VỊ THẾ CỦA VƯƠNG QUỐC PHỔ TRONG QUAN HỆ QUỐC TẾ

V | T H E C U A V U O N G QUOC P H O T R O N G Q U A N Q U O C TE GIAI D O A N HE - NGUYEN T H I HUYEN SAM* TRAN NGOC DUNG" N Q d c DQc thdi trung dai khong hoan toan la mot nude Ddc thdng nha't ma tdn tai dQdi hinh thdc mot tdp hdp nhQng viidng qudc rieng le vdi nhQ De' che' La Ma than hay Lien hiep DQc Trong dd, vQdng quo'c Phd ndi len la mdt vQdng qudc cd truyen thdng, sQc manh, va tam anh hQdng ldn den lich sQ DQc ndi rieng cung nhu lich sQ chau Au ndi chung Sau hdi nghi Vien 1815, lanh thd cua vQdng qudc Phd diidc md rdng gdm Ddng Phd, Tay Phd, Pomerania, Brandenburg, Posen, Saxony, Silesiem, Westphalia, Rhine Provinces, Hohenzollern (1), vdi khoang 10,5 trieu ngQdi (2) Vdi truyen thd'ng va sQc manh quan sQ cua minh, viidng qudc Phd da cd nhdng each thQc rat ddc triing qua trinh phat trien, nang cao vi the' cua minh d the ky XLX thdi ky ma kinh te tQ ban chu nghia dang trd dQdng phat trien tat yeu cua nhieu quo'c gia chau Au Vdi viec tim hieu ve "Vi the cua vuong quoc Pho quan he quo'c tegiai doan 1815 • 1850", chung tdi mong mudn dQa nhQng nhdn thQc r5 hdn, cu the hdn ve dia vi cua mot quo'c gia phong kien thdi ky ma chu nghia tu 1 b i n dang t h i n g the'd chau Au va ly giai ve nhdng nhan td' anh hiidng den dia vi dd Sii suy yeu cua vvtdng quoc Pho dau the kyXTX Neu nhQ cudi the ky XVIII, Phd la mdt qudc gia phong kien manh vdi dinh cao la trieu dai Friedrick I I (1740 1786): gay chie'n tranh vdi Ao, Nga va chie'm vung Silesiem, md rdng lanh thd cung nhu" t i m i n h hQdng ldn d chau Au; thi deh dau the' ky XIX, viidng qudc Phd lai trd mdt qudc gia suy yeu, bac nhtfdc Trong kinh te', vQdng qudc Phd v i n t r i nhQng hien trang ban dau cua che' phong kien nhieu ntfdc chau Au da thtfc hien xong each mang ttf s i n va tieh hanh each mang cdng nghiep de phat trien kinh te' ttf b i n chu nghia Stf lac hau kinh te cua vtfdng qudc dtfdc the hien ndng nghiep Che' "ludn canh manh" v i n t r i da khdng d i m bio sQ phat trien c i n thiet cua ndng nghiep Da sd' cQ dan Phd lam nghe ndng Nam 1804, cd tdi 73% dan Phd sd'ng d ndng thdn va c i nhdng thi dan cung khdng thudc ve thi hoan toan ma v i n lam ndng nghiep de * TS Khoa Lich d - Triidng Dai hoc Sii pham Ha Ndi ** Khoa Lich sd - Triidng Dai hoc Su pham Ha Ndi s 62 Rghien ciru Lich si so" 3.2011 sinh sd'ng (3) Che nong no ton tai lau dai cong v6i che lao djch tdi ngay/tuan va sd khong dau td khoa hoc ky thuat tien bo vao san xuat cua quy toe Pho da khien nong nghiep khong the phat trien Trong cong nghiep, sd yeu kem the hien d sd' lddng i t di cua nhdng cdng trudng thu cdng (chi chu veil la cac xiidng vai cua nha vua) vdi hinh thdc chinh la cong triidng thu cdng phan tan Nam 1785, 165.000 cdng nhan da san xua't khd'i liidng hang hoa t r j gia 95 trieu mac, nhiing cd tdi 150.000 cdng nhan la thudc ve cdng triidng thu cdng phan tan (4) Sd t r i che' phiidng hdi lam cho cdng nghiep Phd bi trdi budc, khdng cd dieu kien phat trien ve ky thuat cung nhu each thdc san xua't Nd chi chiem 5% GDP va hoan toan yeu kem so vdi cac ciidng qudc khac nhu" Anh, Phap Thiidng nghiep Phd cung d tinh trang tiidng t i i p h i i hdng chiu nhdng hau q u i td sd phan tan cua thi trddng cung vdi sd chia c i t lanh thd, chinh t r i Nam 1806, vddng qudc Phd cdn tdn tai 60 hang rao thue' quan ndi dja (5) nen da gay sd can trd ldn cho thddng mai Thddng doan sup dd sau chien tranh 30 ndm (1618 1648); viec m i t ldi di bien Baltic, bien Bac; sd canh tranh khdc het cua Ha Lan va sd yeu kem cua ndng nghiep, cdng nghiep khie'n thddng nghiep Phd khdng p h i t trien dddc Hdn nda, hoat ddng trao ddi, budn ban vdi ben ngoai chda dddc chd nen ngoai thddng rat ye'u kdm va khdng the so sanh dddc vdi Ha Lan, Anh, Phap ngddi chet, mat 57 dai bac) (6) va p h i i ky Hiep ddc Jena, chap nhan mat 1/2 