QUAN HỆ KINH TẾ MỸ NHẬT BẢN

QUA^ HE KIl^H TE MY-]\HAT BA1\ 1952-1971 IRAN THlfiN THANH* S au nam 1952, sfl xac lap, cung cd' mdi quan he ddng minh My-Nhfit Ban vfi vide n i n kinh td' Nhfit Ban d i n bfldc vfio giai doan tang trfldng cao sau thdi ky phuc hdi 1945-1952 tao cd sd vting chac cho Sli tfii hpi nhfip vfio nen kinh te' tofin ciu da khid'n quan he kinh td' My - Nhfit Ban tfl chd chu yeu mang tfnh chfi't mdt chidu d i n chuydn sang quan he hai bdn cung cd Idi vfi mang dfim tinh chfi't canh tranh Col s i p h a p ly c u a md'i q u a n h e k i n h te My-Nhat B a n Trong thdi gian nfiy, nhilu hdi thao da dflpc td chflc, nhieu hidp djnh dfldc ky k i t vfi khdng it td chflc, hiep hdi da dfldc thfinh lap nhfim tfing cfldng sU hieu bidt vfi tao khung phfip ly cho mdi quan hd kinh te My-Nhfit Ban Ngay 9-9-1952, Hidp flde Trpng tfii thfldng mai Nhfit-My gifla Hidp hdi Trpng tfii phfin x i thfldng mai Nhfit Ban (Japan Commercial Arbitration Association- JCAA) vfi Hdi Trpng tfii phan x i My (American Arbitration Association AAA) dfldc ky kd't d My, ngfiy 16-9-1952 dflpc ky tai Nhfit Ban Theo dd: "Vide phan x i dfldc td chflc tai Nhfit Ban se thflc hien theo quy djnh c i a Hiep hdi Trpng tfii Thfldng mai Nhfit Ban; Vide phfin x i dfldc to chflc t^i Hoa Ky se thflc hidn phu hpp vdi cfic quy dinh cua Hiep hdi Trpng tfii My Ne'u ndi phan x i khdng phai Ifi ndi dfldc de cap hiep udc, hoac cac bdn khdng ddng y bang van ban v l vi trf nhfl vfiy Quye't dinh cuoi cung v l dia dilm phfin x i se Uy ban Hdn hdp Trpng tfii ba thfinh vien quye't djnh vfi cd y nghia rfing budc vdi ca hai bdn" (1) Tie'p dd, ngfiy 2-4-1953, Hidp djnh Hflu nghi, Thfldng mai vfi Hfing hai Nhfit-My dUdc ky kd't d Tdkyo vdi chfl ky cia Bp trfldng Ngoai giao Nhfit Ban Katsuo Okazaki vfi Dai sfl Dac menh tofin quyln My tai Nhfit Ban Robert Murphy Muc tieu cua Hidp dinh lfi ciing cd' quan he thfin thidn vfi hda binh gifla My vfi Nhfit Ban, thuc dfiy quan hd kinh t l , van hda gin giii hdn gifla cdng dfin hai nfldc vfi dfiy manh quan he thfldng mai, diu tfl cung cd ldi gifla hai qudc gia Nhflng npi dung quan trpng v l mat kinh te cua Hidp djnh nfiy lfi: - Cdng dfin cua mdi nfldc dflpc phip vao lanh thd cua nfldc vfi lai dd: (a) cho muc dich tid'n hfinh thfldng mai gifla cfic viing lanh thd c i a hai nfldc, vfi tham gia vfio boat dpng thfldng mai cd lien quan; (b) cho muc dich phat trien vfi chi dao hoat 'TS Khoa Lich s i - Trudng DHKHXH&NV - DHQGHN 9uan b& hmh ti mt-Rhat BAn ddng cua mdt doanh nghiep mfi hp da d i u tu, hoac ho dang tich cflc xiic tie'n d i u tfl mdt lUdng vd'n dang kl; vfi (c) cho cfic muc dich khac tufin theo quy djnh cua phap lufit v l vide nhfip canh vfi cfl t n i ciia ngudi nudc ngofii (Khoan 1, Dilu 1) - Cdng dfin vfi doanh nghidp mdi nfldc dfldc hudng su ddi x i qudc gia vfi ddi x i tdi hud qudc cd cac sii vu Hdn quan dd'n tda fin tfl phap, tfii phfin hfinh chinh vfi cfic cd quan Ifinh tho cua nUdc kia, tfi't ca cfic mflc dp t h i m quyen dl theo dud'i vfi bao vd quyen ldi cua minh (Khoan 1, Dilu 4) - Khdng nfldc nao dupc dfla cfic bidn phfip bfi't hpp \f hofic phan bidt dli x i anh hfldng dd'n quyln vfi ldi ich hdp phfip Ifinh thd nfldc dd c i a cac cdng dan vfi cdng ty nfldc (Khoan 1, Dilu 5) - Cdng dan va doanh nghidp mdi nfldc dupc hudng sfl dd'i x i qudc gia tham gia vfio tfi't ca cfic boat ddng thfldng mai, cdng nghidp, tfii chinh vfi boat ddng kinh doanh khac pham vi lanh thd c i a nfldc kia, cho du trflc tid'p hofic bfing dai l;y' hofic thdng qua cfic phfldng tidn bfi't ky phu hpp vdi quy dinh cua phfip lufit Theo do, cfic cdng dan vfi doanh nghidp nhfl vfiy dflpc phdp vfio Ianh thd mdi nfldc: (a) de thie't lfip vfi tri ngfinh, cd quan, van phdng, nhfi may vfi cac cd sd khfie phu hdp vdi hfinh vi kinh ddanh cua minh; (b) de td chflc cfic cdng ty theo phap lufit chung vl cdng ty cia nfldc do, vfi dd cd dfldc ldi ich da sd' cac cdng ty c i a nudc dd, vfi (c) de kid'm soat vfi quan ly doanh nghiep mfi hp dfi thid't lap ho|ic mua lai Ngofii ra, cfic doanh nghi$p mfi hp kilm sofit, cho du dfldi hinh thflc doanh nghiep tu nhfin, cdng ty hay hinh thflc khfie, thi tfi't ca nhflng gi lidn quan ddn vile dilu hfinh boat ddng c i a chung, deu dflpc dfinh sfl dll x i khdng kdm thufin ldi hdn so vdi cac doanh nghipp 63 dat dfldi sfl dieu hfinh cua cac cdng dan vfi cdng ty cua chinh nudc sd tai (Khoan 1, Dilu 7) - Cdng dan vfi doanh nghiep mdi nUdc dupc hudng sfl doi x i qud'c gia c i a nudc va quyln tdi hue qud'c ddi vdi cfic khoan tofin, kilu hoi va chuyin kinh phi hofic cfic cdng cu tai chinh gifla cfic vung lanh thd cua hai ben cung nhfl gifla cac viing Ifinh thd c i a ben vdi ba't ky nudc t h i ba (Khoan 1, Dilu 12) - Mdi bdn danh sfl dd'i x i td'i hue qud'c cho cfic san phfim cua bdn kia, de'n tfl bfi't cfl ndi