II- CÁC CÁCH TƯỜNG THUẬT TỪ CÂU NÓI TRỰC TIẾP SANG CÂU NÓI GIÁN TIẾP Ta cần phân tích cấu trúc của câu trực tiếp và câu gián tiếp qua các ví dụ sau: - My mother said “I want you to study
Trang 1CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT
(Reported speech)
I- PHÂN BIỆT CÂU TRỰC TIẾP VÀ CÂU GIÁN TIẾP
- Câu trực tiếp là câu nói của ai đó được trích
dẫn lại nguyên văn và thường được để trong
dấu ngoặc kép (“… ”)
Ví dụ:
+ Mary said “ I don’t like ice-cream” (Cô ấy nói
rằng: “Tôi không thích kem”.)
Ta thấy trong dấu ngoặc kép là lời nói trực tiếp
của Mary và nó được trích dẫn lại một cách
nguyên văn
- Câu gián tiếp là câu tường thuật lại lời nói của người khác theo ý của người tường thuật và ý nghĩa không thay đổi
Ví dụ:
+ Mary said that she didn’t like ice-cream (Mary
nói cô ấy không thích kem.)
Ta thấy câu nói của Mary được tường thuật lại theo cách nói của người tường thuật và ý nghĩa thì vẫn giữ nguyên
II- CÁC CÁCH TƯỜNG THUẬT TỪ CÂU NÓI TRỰC TIẾP SANG CÂU NÓI GIÁN TIẾP
Ta cần phân tích cấu trúc của câu trực tiếp và câu gián tiếp qua các ví dụ sau:
- My mother said “I want you to study harder.” (Mẹ tôi nói “Mẹ muốn con học hành chăm chỉ
hơn.)
Ta có: - Động từ “said” được gọi là “Động từ giới thiệu”
- Động từ “want” là động từ chính trong câu trực tiếp
- “I” là chủ ngữ trong câu trực tiếp
- “you” là tân ngữ trong câu trực tiếp
- My mother said / told me that she wanted me to study harder (Mẹ tôi nó bà ấy muốn tôi học
hành chăm chỉ hơn)
Ta thấy các thành phần như “động từ giới thiệu”, động từ chính, các đại từ (I/you/…) trong câu
trực tiếp khi chuyển sang câu gián tiếp đều phải biến đổi
Vậy những thành phần nào cần biến đổi, và biến đổi như thế nào, ta sẽ đi vào từng loại câu cụ thể
1 Các thành phần cần biến đổi trong câu gián tiếp:
* Các đại từ: Ta cần thay đổi đại từ sao cho phù hợp với ngữ cảnh trong câu
*
Thì của các động từ trong lời nói gián tiếp thay đổi theo một nguyên tắc chung là lùi về quá khứ
Câu trực tiếp
Hiện tại đơn Hiện tại tiếp diễn Hiện tại hoàn thành Quá khứ đơn Quá khứ tiếp diễn Tương lai đơn: will/ shall Tương lai gần: be going to
Trang 2* Thay đổi một số động từ khuyết thiếu:
Trực tiếp
can will shall must may
* Thay đổi Đại từ
Các đại từ nhân xưng và đại sở hữu khi chuyển từ lời nóitr ực tiếp sang lời nói gián tiếp thay đổi như bảng sau:
Đại từ
Đại từ nhân xưng
Đại từ sở hữu
Đại từ chỉ định
* Các trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn, thời gian:
Trực tiếp
Here Now Today Ago Tomorrow The day after tomorrow Yesterday
The day before yesterday
Trang 3Next week Last week Last year
2 Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép là một câu trần thuật (là một câu khẳng định và mang nghĩa kể lại,
trần thuật lại điều gì đó).
- Ta cần biến đổi các đại từ cho phù hợp với ý nghĩa của câu
- Các động từ giới thiệu thường dùng là: say (that), tell sb (that)
* Nếu động từ giới thiệu chia ở các thì hiện tại, hoặc tương lai:
-> ta không cần lùi thì động từ chính trong câu gián tiếp
Ví dụ:
- She says “I don’t want to stay at home every day.”
-> She says / tells me that she doesn’t want to stay at home every day.
