanb lfip d An Dg nhifi'u trudng dai hgc nhfl la Lahore University (1869), Punjab University (1882), Allahabad University (1887) Cac trfidng dUde td ehfic theo mfiu hinh cua London University d Anh Kfi't qua la giao due da dUdc phd bifi'n thong qua tifi'ng Anh, gdp p h i n hinh cae phd' trung tam va dai hpc trung tam xung quanh eae phd ldn nhfl la Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Allahabad va Lahore Dfi'n lue nay, mgt ta'm bang dai hpe dildc xem nhu la "tfi'm hg chifi'u" dd tim vifie lam mgt each chfic chan va chflng nhfin td't nghiep d cae trudng thong cd day Anh ngfl la difi'u kien d i u tifin dd xet tuydn sinh vao cae trudng dai hpe Trong giai doan banh trudng cua ehu nghia de quoc, chinh sach ve viec truyfi'n ba Anh ngfl cua giai ca'p cim quyg'n dUdc bd sung bdi nhflng muc dfch mdi Thong qua giao due va truyfi'n bfi ngon ngfl, dfi' quS'e Anh mudn "ddng hda" ngiidi dan An Dp, muS'n bfinh trUdng vd van hda va ngdn ngfi cua minh lfin mpt xfl sd da cd nen vfin minh truyfi'n thS'ng hang ngfin nam Sau mpt thdi gian truyfi'n ba va cung cS', tieng Anh da trd ngon ngfi cua giao due, giao thfidng va ehfnh quyfi'n; cae ngon ngfi dia phUdng h i u nhu khSng cdn dfide sfl dung trfin cac bang gia hang hda d ehd Tifi'ng Anh trd "ngon ngfl uy thg*' d An Dp, "ngon ngfl eua sflc manh vfi tig'n bac", hoan tofin thay thg' tie'ng Ba Tu vfi cac tho ngfl Ngfldi Anh da cong vific kfi't nSi gifla giao due tie'ng Anh va lap he thS'ng quan chfle Quyen lilc cua chfnh quyfi'n thilc dan dUdc xay dflng tay quan ehfic Anh vdi mpt be thS'ng nhflng ngudi phuc vu An Dp bifi't tig'ng Anh "Anh ngfl da nfim lay chfle nang cua eae ngon ngfl ban dia" (12) Dfi'n cuSi the ky XIX d i u thd ky XX, bit dau ed nhiing thay doi va day la mpt bfldc phat trien quan trpng dd Anh ngfl "ehinh phuc" dupc ndn van hda ngdn ngfl An Do Dd chfi' Anh dupc md rpng va lanh tho An Dp trd nen tho'ng nha't dudi chfnh quyfi'n cua Anh Anh ngfl va nfi'n giao due Anh cung da chg' ngU dMc nhan thflc cua nhflng ngfidi bi tri nhu la mgt "Be che tieng Anh" ("English Empire"), "Be che ngdn ngU va van koa" ("Linguistic and Cultural Empire") (13) Sfl phat tridn cfla truyen thong nhu la ky thufit in fi'n, xua't ban, dudng sfit, bUu dipn, difin tin da dfia dfi'n sflc manh cho sil kiem soat hoan toan ngdn ngfl va lanh thd Nam 1901, Curzon (14) da phat bieu r i n g vific hpe tig'ng Anh la "Chia khoa cua vific lam" (The key to employment) Tifing Anh se dUa dfi'n cd hpi xin vific cac cd quan chfnh phu cho ngUdi An Dp Ong da cho lap Uy ban cac trUdng Dai hgc tdng hdp nam 1902 vfi Tuygn bo' vao Chnih sach giao due eiSa thijfc dan Hnh nfim 1904 Uy ban da cd nhflng quy dinh ve cae bang tig'ng Anh he thong giao due An Do Tuy nhifin Ban Tuyen bd cung nha'n manh rang h i u nhfl efie bang vific giang day cfie ngSn ngfl An bi "sao nhang" vi hp "bj ddng hda' qufi manh tfi Anh ngfl Cung nam dd, Chinh phu Curzon cung da Nghi quyg't Chinh phu vd ehinh sfich giao due d An Dp Tfl thdi diim nay, nhieu trudng da thay ddi dung nhfl quy dinh, chl day