nfio va bfing bfi't cfl phfldng tidn vfin chuyen gi, vfi cfic san phfim dd xufi't khiu vfio lanh thd cua ben dd, bang bfi't cfl tuye'n dudng vfi bfi't c i phfldng tidn chuyen chd nfio, vl cfic loai thud vfi phi dfinh vfio hofic cd lien quan de'n viec xufi't - nhfip khau hoac dfinh vfio viec chuyen ddi tofin qud'c te ddi vdi boat ddng xufi't-nhfip khfiu, vfi dd'i vdi cfic phfldng phap tinh cac Idai thue vfi Id phi nhfl vfiy, cung nhu vdi tfi't ca cfic quy tfic va thu tuc hdn quan den boat ddng xufi't-nhfip khiu (Khoan 1, Dieu 14) (2) Hidp dinh Hflu nghj, ThUdng mai vfi Hfing hai cung vdi ban Nghj djnh thfl dfldc ky cung ngfiy da xfic l^p cd sd cua moi quan he kinh td' gifla My vfi Nhfit Ban, md'i quan he khac vl ban chfi't so vdi thdi diem each dfiy gin mdt thd' ky hai nfldc ky Hidp Udc Hflu nghj vfi Thfldng mai nam 1858 cung nhu didn trinh quan hd kinh t l hai nfldc qua nhilu thfing tram mfi dinh diem la chiln tranh rdi sau dd lfi thdi ky chilm ddng Quy dinh fip dung quy chd' tdi hue quoc hai chieu khdng dilu kidn va sU doi x i qud'c gia ddi vdi cdng dan vfi doanh nghiep hai nfldc lfi sii khfing djnh vfi cu the hda mdl quan he ddng minh qufin sU My-Nhfit Ban cflng nhfl sii thay ddi vi tri cua Nhfit Ban chinh sfich ddl ngoai cua My 64 Q u a n h e k i n h t l My-Nhfit B a n tiif liu dai d e n c a n h t r a n h Trong nhflng nfim 1950 vfi d i u thfip nien 1960, My thiic hidn chinh sfich flu dai quan hd kinh td' vdi Nhfit Ban Muc tidu cua chinh sfich nfiy Ifi giam m i c thfim hut thfldng mai cua Nhfit Ban vfi hdi nhfip nen kinh te Nhfit Ban vdi cfic quoc gia tfl ban chu nghia khfie Ngofii cac ly v l an ninh, chinh tri, sfl flu dai cua My quan hd kinh te' vdi Nhfit Ban cho dd'n nfim 1964 dfldc thflc hidn trdn cd sd My lfi cfldng qudc kinh td' sd the gidi vfi cfin cfin xua't/nhfip khfiu vdi Nhfit Ban ludn d m i c thfing dfl Nin kinh t l Lien Xo, Tfiy Au vfi Nhfit Ban da cd nhflng bfldc phuc hdi vfi phfit trien manh me nhung chua thiic sii trd thfinh nhflng trung tfim cd kha nfing de doa vi tri sd cua n i n kinh td' My Sfl flu dai c i a My quan he kinh t l vdi Nhfit Ban dfldc the hien trdn mdt s l khia canh: Thit nhat, ky kd't cac thda flde kinh te' song phUdng cd lpi cho Nhfit Ban nhfl Thda flde v l hieu sua't lao ddng (ky ngfiy 6-41955), Thda Udc san xufi't mfiy bay pban lUc lin t h i nhfi't (ky ngfiy 3-6-1955), l i n t h i hai (ky ngfiy 17-4-1956), cfic thda thufin vl ndng san du thfla (cac nfim 1954, 1955 vfi 1956), Thda thufin v l phuc hdi tfii san cua ngfldi Nhfit d My (nam 1955), Thda thufin vl Nang Iflpng nguyen t i song phUdng (cd hidu Iflc tfl thfing 12-1955) Cu the lfi, theo Thda flde v l hidu sufi't lao ddng, Trung tfim Hidu sufi't Iao dpng Nhfit Ban (JPC) dfi dupc lap vfio ngfiy 14-2-1955 nhfl mdt dfl fin thi didm nhfim quy tu cfic nha quan ly doanh nghidp, dai didn lao ddng vfi nhflng ngfldi cd ky nang kinh doanh vfi hpc vfi'n nhfi't dinh de tim phfldng cfich tang nfing sufi't lao ddng cua n i n kinh te npi dia Nhfit Ban Tren thflc td', trung tfim da Hghien cflu Lich s i s6' 5.8015 d^ mdt chien dich tfing nang sufi't lao ddng tren khfip Nhat Ban dfla tren ba nguydn tac cd ban: Duy tri vfi md rdng nhan cdng, hpp tac vfi Tfl vfi'n gifla nhfi tfl ban vfi ngudi lao dpng; Phan phcfi thfinh qua kinh te cdng bfing Ngudn trp cfi'p, vay flu dai, vien trp, hdp dong cung flng cho quan dpi Hoa Ky da ho trd JPC tridn khai nhiem vu c i a minh Chiln djch nang cao nfing sufi't lao ddng, hay cdn dupc gpi lfi chie'n dich hdp ly hoa nen cdng nghipp, thdng qua dau tfl vfio cdng nghd mdi, may mdc vfi td chflc lai he thd'ng san xufi't vfi quan ly lfi mdt dfic didm ndi bat nen kinh td' Nhfit Ban tfl d i u thfip nien 1950 dd'n dau thfip nidn 1970 ciing nhfl phin ldn qud'c gia tfl ban khac trdn t h l gidi Vdi hai thda flde san xufi't mfiy bay phan Iflc ky nam 1955 vfi 1956, My da hd trp Nhfit Ban linh viic san xufi't mfiy bay phan Iflc Mac du khdng cd sd' lieu chinh xfic vl vide My da cfi'p bao nhidu tiln cho muc dich nfiy, nhung Udc dofin tdng sd khoang 11 ty USD vdi Thda flde l i n Theo bao cfio cua chfnh p h i Nhfit Ban ldn Qud'c hdi vfio giai doan diu dfim phfin Thda flde l i n thfl hai, sd tien hd trp cua My se dat khoang 100 tridu Ydn Sau ky Thoa udc l i n hai, My dfi cung cfi'p cho Nhat Ban cfic bd phfin dl san xufi't mfiy bay phan liic 110-F-86F (3) Trong linh vflc ndng nghidp, tiep ndi chinh sfich xua't khau cfic san phim ndng nghidp thfing du sang Nhfit Ban tfl bfit d i u thdi ky chiem ddng, sau nam 1952 da cd ba thda thufin ve/cd lien quan dd'n ndng phfim du thfla dflpc ky ke't gifla My va Nhfit Ban Dd lfi quy dinh Hipp flde quan sfl ho tfldng My-Nhfit ngfiy 8-3-1954, Thda thufin thfl nha't ve ndng phim dfl thfla Nhfit-My ky ngfiy 31-5-1955 (cd hidu luc tfl thang 6-1955) vfi Thda thufin thfl hai v l ndng