Ta thấy trong dấu ngoặc kép là một câu trần thuật, và động từ giới thiệu “says” chia thì hiện tại
đơn nên động từ trong câu trực tiếp không lùi thì (giữ nguyên thì) trong câu gián tiếp Các đại từ
cần thay đổi cho phù hợp nghĩa là: I -> she
* Nếu động từ giới thiệu chia ở các thì quá khứ:
-> Ta cần lùi thì động từ chính trong câu gián tiếp
Ví dụ:
- She said “My father is travelling in America”.
-> She said that her father was travelling in America.
Ta thấy động từ giới thiệu “said” chia quá khứ đơn nên động từ trong câu trực tiếp (chia ở hiện tại
tiếp diễn) phải lùi thì trong câu gián tiếp (thì quá khứ tiếp diễn)
3 Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép là câu hỏi.
* Nếu trong dấu ngoặc kép là câu hỏi không có từ hỏi.
-> Trong câu gián tiếp thêm “if” hoặc “whether” và mệnh đề theo sau biến đổi về dạng khẳng định
-> Động từ giới thiệu thường sử dụng: ask, wonder
Ví dụ:
- She said “Do you want to go with me?”
-> She asked if I wanted to go with her.
- Mary said “Do you go to school by bus, Peter?”
-> Mary asked Peter whether he went to school by bus.
* Nếu trong dấu ngoặc kép là câu hỏi có từ hỏi (what/where/when/how/who/…)
-> Trong câu gián tiếp phải biến đổi mệnh đề sau từ hỏi về dạng khẳng định
-> Động từ giới thiệu thường sử dụng: ask, wonder, want to know
Ví dụ:
- He asked “what time will you come?”
-> He asked what time I would come.
3 Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép là câu mệnh lệnh thức.
-> Ta xét nghĩa của câu rồi sử dụng các cấu trúc cho phù hợp
Trang 4* Khi câu mệnh lệnh thức trong dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa yêu cầu, đề nghị ai đó làm gì ta có thể
sử dụng các cấu trúc sau:
- tell/ ask/ require/ request/ demand + sb + to do st: Yêu cầu, đề nghị hay đòi hỏi ai làm gì.
Ví dụ:
- She said to me “close the door!”
-> She asked me to close the door.
* Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa ra lệnh ta sử dụng cấu trúc sau:
- order sb to do st: ra lệnh cho ai làm gì.
- He said to me angrily “go out!”
-> He ordered me to go out.
4 Các trường hợp khác:
* Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa đề nghị làm gì cho ai ta sử dụng cấu trúc:
- offer to do st:
- He said “Shall I make you a cup of coffee?”
-> He offered to make me a cup of coffee.
*Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa khuyên bảo ta sử dụng cấu trúc sau:
- advise sb to do st: khuyên ai đó nên làm gì.
Ví dụ:
- He said to me “You should go to bed early”
-> He advised me to go to bed early.
* Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa mời mọc ta sử dụng cấu trúc sau:
- invite sb to do st
Ví dụ:
- My friend said “Will you go the zoo with me?”
-> My friend friend invited me to go to the zoo with her.
* Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép là câu cảm thán ta sử dụng động từ “exclaim”
Ví dụ:
- She said “What an intelligent boy!”
-> She exclaimed that the boy was intelligent.
* Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa xin lỗi ta sử dụng cấu trúc:
- apologize (to sb) for st/ for doing st: xin lỗi (ai) về điều gì/ vì đã làm gì
Ví dụ:
- She said "I'm sorry I'm late."
-> She apologized for being late.
* Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa nhắc nhở ta sử dụng cấu trúc:
- remind sb to do st: Nhắc nhở ai làm gì
Ví dụ:
- My mother said "Don't forget to bring your umbrella."
-> My mother reminded me to bring my umbrella.
* Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa buộc tội ai đó ta sử dụng cấu trúc:
- accuse sb of st/ doing st: Buộc tội ai về điều gì/ vì đã làm gì
Ví dụ:
Trang 5- She said "No one else but you did it."
-> She accused me of doing it.
Trang 6BÀI TẬP
Viết lại các câu sau sử dụng cách nói gián tiếp.