lanh thd (phia Tay sdng Rhine) Nam 1807, Hiep ddc Tinzit chinh thdc danh da'u sd m i t hd't chu quyen cua vddng quo'c Phd va p h i i phu thudc vao Phap (phii tham gia vao Lien minh sdng Rhine Phap lap ra) Nhdng suy yeu ve chinh t r i cung nhdng that bai quan sd da gay sii suy giim nghiem dja v j cua vddng qudc Phd d chau Au dau the' ky XIX Vddng qudc Phd khdng chi yeu kem ve kinh te ma cdn lac hau chd' chinh t r j va each thdc td chdc, sd dung quan ddi Dieu dd da dat Phd trddc nhdng Ida chon mdi: hoae tiep tuc t r i sd lac hau cua che' phong kien de le thudc Phap hoae thdc hien c i i each de phat trien va khang djnh dja vi cua minh Lien hiep Ddc va chau Au N h i i n g cuoc cai each dau the ky XLX Sd thay ddi ldn lao cua vddng qudc Phd giai doan 1815 1850 cd dddc bdi sd tac ddng cua nhieu ye'u td' khach quan va chu quan Trong dd, c i n nhan manh den sd phat trien ndi tai cua chinh vddng qudc Phd Nhdng cudc c i i each toan dien va can thiet la nhan td' quan hang d i u quye't dinh den sdc manh cua Phd sau Ddng trddc sd thay ddi cua the' gidi va yeu cau cap bach cua dan tdc, vddng qudc Phd da nhanh chdng thdc hien c i i each da't nddc dddi i n h hddng cua each mang Phap 1789: "Cdch mang Phdp da bien sdc manh qudc gia cua nhdn ddn Phdp hanh Trong chinh t r i quan sii, vddng qudc ddng , bien sdc sdng ngtfdi va Phd da l i n lddt v i p p h i i nhdng that bai cay sdc manh cua cdi thdnh mdt loai ttf bdn ding trddc sdc manh cua Napoleon Nam phdt trieh lan nhanh vd bang cdch dd da 1801, Phd phai ky hiep ddc Luynevin: thda phd vd cdc he thd'ng cu cua nhd ntfdc vdi nhdn quyen ldi cua Phap d Rhineland Nam va stf cdn bang dtfa tren dd Neu cdc 1806, Phd dai bai tai Jena (hdn van ngddi nhd ntfdc khdc mudn lap lqi the cdn bang chet, m i t 200 dai bac) va Auerstedt (1 van ndy, hq phdi md cda vd sd dung nhtfng bien Vi the cua vuong qudc Phd phdp cdch mang do" (7) Lenin ciing cho rang "hodn cdnh lich sd khdng dua lai mdt ldi thodt nao khdc cho sU phdt trien ngodi ldi thodt tien sang mdt qudc gia tu sdn" (8) Cuoc c i i each diidc thiic hien g i n lien vdi nhdng ten tudi nhd Freihern von Stein, Handenberg, Schasnhorst, Gneisenau C i i each d i u tien la xoa bd che nong nd Dd la c i mot qua trinh dau tranh gian khd, lau dai Nam 1807, c i i each d i u tien cho phep nong dan dddc quyen sd dung tai san cua minh, quyen thda ke, td hon nhan va khdng p h i i phuc dich khong cong cho chu dat; nhdng nhdng nghia vu g i n vdi dat dai thi p h i i deh nam 1810 mdi cham ddt Nam 1816, cd sic lenh budc ngddi nhan rudng thda ke' p h i i nop 1/3 dien tich va ngddi khdng p h i i thda ke thi p h i i nop tdi 1/2 dien tich da chd'ng lai quyeh ldi cua ndng dan Den nam 1825, ngddi ndng dan cd quyen chudc nhdng nghia vu phong kien vdi gia gap 25 lan, nhdng chi gianh cho nhdng ndng dan cd sue vdt keo, ma Ddng Phd chi cd khoang 300.000 400.000 ndng dan du dieu kien tren (9) Va cudc c i i each p h i i deh tan nhdng nam each mang 1848 - 1849 mdi dddc hoan tat Ben canh dd, vddng qudc Phd cdn ap dung khoa hoc ky thuat vao s i n xua't Nhieu trddng cao ding, dai hoc chuyen ve ndng nghiep dddc lltp Nam 1820, Phd cd 15 hdi ndng nghiep, den nam 1852 da cd tdi 301 hdi (10) Hiep hdi ndng dan ddi (1837) cung thuc day sd p h i t trien cua ndng nghiep Dieu dan den nhdng bien ddi ldn d vddng qudc Phd va dddc goi la "con dudng PhS' stf phat trien cua chu nghia t d b i n Nhdng dia chu Jongker tap trung da't dai, du nhap phiidng thdc sin xua't td b i n chu nghia san xua't ndng nghiep cang phd bid'n Nhiing, nd van mang nang ye'u td ndng nd, tdc la 63 "sU phdt trieh tU bdn diin trUdng hop nen kinh te dai dia chu ddn ddu, duqc tU sdn hod ddn ddn, vd nhung he thdng bdc lot ndy duqc thay the ddn bang sU bdc lot thdng qua nhdng he thd'ng bdc lot tU sdn" (11) Day chinh la ye'u td' quan trong, quye't dinh den tinh chat, dac