phim dfl thfla Nhfit-My ky ngfiy Quan hinh te my-Rhat BAn 10-2-1956 Ve phia My, vide ky cfic thda thufin nfiy trflde he't lfi de giai quyet vfi'n d l quyln lpi cua ndng dfin My - giup hp bfin h i t ndng p h i m du thfla, lfim ydn long cfic nhfi xufi't k h i u ndng phim dfl thfla d My, dong thdi phan anh nhfin thflc ngfiy cfing tfing c i a chinh gidi My v l t i m quan trpng cia vidn trd nhfin dao nhfl mdt hinh t h i c ngoai giao va c i n g cd nilm tin rfing an ninh c i a My cd lidn quan chat che den sfl on dinh vfi tie'n bd ve kinh t l c i a cfic qudc gia khac Ben canh do, mdt nguydn nhan quan trpng khac lfi de giiip ddng minh Nhfit Ban vfldt qua tinh trang mfi't can ddi vl dfl trfl USD vfi Ydn dl mua cfic loai thflc phim thid't ye'u Ve phia Nhfit Ban, nguyen nhfin giai thich ly chfnh p h i nfldc nfiy ddng f vdi d^ xufi't c i a My v l ndng p h i m thfing dfl lfi: Mgt la, giai quyd't tinh trang thie'u hut Ifldng thflc va mfi't cfin ddl gifla dfl trfl ngoai td (ddng USD) vfi ding Yen Nhat; Hai la, tao dilu kien cho cfic tfip dofin ldn cua Nhfit viec md rpng thj trudng xua't khfiu cfic san p h i m che' tao vfi tie'p cfin ngudn nguyin lidu re (bao gdm ca thiic phfim), xfiy dflng lai sflc manh quan sfl cua Nhfit Ban bfing cfich phuc hdi vfi phfit trien cac ngfinh cdng nghiep cd lien quan Cu thd lfi, theo Hipp flde qufin sfl ho tfldng My-Nhfit ky ngfiy 8-3-1954, My cung cfi'p cho doanh sd' ban I i a mi thfing du cua My tai Nhfit Ban trj gifi 50 trieu USD Tiep din, Thda thufin thfl nhfi't ve ndng p h i m du thfla Nh$t-My dUdc ky sau Qudc hdi My da thdng qua Dao lufit Hd trp vfi Phfit trien budn bfin ndng p h i m vfio thfing 7-1954 (thfldng dupc bid't din vdi tdn gpi Lufit cdng 480 - PL 480 hay Thiic phim vi Hda binh Food for Peace) Tai thdi dilm dd, vide thflc thi Lufit cdng 480 dfldc d^t dfldi sU dilu phdi cua Bd Ngoai giao, Bd Ndng nghidp vfi Cue Hdp tfic qudc te' My Lufit cdng 480 cho phep Tdng thdng chuyen cac loai hfing hoa du thfla sang cfic quoc gia "than thidn" vdi My hofic la theo cfic dilu khoan flu dai hofic khdng hofin lai Vdi Nhfit Ban, dao lufit nfiy tao dilu kien d l Nhfit, dd vfin dang phai ddl mat vdi tinh trang thid'u hut Ifldng thflc vfi tai chinh, dfldc mua bdt my vfi cfic loai Ifldng thflc khac Theo thda thufin nfim 1955, Nhfit Ban da nhfip lua my, Iua mach, gao, bdng, thud'c la bfing ddng Yen Nhfit, tUdng dfldng 85 tridu USD Sd tiln thu dflpc t i vide ban cac san phim nfiy d Nhfit Ban dfldc g i i vfio mdt quy dfic bidt cua chinh phu My Ngfin hfing Nhfit Ban tao vfi quan ly Chinh p h i Nhfit Ban da s i dung khoang 70% quy nfiy cho muc dich tfii xay dflng n i n kinh t l , p h i n cdn lai tra cho My Ngofii My cdn tfing cho Nhfit Ban lua my, sfla khd khdng bio cho hpc sinh vfi cfic ndng phfim khac tdng tri gia 15 trieu USD (4) Mdt nam sau, theo Thda thufin t h i hai ve ndng p h i m du thfla ky ngfiy 102-1956, Ifldng ndng san My tri gifi 65,8 trilu USD da dfldc bfin sang Nhfit Ban theo quy djnh c i a Lufit cdng 480 (5) Ngofii ra, cung trong nam 1955, My cdn ky vdi Nhfit Ban cfic Thda thufin vl phuc hdi nhflng tai san da bi ddng bfing c i a ngfldi Nhfit tai My thdi k^ Chie'n tranh Thfii Binh Dfldng vfi Thda thufin vl Nfing Ifldng nguyen t i song phfldng, theo dd l i n d i u tidn lich s i quan h i song phUdng My-Nhfit, My sd cung cfi'p che Nhfit Ban Id phan flng hat nhfin vfi uranium da lfim gifiu cho sfl van hanh c i a nhflng Id phan flng nfiy Nfim 1958, Thoa thufin ve Nfing Ifldng nguyin t i Nhfit-My dflpc s i a ddi cho phdp Nhfit Ban tid'n hanh tfii che' nhidn lidu tai cac cd sd nfing Iflpng nguydn t i theo quyd't djnh c i a chinh p h i My Dfiy Ifi mdt nhflng tien de quan trpng cho viec xfiy dling cac ke' hoach khai thfic nang Iflpng hat nhan lau dfii c i a chinh p h i Nhat Ban 66 Khia canh tiep theo phan finh sfl flu dai c i a My quan he kinh te vdi Nhfit Ban thfip nidn 1950 la My khdng tao s i c ep ldn c h i trfldng ban che nhfip k h i u va dau tfl nfldc ngofii (6) ma chinh phu Nhfit Ban fip dung thfip nidn nhfim tfing hidu qua vfi nang Iflc canh tranh cua cac doanh nghidp nfldc Ddng thdi tao dilu kien cho cac doanh nghidp Nhfit Ban xam nhfip thi trUdng My bfing cfich phan bfic nhflng yeu ciu ap dung bidn phfip bao hd thUdng mai c i a cfic doanh nghidp ddng nhfin cdng nhung kem sflc canh tranh d nhieu bang cua My Tren thflc td', thi trfldng My lfi mdt nhflng huylt mach quan trpng nhfi't cho sfl phuc hdi cua Nhfit Ban sau chid'n tranh Nhfit Ban xufi't k h i u sang My ngfiy cfing nhilu hfing ddt may, dung bfing bac vfi cfic mfit hfing khdng ddi hdi trinh dp c h l tfic tinh xao khfie, dd hang dpt may chidm ty Id Idn nhfi't Sd lidu v l tiln trd cfi'p vfi cho vay, vidn trp nudc ngofii theo dao lufit an ninh cd di cd Iai cho thfi'y bieu hidn tilp theo c i a sfl flu dai nfiy Tfl thang 