1 “Open the door,” he said to them
-He told them
2 “Where are you going?” he asked her
-He asked her where
3 “Which way did they go?” he asked
-He asked
4 “Bring it back if it doesn’t fit”, I said to her
-I told
5 “Don’t try to open it now,” she said to us
-She told
6 “Is it going to be a fine day today?” I asked her
-I asked her
7 “He’s not at home”, she said
-She said that
8 “Is the bus station far away?” the girl asked
-The girl wanted to know
9 “Don’t stay out late, Ann” Tom said
-Tom told Ann
10 “Please let me borrow your car,” he said to her
-He asked
11 “Jean, have you seen my gloves?” Thomas asked -Thomas asked Jean
12 Don’t leave the window open, Mary”, I said
-I told Mary
13 “I’ll have a cup of tea with you,” she said
She said that
14 “I’ll pay him if I can” she said
-She said that
15 “What are you going to do next summer?” she asked
- She asked us
16 “I’ll phone you tomorrow,” he told Jack
-He told Jack that
17 “Can I sit beside you, Jean?” Tom asked
-Tom asked Jean
18 “I want a camera for my birthday,” he said
-He said that
19 “Don’t keep the door locked,” he said to us
-He told us
20 “How long are you going to stay?” I asked him
-I asked him how long
21 “Are you going by train?” she asked me
Trang 7-She wanted to know
22 “Don’t use too much hot water,” she said to us
-She asked us
23 “Will you come to my party?” she said to me
-She invited me
24 “Don’t do it again,” she said to them
She told them
25 “ Did Mr Brown send the potatoes to you?” she asked
-She asked
26 “Don’t get your shoes dirty, boys,” she said
-She told
27 “What do you want for lunch today, Peter?” Mary asked
-Mary asked
28 “Can I borrow your typewriter, Janet?” asked Peter
- Peter asked if
29 “Why didn’t I get a computer before?” thought the office manager -The office manager wondered
30 “You had better not lend him any more money, Elizabeth,’’ said John -John advised Elizabeth
31 “You stole my best cassette, Amanda!” said John
-John accused
32 “ You damaged my bicycle, John!” said Mary
-Mary accused
33 “When was your little boy born?” said the nurse to Mrs Bingley -The nurse asked Mrs Bingley
34 “You should take more exercise, Mr Robert,” the doctor said
-The doctor advised
35 “Will I find a job?”, Tim said to himself
-Tim wondered
36 “I’m sorry I gave you the wrong number,” said Paul to Susan
-Paul apologized
37 “When is the first day of your holiday, Peter?” Martha asked
- Martha asked Peter when
38 “Can I have a new bicycle?” said Anna to her mother
-Anna asked 39 “Don’t leave the house until I get back, William”, his mother said
- William’s mother told
40 “Don’t bite your nails,” said Mrs Rogers to her son
-Mrs Rogers told
41 “I’ve seen the film three times, Mary” said George
-George said
42 “I’m sorry, Angela,” said Martin, “I’m afraid I’ve damaged your car -Martin apologized
43 “Have you had enough for lunch?” the landlady asked us
-The landlady asked
Trang 844 “ John, please don’t tell anyone my new address,” said Mary.
-Mary asked
45 “Breakfast will not be served after 9 30” said the notice
-The notice said that
46 “Where is the best place to buy souvenirs?”
-I asked
47 “Don’t forget to bring your passport with you tomorrow”
- She reminded me
48 “Do not write on the wall,” said the teacher to the boys
-The teacher told the boys………
49 “How many jobs have you had since 2000?” the interviewer asked Mr Simpson
- The interviewer asked
50 “Why didn’t you report the incident to the police?” the officer asked the frightened witness
- The officer wanted to know
Exercise 1:Rewrite following sentences so that the meaning stay the same.
1.”If I were you, I wouldn’t buy this car”
-> He advised
2.”Shall I carry your suitcase, Lan?”said Nam
-> Nam offered
3.”Yes,all right, I’ll share the food with you, Dave.”
-> Ann agreed
4.”Sue,can you remember to buy some bread?”
