LÊ TRIỀU THÔNG SỬ CỦA LÊ QUÝ ĐÔN : MỘT SỐ VẤN ĐỀ CĂN BẢN

LE TRmV TH6MG stciSA LE QUY DOIV: MOT SO \AN DE VE \AN BAX NGUYfiN THI THifiM' L i triiu thdng si cua Le Quy Ddn Id bp sfl c6 gia tri, eiing Id bp sfl nhdt cua Vi$t Nam dflpc bien chip theo loi ky truyen De cdp den v i n di vdn ban cua sach, hign vdn eon rat nhilu va'n de chUa dupc lam rd hoac gay tranh cai gidi hpc thudt, vi du ten sdch, thdi dilm, nguyen nhdn vd qud trinh bidn soan sach; the lg bien sdch, Trong odi vilt nay, x u i t phat tfl eIng tac nghien cflu vfin ban vfi eac hg thg'ng truyin ban cdn ton tai cua sdch, chung toi ehu yeu tdp trung vao giai quylt mpt so v i n de ndu trgn T@n sach, thdi d i l m , nguydn nh&n va q u a t r i n h bign s c a n VI ten sach, Li triiu thdng sii hien ton tai bo'n tdn ggi khac nhau, Bg.i Viet thdng sH va Tiin triiu thong sa Id hai tdn gpi thudng xuygn dUdc sit dyng hg thong d o van ban hidn cdn cua tac phdm Thdm chi cd nhflng vfin ban ding thdi xuit hign ca hai tgn gpi Bai Viit thdng sa vd Tien triiu thdng sa Cy thi, cac vfin ban s^ dung tdn ggi Bai Viit thdng sa gom d c ban vdi so ky hieu A.18, VHv 1685, VHv 1555, HV.176/1-2, VS-15, 6A^AH; cdc ' ThS Trung tdm LUu trfl QuIc gia II ban CO tgn sdch Id Bai Viet thdng sa, nhUng ben lai x u i t hidn khd nhieu ten gpi Tiin trieu thdng sa gim A 1389, A.2759, VHv.1330/2 Rigng tdn gpiZ^ trUu thdng sa vd Hodng Viet thdng sa cd s i ldn sfl dung khd han ehe, dd Li triiu thdng sa chi xua't hidn Lich triiu hidn chUOng loai chi eua Phan Huy Chd d giai doan ddu ddi Nguyen, cdn Hodng Viit thdng su! ehi dUdc ait dung nhd't mot ldn truyin ban A 1389 Tren ed sd tinh hinh ndu trdn, ten gpi md gidi nghien cflu trUdc dung dl gpi tgn tae p h i m ciing khing hoan toan thing n h i t NhUng phdn Idn van ban hien cdn cua tac phdm deu liy tgn gpi Bai Viet thdng sA, ngn ngodi Phan Huy Chii, Trdn Van Giap, ehu tnidng sfl dyng ten gpi Li triin thdng sa, phdn ldn eac hgc gia diu sfl dyng ten gpi Bai Viet thdng sa Vl v i n de nay, sd di ehung toi chii trUdng ndn dung ten gpi Le triiu thdng si Id bdi mpt so nguygn nhdn sau ddy: TrUdc hi't, xlt tgn gpi Tiin triiu thdng sa, chiing ta diu bilt, ede vdn ban hi^n cdn ciia Li triiu thdng sa t i t ea diu dUdc M hieii Ihdng si^ziai L6 Qu^ Edn chep dudi triiu Nguyin Trong quan ni$m eua eac hpc gia dudi trieu Nguyen, trieu dai trfldc hg khdng phai nhd Nguyin Tdy Sdn cua Nguyin Hue, md Id trieu Le T h i nen, tdn gpi Tiin triiu thong sa thUe chit eiing chinh la Li triiu thdng sa Yky tgn gpi Tiin triiu thdng sa ddi Id dau? Chflng tli eho rang, ngUdi chdp mpt so trfldng hdp cd t h i hoan toan khong phai la ngfldi ehu tnidng thay doi ten gpi tfl Z^ triiu thdng sa sang Bai Viit thdng sa, eho nen qua trinh chdp, ngodi ten tac phdm d bia sach va mot so vi tri el y thiic chdp theo ngUdi trUdc, van d nhiing liic ngudi chdp hi anh hudng bdi thdi quen