7-1945 dd'n thfing 121955, tdng sd tiln trp cfi'p vfi cho vay c i a My cho Nhfit Ban la 2,302 ty USD, vdi rieng quin dao Ryukyu Ifi 221 trilu USD Trong tdng so' danh cho khu viic Viln Ddng vfi Thfii Binh Dfldng, so tien dfinh cho Nhfit Ban chidm ty Id ldn nhfi't - trdn 1/3, gfi'p gin Ian so vdi Trung Qud'c (Dfii Loan) vfi Nam Trilu Tidn So vdi cac khu vflc khac, so' tien nfiy ldn hdn l i n so vdi Ddng Au, Tfiy ban ciu vfi gfi'p hdn 16 l i n so vdi chfiu Phi (7), Vidn trd danh cho Nhfit Ban theo dao lufit an ninh nhflng nam 1953-1961 la 22,8 tridu USD (8) Cd the ndi, nhflng Uu dfii nfiy cung vdi cac nhfin td'cd t i m quan trpng dfic bidt gdm vai trd c i a nha nfldc, sfl nd Iflc, quyd't tfim cao dp c i a chinh phu vfi nhan dfin Nhfit Ban cung nhu kha nfing nfim bat thdi cd vfi Rghien cmi Lich sit, sd 5.2015 khai thfic hipu qua nhflng thu^n ldi bdl canh qudc te' dem lai da dua n i n kinh td Nhat Ban nhanh chdng vUdt qua thdi ky phuc hdi, budc vfio giai doan tfing trfldng cao, tao tilm liic canh tranh vflng chfic c i a Nhat Ban nen kinh te' the gidi sau chie'n tranh Ngay thfip nidn 1950, kha nfing canh tranh da dupc the hidn linh vflc det may vfi hfing hda phd tbdng Vide nhfip k h i u vdi sd' Ifldng ldn n h i n g mfit hfing gifi re tfl Nhfit Ban da khiln cac doanh nghiep My, dfic bidt lfi cong nghiep ddt chiu nhilu td'n thfi't Hd qua lfi nhflng ban che' ddi vdi mdt sd' mat hang xufi't k h i u cua Nhfit Ban da dfldc thflc hien d My nhfl ca ngfl, mfiy khau, dd gdm vfi sdi bdng Sang thfip nidn 1960, mac du gifi trj diu tfl trflc tid'p nfldc ngofii cua My d Nhfit Ban (diu tfl dfii ban c i a tfl nhan) tang qua cfic nam tfl 254 trieu USD (nam 1960), 675 trieu USD (nam 1965), 1.244 tridu USD (nfim 1969), 1.483 trieu USD (nam 1970) ldn 1.818 trilu USD (nam 1971) (9), nhflng sfl mfi't cfin ddi cfin cfin xufi't/nhfip k h i u diln ngfiy cfing nang n l Tfl nfim 1965, My khdng nhflng khdng trt dfldc m i c thang dfl quan he budn bfin vdi Nhfit Ban, trai lai tinh trang tham hut mfiu dich dien t r i m trpng Nam 1965, ty Id tham hut la 6,06% Nfim 1969, 1970 vfi 1971 l i n Ifldt lfi 40,06%, 26,3% vfi 79% (10) Cfic mat hfing t i ddt den sfit thep, vd tuye'n, sdi td'ng hdp c i a Nhfit Ban dfldc nhfip k h i u ngfiy cfing nhieu vfio My Cfic doanh nghidp Honda, Yamaha c i a Nhfit Ban nhanh chdng ehid'm tdi 85% thj phin bfin xe mfiy d My (nam 1966) chi sau nfim thfim nhfip thj trUdng nfldc nfiy Hien tr^ng tfldng tfl ciing didn linh vuc kinh doanh d td vfi hfing diln t i Miln Bfic nfldc My trd thfinh ndi tieu thu tdi 36% hfing xufi't k h i u cua Nhfit Ban - mdt sotudnp Quan htnh tg OTt-Rh^ BAn tfl nhfl thdi dilm nhiing nfim 1920 sfl thjnh vflpng cua Nhfit Ban phu thudc vfio nhflng thi trfldng nfiy Sfl thfim hut cua My quan he mfiu dich vdi Nhfit Ban dien bm eanh My dang ngfiy cfing sa liy cudc chid'n tranh d Vidt Nam, n^ng ganh vdi cfic cam kit qudc t l , ddl didn vdi sfl phfit triln manh me c i a phong trfio phan chiln, phong trfio dfin quyen d nfldc Tdng san p h i m qudc dan eua My tfing vpt tfl 23 ty USD (nfim 1947) ldn 900 ty USD vfio nam 1969 (trong GNP c i a Nhfit b i n g khoang 10%-tic lfi 91,1 ty USD vfio nam 1968), nhflng san Ifldng cdng nghidp hfing nfim lai suy giam manh me tfl mflc tfing 3,6% vfio diu nhflng nfim 1960 xudng cdn 1,5% vfio nhflng nfim 1966-1970 Sii suy giam cfing trd ndn dang ng^i mfi thi p h i n hfing nhfip k h i u vao My (trong dd hfing Nhfit Ban ehid'm ty trpng dfing ke) thfip niln 1960 tfing len tdi 50% He qua lfi, ddng dd la My chay d l tra cho hfing nh4p k h i u cung nhfl cho cudc chid'n tranh d Vipt Nam tfing dfing kl, s i c canh tranh cua nin kinh t l My giam sut Trong dd, nen kinh te' Nhfit Ban bfldc vfio giai do?in tang trfldng "thin ky" Ke hoach tdng gap ddi thu nhdp cua Thu tfldng Ikeda da thfinh cong rflc rd Nfim 1964, Nh^t Ban vfldn len vj tri thfl v l tdng san p h i m qud'c dfin tren tofin the gidi Ba nfim sau, GNP cua Nhfit Ban vfldt Phfip, Anh vfi Die, vUdn ldn vj tri thfl chi sau hai siiu cfldng My, Lien Xd Nfim 1966, theo quan sfit cua td US News and World Report, Nh^t Ban trd thfinh mdt sdit nfldc cd gifi tri x u i t k h i u tfl ban nhilu hdn lfi nh4p k h i u Ngudi d i n g d i u tfip dofin Mitsui tin r i n g nfim 1967 Nhfit Ban thu ldi nhu^n t i 500 tri^u de'n ty USD moi nfim cho vi$c san xutft cfic mfit hfing phuc vu chid'n tranh (11) Sfl hipn thflc hda mong mudn dfla Nhfit Ban trd thfinh mdt 'ha tru cdt" cua " t h l gidi tfl do" bdn canh My vfi Tay Au da khiln uy tin vfi quyen liic c i a Dang Dfin chu Tu (LDP) tang ldn manh me N h i n g thfinh cdng vide tfii tfip trung va tfing cfldng vai trd kiem sofit cua nhfi nfldc ddl vdi gifio d\ic, bdi dfldng cac gifi tri, dao dfle truyin t h i n g dfin tdc cho the he tre khdng nhflng nfing cao tinh t h i n dfin tdc chu nghia d Nhfit