Anh ngfi hpc sinh dflde 13 tuSi, tfi efi'p giao due trung hpe trd lfin Nhifi'u trfidng bfit bugc hgc sinh phai hpc tho ngfl tfl nam hoae tudi, trfidc tig'p nhfin ngoai ngfl Chinh saeh da thuc diy sfi phat trien cac ngdn ngfi dan tge d An Do tfi cae cfi'p tifiu hpc, cd sd vfi trung hpc Giai efi'p eim quyen muo'n tao mgt hg thdng quan ehfie "ddng dfi'u" ve trinh dp hp CO ca ngSn ngfi dia phfidng lfin Anh ngfl Thfi' nhflng thilc te', d i u thfi' ky XX, rfi't nhieu ngfidi dfin An Dp cd nhu eiu hpc Anh ngfl va tig'p nhfin nfi'n giao due Anh hdn la hge ngSn ngfl dan tpc Giai cfi'p cim quydn ed du khdn ngoan dfi khuyfi'n khieh hg "Yfiu eiu vfi sfl md rpng tfi nhifin", nhfi efich ndi ciia mot nhfi sfl hpc An, dfldc the hifin so Ifidng eae trUdng day Anh ngfl tang mgnh, thfim chi hdn gfi'p mfidi l i n so vdi cfie trudng day Ddng phUdng hpe hoac ndng nghifip Sfi md rpng d mfic cao nhfi't cac trfidng Anh ngfl cho thfi'y tig'ng Anh da dfidc ngfldi An yeu thich va tie'p "nhfin Bao, tap chf, saeh, xua't ban phfim bfing tig'ng Anh, dUdc mang dg'n tfl Anh qud'c da bie'n eSng ddng ngfldi ban xfi "Ngfidi An tre tuoi b i t d i u thieh thu mpi thfi lign quan dfi'n nudc Anh vfi ehfiu Au; hp dfin nfidc Anh vi mue dich giao due vfi thUdng mai hofic ddn gian ehi vi td md" (15)- Nhidu nifin An Do da nhan bang cfi'p if cfie thfinh phfi' ldn nhu lfi 6S Bombay, Calcutta, Madras vfi nhidu thfinh phd khae da tdi Anh de hoan thfinh chfidng trinh giao due d mdt trudng dai hpe nao d Anh hoae tai cac dinh thil cua H6i Luat gia London Mpt sS' khac cd tham vpng vi tri nganh Dan chfnh (Indian Civil Service - ICS) cung tdi Anh de ehuan bi cho cac ky thi tuyen eua ICS Trong nhflng thfip ky d i u thfi' ky XX, chu nghia dfi' quS'c Anh md rdng uy quyen va mflc dS banh trfldng d thudc dia nham phuc vu cho hai cude dai chifi'n An Do trd thfinh hau phfidng chifi'n Ifidc va la bp phfin khSng the tach rdi dg' quo'c Anh Trong boi eanh lich sfi dd, phong trfio dfi'u tranh giai phdng dan tpc dang cao manh me bugc chfnh quyfi'n Anh phai hudng tdi "mpt chfnh sach hai mat: dan ap vfi cai each" (16) Dan ap dg dap tat; cai eaeh de xoa diu nhfim giam tinh t h i n chien dfi'u, danh lae hfidng vfi p h i tan sfi lifin kfi't Chinh quyen Anh da tien hanh nhieu ddt khung bd' dfl dpi vfio phong trao yfiu nflde Do'i tfldng ehu yfi'u la vao eae trUdng dai hgc, ndi eo phong trao eua gidi trf thflc, sinh vifin, hpc sinh phat trien manh; ddng thdi han ehfi' vifie hgc hfinh, md trfldng, thfim chi eon ddng cfla cac trfldng hpe He q u a h a i m a t c u a n e n giao d u e thfic d a n d An Do Nha xa hoi hpc An Dp, Giao sfl Srinivas da vifi't rang: "Chfi' dp tho'ng tri thilc dan Anh da dua dfi'n sil thay doi can ban va lau dai dSi vdi ndn van hda vfi xa hoi An Do" (17) Ngiidi Anh da tao qua trinh "Tay phudng hoa" (Westernization) d thuge dia An Do va d mot gdc dp nfio dd, sfl tifi'p xue triic tifi'p hoac gian tig'p vdi vfin minh phUdng Tay cung dfia dg'n qua trtnh "Hien dgi hoa" (Modernization) xa hgi cd truyfi'n Tuy nhifin, thfic tfi' qua trinh "Au hda An Dp" da de lai nhCtlg' hfi qua tigu cue lfin tich cfie Rghien curu IJeh siSr s6 6.2015 - Nh&ng he qud tieu cUc 'Tay phfidng hda" khong phai hofin tofin gidng nhfi pham tru "hifin dai hda" lfi "trung lfip ve mat dao dfle" Van hda phfidng Tay dfidc truyen ba tfi ehu y cua ke xfim Ifidc Cho du cd the lfi anh hudng gian tifi'p di nfia thi dd eung la nen van hoa thue dan Chinh vi vfiy, nhflng tac dgng tieu cue ddi vdi nen van hda cua dan tpc An Dp eung khSng phai la nhd Trong hai thfi' ky dUdi sfl thdng tri thfie dfin Anh, mgt nfi'n van hda mdi mang tinh cha't thupc dia phong kig'n da hinh d An DS Day chfnh la cd sd cho sil hinh thfinh efic xu hudng nghfi thufit cfla mfit t i n g ldp tri thfic mdi Dd la xu hfidng lang man, tigu cfie, ddi truy van hda nghfi thuat, la chu nghia cfi nhan, tigu eilc va bi quan trudc thdi dai Dudi sfl thue ep cua chinh quyen thfie dfin, hg d i n d i n dam ehan len ta't ca cac "hinh thfic truy lae" cua nghfi thufit phfidng Tay Tigu bidu la eae phai cai Ifldng vfin hpc An Dp nhfi Lala Srim Vadasa, Protap Narayar Mishra Sau ddc lfip, tinh hinh phfie tap ciia ndn Cpng hoa non tre, mpt sS' nhfi vfin ah vin chiu sfi anh hudng cua vfin hda phfidng Tay Hp tifi'p tuc tuyfin truyfi'n vfin hda suy ddi, thoat ly quin chung, de cao thfi gpi la "thd mdi", 'Van mdi" cua ehu nghla hifin dai phfidng Tay DSl vdi quan chflng, sfl tae dpng cua vfin hda tu san phUdng Tay bieu hien "vfin hda sdng" Cupc so'ng va phong each cua cfie tang ldp eai tri ngUdi Au da tae dgng vfi lfim bifi'n dS'i thfi' he tre vfi ldp ngfldi trudng gia d An Dg Hp bi hut vfio ldi sdng theo phong each phfldng Tay, trai ngfldc vft van boa truydn thong vfi ndn tang dao dfle dan tpc Xa hpi An Dp mdi sau nam 1947 diy rfiy nhflng tfin du nhfi vfiy Ifiu lai tfi xa hpi thfie dan Vl muc dich chinh tri, h i u nhu cfie cai cfich giao due tien bg khong dfide thfie thi trpn ven thfie te' Ndn giao due Anh chi dfinh cho mgt bp phfin cSng chfic, tri thflc, vi vfiy da tao khoang each qua ldn gifla ldp ngudi ed hgc va q u i n ehung NSi dung giao due nhfing ve kifi'n thflc khoa hpe vfi cong nghfi; phUdng phap chu yfi'u la hpc vet, giam til va kha nfing cua ngfidi hpc; giao due de tao ldp ngfidi phuc dich chfi khfing phai xfiy dfing Sfi truyfi'n ba Anh ngfi lam anh hfidng tdi viec big'n qud'c ngfl Am difiu cua Anh ngfi da ngan chfin sil phat trien cua ngSn ngfl An Dp mSt each diy du He thfi'ng giao due truyfi'n thdng tfin ta vi thifi'u sU giup dd cua chfnh quyen Dieu dd lai dfia dfi'n khoang each xa hpi gifla tang ldp ngfidi cd hpc vfi sd dong ndn giao due cd xu hfidng dpc quydn cua giai ca'p giau cd va dan cU thi "Difim yfi'u kem nhfi't cua nfi'n giao due la bd mac da sfi', ke^t qua la sS' dan fi'n Dp bi mfl chfl eua nam 1921 la eao hdn nam 1821 Nam 1911 cd 94% dan sd An mu chfl " (18) Chinh sach giao due nfiy cdn thifi'u sdt d chS la khdng cd ngudn tai chinh eho tre em gai dUde di hpc Ngfidi Anh vfin sd vi pham vao tin ngfidng eua dan tpc An Dp Kfi't qua la nam 1921, chi cd sd 100 phu nfl cd kha nang