trdng cua vddng qudc Phd sau C i i each rudng da't d i n den nhdng hieu q u i rat tich cdc Nam 1850, sd' rudng bi hdu canh chi cdn 15% (12); va chu ye'u dddc trdng cua c i i , khoai tay Gia t r i ndng nghiep giai doan 1846-1850 tang 65% so vdi giai doan 1801-1810 (13) cdng vdi sd tang trddng cua dien tich ndng nghiep Sd can bing gida trdng trot va chan nudi lam s i n lddng ngda giai doan 1816 - 1861 tang 51%, cdu tdng 180%, ldn: 380%, gia sue khac la 108% (14) Nd gdp p h i n to ldn vao viec cung cd' sdc manh kinh te' cua vddng qudc Phd tren dddng khang dinh dia vi Lien hiep Ddc C i i each cdng nghiep dddc thdc hien tdng bddc vdi sd bio hd cua nha nddc bdi sii ye'u dt, non kem cua nd trddc cac ciidng qudc khac Chinh sach "khuech trUdng kinh doanh vd cdng nghiep" (Gewerbeund Industrieforderung) dddc coi la cd sd cho qua trinh c i i each Trong cdng nghiep nhe, nganh ddt cd sd c i i td quan nhat Ban diu, Phd chi lam gia cdng cho Anh, sau dd nhdp sdi cua Anh de td lam va tdng bddc thoat khdi sd phu thudc vao Anh Nhdng bien phap tien bd dddc ap dung dan deh nam 1839, Phd cd 11 nha may chuyen keo sdi lanh (15) Nam 1846, vddng qudc Phd cd 419.523 guong sdi len cd gidi gia cdng sdi to, 32.470 guong gia cdng sdi min, cdng 162.005 ban ddt (4.600 ban ddt may) (16) C i i each cdng nghiep nang b i t dau td nhdng nganh khai thac than da, luyen kim 64 vdi ten tudi nhu" Krupp, Siemens, Borsig, Henschal Nam 1824, viidng qudc Phd san xui't chide 1,2 trieu tan than da va nam 1843 len tdi 3,1 trieu Luyen kim tang td 2,69 trieu ta len 4,58 trieu ta giai doan 1834 1847 So" nha may cung tdng cao d Dresden vdi 33 cdng ty va 2.821 cong nhan, 227 Id cao (1847) (17) Nhdng, sd cai each dd chda toan dien va vddng qudc Phd van thieu nhieu lao ddng trinh cao cung nhd cdng n h i n v i n l i m viec chu yeu cong trddng thu cong N h i n thdc dddc sd can thiet cua quan he trao ddi gida cic vung vddng qudc, Pho da x i y ddng he thd'ng giao thdng kha hoan thien Nam 1838, Phd x i y ddng dddng dau tien ndi Berlin Postdam, nam 1839 ndi Dresden Leipzig Cic cdng ty van chuyen phat trien manh (Cdng ty F.A.Plug ban dau cd 400 xe (1846), sau tang len tdi 15.000 xe (I860)) Cdng ty Borsig da san xui't tdi 1/2 so" 1730 dau miy d Ddc (18) Vdi so von dau td 450 trieu Mic, dai dddng sit cua Phd tang manh Ben canh la he thd'ng dddng thuy d sdng Rhine, Elbe, Order cung dddc md rong Hai cang song ldn nhi't chiu Au la Cologne va Mainz da bien sdng Rhine dddng budn ban ldn luc dja chiu Au Deh nam 1850, cd tdi 730 km kenh dao dddc md de' phuc vu giao thdng va thddng mai (19) Cdng vdi dd l i thuyen budm dddc thay the' bang tau chay m i y hdi nddc (1820) Nhdng cai each, die biet la cai cich he thd'ng xe Ida da d i n deh nhdng thay ddi to ldn cua neh kinh te' vddng qudc Phd, t d dan deh nhdng t i c ddng ldn deh chinh tri Nhdng cai cich thue' quan cung ddng vai trd quan trong sd thay dd'i cua vddng qudc Phd Dau the' ky XLX, sd p h i n t i n ve chinh tri, lanh thd da anh hddng xi'u deh Rghien ciru Lich sir, so' 3.2011 kinh te', die biet la thddng mai Viec nop q u i nhieu thue' cdng vdi nhdng ddn vi lddng khac da han che' thddng mai Freiherr von Stein da chu trddng md rdng thi trddng tdng bddc de' Phd cd the canh tranh vdi nddc khac Vddng qudc Phd tdng bddc thd nghiem viec l i p hang rao thue' quan chung va gat bd anh hddng cua io Sau hdi nghj Vien, yeu cau ngiy cang ci'p thiet da d i n deh sd ddi dao l u i t 11-6-1816: thu tieu moi thue dja phddng v i sic lenh 1817: thd'ng nhi't quan thue'd mdc thi'p (20) Cai cich da the hien y thdc ve mot khu viic kinh te thd'ng nhi't va phit trien dddi sd lanh dao cua Phd Cai cich cua vddng quo'c Phd cdn dien linh viic giio due Muc dich cudi cdng cua cai cich giio due la tao nhdng ngddi cd t r i tue, cd kha ning p h i t trien de dam bao n i n g cao dja vi qudc gia Nha nddc