Ban mfi edn t h i c diy mong mudn dpc lfip hdn quan hd vdi My Dilu lai diln ddng thdi vdi vide nhflng va cham Nhfit-My, dac bidt lfi quan he kinh td' ngfiy cfing gia tfing Va cham tid'p tuc xoay quanh vfi'n de - "chi nghia tu ban nfing nd Nhfit khdng chdi theo cfic quy tfic n i n tang cua My" (12) Bieu hidn cu thd c i a sfl khac biet nfiy lfi: Mgt Id, My nhfi'n manh quy tac the che thfldng mai tfl do, thi Nhfit Ban vfin tri vfi tiep tuc dam phfin (sau da trd thfinh thfinh vidn diy d i cua Td chic Hdp tac vfi Phfit trien kinh te OECD nfim 1964) cfic dilu kipn bao Iflu cho phep niidc nfiy tri nhflng rfio can thfldng m^i, ban che chat che vile nhfip khfiu hang hoa My vfio Nhfit Ban kd't hdp vdi nhiing ban che', thfim chi cdn chfit che hdn, ddi vdi sfl xfim nhfip c i a tu ban My khie'n nhieu cdng ty My khdng the xufi't k h i u sang Nhfit Ban vfi cung khdng t h l thid't lfip cd sd san xufi't d day Hai Id, trdng My cdi Trung Qudc la mdi de dpa v l qufin sU, thi s i phfit trien quan hd Nhfit-Trung, d|ic bidt vl mat ngoai thfldng, lai dfldc Nhfit Ban xem nhfl mdt cd hdi v l kinh td' Ba Id, doi d i u la dfic dilm c h i dao cua moi quan he My - Xd, thi md rdng quan h^ ngoai giao, dd cd Lidn Xd vfi nhilu nfldc chau A la nhflng bfldc di dfldc Nhfit Ban thflc hien de trd lai vvi dfii quoc t l bang dfldng phi quan sfl Rghien c i u Lieh s i stf 5.^015 NhQng diem khfie bidt dfing lflu y tid'p theo lfi: Trong hfing hda Nhfit Ban xufi't k h i u vao My dfldc ban vdi gia re thi gia ca cua cac mat hfing My san xufi't Iai tang cao tac ddng cua cupc chiln tranh d Viet Nam Trong cac doanh nghidp My khdng chu trfldng thud mudn nhan cdng trpn ddi thi Nhfit Ban, d|ic biet lfi nhiing doanh nghidp xufi't khau ldn nhfi't, lai cho rfing: thud nhfin cdng tron ddi lfi bidn phap dam bao tinh dn dinh, sfl tdn tai cfic td c h i c ngbiep dofin dam bao tinh cd the doan trflde c i a phong trfio cdng nhfin, cfich tinh Ifldng dfla theo thfim nidn chfic chan se dfit dfi'u chfi'm hd't cho sU c^nh tranh gifla cac cdng nhfin vfi tdi da hda kha nang hdp tac giia hp Trong khi, ehinh phu My nam lay thj trfldng tfl nhfin vfi dilu chinh mdt each chfim rai cfic chinh sfich v l thud' vfi tfii chinh d l t?o dilu kipn phfit trien cac doanh nghipp cd sflc canh tranh thi Nh^t Ban lai chu trfldng tfing cfldng sflc canh tranh cua cac doanh nghidp Nhfit Ban bang cfich cho nhiing doanh nghidp vay vdi Iai sufi't thfi'p thdng qua chinh sach dilu tilt nguon cung ca'p vd'n c i a cac ngan hang nhfl Ngan hfing Nhfit Ban (thfinh lfip nam 1882, dUdc tfii cfi'u t r i e nam 1942, 1949) Ngfin hfing Phfit triln Nhat Ban (thfinh lfip nfim 1951) Trong cfic doanh nghiap My phu thudc vfio thi trfldng chflng khoan d l tim kiem/tfing cfldng vdn boat ddng vfi vfiy ngudn vdn dd thfldng dfldc bi gidi ban bdi muc tidu lpi nhufin ngfin ban c i a nhfi d i u tfl thi cac cdng ty Nhfit Ban lai cd ngudn vd'n vay va quan dilm lau dfii dflpc Bd Cdng nghidp vfi Mfiu dich Nhfit Ban (MITI) vfi Bd Tfii chinh khuydn khich Ben canh dd, chinh p h i Nhfit thay vi hopch djnh chinh sach thfldng nghipp mdi (ve thud', cfic quy dinh dilu chinh hopt ddng cdng nghidp, kilm sofit nhfip khiu) thi tfip trung hau thufin cho cfic ngfinh cdng nghiep mdi (nhfl edng nghiep didn t i , thdp, tfl ddng vfi nhfin tao) ddng thdi tai de cao cfic ngfinh cdng nghilp cu (nhfl cdng nghipp than dfi), qua dd tao dilu kidn cho nhflng doanh nghidp cdng cua Nhfit nhfl Nissan, Toyota, Hitachi, New Japan Steel hpp nhfi't vdi cfic doanh nghidp khac cung Iinh viic de tao thfinh nhflng doanh nghidp cd sflc canh tranh tren tofin t h l gidi Hd qua la ndi cfic cua Td'ng thd'ng J.F.Kenendy va L.D.Johnson tim each vflc dfiy tin dung My sfl chuyen ddi mang tinh Uch s i s i c manh cua ddng Ydn da dien ra, ddng thdi ngflng vidn trp vfi cho vay ddi vdi Nhfit Ban (khdng bao gdm q u i n dao Ryukyu), thfim chi nhieu nfim sd nfiy d m i c dfldi (cfic nfim 1967, 1968) (13) thi gidi chflc My cung gfiy sflc Ip budc Nhfit Ban phai md c i a thj trudng, dd cd thi trUdng tu ban - ndi mfi khoang 78 trdn td'ng sd 200 doanh nghidp ldn nhfi't cua My dang tid'n hfinh kinh doanh nhflng budc phai hpp tac chat che vdi cac doanh nghipp Nhfit Ban dd chuyen cdng nghd vfi vdn c i a My vfio dfi't nfldc nfiy dUdi sii kilm soat chat che cua Nhfit Ban Nam 1967, sau sai lam cho phdp cfic cdng ty thflc p h i m My thfim nh^p thj trfldng vfi n h i n g cdng ty nfiy nhanh chdng ehid'm h n h tdi 80% thi trfldng cfi phd ud'ng liln, Nhfit Ban tuyen bd' md 17 lmh viic kinh doanh cho 100% vdn My Tuy nhidn, trdn thuc te', tuydn bd it cd ^ nghia vi thep, ddng tfiu vfi xe gan may vdn lfi nhiing linh vflc mfi cfic doanh nghiep Nhfit Ban chiem t h l ap dao Theo bfio cao c i a Cue tinh bfio Trung fldng My (CIA) thfing 5-1969, Nhfit Ban da giup dd qua it cho n i n kinh te khdng