THĂNG LONG HÀ NỘI VỊ THẾ LỊCH SỬ VÀ DI SẢN VĂN HÓA

THfING LONG-Hfl NQI VI THE UCH S(]r V^ Dl SflN V^N HOd PHAN HUY Lfi Trung t a m cua ba ky nguyen van minh lich sii dan toe Qua ti^n trinh lich sii lau dii, kl iiC ngudi xuS't hien tren vung da't Uh Noi, nha't la ti( dinh ThSng Long nfim 1010 cho den nay, Thang Long • Ha Ngi dd CO mat vOi vi thi' trung tdm cua ba ky nguyan vdn minh ldn cua lich sikddn toe Trong thdi dai diing na6c, tren nS^n tang cua ky thuSt luy$n kim ma dinh cao la vin hoa Dong Sdn, ngUdi Viet co da sang 14p nen nen vdn minh co dai va hinh nha nu6c sd khai VSn Lang - Au Lac Da'y li Ky nguyen vdn minh vd dUng niidc cua ngUcfi Viet cd Nen tang ciaa ky nguySn nSy la vfin minh lua niiflc phat trien cao v6i cong cu san xua't bSng dong, sfit vk cd ca'u xa hoi cong dong x6m lang tren dia ban chii yeu cua chau tho song Hong Thu6 do, dlTt Thang Long - H& Noi la mot vung kinh te, xa hoi tru phu cai noi cua nen vfin minh lua nU6c vung chau thd song Hong Tren hau khSp vung da't nfiy, cac di tich Vfin hoa Dong Sdn phan bo kha day, tap trung nh^t Ifi vung Co Loa Tren mot di^n tich hep, khao co hoc da phat hi^n nhieu di tich, di vat tieu biiu cua Vfin hoa Dong Sdn nha dong, lU3i cay dong, mui ten • GS.VS Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi dong va nhiiu c6ng cu san xua't, d6 dung, vii khi, trang siic phong phU Tiep noi nU6c Vfin Lang thdi Hung VUdng ma trung tam la vung Viet Tri tren dinh tam giac chau song Hdng, nUdc Au Lac ddi An Dudng Vudng da chuyen ve Co Loa nhm giiia vung thiidng chau thd song Hdng, tren bcl song Hoang Giang noi lien h§ thong song Hdng v6i song Thai Binh, Day la lin dau tien lich sit, Co Loa tren vung da^t Ha Ngi da trS thfinh trung tam chinh tri, quan sii, kinh t^, vfin hoa cua vUdng quoc Au Lac Ba vong tren mfit dfi't cung vcli cac di tich, di vat mfi khao cd hgc phat hi$n tit long dfi't cho tha'y day la mgt toa qui mo ldn dat din trinh kie'n tnic va quan sU cao binh di$n phat trien ciia vfin minh Dong Nam A thdi d6 Clfu true ba vong dai tren 16km, ngoai co hao thong vdi song Hofing Giang cung vdi h§ tho'ng cac luy phong v^ ben ngoai vl cac u dfi't dfip nho ciia thfinh Noi nhil nhQng vong gac (g£n nhu cong sU kieu "dich lau" kien true cua Trung Quoc), chdng minh Co Loa la mdt ki§'n true quan sU kien cd xay dUng tren cd scl tfin dung dia hinh tU nhien, kit hijp rS^t chat giiia thuy va bg Rghl6n curu Ljch sir, stf 8.2012 giiia phdng ngU vfi tfi'n cdng Hang van mui cung 06* chfnh quyin trung Udng, dfkp tan ten ddng tim tha'y C^u Vi^c ciing vdi h^ cu$c xflm IU(?c lin thCt nha't ciia nhfi Tdng, thdng 16 ddc mui tfin ddng phfit I^ gifl viing chu