dpc va vifi't, nfim 1919 chi cd 490 be gai dupc hpc bfi'n trfldng trung hpc hang d i u cua thu phu Bengal Gifio due eung khong chu trpng tdi khoa hpc va edng nghfi, den nfim 1857 chi cd ba trfidng eao dang y khoa, mot trfidng dfio tao ky su "Goc rfi cua nhflng yg'u kem la va'n dfi' ve tfii chfnh Chfnh phu Anh chua bao gid muon dfinh mot khoan ldn cho giao due d thupc dia" (19) Vi vay, nfim 1951 chi ed 8/100 phu nfl Kn Do bidt dpc, vig't; ti lg mu chfl cua phu nfl lfi 97% trfin ti lg 84% cua tofin dan so Sau gianh dfic lfip, ehi ed 13.590 hge sinh phd thdng vfi Chinh sach giao due c^a Hiue dan flnh 7.288 bpc sinh trung hgc (20) Nhflng so khdng phan anh tiidng xfing dia vi rpng ldn cua An Dp Ngay ca Anh ngfl, mot "di san vang" nhu ngfidi An da tu cong nhfin, d gdc dp nfio dd cflng bieu hifin sil bfinh trUdng cua chu nghia thfic dan mdi "Dfi'chfi'da di nhfing chu nghia thfic dfin phUdng Tay v i n hifin thfin d nhflng nudc vd'n da tfing la thupe dia cua nd" (21) Lich sfl trflde day da cd cau ndi: "Mat trdi khdng bao gid lfin trfin dfi't cua dfi' qufi'c Anh" va bay gid, vdi sU bflng nd va bfinh trfidng manh me cua Anh ngfl van cd the ndi rfing: "Tifi'ng Anh la ngdn ngfl ma mat trdi khfing tfit va nhflng ngfidi sfl dung nd khdng bao gid ngu", nhu each vi von cua hai nhfi ngSn ngfl hpc Quirk vfi Widdowson (22) Dfi' chfi' cua Anh ngfl da dfldc thifi't lap trgn tofin ciu ma "thupe dia" eua nd tiep tuc dUdc tri, ca d An Dp Tbeo nha nghifin cfiu ngfidi An, N.Krishnaswamy, "sil tho'ng tri thfie dan da lam tg liet suy nghi cua nhieu ngfidi dan An Dp; nhflng gia tri cua phfldng Tay dang bam rfi sau d An Dp, h i u hdt nhiing ngudi cd hpe d An Dp dang san sang nhfin sil khai sang chi tfi phfldng Tay" (23) Sau An Dp gianh dupe dpe lfip, nfi'n giao due vfin tifi'p tuc tri chfldng trinh cua Macaulay, va vfiy so Ifldng ngUdi An dfldc dao tao theo mfiu hinh Tay phfidng vfin tie'p tuc tfing Nhfing "Quy ngai da nau - "Brown Sahib" v i n ed mat trfin khap dfi't nfidc An Dp, giao due, ed quan ehinh phu, chfnh quyfi'n Hp la "san phfim cua thllc dan Anh" vfi vi vfiy, sS' dd cung cd nhflng ldp ngfidi "ma't goc" ("rootless"), thieu ngdn ('languageless") nhfi each gpi cua chfnh cae nha khoa hpc An DS (24) Thupe dia cua chu nghia thUc dan khong cSn nfia nhfing nd vfin nam tu cua ngfidi dan ban xfi Hifin nay, d nhidu khoa Anh ngfi efic trfidng dai hpc d 71 An Dp, nhifiu giao vifin day tifi'ng Anh nghi r i n g Hamlet vfi Othello vi dai hdn nhfing tfic phfim kinh dign cua An Dp Hp mieu ta thfinh eSng nhflng ^ ma Aristotle da ndi vg' mpt anh biing bi thfldng, tham chf hg khdng quan tam dfi bifi't rfing Ravana cung la mpt anh hflng bi trang Ramayana hoac Kama Mahabharata Day chfnh lfi nhiing ngudi chi dfidc hpc van hpc Anh, h i u nhu khSng bie't vfi' van hgc truyen thfiiig cua dan tgc bang cac ngSn ngfl ban dia nhfi la tig'ng Sanskrit hoae Tamil hoac bfi't ky ngon ngfl dfin tpc nao cua An Do Ngfldc lai, cac hpc gia Hindi nen van hpc truyfi'n thS'ng khong phai tat ea va bfi't cfl lflc nfio cflng cd the difin