Phd trd nha nddc cua giio due nham muc dich dda ngddi den vdi sd td hoc t i p , td p h i t huy tiem nang cua minh Cic phddng phap va tinh than sd pham cua Pestalozzi dddc i p dung triet de (21) Nha thd khdng dddc can thiep vio giio due Trddng dai hoc trd trung t i m nghien cdu khoa hoc va ddn n h i n n h i n tai td moi ndi tren the' gidi Nha nddc quan ly chung nhdng v i n de cic trddng td quye't viec han l i m va hanh chinh Viec de cao tinh than d i n tdc bang cich sd dung tieng Ddc la ngdn ngd chinh dddc i p dung d Dai hoc Berlin, Halle, Gottingen Do dd, vddng qudc Phd da cd dddc ddi ngu c i n bd, lao ddng cd trinh cao cho cdng cudc x i y ddng di't nddc N h i n thdc dddc r i n g neu mudh cd dia vi tren trddng qudc te' thi phai cd ldc lddng quin sd manh, vddng qudc Phd da manh dan thdc hien nhdng cai each quin sd Thi't bai trddc Napoleon budc Vjjhg cua vuang quo'c Phd ngddi Phd phai co nhdng tinh toan cho sd phat trien cua minh Tuy bi hiep ddc Tinzit (1807) cam nudi quan ddi qua 40.000 (22) nhdng Phd da nhanh chdng phuc vien nhdng tan binh va goi linh mdi de cd dtfdc doi ngu linh dtf bi ddng dao Quan ddi khdng cdn la cua linh danh thud hay dac quyen cua quy tdc ma md cda cho moi cdng dan: "moi ltfc Itfdng phdi dtfdc ddnh thtfc vd phdi cho mot vi trt xtfng ddng Ngudn gdc xudt thdn khdng la dac quyen cho chtfc vu Neil cho nd qua nhieu quyen thi cd mdt ltfc Itfgng ldn long qudc gia se ngu yen khdng phdt trien vd ddi cdnh vtfdn len cua tdi ndng se bi lam te liet bdi cdc quan he bdn chdt Ngtfdi ta vi vdy phdi sd dung den nhtfng bien phdp ddn gian vd hitu hieu ldn de md cho thien tdi mdt dtfcfng bdt ke thien tdi ttf ddu den Thai dqi mdi cdn hdnh ddng vd stfc manh ttfdi tre hdn Id ten tudi vd dia vi" (23) Do dd, nam 1813, vtfdng qudc Phd da cd dtfdc 250.000 quan/ trieu dan (24) vdi nguyen tac xay dtfng theo nhdng tap doan ldn Vtfdng qudc Phd da trd mdt quan ddi cd qudc gia chd khdng phai qudc gia cd quan ddi Chien thuat chien tranh cung cd nhdng cai each ldn Ldi danh tuyen hang ngang thdi Friedrick dai de' sd dung sdng kip da Ida vdi - hang/ tuyen cdng vdi ky binh stfdn da qua lac hau khdng the thdc hien d dia hinh bang phang va la muc tieu thuan ldi cho sdng hien dai Nam 1808, phai ddi mdi budc vua Phd cd tddng Schashorst lam Bd trddng chie'n tranh (25) Ong da xay ddng he thd'ng Lanve mdi: nhdng ngddi tuoi 27 32 phaijphuc vu nam quan ddi rdi vao quan ddi chinh quy va lui ve linh dd bi het han quan dich Luc chie'n tranh, nhdng ngtfdi d tudi 40 cung phai gia nhap quan ddi va luc thdi binh thi chi cdn 1/3 so vdi thdi 65 chie'n Mdt trung doan chu ltfc thtfdng cd trung doan Lanve (2 tieu doan) di kem va chi can 13 la cd the ddng vien quan ddi Khi cd chie'n tranh thi mot trung doan chu ltfc (3 tieu doan) se rut mdt sd' si quan de lap tieu doan mdi vdi linh dtf bi Lanve va tham gia chie'n da'u (26) Cai each cdng vide hien dai hoa vu khi, quan trang da dtfa deh nhdng thay ddi ro ret cua vddng qudc Phd Tuy nhien, sd chuyen bien dd v i n chda thdc sd hieu qua va mdi chi la cd sd dau tien gidp Phd khang djnh dja vi cua minh tren trddng qudc te' Cd the ndi, nhdng nhan to tren da cd tac ddng to ldn vide cung cd' vi the cua Phd quan he quo'c te' giai doan 1815 1850 Nhdng cai each da xoa bd tdng bddc sd ye'u kem moi mat cua vddng qudc Phd Du vay, sdc manh va quyen ldc cua quy tdc Jongker v i n khdng he suy ye'u phat trien kinh te' td ban chu nghia, trai lai nd cang manh hdn Day la mdt d&c trdng vd cung thu vi lich sd Phd va Ddc: c i i each de cung cd'hdn nda sdc manh cua phong kien quan phiet Dia vi cua vddng qudc Phd tren trddng qudc te' dd cung dddc khang djnh bing dddng mang tinh chat quan phiet Dia vi cua Pho tren trddfng quoc te Khao khat khang djnh v i the' cua minh tren trddng quo'c te' qua nhdng cudc c i i each va chinh sach ngoai giao khdn ngoan, cdng vdi