dg'n tfl quan niem ciing nhu each nhin nh^n ciia ngUdi sd'ng dudi trieu Nguyin doi vdi triiu d ^ trUde, nen mdt s i ten gpi Li triiu thdng sa xuit hi^n sach, hi ngUdi chdp vo tinh chuyen doi T^in triiu thdng sa sfl dung vao nfim 1054, va quIc hi^u dupe sfl dung eho mai den nfim 1802, ngn hodn toan khong t h i dong hda lieh sit trieu Lg vdi lieh sfl eua nhd nfldc Dai Vigt; thgm vao dd, Le triiu thdng sa cua Ld Quy Din ro rang ehi chdp vige trieu Le (thi hign ro n h i t d phdn ban ky va liet truy$n), vide chdp them chinh sU cae triiu Ly, Trdn d phdn Chi elt dl tign Ipi cho ngUdi dpe viec ndm bat qud trinh bie'n thien cua nln chinh sU eua nUde nhd md thoi Vdy ngn, viec dem Li triiu thdng sa doi thdnh Bai Viet thdng sa Id hoan tofin khong phfl hdp Tha ba, Phan Huy Chfl mue Vdn tich chi, quyen so' 42, sach Lich trieu hii'n chuong loai chi chip: "Sach Li triiu thdng sa, 30 quyin, cy Bang nhdn Didn Hd Id Le Quy Don soan Bl sach cua cu bien chip r i t ddy dii ro rdng, cd the xem Id mot bp todn sfl eua mdt triiu dai (2) Chiing ta diu bilt, d ThU hai, ehung ta deu bilt, vao nam giai doan ddu triiu Nguyin, Phan Huy 1804, Nguygn Anh chinh thflc doi ten nUde Chii soan Lich trieu hii'n chUOng loai chi, tfl Dai Vigt thdnh Vidt Nam Khi tgn nUdc sdch Le trieu thdng sa cua Le Quy Don v&n da dd'i thdnh Vidt Nam, lieh sfl triiu Lg chua bi thit lac, Ing Id ngUdi cd cd h$i dpe quan niem cua ngUdi ddi Nguyen t i t todn bg trUde tde eua Ld Quy Din, ding thdi ylu se dupe xem Id lich sfl ciia Dai Vidt dUa kha nhilu nhdn xdt xae dang Tfl gdc quan h i dm sdch vdi lich siJI ciia trieu dd ndy, ed thi thiy ro, tgn gpi Li triiu thdng Nguyin, tflc Vidt Nam Hon nfla, Li triiu sa md hpc gia Phan Huy Chu diing Id hodn thdng sa CO phdn chi kha quan trpng, todn ed cd sd vd dang tin cly d cac myc nhU thign vfin, ngu hdnh, ludt Tfl nhiing nguyen nhan neu tren, chiing lich, dia ly, hd efl, lg nghi, nh^c, nghi v§, du toi cho rdng, tnidc tde sfl hgc nfiy eiia Le Quy phuc, tuyIn efl, chfle quan, ngh^ vfin, Don ban ddu hodn todn khong ed ten gpi Bg.i ngodi phdn ghi chip chinh sU eua trieu Le Viet thdng sa, Tiin tridu tiidng sa, d hai tdn d phdn dudi, d phdn trdn tac gia ghi chip ndy diu la san phim cua ngudi ddi Nguyen, them chinh sU cua triiu Ly, triiu Trdn de tgn ggi md Le Quy Ddn d^t cho tae phim cua ngudi dpe tipn so sdnh (1) minh phai la Li triiu tfidng sa Tfl hai khia eanh ngu trgn, cd t h i thiy Ve thdi dilm va qud trinh bign so^n, ro mit s i nguyen nhdn quan trpng khid'n ban than Lg Quy Don sau dl ddu d ngUdi ddi Nguyen dem Li triiu thdng sa dd'i trudng thi Sdn Nam, ong dd nhilu ldn trd thdnh Bgi Viit thdng su! T h i nhflng, nhU lai Kinh dd tham dii cac ky thi Hgi, cy t h i chung ta diu bie't, quoc hidu Dai Vi$t cua vao cac nfim Quy Hpi (1743), Binh Ddn Vi^t Nam chinh thflc dflpc Ly Thdnh Tong (1746), Mau Thin (1748), nhflng