dat y kifi'n cua minh bang Anh ngfl day da cd sfl "ehia re" vS cung to ldn, "lfi hdng ve truyen dat" dUdc tao tfi hau qua cua thflc dfin, "edn tdi tg hdn ea sU ehia cfit ve tieu luc dia" (25) "Tfim hdn cua ngfldi An Do dang bi kidm chfi' nhfl tfl nhan Sung dan la sfl ehinh phue than the, cdn ngdn ngfl la sil chinh phue hnh hdn" (26), Dieu dang lo ngai chfnh lfi sil danh ma't tinh t h i n dan tde y thfic he va ly tfidng cua mSi ngUdi dfin Tofin ciu hoa van hda sfi la he qua tig'p theo eua qua trinh toan ciu hda kinh tfi va ngdn ngfl; d i n tdi sil thay ddi kfi't ca'u xa hpi An Dp Nhfing gia tri van hda, mSi quan hg gia dinh, sil kinh trpng ngUdi ldn tudi, nidm tin ton giao , ta't ca dang cd nhidu thay ddi bdi "nhflng gia tri Tay phfldng" Cac phfldng tien truyen thfing difin tfl dang thuc day qua trinh vfi tifi'ng Anh chinh la ngfin ngfl cua "nfi'n van hda Pop"- nen van hda dang khufi'y dpng cugc sS'ng tinh than cua cae thfi'he nien An Do Hau qua la "nhifi'u ngon ngfl thieu s d d An Dp va trgn thfi' gidi da bi bie'n mfi't", mpt sd lUdng ldn cac ngdn ngfl dia phUdng lufin cd sfl "xam lfin" eua eae tfl tifi'ng Anh, hda trgn, Iam cho "hi bdp meo" 'Toan ciu hda Rghien euru Ljch sir, so 6.2015 Anh ngfl dang gay nguy hifim cho cac ngfin ngfl va cac nen van hda ban dia" (27) - Nhihig he qud co y nghia tich cUc Chinh quyg'n thUe dan Anh da bidn d An Dp mdt nen giao due hien dai cua phfidng Tay Muc dfeh cua ngfidi Anh la de "van minh hda" dan ban dia eho de be cai tri va dfio tao mpt he thS'ng "cong ehflc da nfiu" phuc vu chinh quydn Anh Thfic eha't, Chinh phu Anh ra't sd va ludng trfide dfidc nhflng anh hudng cua vific truydn ba mpt ndn giao due mdi d thupc dia Thfim ehi hp da dat nhflng chfidng ngai dfi can trd sfi phd big'n nhflng yfi'u tS' van hoa mdi O day diidng nhu cd sil mfiu thuan muc dieh va kfi't qua cua ehinh sach thuc dfin ve giao due Tuy nhifin, du vdi muc dfch gi thi ndn gifio due thuc tfi' la mpt sfl doi mdi d An Dp nd dfidc cap dfi'n ta't ca efic dang cfi'p vfi cac tang ldp dudi cua xa hgi Ddng thdi, no truydn ba mgt each cd hfi thfi'ng eic kie'n thfic truyen tho'ng va bifin dai Dd lfi nen vfin hda chung cua ca phUdng Tay dang bflng lfin nhflng "thfi' ky anh sang" CSng lao khdng thupc ve nhflng chfnh tri gia ma lfi nhflng ea nhan ngUdi Anh, cac nhfi truyfi'n gifio, DSng phUdng hpc, cac nha giao due, nha bao, nhifit tinh va tai nang, mang sfl mfinh ciia nhflng nha "khai sang" J.Nehru da vifi't: " nflde Anh nfio da dfi'n An Do Nflde Anh cua Shakespeare va Milton, cua ngon ngfl va van tfi cao thupng vfi hanh-dpng dung cam " (28) Sil truyfi'n ba cua ky thuat in fi'n, xufi't ban va phat hanh da khifi'n cho bao chf, sach vd dildc phd bifi'n rgng rai An Dp tfi gifla the' ky XIX, vao thdi difim van hpc An budc vfio giai doan phue hflng Tie'p xuc vdi tinh than Tay phfldng qua van hpc Anh, Phap, Dfle, Y, van hpc cS difin Hy Lap - La Ma vfi sau lfi van hpc Nga, van hge An Do da cd nhflng bifi'n dfi'i quan trpng Cac hinh thflc van hpc mdi dUdc binh Nfi'u thdi ed trung dai, van