tinh hinh the' gidi cd nhieu thuan ldi, vddng qudc Phd da tdng bddc khang dinh sdc manh cua minh Lien hiep Ddc va chau Au Vi the' trtfdc het dtfdc the hien qua sd khing dinh sdc manh kinh te' Lien hiep Ddc va vdi cac ntfdc chau Au Nhdng cai each ve ndng nghiep, cdng nghiep, giao thdng van t i i , quan thue da dem lai nhdng Rghien ciiu Lich stir, so" 3.2011 66 hieu qua tich ciic Gia t r i san lddng nong nghiep tang cao v6i su can dd'i cac nganh va ap dung khoa hoc ky thudt vao san xua't Trong cong nghiep det, vddng qudc Phd da thiet Idp diidc thi triidng rieng va khdng cdn phu thudc vdo Anh Trong hdng hoa xua't khau cua Phd, vai lanh chiem 30% gia tri, len chiem 27,4% va cotton chiem 4,2% gia t r i (27) Vtfdng qudc Phd chiem tdi 43% san liidng det cua Lien minh thue quan va 28% gia t r i xua't khau (1837) Thi trtfdng xua't khau cua viidng quo'c Phd md rong ca Hoa Ky, Anh, Italia da tao nhdng thay ddi va tac ddng den qua trinh cdng nghiep hoa Nhtfng, vtfdng qudc Phd mdi chi chdng td dtfdc dja v j Lien hiep Ddc chd chda cd tieng ndi d chau Au Bang chdng sau sac nha't la trien lam cac san phim nganh che tao may d Paris (1851): khong cd san pham cua vddng qudc Phd ma chi cd cua Anh, Phap, Hoa Ky Va ca nddc Ddc san xua't than da cung chi bang 1/11 cua Anh, ddng cd hdi nddc bang 1/5, san lddng gang bang 1/6 Cdn so vdi Phap thi Ddc chdm mat 25 - 30% (28) Giai doan 1815-1850, Phd mdi chi dap dng dddc nhu cau nddc va mdt phan Lien hi§p Ddc chd chda cd anh hddng nhd Anh, Phap Anh hddng doi vdi Lien hiep Ddc dddc the hien ro nha't viec vddng qudc Phd thiet Idp Lien minh thue quan (Zollverein) va tdng bddc khdng che nen thddng mai cua Lien minh Vdi t i m nhin rdng, Phd da d i u td ldn vao xay ddng dddng s i t (450/800 trieu Mac cua toan Ddc) va dat dddc nhdng hieu qua to ldn Ndm 1848, tinh chung toan Ddc cd 2.500km dddng s i t (bing 1/2 Anh, ldn hdn Phap); den ndm 1850 la 5.822 km Phap chi cd 2.996 km (29) Viec phat trien dddng sat khdng chi cd y nghia kinh te ma cdn phuc vu sau sac muc dich chinh t r i Dieu dd gidp vddng qudc Phd tdng bddc thu tieu hang rao quan thue' dia phddng, t i p trung xay ddng mot thi trddng luc dia thd'ng nhat de kiem soat Lien hiep Ddc Dd la ca mdt qua trinh tranh da'u quye't het vdi nhdng thu doan ngoai giao khdn kheo chd'ng lai cac vddng qudc Lien hiep Ddc cung nhd cac cddng qudc chau Au khac Lo sd trddc i n h hddng cua vddng quo'c Phd, ndm 1822, cac vddng qudc Tay Ddc da lap Lien minh quan thue' rieng Nam 1826, Lien doan Anhalt (vung Elbe) de xua't mot Lien minh mdi Nd da thu hut dddc lanh dja Grand Hesse (1828), vung Bavaria, Wuttemberg va cac phd' td nhd Frankfurt, Bremen Lien minh tiep tuc md rdng i n h hddng den Nam Ddc (nam 1830: thuyet phuc dddc Hesse va Hanover tham gia) Dac biet, Anh da hau t h u i n cho Lien minh nham khdng chd' cac vddng qudc Ddc va han che i n h hddng cua vddng qudc Phd Tuy nhien, nd v i n yd'u kdm hdn Pho GDP/ngddi chi bing 1/2 cua Phd, ma mdc thue danh vao hang hoa v i n la 40%, tdc la cao hdn Phd (30) Nam 1829, vddng qudc Phd da ky vdi mdt so quoc gia Nam Ddc hiep ddc giim thue' ngang Phd cho deh ndm 1832: da lam pha sin am mdu cua Lien minh Trung Ddc Dac biet, ndm 1833, vide Saxony chinh thdc tham gia Lien minh thue' quan Phd vdi hiep dinh keo dai nam da chdng td chie'n t h i n g cua vddng qudc Phd trddc cac ddi thu Lien hiep Ddc (cd hdu thuin cua nhdng cddng qudc chau Au) va la bddc ngoat viec hinh mdt thi trddng thd'ng nha't d Ddc T i m i n h hddng va v j the' cua Phd cang ldn manh cang cd nhieu vddng quo'c tham gia vao Lien minh: Baden (1835), Frankfurt (1836), Hanover (1851) Vi the' dd ldn manh tdng Vj the cua virqng qudc Phd gay cung vdi sii md rdng cua Lien minh thud' quan Nam 1831, Lien minh thue' quan chi cd 14 trieu ngiidi tieu dung; deh 11-1834 da cd tdi 23,6 trieu ngiidi, dien tich la 7,7 