-> Paul reminded
5.”Don’t touch anything in this room”, the man said to the children
-> The man ordered
6.”I must go home to make the dinner”, said Mary
-> Mary
7.”Are you going to Ho Chi Minh City next week?”Tom asked me
-> Tom asked
8.”Have you finished your homework?”Mom asked
-> Mom asked if
9.She said to me:”I can’t do it by myself”
-> She told me that
10.”Does your brother live in London, Nam?” Lan asked
-> Lan wanted to know if
11.”Don’t repeat this mistake again.” his father warned him
-> His father warned him
12.”Give me a smile,” The photographer said to me
-> The
13.”Don’t leave these book on the table”,the librarian said to the students
-> The librarian told the students
14.”Have you travelled abroad much?”he asked me
-> He
15.”Who has written this note?” the boss asked the secretary
Trang 9-> The boss asked
16.”I have just received a postcard from my sister,” my friend said to me
-> My friend told me
17.”This story happened long ago” he said
-> He said
Exercise 2
1 "Don't repeat this mistake again!" the instructor warned the sportsman
2 "Leave your address with the secretary," the assistant said to me
3 "Phone to me for an answer tomorrow” the manager said to the client
4 "Don't be so silly," the father said to the kid
5 "Give a smile," the photographer said to me
6 "Please, help me to make a decision," Ann asked her friend
7 "Don't leave these books on the table, put them back on the shelf," the librarian said to the student
8 "Be a good girl and sit quietly for five minutes," the nurse said to the child
9 "Leave your things here," my companion advised me
10 "Don't discuss this question now," said the chairman to the participants
Exercise 3
1 "Will it be safe to stay in the mountains for the night if the weather doesn't change for the better?" we asked the guide
2 The porter said to me, "I'll wake you up, when the train arrives in Leeds."
3 My wife said to me: "While you are away, I'll do the packing."
4 "Don't leave until I phone you," he asked me
5 "After he leaves hospital, they'll take him to the South," the doctor said
6 "They'll wait for the fisherman to return until it gets dark," the local man explained to me
7 As soon as I hear from him, I'll let you know," my neighbour said to me
Trang 108 I’ll live in town till my husband returns from the expedition and when he returns, we'll go to the seaside together," she said
9 The mother said to her son, "Sit still, please."
10 John said to his friend, "Come and spend a week with us."
Exercise 4
1 "Have you travelled abroad much?" he asked me
2 "Who has written this note?" the boss asked the secretary
3 "I've just received a postcard from my sister," my friend said to me
4 "The students also took part in arranging the conference," the chair¬man said
5 "Have you been here long?" the stranger asked me
6 "Did you really see this happen with your own eyes?" the policeman asked the boy
7 "I hope they will have taken a decision by the end of the meeting," she remarked
8 "Did you watch the detective film on TV yesterday?" he asked her
9 "This story happened long ago," he said, "and few people remember anything about it."
10 "I haven't read so interesting a book since I don't remember when," she said
Exercise 5
1 Tom said to the girl: "When did you have this picture taken?"
………
2 "Shall we go somewhere for a cup of coffee after class?" Tom said
………
3 John said to Mary, "Why don't you wear your hair a little longer."
………
4 "Would you like another cup of tea?" the landlady said to the guest
………
5 My sister said to me, "What about going to see Aunt Mary on Sunday?"
………
6 She asked me, "Have you ever seen a flying saucer?"
………
7 James said: "Do you want me to type this letter for you?"
Trang 118 Alfred said to John, "I didn't use your cassette player! Someone else did, not me."
………
9 Father said, "I was the superintendent while this school was being built."
………
10 The woman said, "If I had a gas stove, it would save me a lot of time."
………
Exercise 6
1 Jane said to Bill, “When do you expect to finish your assignment?"
………
2 The man said to the boy: "Can you show me the way to the bank?"
………
3 Fred asked the postman: "Are there any letters for me today?"
………
4 Henry said to the librarian, "How many books can I borrow at a time?"
………
5 John asked his friend, "How did you manage to know my phone number?"
………
6 “These old buildings might have already disappeared by the time I am back next year?" he said
………
7 The boys said to the old woman: "What can we do to help you?"
………
8 The guests said to the doorman: "Where should we leave our coats?"
………
9 Tom asked his brother: "Why did you advise them to go sight-seeing on foot?"
………
10 I asked the children: "Who took away the magazines from my desk?"
………
Exercise 7
1 Rose said, "I was just leaving the office when I came face to face with a stranger."
………
2 Ann asked her brother, "Do you expect to be admitted to the university?"
………
3 Richard asked Jane, "What are you planning to do tomorrow?"
………
4 She asked her boy friend "Is it true that your father fought in the last war?"
………
5 Jane said to me, "Where have you been all this time?"
………
6 Mary said to her husband, "Did you see my handbag anywhere?"
………
7 The inspector said to the woman, "What were you doing at 7 o'clock yesterday evening?"