hpc An chi cd thd va truyfin ke, thi bay gid cd du loai, tieu thflye't, truyfin ngfin, kich san khfi'u, nghi luan Sil phd bifi'n van minh phUdng Tay dfia ddn "mpt gia tri cd ban", quan trgng hdn ta't ea cac gia tri khfic, dd chinh la "Chu nghla nh&n dgo" (Humanitarianism) Didu tudng chiing la mau thufin ngudi Anh lfi ke xam lUdc dfi'n tfi "nfide Anh cua bp lufit hinh sfi man rd va hanh vi tan bao", hg dai difin eho "giai cfi'p xa hgi phan dpng nhfi't nfidc Anh", mSt quS'c gia, d gdc nao ' dfi'y la "mpt nflde bao thu nhfi't ehau Au" (29) Tuy nhign, hp dfi'n tfl mgt nen van minh hifin dai, cd nhflng tfnh eaeh tifi'n bp chdng lai cac hanh vi man rd va bao tan ddi vdi eon ngfidi "Chu nghia nhan dao" d giai doan thd'ng tri Anh - An bao gdm "Chu nghla binh dan^' (Equalitarianism) va "Chu nghla the tuc" (Secularization) N6 dUdc thfi hifin qua vifie phd bifi'n phfip lufit thay the cho cae dao lufit bat binh dfing cua Hdi gifio va Hindu gifio; sil thu tifiu chfi' dp nS lfi; md rpng y tfi', giao due eho ta't ca bfi't kfi tfin gifio, chung tpc va dang cfi'p Ta't ca tao nfin sil doi mdi it nhieu tfi vfi thfi' gidi quan cfla ngUdi dan An Dp Sil tifi'n bS giao due the hifin rfi't rd d cac chinh sach ve truyen ba Anh ngfl ke't hdp vdi vigc day cac ngon ngfi truyfi'n thS'ng tfi cfie efi'p thfi'p nhfi't ThSng qua sfi truyfi'n ba van hda cua chinh quydn thfie dan, tifi'ng Anh da dfldc du nhap, dfidc tifi'p nhan vfi trd mpt nhflng ngon ngfi chinh thfic d An Do (cflng vdi tie'ng Hindi va 21 ngon ngfl khac) Difi'u quan trpng la ngfldi An da "An Dp hda Anh ngii", bifi'n ngon ngfi thfinh ngfin ngfl cua rainh Trong lichsfi hg da tflng lam nhfi vfiy vdi eae nfi'n van hda ngon ngfl nhfi Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic va Urdu Nhfing vdi Anh ngfl, cd nhifi'u difi'u dac bifit hdn Tfi Chinh sach giao due eiia thye dan flnh ngdn ngfl thfie dan nd da phat trifin ngdn ngfl toan eiu va bung no d An Dp vi nhflng tilu eua thdi dai edng nghfi thSng tin Didu dang ndi la ehinh ngfidi dan An Dp mudn ndi ldi cam dn vdi Macaulay Hg dang mudn danh gia dung nhflng gi ma ngfldi Anh da lfim cho dan tpc minh Cae nha nghifin cflu gpi tifi'ng Anh la "kho vang" (goldmine) va xem dd la "di san eua thfic dan" (The colonial legacy) Nha ehinh tri gia Pramod Mahajan, la Bp trfidng CSng nghfi thfing tin vfi Truyfi'n thong cua Dang Doi lfip (BJP), mpt dang cd anh hfldng ldn cpng ddng ngudi Hindu d An Do, da phat bieu mpt cugc ddn tifi'p Thu tfldng Anh Tony Blair den tham Bangalore rang: "Chung tdi bifi't dn ngudi Anh vi dfi day chung tSi tieng Anh, mot thfic te' ma bfiy gid ngfidi Trung QuSc dang hSi tide" (30) Hign nay, sd 1.652 ngdn ngfl me de dfidc fide Ifidng d An Do, Hindi la quSc ngfl cSn tie'ng Anh la ngon ngfi phS thSng, dfidc dung chfnh phii, giao due va kinh doanh Anh ngfl da trd "di san cua dfin tSc" trUdc xu the phfit tridn toan ciu hoa eua thg' gidi hifin nay, nhfi ehinh ngfidi An vfin thfidng ndi Tie'ng Anh An Do thfic si^ lfi mdt "mdn qua vfi gia" ngoai y muSii mfi thfie dan Anh da de lai