quyin qudc gia Da'y la thfing Ndi vi truydn thuydt "nd thfin" cang l(;i to ldn trdn dudng d^y thach thflc phan anh nhu cfiu qufin si^ cao ciia nUdc Au ciia nha nU6c ddc l$p non tr^ gianh lai sau Lac, tfnh Uu vi^t ciia loai vu nfty tham hoa Bfic thu^c hdn nghin nfim, kh^ng NhUng trdm ldn ta't ca, nUdc Au Lac ddi djnh Biic m^nh cua dan tdc vfi chu^n bi tren su hen kit c^ng ddng cao hdn cua nhflng tiln dl cho cdng cu^c phuc hUng dSn ngUdi Lac Vi^t va Au Vi6t, md r^ng dia ban tdc, xay dUng mgt qud'c gia ddc lap va thinh cua dfl't nUdc va chuyen vc gifla viing vxicfng Chinh trdn cd BCt nhflng tien de lich chau thd, xfiy Cd Loa ki§n cd Dd la sil dd, nfim 1010, vua Thfii Td LJ Cdng Uln chi tieu phan anh m^t bu6c phat tridn mdi da thUc hi§n mgt quyit dinh trgng dai: dtii ciia td chiic nha nUdc vfi nin vfin minh ciia dd tijf Hoa Lu (Ninh Binh) vl thfinh Dai La ngUdi Vi^t cd Trong dicu ki|n chinh tr}, (Ha Ndi) va ddi tdn la thSnh Thfing Long kinh te, xa hdi thdi dd, thfinh Cd Loa ndi Trong bidu tUc?ng Rdng bay len vita tran bat lin nhu mot tda thfinh phdng v^ kien cd d^y t h i vfi sfle sdng, vfla chfla dUng ciia mdt trung tam chinh tri qudc gia, vfi ben dfi'u dn cpi ngudn Rdng chau Tien cua ngoai la vung cU trd tUdng doi tflp trung cua huyin thoai dan gian, vUdng trieu Ly cac xdm Ifing cU dan Ifim nghi ndng, nghi (1009-1225), rdi vUdng trilu Tr^n (1226thii cdng, nghi chii lUdi danh bSt thuy san 1400), Hd (1400-1407) vfi Ld sd (1428-1527) ven sdng Dd Ifi ke't cfi'u nfing vl mot quan da thuc hidn cdng sU nghidp phuc thfinh, cdn vl kinh te', cS'u phin cua dd thi hUng dfin toe, dfiy manh cdng cudc xay dUng va bao v? dfi't nUdc, sang Ifip nen Ky mdi hinh cdn mang tinh sd khai Tiep do, hdn nghin nfim Bfic nguyen van minh Dai Viet thuoc, the ky X da ghi vao lich sxi nhU mot Dd Ifi ky nguyen vfin minh thfl hai budc ngoat cudc da'u tranh ket thiic lich sii Vigt Nam vdi nhflng thfinh tUu rUc thdi Bfic thugc gianh lai ddc Ifip hoan tofin rd phat tridn kinh te, chfin hUng vfin Khiic Thtfa Du ndi day gifinh lai chu hda va nhflng vu cong hao hiing quyin, Dudng Dinh Ngh6 danh bai cudc chdng ngoai xfim, bao v^ dS^t nude Cong xam lUdc lin thiit nha't cua Nam Hfin, giii cudc phuc hUng dan tgc nfiy mang tinh dac viing chu quyin vfi Ngd Quyin Ifip n§n dai thu cua lich axl Vi?t Nam, dUdc thuc hign thfing Bach Dfing ddp tan cudc xflm luge thfinh cdng sau da't nUdc da vUdt qua lin ihxt hai cua nha Nam Han Do Ifi nhflng hdn nghin nfim Bfic thuoc, da khfic phuc su kicn danh difu budc trudng cua dui?c nguy cd bi ngoai bang ddng hda, de phong trfio dan tdc va nliflng bUdc di tie'n tim lai sfle manli cua cdi ngudn ma xay tdi cha'm