Reported speech câu tường thuật

CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT (Reported speech) I- PHÂN BIỆT CÂU TRỰC TIẾP VÀ CÂU GIÁN TIẾP Câu trực tiếp Câu gián tiếp - Câu trực tiếp câu nói trích - Câu gián tiếp câu tường thuật lại lời nói dẫn lại nguyên văn thường để người khác theo ý người tường thuật ý nghĩa dấu ngoặc kép (“… ”) không thay đổi Ví dụ: Ví dụ: + Mary said “ I don’t like ice-cream” (Cô nói + Mary said that she didn’t like ice-cream (Mary rằng: “Tôi không thích kem”.) nói cô không thích kem.) Ta thấy dấu ngoặc kép lời nói trực tiếp Ta thấy câu nói Mary tường thuật lại theo Mary trích dẫn lại cách cách nói người tường thuật ý nghĩa nguyên văn giữ nguyên II- CÁC CÁCH TƯỜNG THUẬT TỪ CÂU NÓI TRỰC TIẾP SANG CÂU NÓI GIÁN TIẾP Ta cần phân tích cấu trúc câu trực tiếp câu gián tiếp qua ví dụ sau: - My mother said “I want you to study harder.” (Mẹ nói “Mẹ muốn học hành chăm hơn.) Ta có: - Động từ “said” gọi “Động từ giới thiệu” - Động từ “want” động từ câu trực tiếp - “I” chủ ngữ câu trực tiếp - “you” tân ngữ câu trực tiếp - My mother said / told me that she wanted me to study harder (Mẹ bà muốn học hành chăm hơn) Ta thấy thành phần “động từ giới thiệu”, động từ chính, đại từ (I/you/…) câu trực tiếp chuyển sang câu gián tiếp phải biến đổi Vậy thành phần cần biến đổi, biến đổi nào, ta vào loại câu cụ thể Các thành phần cần biến đổi câu gián tiếp: * Các đại từ: Ta cần thay đổi đại từ cho phù hợp với ngữ cảnh câu * T C H H H Q Q T T * T c w s m m * C n Đ Đ Đ Đ * T H N T A T T Y T N L L Khi dấu ngoặc kép câu trần thuật (là câu khẳng định mang nghĩa kể lại, trần thuật lại điều đó) - Ta cần biến đổi đại từ cho phù hợp với ý nghĩa câu - Các động từ giới thiệu thường dùng là: say (that), tell sb (that) * Nếu động từ giới thiệu chia tại, tương lai: -> ta không cần lùi động từ câu gián tiếp Ví dụ: - She says “I don’t want to stay at home every day.” -> She says / tells me that she doesn’t want to stay at home every day Ta thấy dấu ngoặc kép câu trần thuật, động từ giới thiệu “says” chia đơn nên động từ câu trực tiếp không lùi (giữ nguyên thì) câu gián tiếp Các đại từ cần thay đổi cho phù hợp nghĩa là: I -> she * Nếu động từ giới thiệu chia khứ: -> Ta cần lùi động từ câu gián tiếp Ví dụ: - She said “My father is travelling in America” -> She said that her father was travelling in America Ta thấy động từ giới thiệu “said” chia khứ đơn nên động từ câu trực tiếp (chia tiếp diễn) phải lùi câu gián tiếp (thì khứ tiếp diễn) Khi dấu ngoặc kép câu hỏi * Nếu dấu ngoặc kép câu hỏi từ hỏi -> Trong câu gián tiếp thêm “if” “whether” mệnh đề theo sau biến đổi dạng khẳng định -> Động từ giới thiệu thường sử dụng: ask, wonder Ví dụ: - She said “Do you want to go with me?” -> She asked if I wanted to go with her - Mary said “Do you go to school by bus, Peter?” -> Mary asked Peter whether he went to school by bus * Nếu dấu ngoặc kép câu hỏi có từ hỏi (what/where/when/how/who/…) -> Trong câu gián tiếp phải biến đổi mệnh đề sau từ hỏi dạng khẳng định -> Động từ giới thiệu thường sử dụng: ask, wonder, want to know Ví dụ: - He asked “what time will you come?” -> He asked what time I would come Khi dấu ngoặc kép câu mệnh lệnh thức -> Ta xét nghĩa câu sử dụng cấu trúc cho phù hợp * Khi câu mệnh lệnh thức dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa yêu cầu, đề nghị làm ta sử dụng cấu trúc sau: - tell/ ask/ require/ request/ demand + sb + to st: Yêu cầu, đề nghị hay đòi hỏi làm Ví dụ: - She said to me “close the door!” -> She asked me to close the door * Khi dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa lệnh ta sử dụng cấu trúc sau: - order sb to st: lệnh cho làm - He said to me angrily “go out!” -> He ordered me to go out Các trường hợp khác: * Khi dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa đề nghị làm cho ta sử dụng cấu trúc: - offer to st: - He said “Shall I make you a cup of coffee?” -> He offered to make me a cup of coffee *Khi dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa khuyên bảo ta sử dụng cấu trúc sau: - advise sb to st: khuyên nên làm Ví dụ: - He said to me “You should go to bed early” -> He advised me to go to bed early * Khi dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa mời mọc ta sử dụng cấu trúc sau: - invite sb to st Ví dụ: - My friend said “Will you go the zoo with me?” -> My friend friend invited me to go to the zoo with her * Khi dấu ngoặc