eho thuge dia An Dp da bflt pha d thfi' ky XXI nhd ed "bfi phdng" Tdm lai, g i n hai the ky ngfidi Anh thifi't lfip ehd dS eai tri trfin dfi't nfide An Dp, nen gifio due thfie dfin eung dUdc chia thfinh bai giai doan: giai doan thfl nhfi't dfldi thdi CSng ty DSng An Anh va giai doan thfl hai dfldi sfl eai tri true tiep ciia Chfnh phu Anh Cflng khong cd qua nhieu sU khac bifit vd chinh sach giao due d hai giai doan vi muc tifiu chfnh cua giao due dfi'u nham hfidng ve kinh td va ehinh tri Gifio due trfide het phuc vu cho nen hfinh chfnh Anh - An, tri vfi dam bao sfi van hanh cua chinh quyfi'n thfie dan Hdn nfia, Chfnh phu Anh mud'n rang bugc mdt each hieu qua ldp cdng ehfie An vdi chfnh quyen thufic dia bang cong an vifie lam, tidn Ifldng va vi tri thang tifi'n, gdp p h i n Sn dinh trat tfl xa hdi Dac bifit, "ddng hda" ve vfin hda cung giflp ngudi Anh thfim nhfip vfi chg' ngli dupe tinh t h i n cua ngUdi dan An, dfic bifit lfi bd phfin ldp tre Cho du xua't phat khdng phai tfl thign y nhUng ndn giao due thUe dan la mSt nen giao due hifin dai Nfi'u so sanh vdi giao due phong kifi'n eua An Do trflde thi nfi'n giao due thuge dia dfia dfi'n nhfing kg't qua noi bat Dfidi vfldng trieu Mughal, giao di^e phong kifi'n ban dia bi chi phS'i bdi cac yfi'u td nhfl tfin gifio, chS dp dang cfi'p, sfi khae bifit ve ngSn ngfl, tpc ngUdi, van hda, phong tue tap qufin, bi chia cat vd lanh thS Gifio due cua ngfidi Anh d An Do da xda bd dildc rao can ve ngdn ngfi, tdn giao; dieu hda dfide p h i n ' nao dd nhfing ranh gidi khfic nghiet cua chfi' dp dang efi'p; tho'ng nhfi't nfi'n hanh chinh qudc gia Cd thd tha'y, du khong mudn nhUng ngudi Anh da thuc sil tifi'n hanh mgt "cufic cfich mang hda ddi sdng tri thfic" d An Do thfing qua nhflng chfnh saeh cfip giao due hien dai Dieu dd xufi't phat tfi dac diem rieng cua ehu nghia thfic dan Anh d thupc dia vfi dfia dfi'n nhiing gia tri "phuc hfing" ngoai y muo'n eua chfnh hp Kg't qua dfide danh gia nhfi la mgt "mau t h u i n nfi'n thong tri thfic dan Anh dAn Do" (31) CHU THICH (1) Philip G Altbach, Gail P Kelly, Education and Colonialism, New York and London, Longman, 1978, p (2) Cong ty Dong An Anh co ten lfi Cong ty thuong mai Dong An London (Ckimpany of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies) Rghien cfiu XJeh siSr sd 6.2Q15 da dU^c thfinh lap vao 31-12-1600 C6ng ty da nhieu l i n cd cfi'u Iai td ehflc va sii hop nhfi't c u ^ cung diin vfio nam 1709, ti^ d6 chi co mot cong ty v6i ten goi ^"Hifep hoi Cong ty doanh nhan Anh buon ban vdi Dong An" (United Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies), thiic tg' v i n thucfng dUOc ggi lfi C5ng ty Dong An Anh (The East India Company - vi^t tat la EIC) (3), N Krishnaswamy and LaUtha Knshnaswamy, The story of English in India, Pubhshed by Foundation Books Pvt.Ltd, New Delhi, 2006, p 10 (4) Warren Hastings la vien Toan quyen Anh d i u ti§n b Bengal (dUOc goi lfi Governor - general, thay the cho chfic vu Governorship - tiic la Tho'ng doc bang tmdc dSy), gifl chifc tfl 1774 • 1785 (5) Bipan