dfit hofin toan nen dd ho nudc dUng vfi phat triin dfi't nudc Nudc Dai Viet ngoai Ngd Quydn xUng vUdng tiic la cdng trd mgt qudc gia dan tdc ddc Ifip, khai xSc lap nen ddc Ifip, dinh dd Cd Loa; thd'ng nh^t, van minh va cUdng thinh eua Dmh Bd Linh rdi Le Hoan xUng de, xay viing Ddng Nam A Tfl niia sau thd ky dung dd Hoa Lu (Ninh Binh) khing XVIII nhin vl qua khfl, vdi sU suy nglm, so dinh chii quyen quoc gia, bieu thi y thttc sanh vdi thd gidi Ddng A vdn kiln xay dUng mdt nha nUdc ddc ISp Cac vUdng thflc uyen bac cua minh, nha bac hgc Le trilu da danh bai cac the luc cat cii Quy Ddn da nhfin x6t: "Nudc Nam, hai Thang Long - Tih R6i trieu dai nhd Ly, nhd Trdn c6 tieng Id vdn hien" (1) Nen vfin minh Dai Vi?t thdi LJf, Trin, Ld di^a tren cd sd ndng nghidp liia nUdc phfit trien cao vdi nhflng cdng trinh dd song, de bien va thuy lOi nhfi nUdc vfi dia phUOng xay dUng, kit hi?p vdi cfic nghi thii cdng va quan h? hfing hda tiln t§ md mang Thanh Thfing Long thdi L;^, Tr^n, Le, (cuoi TrSn tfl nfim 1397 ddi ten Ifi Ddng Dd cho den het thdi Hd, thdi Le sd Ifi Ddng Kinh), dugc xay dUng vfi tu tao, md rgng, dat qui md ldn nha't vao thdi Le Thanh Tdng, li€n tuc Ifi kinh dd cua nUdc Dai Vidt, ddng thdi ciing Ifi trung tam hdi tu va tda sang ciia nen van minh Dai Vidt Tfl the ky XVI-XVII, nin vfin minh Dai Viet tiep tuc phat triin boi canh mdi ciia nin thUOng mai A chau quan he mSu dich phUdng Ddng phat trien moi quan hg vdi phUdng Tfiy vfi sU hinh thi trUdng thd' gidi Nudc Dai Viet md rdng quan h0 giao thUdng vdi nhieu nUdc Ddng Nam A, Dong A, Nam A, TSy A va ca mot sd nudc phUdng Tay nhu Bd Dao Nha, H i Lan, Anh, Phap Nhiiu cang thi vflng ciia bien, ven sdng ddi va thinh dat thdi dai mau dich phat dat Dien mao Kinh thfinh Thfing Long cua nUdc Dai Vidt cung CO nhiiu biln ddi, khdng nhflng phat trien vl qui md, kiln tnic, the che chinh tri ma ca ve ket ca'u kinh tl, xa hgi, vfin hda Trung tam quyin lUc chinh tri khong chi tfip trung Hofing Thanh (vua Le) ma cdn xu^t hien mdt trung tfim mdi la phu Chiia T4nh ngoai Hofing Thfinh Trong vimg "thi" ciia kinh thfinh vfi ca vung ngoai vi, ben canh nhflng xdm lang ndng nghidp da phdt trien mdt hf thdng lang nghi, pho" nghi thu cdng, mdt mang ludi cac ch^-bln, phdphudng ma trung tam s^m ufi't nha't Ifi khu vi^c phia dong Hofing Thanh cho din ciia sdng Td, dge sdng Hdng nhu mdt hinh tam giac ma dinh Ifi Ctia Ddng ciia Hoang Thfinh, c^nh nllm Ifi bd sdng Hdng Ngofii cU ddn nudc, da cd mgt sd cU dfin nUdc ngofii din budn ban sinh sdng nhu ngudi Chfim, ngudi Hdi, ngUdi Hoa, ngUdi Nhfit vfi tfl thd ky XVII cd ca thUdng didm ngUdi Anh, ngUdi Hfi Lan Thfing Ijong - Ke Ch