kép câu cảm thán ta sử dụng động từ “exclaim” Ví dụ: - She said “What an intelligent boy!” -> She exclaimed that the boy was intelligent * Khi dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa xin lỗi ta sử dụng cấu trúc: - apologize (to sb) for st/ for doing st: xin lỗi (ai) điều gì/ làm Ví dụ: - She said "I'm sorry I'm late." -> She apologized for being late * Khi dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa nhắc nhở ta sử dụng cấu trúc: - remind sb to st: Nhắc nhở làm Ví dụ: - My mother said "Don't forget to bring your umbrella." -> My mother reminded me to bring my umbrella * Khi dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa buộc tội ta sử dụng cấu trúc: - accuse sb of st/ doing st: Buộc tội điều gì/ làm Ví dụ: - She said "No one else but you did it." -> She accused me of doing it BÀI TẬP Viết lại câu sau sử dụng cách nói gián tiếp “Open the door,” he said to them -He told them “Where are you going?” he asked her -He asked her where “Which way did they go?” he asked -He asked “Bring it back if it doesn’t fit”, I said to her -I told “Don’t try to open it now,” she said to us -She told “Is it going to be a fine day today?” I asked her -I asked her “He’s not at home”, she said -She said that “Is the bus station far away?” the girl asked -The girl wanted to know “Don’t stay out late, Ann” Tom said -Tom told Ann 10 “Please let me borrow your car,” he said to her -He asked 11 “Jean, have you seen my gloves?” Thomas asked -Thomas asked Jean 12 Don’t leave the window open, Mary”, I said -I told Mary 13 “I’ll have a cup of tea with you,” she said She said that 14 “I’ll pay him if I can” she said -She said that 15 “What are you going to next summer?” she asked - She asked us 16 “I’ll phone you tomorrow,” he told Jack -He told Jack that 17 “Can I sit beside you, Jean?” Tom asked -Tom asked Jean 18 “I want a camera for my birthday,” he said -He said that 19 “Don’t keep the door locked,” he said to us -He told us 20 “How long are you going to stay?” I asked him -I asked him how long 21 “Are you going by train?” she asked me -She wanted to know 22 “Don’t use too much hot water,” she said to us -She asked us 23 “Will you come to my party?” she said to me -She invited me 24 “Don’t it again,” she said to them She told them 25 “ Did Mr Brown send the potatoes to you?” she asked -She asked 26 “Don’t get your shoes dirty, boys,” she said -She told 27 “What you want for lunch today, Peter?” Mary asked -Mary asked 28 “Can I borrow your typewriter, Janet?” asked Peter - Peter asked if 29 “Why didn’t I get a computer before?” thought the office manager -The office manager wondered 30 “You had better not lend him any more money, Elizabeth,’’ said John -John advised Elizabeth 31 “You stole my best cassette, Amanda!” said John -John accused 32 “ You damaged my bicycle, John!” said Mary -Mary accused 33 “When was your little boy born?” said the nurse to Mrs Bingley -The nurse asked Mrs Bingley 34 “You should take more exercise, Mr Robert,” the doctor said -The doctor advised 35 “Will I find a job?”, Tim said to himself -Tim wondered 36 “I’m sorry I gave you the wrong number,” said Paul to Susan -Paul apologized 37 “When is the first day of your holiday, Peter?” Martha asked - Martha asked Peter when 38 “Can I have a new bicycle?” said Anna to her mother -Anna asked 39 “Don’t leave the house until I get back, William”, his mother said - William’s mother told 40 “Don’t bite your nails,” said Mrs Rogers to her son -Mrs Rogers told 41 “I’ve seen the film three times, Mary” said George -George said 42 “I’m sorry, Angela,” said Martin, “I’m afraid I’ve damaged your car -Martin apologized 43 “Have you had enough for lunch?” the landlady asked us -The landlady asked 44 “ John, please don’t tell anyone my new address,” said Mary -Mary asked 45 “Breakfast will not be served after 30” said the notice -The notice said that 46 “Where is the best place to buy souvenirs?” -I asked 47 “Don’t forget to bring your passport with you tomorrow” - She reminded me 48 “Do not write on the wall,” said the teacher to the boys -The teacher told the boys……………………………………… 49 “How many jobs have you had since 2000?” the interviewer asked Mr Simpson - The interviewer asked 50 “Why didn’t you report the incident to the police?” the officer asked the frightened witness - The officer wanted to know Exercise 1:Rewrite following