trieu dam vudng vdi 19 viidng qudc (31) Viidng quo'c Phd da viidn len mot dia vi mdi ve kinh te' Lien hiep Ddc ma triidc dd chiia tdng dat dddc Trddc sd ldn manh do, cac viidng qudc da tim dddc tie'ng ndi chung va tdng bddc nen kinh te' dang nam dddi sd chi dao chung cua Phd n Vi the' dd cdn dddc the hien qua nhdng that bai ke' hoach ngan can Phd xay ddng Lien minh thue' quan cua Anh, Phap Dd day la cddng qudc d chau Au nhdng da khdng the can thiep vao qua trinh van ddng cua Phd va Lien minh thud' quan Mat khac, Phd va Lien minh thue' quan cdn ky dddc mot loat hiep ddc lien minh kinh te' vdi Ha Lan (1837 1839), Hy Lap (1839), Thd Nhi Ky (1840), Anh (1841), Bi (1844) (32) Sdc manh kinh te'cua vddng quo'c Phd dddc khang dinh tdng bddc dd nd chda thdc sd hdng manh va sanh ngang vdi cac cddng quo'c khac d chau Au Nhdng, quan nha't la Phd da cd dddc anh hddng ldn nha't Lien hiep Ddc, gat bd anh hddng cua Ao ve ca kinh te', chinh tri, tao tien de cho viec xac lap vi the' lanh dao Lien hiep Ddc 5T phap quan sd, ngoai giao kheo leo de cung cd' dia vi cua minh vddng qudc va td dd nang cao dia vi qudc te Vddng qudc Phd da dddc viic day nhanh chdng sau nhdng that bai trddc Napoleon Trong Lien minh chd'ng Phap nam 1812, vddng quo'c Phd da tham gia tich cdc vdi nhdng dao quan ldn Sii quay dau cua Phd chd'ng lai Phap da gdp phan khdng nhd vao chien thang sau cdng cua Lien minh trddc Napeleon Ngay 28-2-1813, tai Calise, Phd Nga da ky hiep ddc Lien minh, td dd ldi keo cac nddc d Rhineland cdng tham gia de thu dddc thang ldi quan Leipzig (101813) Chie'n thdng dd da xoa bd than phdn phu thudc cua Phd td nam 1807, gidp Phd cd dddc vai trd Hdi nghi Vien phan chia lai trat tii the'gidi Tai hdi nghi hda binh chau Au d Paris (1814), cddng quo'c (Anh, Nga, Phd, Ao) da cd nhdng thoa thuan ve dddng bien gidi mdi cua Phap Trong thoa hiep cud'i cung ma cddng qudc dat dddc cd diem lien quan deh Ddc va diem ndi deh vai trd cua vddng quo'c Phd Cu the, dieu khang dinh: "Bdh ciidng quoc se ki ten vdo thod Udc ngoqi giao de gidi quyet moi vdn de lanh thd lien quan'' va dieu nhan manh: "Nhiing y tiidng cho hqi nghi chinh thdc se diidc thdo ludn bdi ciidng qudc: Nga, Phd, Khac vdi kinh te' chda thdc sii dddc khang dinh rd net, sdc manh quan sd va Anh, Phdp, Ao, Tdy Ban Nha'' (33) Td mdt tham vong to ldn da dan deh sii phuc hdng nddc ye'u kem va that bai d dau the' ky XLX, va trdi day manh me cua phong kieh Phd vddng quo'c Phd da vddn len khang dinh Vdi dac trdng "con diidng Ph& phat minh vdi tie'ng ndi quan trong, ngang hang trien kinh te' td ban, gidi quy tdc Phd vdi cac cddng quo'c khac vide dinh cang manh, nam dddc nhdng tieh bd khoa doat cac van de cua chau Au sau chie'n hoc ky thuat va nhdn thdc rd yeu cau cua tranh Napoleon Vi the' cang dddc cung thdi dai dd'i vdi vddng qudc Phd va Ddc Do cd' Hdi nghi Vien va quan he qudc te' sau vay, quy toe Phd da thdc hien nhdng bien 68 Rghien curu Lich sir s6 3.2011 Tai Hoi nghi Vien Lien hiep Ddc nam 1815 1815, d!ai bieu cua vddng quoc Phd la da dd'u Handeberg tranh manh me vdi Anh, Ao, Nga de khdng dinh quyen liic cua vtfdng quo'c Phd da chiem vdng Dresden trtfdc do, lai mudn chiem them ca Saxony va ddi tham gia V, • Reg«nwnf phan chia Ba Lan de cung cd' them quyen ltfc i H i — tfoi cue Lien hi?p Oife Nga da ung ho Phd bdi liUY SI 3J6I oJija cic vifong quoc no cung mudn chia cat Nguon: http://www.amitm.com/thecon/gerniany_1815_niap.jpeg Ba Lan de de be khong Tuy nhien, Phd khdng de dang td bd che Hoang de Alexander da tuyen bo': ''chinh xdc Id thdn ddn cua tdi phdi diidc tham vong cua minh va dda 80.000 trd cdng cho sii cd'ng hien va nhiing ranh 100.000 quan ddng b Dresden mot each gidi quan sii cdn diidc bao dam mai mai nhanh chdng cdng vdi 20 van quan Nga khdi nhiing cudc xdm liidc mdi" (34) Ngtfdc dang ap sat bien gidi Ao (37) Anh qua