Chandra, Modern India, National council of Education Research and Traning, New Delhi, 1976, p.119 (6), (7), (8), (9), (12), (13) N Knshnaswamy and Lalitha Krishnaswamy, The story of English in India, sdd, p 17, 18, 32, 32, 55, 65 ^ (10) Tuyen bo cua Charles Wood nha'n manh cfie diem chinh sau: + Tieng Anh se duoc day b nhiing nOi cd nhu cau No se co sU phoi hop mot each c i n than vdi viec hoc cfie thd ngii Tieng Anh khong the thay the ngon ngii dia phUdng; + Mdn hoc Thien chua giao se dUdc phfin thdi khoa bieu vS day tren co sd tU nguyen; + Giao diic phu nii rat quan trong; + Gidi thieu tien trd cip thdng qua cac vdn phdng giao due de ngUdi dia phUdng cd the dUdc khuyen khfch tiep nhan tofin bo nen giao due; + Thfinh l§p cac trUdng dai hoc; + Muc dich cua chfnh quyen Ifi phat triln cac ngon ngii An; + Md rong cfie kie'n thijtc chau Au thong qua ta't ca cac Idp hoc cua dan chiing An (11) Cuoc binh bien b i t d i u tij( ngfiy 10-5-1857 vdi sU khdi xUdng cua binh h'nh Sepoy b Meerut vfi nhanh chdng lan rong tdi nhieu bang trgn toan bo lanh tho An Dd Nguyen nhan trUc tiep la vao n3m 1857, c6 mot loai sung trUdng mdi dUdc gidi thiSu quan ddi co ten lfi Lee Enfield De sii dung, nhQng ngUdi linh phai dOing mi€ng cua minh c i n bo vd bgc phia dau cuoi cua vd dan da du^c bdi trdn bang md Idn hoSic rad bo Lfnh Sepoy theo dao Hindu hoac Muslim deu cam t h i y bi xuc pham vi theo tin ngUdng ho khdng dUdc phep fin thit bd hoac thit ldn Neu hg tfi choi viec vac nhQng k h i u Sling nfiy ho se bi lfim be mat ndi cdng cdng hoac thfim chf bi true xufit khdi qufin ddi Binh linh Sepoy tin rang day la sU cd' y cua chi'nh quyen vdi muc dfch pha huy tdn giao cua hg Thdi diem cho sU ndi loan da d^n tfl si^ sai l i m cua nhiing si quan chi huy ngUdi Anh Nd vUdt qua mgt cugc binh bien, lan rong vfi mang tfnh chfi't mdt cuoc dfi'u tranh gianh ddc lfip dan tdc Ddl vdi ngUdi Anh, Iai la mdt sU thfi't bai dang ke vS lfi cd hdi d^ Chinh phu thay ddi mdt chien lUdc thi^c d§n mdi d An Dg Ngfiy thang nam 1858, Nghi vien Anh da thdng qua Dao luat thd'ng tri An Do, chuyen giao toan bd quyen lilc cua Cong ty d An Do cho Nfl hofing Anh (14) Lord Curzon trd Phd vUdng An Do ' tfl nam 1899 den nam 1905 (15) N Krishnaswamy and Lalitha Krishnaswamy, The story of English in India, sdd, p.76 (16) K.A AnTOHOsa H.M Fojibjibcpr, A.M OcHnoB (1961), Hoaajf Hcmopim Mnduu, Hs^aarejibCTBo BocTOHHOii JlHTeparypbi, MOCKBH, tr 633 (17), (20) Bipan Chandra, India after Independence 1947-2000, Published in Penguin Books India (P) Ltd., New Delhi, 2000, p.15-16: (18), (19) Bipan Chandra, Modern India, sdd, p 122 (21), (22), (23), (24) N Krishnaswamy and Lalitha Krishnaswamy, The story of English in India, sdd, p 170-171 (25), (26), (27) N Krishnaswamy and Lalitha Krishnaswamy, The story of English in India, sdd, p.172, 185 (28), (29) J Nehru, Phdt hien An Do, tfip 3, Nxb, Vfin hoa, Ha Ngi, 1996, t r l l , 121 (30) "The Hindu" tn^c tuyen ngfiy 6-1-2002 (31) J Nehru, Phdt hien An Bg, t|kp 2, Nxb V a n h o a , H a N d i , tr 157