Id My vfi "nhflng bi^n phfip hfinh chfnh chinh thflc" cua bd mfiy quan Udu Tokyo da ngfin can mpt each hidu qua h i u h i t ngudn tfl ban vfi hfing hda My Cung vdi dd, CIA cdn canh cao Quan hmh tg my-Rhflt BAn rfing Nhfit Ban da khai thfic hidu qua mdl quan h^ vdi cfic doanh nghiap My, dd cd Cdng ty may tfnh khdng Id IBM, d l ed dfldc cdng n g h i tien tiln nhit, rdi sau dd "ddng cia" thi trfldng Nhfit doi vdi nhflng doanh nghidp nfiy (14) Thdi dilm 1969 cung lfi nfim mfi lo ngai M^ se chfnh thflc thie't lfip he thd'ng ban ngach nhfip khfiu thep nham ban che vi§c nhfip khfiu mat hfing nfiy vfio My, ngfinh cdng nghidp thdp cua Nhfit Ban da tfing cfldng thflc hidn "tu nguydn" han chd' xufi't k h i u (VER) (sau l i n thflc hien d i u tien vao nfim 1966) Tuy nhidn, viec ban chl nhfip k h i u hfing d§t may cua Nhfit Ban trd thfinh vfi'n di cfi'p hfich ddi vdi n i n kinh t l My vfi vdi chfnh Td'ng thing Nixon trdn phfldng didn chinh tri Nhflng Iy cd ban giai thfch dilu nfiy lfi: Thit nhat, nfim d i u cim quyln cia Tdng thd'ng Nixon (1/1969-8/1974), lam phfit d My ldn tdi 4,7% - m i c cao nhfi't ke t i Chid'n tranh Trieu Tidn Mdt nhiing nguydn nhfin dfin tdi tinh trang dd lfi sU bdi chi c i a chinh p h i My cho chid'n tranh vfi cho nhfip khiu, dd thfim hut m^u dich vdi Nhat Ban, nhfi't lfi vdi mfit hang dpt dang trd ndn bao ddng Muc tieu kinh t l chfnh c i a Nixon lfi giam lam phfit Phfldng phfip hien nhidn nhfi't lfi giam chi cho chien tranh vfi giam thfim hut mfiu dich Dd cung chinh Ifi ly kinh t l cua vi0c thuc thi chinh sfich tript thoai binh Unh My khdi Viet Nam t i n i a cuoi nam 1969, ddng thdi giai thich tai My tfing cfldng gfiy s i c Ip budc Nb^t Ban k;y k i t Thda udc kilm sofit vi$c nhfip k h i u tfi't ca cfic mpt hfing dpt (chfl khdng chi dflng lai d Thda thufin thfldng mai v l cac san p h i m t i spi bdng ky nfim 1963) (15) Thu! hai, chid'n djch tranh c i Td'ng tdng nam 1968, i n g c i vidn Dang Cdng hda Nixon da cam k i t vdi c i tri d khu viic cdng nghiep ddt miln Nam, dfic bidt la bang Nam Carolina, rfing sd bao vd hp chdng lai sfl canh tranh tfl hang nhfip k h i u gia re Su i n g hd manh me c i a cac nhfi cdng nghidp va cdng nhfin ddt may My da gdp p h i n khdng nhd vao vile dfla Nixon viidt qua dra t h i canh tranh, trd tdng thd'ng My nhidm ky dau tiln Do dd, Tong thdng phai g i i ldi h i a vi uy tin chfnh tri cua minh Tai cupc gap d i u tien gifla Tdng thdng My Nixon va Thu tfldng Nhfit Sato vfio thfing 11-1969, Cling vdi vile dfla Ban tuyen bd' chung tao khung cho vide giai quyd't vfi'n d l Okinawa ciing nhfl cho vide gia ban Hipp udc an ninh nam 1960, phfa Nhfit Ban da ddng y se trd giup nhilu hdn cho khu vflc Ddng Nam A vfi hpp tfic vdi My di giai quyd't vfi'n d l thUdng mai, cu t h l lfi cfit giam lupng hfing ddt may xufi't khfiu sang My Tuy nhidn, trdn thflc td', khdng phai mpi vfi'n d l d l u dflpc giai quyd't Mac d i da chfi'p nhfin dl nghi cia Nixon, nhflng trd v l nfldc, Thu tfldng Sato vfi'p phai sU phan doi tfl nhilu phia, nhfi't lfi gidi cdng nghidp ddt vfi nhflng ngfldi i n g hd hp bd may chinh quyen Ngfldi Nhfit thfim chf cdn len fin Nixon vi da ydu ciu phfi bd cfic nguydn tac thfldng mai tfl ma chfnh My khdi soan t i nfim 1945 Vl phfa My, Qud'c hdi gfiy fip Iflc manh me budc Tong thd'ng phai dfla quyd't sfich de thoat khoi nhflng bd boi kinh tl Nfim 1971, thfim hut mfiu dich gifla My vfi Nhfit Ban khdng nhiing khdng giam sau My da cd ddng thai dfinh ddi "si nhfldng bd" trdng vfi'n de Okinawa de ddi Ifi'y "sU nhfldng bd" c i a Nhfit Ban vfi'n d l thfldng mai, trai lai tfing phi ma t i 1,223 ty (nfim 1970) ldn 3,204 ty USD (nam 1971), Nixon cho rfing Sato khdng hdp tac vide giai quylt vfi^n d l thfldng mai Ldi ich cua My trdng quan Rghien c i u Ljch siSr stf 5jQ15^ he ddng minh vdi Nhfit Ban b i t d i u giam manh Trong hai nfim 1970 vfi 1971, vidn trp va cho vay cua My ddl vdi Nhfit Ban (khdng bao gdm q u i n dao Ryukyu) l i n lupt d m i c 54 va 66 tridu USD (16) Thfing 6-1971, 27 lanh dao doanh nghidp My bao vdi chinh quyen Nixon rang Nhfit Ban ddl x i vdi ngfldi My nhfl nhflng cfl dfin c i a mdt viing kdm phfit trien Ngudi Nhfit chl mua nguyen heu thd vfi ban nhiing thfinh p h i m sinh ldi, dd lai ddng cia thj trfldng vdi hfing hda thfinh phim c i a My Nhiing va cham quan h^ thfldng mai My-Nh4t tid'p tuc bj diy len cao Td Time trich dSn quan dilm c i a mdt thfinh vien ndi cac, dfldc cho la cua Bd trfldng Thfldng mai Maurice Stans rfing "Ngfldi Nhfit v i n dang chiln dfi'u, chi cd dilu thay vi mpt cudc ehid'n tranh s i n g dan lfi mot cupc chid'n kinh td' "$" djnh hiln thdi c i a hp lfi cd' gfing chi p h ^ khu vflc Thai Binh Dfldng vfi gau dd cd Ie lfi tofin t h l gidi" (17) Trong cudc hpp bao v l chlnh sach ddl ndi dien tai Kansas, Misouri 6-7-1971, sau n h i c lai