lo sd lai, Anh, Ao chd'ng dd'i quye't liet mtfu dd da phai to chdc cudc gdp gd bi mdt vdi Phd vi neu co dtfdc vung cdng nghiep tru de dan xep vd'n de Saxony Castlereagh da phu Saxony, Phd se trd ddi thu nguy viet thd cho thu tddng Anh rang "Sd menh hiem Lien hiep Ddc va chau Au Ca cua Saxony phai rdi vdo phu thudc, vd hai muon bien Dresden va Saxony nhiing cd'gang ddy ve vang cua Phd ''vung dem" gida Ao va Phd vi neu no rdi chien tranh la sit the hien cao nhdt cho vao tay Phd thi cong vdi vung Silesiem cd chie'n thdng cua siic manh" (38) Cudi cung, dtfdc td cud'i the' ky XVIII, bien gidi vddng dddi ap ldc cua cac cddng quo'c, Phd chiem quo'c Phd se bao quanh Ao tdi 500 dam (35) dddc 2/5 Saxony va dddc Anh thue bao ve Ngay ca Phap cung lo sd sd phat trien cua vung da't td tien cua ho d Ddc (Anh mudn vtfdng quo'c Phd, cho rang "Phd Id ngudn tranh nguy cd bi Phd chiem gon) Ben canh sdc manh ldn chd'ng lqi Phdp" (36) nen tim dd, vddng qudc Phd cd them vung moi each chia re lien minh Phd Nga Westphalia, Rhineland tru phu d phia Tay Chinh dieu da dan tdi viec Bd trtfdng cung vdi Posen va cang Pomerania cua ngoai giao Anh Castlereagh tim each thiet Thuy Dien va cang Danzig (39) Vdi sd md lap Lien minh Anh Ao Phap chd'ng lai rdng lanh thd dd, nd da cd dddc nhdng tiem Phd Nga Ngay 3-1-1815, ba ntfdc da cam ldc to ldn ve lanh thd, kinh te', chinh tri, ket gidp dd bang quan stf neu mot quan sd cho nhdng bddc di tiep theo trong ba ntfdc bi tan cdng, va ldi keo thorn cdng cudc khang djnh dja vi cddng qudc Hanover, Sardinia, Bavaria, Hesse, Trong van de cai to Ddc, Phd cung da'u Darmstadt tham gia hiep tfdc de' chd'ng lai tranh gay gdt vdi cac cddng quo'c de chiem sdc manh cua Phd r ."gjjftgdjia vuong qudc Phd 1% quyen ldi cua minh Pho da diia ban dii thao thong nhat Ddc co sdc manh quan 69 quyen ldi cua chung trddc sd d i u tranh cua nhan d i n cic nddc Cd the ndi, Phd tham gia sd to ldn no lanh dao No trai ngddc vdi tich cdc vao hai td chdc khdng nam ngoai vdi mong muon cua Ao cung nhd miiu muc tieu khang ctinh dia v j cua minh d chau cua cac ciidng qudc khac la chia cat nddc Au Nhdng, dja vi dd khdng dddc tri hen Ddc Cuoc da'u tranh Phd - Ao van khong di tuc ma bien ddi thing t r i m bdi nhdng bien den ket qua cudi cung chda ben nao thdc ddng d chiu Au Khi each mang Phap, Bi nd sd khang dinh diidc sd vddt trdi cua minh n i m 1830, Phd da khdng cdn du sdc manh Cac cddng quo'c khac da quye't dinh de can thiep va budc p h i i tham gia Hoi nghj lap Lien hiep Ddc (Deutschen Bundes) vdi London (1830), cdng n h i n vai trd trung l i p lanh thd phdc tap va che chinh t r i long vinh vien cua Bi de bio dam bio quyeh ldi leo (34 tieu qudc va phd'td do) (40) cua moi qudc gia Nam 1833, Phd cung Nga, Phd va Ao la vddng quo'c ldn nha't va cd Ao l i p "Lien minh thdn thdnh hep" de dja vi nha't Lien hiep Mac du vddng vdt v i t dja vi dang suy ye'u cua minh tren qudc Phd cd tham vong khd'ng chd' toan bd trddng qudc te' Thdc te' lich sd da cho thiy, Lien hiep nhdng nd van chda du sdc manh den t i n nam 1850, vddng qudc Phd va cic cddng qudc chau Au p h i i lo ddi phd vdi phong de thdc hien trio cich mang nddc, khdng du ldc Vi the' cua vddng qudc Phd dddc tiep tuc lddng de phd trddng sdc manh cua minh khang djnh viec tham gia Lien minh quan he qudc te' Do dd, du dang tren t h i n va Ddng minh than De dddng khang djnh vi the' cddng qudc, Phd chdng lai cudc d i u tranh cua nhin d i n cic v i n chda cd nhdng hanh dong t i o bao, ddt nddc, vddng qudc Phd cung vdi the' ldc phong khoat v i cd t i m i n h hddng ldn hdn nda Phii kie'n Nga, Ao ky vao Tuyen ngdn bio ve deh giai doan sau nam 1850, nhdng bien ddi vddng quyeh va tdn giio 26-9-1815 Sau dd mdi thuc sii siu sic dd, nd tiep tuc ldi keo hau het cic qudc gia Cd the' thiy, giai doan 1815 - 1850, chiu Au phong kie'n khac (trd Anh, Thd