sentences so that the meaning stay the same 1.”If I were you, I wouldn’t buy this car” -> He advised 2.”Shall I carry your suitcase, Lan?”said Nam -> Nam offered 3.”Yes,all right, I’ll share the food with you, Dave.” -> Ann agreed 4.”Sue,can you remember to buy some bread?” -> Paul reminded 5.”Don’t touch anything in this room”, the man said to the children -> The man ordered 6.”I must go home to make the dinner”, said Mary -> Mary 7.”Are you going to Ho Chi Minh City next week?”Tom asked me -> Tom asked 8.”Have you finished your homework?”Mom asked -> Mom asked if 9.She said to me:”I can’t it by myself” -> She told me that 10.”Does your brother live in London, Nam?” Lan asked -> Lan wanted to know if 11.”Don’t repeat this mistake again.” his father warned him -> His father warned him 12.”Give me a smile,” The photographer said to me -> The 13.”Don’t leave these book on the table”,the librarian said to the students -> The librarian told the students 14.”Have you travelled abroad much?”he asked me -> He 15.”Who has written this note?” the boss asked the secretary -> The boss asked 16.”I have just received a postcard from my sister,” my friend said to me -> My friend told me 17.”This story happened long ago” he said -> He said Exercise "Don't repeat this mistake again!" the instructor warned the sportsman "Leave your address with the secretary," the assistant said to me "Phone to me for an answer tomorrow” the manager said to the client "Don't be so silly," the father said to the kid "Give a smile," the photographer said to me "Please, help me to make a decision," Ann asked her friend "Don't leave these books on the table, put them back on the shelf," the librarian said to the student "Be a good girl and sit quietly for five minutes," the nurse said to the child "Leave your things here," my companion advised me 10 "Don't discuss this question now," said the chairman to the participants Exercise "Will it be safe to stay in the mountains for the night if the weather doesn't change for the better?" we asked the guide The porter said to me, "I'll wake you up, when the train arrives in Leeds." My wife said to me: "While you are away, I'll the packing." "Don't leave until I phone you," he asked me "After he leaves hospital, they'll take him to the South," the doctor said "They'll wait for the fisherman to return until it gets dark," the local man explained to me As soon as I hear from him, I'll let you know," my neighbour said to me I’ll live in town till my husband returns from the expedition and when he returns, we'll go to the seaside together," she said The mother said to her son, "Sit still, please." 10 John said to his friend, "Come and spend a week with us." Exercise "Have you travelled abroad much?" he asked me "Who has written this note?" the boss asked the secretary "I've just received a postcard from my sister," my friend said to me "The students also took part in arranging the conference," the chair¬man said "Have you been here long?" the stranger asked me "Did you really see this happen with your own eyes?" the policeman asked the boy "I hope they will have taken a decision by the end of the meeting," she remarked "Did you watch the detective film on TV yesterday?" he asked her "This story happened long ago," he said, "and few people remember anything about it." 10 "I haven't read so interesting a book since I don't remember when," she said Exercise Tom said to the girl: "When did you have this picture taken?" ……………………………………………………………………………… "Shall we go somewhere for a cup of coffee after class?" Tom said ……………………………………………………………………………… John said to Mary, "Why don't you wear your hair a little longer." ……………………………………………………………………………… "Would you like another cup of tea?" the landlady said to the guest ……………………………………………………………………………… My sister said to me, "What about going to see Aunt Mary on Sunday?" ……………………………………………………………………………… She asked me, "Have you ever seen a flying saucer?" ……………………………………………………………………………… James said: "Do you want me to type this letter for you?" 10 ……………………………………………………………………………… Alfred said to John, "I didn't use your cassette player! Someone else did, not me." ……………………………………………………………………………… Father said, "I was the superintendent while this school was being built." ……………………………………………………………………………… 10 The woman said, "If I had a gas stove, it would save me a lot of