vi the cua nfldc My 25 nfim trflde dfiy vdi tfl each la sieu cfldng qufin sU va kinh td sd thd gidi, Nixon ndu thflc td ma nudc My dang vfi cd the tid'p tuc phai dm dipn hofic 10 nam tdi la cue di$n "5 sidu cfldng kinh tl*' gdm My, Tay Au, Lien Xd, Trung Qud'c, Nh^t Ban Lidn Xd tie'p tuc Ifi mdt doi thu "hing manh, hang" Trung Qudc dai luc vdi 800 tridu dan chfic chfin lfi mot cudng qudc kinh td' khdng Id Trong khdl tfl ban chu nghia, ca Tfiy Au vfi Nhat Ban deu lfi n h i n g doi t h i canh tranh rfi^t manh eua Hoa Ky Nfldc My, nhfl Nixon canh cao, se ddi mat vdi thfich t h i c nghidm trpng bdi "sic manh kinh te' se lfi chia khda c i a cfic s i c manh khfie, c i a tfldng lai the gidi theo nhflng cfich t h i c khfie ba thfip nidn c u ^ cung c i a thd'ky nfiy" (18) D l ddl phd vdi thfich t h i c trdn cung nhfl thflc hidn muc tidu chdng thfi't nghidp, lam phfit, d i u cd qud'c te vfi tao cd hpi cho chiln djch tai tranh c i nfim 1972, ngfiy 158-1971, Tdng thdng My d l "Chinh sfich kinh td' mdi" V l kinh t l ddi ngo^i, chinh sach nfiy nhan manh cfic ndi dung nhfl giam 10% vien trd kinh t l nfldc ngofii, bao v^ vj tri cua ddng USD b i n g cfich diing chuyin dd'i d i n g USD vfio vfing ho^c cfic tfii san d i t r i khac ( t r i trfldng hpp dflpc xfic djnh lfi cin thid't cho sfl I n dinh tiln td vfi vi lpi ich td't nhfi't cho My), dfinh thud'them 10% ddl vdi hang hda nhfip k h i u vfio My (19) Npi dung chfnh sach cung thdi diem cdng bd dung Nhfit Ban tuydn b l d i u hfing 26 nam trflde dfiy lfi bilu hidn cho thfii dp c i n g ran cua My x i ly va cham thfldng mai vdi Nhfit Ban Tuy nhidn, t r l n thflc te', hieu qua c i a nd khdng nhfl mong mudn c i a Td'ng thd'ng Nixon Thfing 9-1971, CIA canh bfio Nixon r i n g cfic tfip dofin cdng nghidp va ndng nghiap h i n g manh cua Nhfit Ban dang hpp tfic vdi Bd Cdng nghidp vfi Thfldng mai (MITI) di ngfin chan sfl dieu chinh chfnh sfich t i phfa chinh phu Nhfit Thu tfldng Sato sau dd tie'n hfinh cai td bd mfiy lanh dao MITI Tuy nhidn, lap trfldng c i a tfin Bp trfldng Kiichi Miyazawa khdng hofin tofin gidng lfip trfldng cua Sato Vfi'n d l ngfinh ddt t i giai phap thfldng Iflpng hfii hda tid'n d i n tdi sfl ddi d i u cfing thing Nam 1971, mdt nhan vidn Bd Ngoai giao My ndi vdi tfl each cfi nhfin r i n g hi$n tai Nhfi Trfing coi Nhfit Ban nhfl "ke thi" Khi quan he My-Nhfit trd nen efing thing, t h i n g 10-1971, Dai s i David Kennedy dfla phfldng thflc giai quylt vfi'n dl, dd lfi de doa Nh^t Ban rang nfldc nfiy khdng ban c h l xuSTt k h i u hfing dpt may thi M^ se nh^p k h i u cac mat hfing ddt vdi gifi re hdn t i cac nfldc khac d chau A De dpa nfiy Quan hg hinh tg my-Rh^t BAn khid'n cfic quan c h i c Tokyo vfi mdt sd nha cdng nghidp Nhat Ban coi nhfl ' l i n den t h i hai cua h^m dpi tfiu den cua Dd doc Perry" Cfic cudc thfldng thuylt v l hfing ddt trd ndn cang thfing ddn m i c Chfnh p h i Nhfit Ban khdng cdn Ifla chpn nfio khfie lfi chfi'p nhfin sfl fip dat han ngach t i My Ngfiy 15-101971, Nhfit Ban ky vdi My mdt Ban ghi nhd vl vide se ti^ nguyen ban che xufi't k h i u cac mfit hfing len vfi sdi td'ng hdp aang My, trflde chinb t h i c k^ thda thufin song phUdng v l budn bfin cfic san p h i m dpt vfio thfing nfim sau Cung vdi vide gay s i c Ip ddl vdi Nhfit Ban linh vflc thfldng mpi, cudc hop tai Vi^n Smithsonian gifla cd quan tiln t l cia 10 nfldc phat trien hfing d i u the' gidi thfing 12-1971, My cung tuyen bd phfi gia ddng USD so vdi vfing khoang 7,98%, t i c lfi thay vi ty gifi ounce = 35 USD nhfl trflde day, ty gifi mdi se lfi ounce = 38USD Cfic qud'c gia khac se djnh gifi lai ddng tiln c i a minh so vdi ddng USD Theo dd, ddng tiln cua cac nfldc Tay Au vfi Nhfit Ban se tfing gifi Ridng ddng Yen Nhfit tang cao nhfi't ldn 16,88% Dilu dd cung cd nghia Ifi kha nang canh tranh cua hfing hda Nhfit Ban nfldc ngofii ndi chung, d My ndi rieng se giam di 71 Trong vide s i dung n h i n g bidn phfip kiem soat manh me tfl phfa chinh p h i My quan hd thfldng mai vdi Nhfit Ban khid'n ngfldi ta lidn hd tdi "Dao lufit Budn ban vdi ke thu" fip dung vdi D i e nfim 1917, thi ddng thfii c i a My quan hd vdi Trung Qudc thflc sfl gfiy c i sd'c, thfim chi ldn hdn cho Nhfit Ban Vide Nixon cdng bd' trdn truyin hinh My ngfiy 15-7-1971 rang H.Kissinger, Cd vfi'n An ninh Qudc gia My da tdi Bfic Kinh hpi dfim vdi Thu tfldng Trung Qudc Chu An Lai cfic ngfiy t i d i n 11-7-1971 vfi Tdng thdng My nhan ldi mdi dd'n tham Trung Qudc vdi chuyd'n thfim dflpc sap xe'p vao thfing 2-1972 da lfim tieu tan nhieu niem tin dflpc xfiy dflng quan hd My-Nhfit k l t i sau nam 1952 T h l canh tranh da t i n g tdn tai quan hp My-Nhfit xoay quanh vfi'n di Trung Quoc dfldc tai md Chi cd dilu khac vdi trflde dfiy, Trung Qudc Ifi nfldc da sd hflu vu khf hpt nhfin vfi sau n h i n g xao trfin c i a thdi ky Cfich