Nhi dia vi cua vddng quo'c Phd da tang len ro Ki va Giio hoang) tham gia Lien minh Phd ret ve c i kinh te', chinh t r i , quin sd Td da trd mdt ba cddng qudc chi phdi Lien minh de dieu khien cic qudc gia mdt nddc ye'u kem toan dien d i u the' ky, bi mat chu quyen d i n tdc, Phd da cai each khac bio ve quyeh ldc cua chdng Sau dd, toin dien de' hien dai h o i minh Ve kinh te', vddng qudc Phd tiep tuc tham gia Ddng minh than (20-11-1815) Day chinh la sd Phd mdi thiet l i p dddc i n h hddng trdng p h i n ldn Lien hiep Ddc Nhdng ve chinh khdi phuc Dinh ddc Somong (1814) nham tri, quan sd nd da vddn len dia v j hang dau chia thing mdi nhpn chie'n tranh vao Phap Lien hiep Ddc va tdng bddc the' hien Cac nddc Anh, Ao, Nga, Phd da cam ke't neu tie'ng ndi tren chinh trddng chiu Au nddc nao bi Phip tan cdng thi nddc khac se Vddng qudc Phd da trd ten quin dem van quin sang cdu vien va cic ben phiet manh va p h i n ddng d chau Au thddng xuyen nhdm hop de thao l u i n nhdng sau Hdi nghi Vien bien phip tri nen h o i binh chiu Au theo khudn khd djnh sin Diy la hai td chdc phin Nhdng, sdc manh va vi the' cua vddng ddng cua mot sd ciidng qudc chiu Au de qudc Phd v i n chi ddng lai Lien hiep khd'ng che'toan cue chau Au, d i m bio nhdng Ddc Phd chiia td quye't dinh dddc mpi v i n 70 de cua minh cung nhii chtfa du sdc can thiep vao cong viec cua cac quoc gia khac Dieu dtfdc minh chdng cu the bang dja vi kinh te cua vtfdng quoc Pho so v6i cac ciidng qudc khac nhtf Anh, Phap Va du cd nhdng ldi the va btfdc tieh cao hdn ve chinh t r j , quan stf, song v j the' cua Phd van khong the sanh ngang tam vdi cac ciidng qudc hang dau NhQng gi no cd dtfdc Hdi nghi Vien hay viec giai quye't cac van de cua chau Au sau dd chtfa thtfc stf ldn Dia v j cua Phd van het sdc bap benh, cd luc Rghien curu Lich six, so" 3.2011 suy ye'u phong trao each mang 1830 cung vdi stf xud't hien "Thod Udc thdn thien Anh Phdp" Phd van chi la mdt ciidng qudc hang hai giai doan 1815 1850 Nhtfng, dd la nhdng tien de quan giup vtfdng qudc Phd gianh dtfdc dja v j lanh dao Lien hiep Ddc, hoan cdng cudc thd'ng nha't Ddc thdp nien 60, 70 cua the ky XLX va trd mdt dd'i thu nguy hiem khdng chi vdi Ao, Phap ma ca vdi Anh, Nga giai doan nda sau the' ky XIX CHU THtCH (1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia (2) K Mac va Enghen toan tap, tap 17, Nxb Chinh tri Qudc gia, Ha Noi, 1997, tr 892 (17), (18), (19), (20) Alan S Milward, S.B Saul, sdd; tr 410, 410, 377, 373 (21), (23) Nguyln Xuan Xanh, sdd, tr 60, 27 (3), (4), (5) F.L.Polianxki, Lich stf kinh te cdc (22), (24) K Mac va Enghen toan tap, Sdd, tr ntfdc ngodi Lien Xo, tap 2, Thai ky ttf bdn chu 139 nghia, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hpi, Ha Ngi, 1978, tr (25) Cac phdn Clauddvi't, Ban ve chien tranh, 196, 196, 200 phan 1, Nxb Quan doi Nhan dan, Ha Ndi, 1981, tr 19 (6) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jena_Auers (26) K Mdc vd Enghen toan tap, sdd, tr 883 ted (27) Alan S Milward, S.B Saul, sdd, tr 397 (7) Nguyen Xuan Xanh, Ntfdc Ddc theky XLX, Nhtfng ttfu khoa hoc vd kl thuat, Nxb Tdng (28), (32) F.L.Polianxki, sdd, tr 491, 214 help Ho Chi Minh, 2004, tr 28 (29), (30), (31) Alan S Milward, S.B Saul, sdd, (8), (9) F.L.Polianxki, sdd, tr 203, 206 tr 380, 375, 376 (10), (11) Nguyln Xuan Xanh, sdd, tr 35, 208 (33), (34), (35), (36), (37), (38) David Hamilton Williams, The fall of Napoleon, the final betrayal, (12) F.L.Polianxki, sdd, tr 209 John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1994, tr 145, (13), (14) Alan S Milward, S.B Saul, The 146, 160, 146, 162, 151 economic development of continental Europe 1780(39), (40) Pham Gia Hai, Phan Ngoc Lien, Lich 1870, tr 342, 393 stf the gidi can dqi, quyen (1640 - 1870), tap 2, Nxb Giao due, Ha Npi, 1971, tr 12, 11 (15), (16) F.L.Polianxki, sdd, tr 492, 493