time." ……………………………………………………………………………… Exercise Jane said to Bill, “When you expect to finish your assignment?" ……………………………………………………………………………… The man said to the boy: "Can you show me the way to the bank?" ……………………………………………………………………………… Fred asked the postman: "Are there any letters for me today?" ……………………………………………………………………………… Henry said to the librarian, "How many books can I borrow at a time?" ……………………………………………………………………………… John asked his friend, "How did you manage to know my phone number?" ……………………………………………………………………………… “These old buildings might have already disappeared by the time I am back next year?" he said ……………………………………………………………………………… The boys said to the old woman: "What can we to help you?" ……………………………………………………………………………… The guests said to the doorman: "Where should we leave our coats?" ……………………………………………………………………………… Tom asked his brother: "Why did you advise them to go sight-seeing on foot?" ……………………………………………………………………………… 10 I asked the children: "Who took away the magazines from my desk?" ……………………………………………………………………………… Exercise Rose said, "I was just leaving the office when I came face to face with a stranger." ……………………………………………………………………………… Ann asked her brother, "Do you expect to be admitted to the university?" ……………………………………………………………………………… Richard asked Jane, "What are you planning to tomorrow?" ……………………………………………………………………………… She asked her boy friend "Is it true that your father fought in the last war?" ……………………………………………………………………………… Jane said to me, "Where have you been all this time?" ……………………………………………………………………………… Mary said to her husband, "Did you see my handbag anywhere?" ……………………………………………………………………………… The inspector said to the woman, "What were you doing at o'clock yesterday evening?" 11 ……………………………………………………………………………… The passenger said to the taxi-driver: "Hurry up!" and he added "I must be at the station on time." ……………………………………………………………………………… Tom said to himself: "Why I haven't thought of this before?" ……………………………………………………………………………… 10 Father said: "The taxi is coming now Is everyone ready?" ……………………………………………………………………………… Exercise Helen said, "I think I'll have to find a better job I can't make both ends meet." ……………………………………………………………………………… He said to her "Why are you so late? I've been waiting for half an hour already." ……………………………………………………………………………… She said to him: "Don't let them down I'll be very embarrassed if you go back on your words." ……………………………………………………………………………… She said to her husband: "You'd better not drink top much You may lose control of the car and have a bad accident." ……………………………………………………………………………… The boy said to his mother: "When shall we have lunch? I'm very hungry." ……………………………………………………………………………… He said, "I don't understand why she has refused to join us on the trip." ……………………………………………………………………………… She said to him, "I'm glad you've come Sit down, please." ……………………………………………………………………………… Mr Bean said to his wife, "I don't feel like going out this evening Let's ask the Browns to come over for a chat." ……………………………………………………………………………… “It's raining too hard to go out We'd better stay home tonight and watch TV instead." John said ……………………………………………………………………………… 10 "Could you ring up the station and find out when the train comes in?" said Tom to me ……………………………………………………………………………… Exercise "Be careful Don't go too near the edge of the cliff," she said to the boys ……………………………………………………………………………… "Please, please come to help me with the assignment," my friend said to me ……………………………………………………………………………… "I wouldn't buy that sort of raincoat if I were you," my friend said to me ……………………………………………………………………………… "Would you mind moving your bicycle?" said the janitor "It's in the way." ……………………………………………………………………………… "Could I take out another book, please," I said to the librarian ……………………………………………………………………………… "Remember to leave the window open when you're using the gas stove," my mother said to me 12 ……………………………………………………………………………… "Wear your school badge or they won't let you into the classroom." my teacher said to me ……………………………………………………………………………… "Would you like to come over to my house for a slide show?" my friend said to me ……………………………………………………………………………… "Show me your driver's licence, will you?" the policeman said to the drunken driver ……………………………………………………………………………… 10 "Do come again next weekend," the host said to the visitor ………………………………………………………………………… 13