mang Vfin hda, da cd bp may chfnh quyln boat ddng hidu qua Sfl xich lai gin gifla My vfi Trung Qud'c lfi mdt n h i n g nhfin td quan trpng lfim thay ddi nhflng flu tien v l ngoai giao, kinh te vfi chinh tri c i a ca My va Nh^t Ban nhflng nfim tilp theo CHU THiCH (*) Nghien eiiu ndy dupe tdi trp bdi Dgi hoc Id cua hai Hiep hgi tUOng iUng bd n h i | m , vd thdnh Quflc gia Hd Ndi d l tdi ma sfl QG.12-35 Xin vidn thli ba, du^c chpn bdi hai ngUcti kia, se lfim chdn thdnh cam dn (1) Neu ndi phan x i khdng phai Id ndi dupc d l c^p hi^p Udc, hodc cac ben khdng dong y Chu tjch Thdnh vien thfl ba khdng phai Id thdnh vien cua ea hai Hi§p hdi Ndi diln cudc hop eiia hai Uy ban se Tokyo vd New York bllng vdn ban vS vi tri nhU v$y, ben yfiu c i u tr9ng http://www.jcaa.or jp/arbitration/agreement/docs/A tdi phai thdng bao cho Hifp h$i Trong tdi cua nUdc AA.pdf Tham khao ngdy 16-10-2014 mlnh H i l p h$i dd se thong bao eho cac bdn r i n g (2) Dilu 25 cua Hi$p Udc quy djnh: Hiep Ude ndy ho cd khoang 14 ngdy de ndp cac l^p lu§n vd ly se cd hi^u lUc mot thdng sau ngdy trao doi cac vdn cila h9 v l vi§c chon dia diem ldn Uy ban Hon hpp ban phe chuin Hi^p Ude se cd h i | u lUc mUdi Trpng tdi ba thdnh vidn, dd hai thdnh vidn ndm vd se tiep tyc c6 h i | u luc cho d i n mSi Bdn 72 Rgfaian clhi Lich s i stf 5.2015 thdng bao cho Bdn bdng vdn ban y dinh c h S ^ (11) Walter LaFeber, The Clash, diJit Hiep udc trUdc mdt ndm ciia giai doan mudi relations ndm d i u tidn hodc bd't CLC liic ndo sau dd Company, NY, London, 1998, p.331 http://tce.export.gov/Trade^^reements/All_Trade throughout history, (12) Walter LaFeber, The Clash _Agreements/exp_005539.asp Tham khao ngdy relations 18-10-2014 Company, NY, London, 1998, p.327 (3) John Van Sant, Peter Mauch, Yoneyuiti Sugita, Historical Dictionary Japan The Relation, of United Scarecrow States- Press, Inc, Maryland, US, 2007, p.l29 Dictionary Japan The Relation, of United Scarecrow States- Press, Inc, Maryland, US, 2007, p.138-139 history, (13) Ngudn: Statistics States, US-Japanese W.W Norton & Abstracts of the United 1878-1994, 1973-ll.pdf - Bang so 1283, p.772-774 act.html Tham khao ngdy 8-11-2014 (14) Ddn theo Walter LaFeber, The Clash, USJapanese relations throughout history, W.W Norton & Company, NY, London, 1998, p.332 (5) Moen, Darrell Gene, The Postwar Japanese ^ricultural throughout & http.7/www census gov/prod/www/st ati stical_abs tr (4) John Van Sant, Peter Mauch, Yoneyuki Sugita, Historical US-Japanese W.W Norton Debacle, Hitotsubashi Joumal of Social Studies: Vol 31 No July 1999 (15) Thda t h u d n thUdng mai ve cdc san phlim tii spi bflng gifla My vd Nh£Lt Ban dUdc ky vfio ngdy 27-8-1963 Theo dd, ndm b i t dau tfl thang (6) D i u nhQng ndm 1950, chi'nh phu Nh^t Ban 1-1963, Nhdt Ban sd gidi han tdng san p h i m til spi cho phdp tu nhdn tham gia vdo hoat ddng thUOng bdng xud't k h i u mgi quflc t l Tuy nhien, day chUa thUc sU Id ti^ 287.500.000 thudc Anh vudng (1 thilc Anh = 0,914 hda thUdng mai v i n tdn t?ii mdt sfl" cd c h l cii m) vd My se hdp tac vdi Nh§t Ban nhu kiem soat ty gia, bao hg nhdp k h i u , chi phi ngoai te, cac quy djnh vd b i | n phap hdnh ehinh (7) Nguon: Statistics States, Abstracts of tke United 1878-1994, 1973-ll.pdf - Bang s^ 1283, p.772-774 act.html Tham khao ngdy 8-11-2014 States, (16) Nguon: Statistics States, Abstracts ofthe United 1878-1994, 1973-ll.pdf - Bang so 1283, p.772-774 http;//www.census.gov/prod/www/statistical_abstr act.html T h a m khao ngdy 8-11-2014 http://www.census.gov/prod/www/statistical_abstr (8) Ngudn; Statistics hdng ndm vdo My b mtic Abstracts (17) Diin theo Walter LaFeber, The Clash, USJapanese of the United 1878-1994, 1973-ll.pdf - Bang so 1286, relations throughout history, W.W Norton & Company, NY, London, 1998, p.353 (18) Richard Nixon: "Remarks to Midwestern p.776-777 News Media Executives Attending a Briefing on http://www.eeneus gov/prod/www/statistical_ab8tr Domestic Policy in Kansas City, Missouri.," July 6, acthtml Tham khao ngdy 8-11-2014 (9) Ngudn: Statistics States Abstracts 1971 Online by Gerhard Peters and John T of the United 1878-1994, 1973-ll.pdf - Bang sfl 1279, 7^ American Presidency Project http: //www presidency.ucsb.e du/w8/?pid= 3069 Tham khao 14-10-2014 p.769 http://www.censua.gov/prod/www/statistical_abstr act.html Tham khao ngdy 8-11-2014 (10) Nguon: Statistics States, Woolley, Abstracts of the United 1878-1994, 1973-ll.pdf - Bang so 1292, p.780-783 (19) Richard Nixon: "Address to the Nation Outlining a New Economic Policy "The Challenge of Peace."," August 15, 1971 Online by Gerhard Peters and Presidency John T Woolley, The American Project http://www.censu8.gov/prod/www/statistical_ab8tr http://www.pre8idency.uc8b.edu/wa/?pid=3ll5 acthtml Tham khao ngdy 8-11-2014 Tham khao ngdy 14-10-2014