diu bi Rghien eflu Lieh si s i 7.2013 danh hdng thdi dilm ndy, Ing chu ylu d nha vie't sdch vd day hpc, sach ong vilt c6 din hfing trdm thign, bao gim ca Li triiu thdng sa Xdt ldi tiia chinh Le Quy Ddn Li triiu thdng sa, phdn cuoi Idi tua tde gia ghi rd: "Canh HUng thap nign, Ky Ty, thu trpng, Dign Ha Q u i Dudng Le Quy Don, Doan Hdu tU" (3) Nghia Id: "Thang nam Ky Ty (1749) ddi vua Canh HUng thfl 10, Le Quy Don, tdn tfl la Doan Hdu, hieu la Que DUdng, ngUdi d i t Dign Ha de tUa." Xlt cong trinh cua eac hgc gia tien boi nhu Phan Huy Chu, Trdn Van Giap, Ngd The Long tat ea diu khong mpt Idi di nghi ve thdi diem Ld Quy Don vilt ldi tiia Vdy Li triiu thdng sa hodn vdo thdi dilm trude hay sau thdng nfim 1749? Tim hilu ve egi nguon cua ngdnh thU tich hpc Trung Quoc, ehung ta deu bilt, ngdy xua sach e l thudng dung the tre (tnie gian t t l ^ ) hay vai lua (quydn bach $^ft) 1dm chit lidu d l vie't Tre k i t thdnh thien, lua cuin thdnh quyen, nhUng nhin chung, b i t kl dung tre hay lua diu khong t h i qua nhieu, hofie qua ddi, dong thdi lUpng chfl dUde ghi chip tren thUdng cung h i t sflc ban ehe' Mot cuo'n sdch vdi lupng chfl tUdng dli ldn, thudng phai phan thdnh nhilu thien hay nhieu quyin khae Sau sdch hodn thdnh, tac gia se bat tay vao viet ldi tfla (ty), gidi thilu ehung ve sdch, thudt ngfl ndy ban ddu dupe cha eon Luu Hudng, LUu Ham gpi la "lye" hofie "myc luc", t h i ndn ldi tUa sach xUa thudng nkm d cull sdch VI du, thign TU qudi truyen Ci^#-f^) sach Chu dich; thien Thien hg ( ^ T ; ^ ) sach Nam Hoa kinh cua Trang Tit; thign Thdi sa cdng tU tu (:*: j&^ i ff) sdch Sa ky ciia Tu Ma Thign; thign Tu truyen (^^) Hdn thu eua Ban Co, Trong dd Tu qudi truyin sach Chu dich dUdc xem la sdm nhit, eac sach khae thflc c h i t ciing phong theo t h i 1$ dd ma Lu Vfin Thieu, mot hpc gia ddi Thanh ndi: "Ta nghi, thign TU qudi truyen sdch Chu dich hd chdng phai ldi tfla eua 64 que hay sao? Ldi tUa sa ky, Hdn thU thflc eung bat nguon tfl d6" (4) Hay hai bdi tfla phu d cuoi sach, hai tde gia Tfl Ma Thidn, Ban Co' khong ehi 'thudt lai gia thg' ciia chinh minh, md dem thfl tu cdc thign liet kg, ding thdi cdn gidi thidu, binh phdm khd ky v l n l i dung eua tflng thign Do ldi tUa Id ldi gidi thigu ehung ve sdch, thdm chi edn hUdng ddn ngudi dpe each tilp cdn ngi dung sdch, ngn dflpc xem la bl phan d u thdnh khong t h i thig'u ciia sach, thudng dupc dinh cflng vdi sdch Thi nhflng, cflng tiln bp cua ky thudt I n loat, cing thdm sU bien dli v l hinh thflc ciia thfl tich, vdi muc dich tien Ipi cho vige dpe vd tra cflu, ngudi ta ddn cd thdi quen dem ldi tfla chuyin len ddu sdch, vd the thflc trinh bay m$t cuon sdch da dflpc dinh hinh nhu hi^n Lai xdt thdi quen vilt ldi tUa eiia ngUdi hien d ^ hodn toan cd the khdng dinh, b i t Igf tinh huong ndo, viec vie't; ldi tUa cho sach ciia ngUdi hidn dai deu dien sau sach da hodn thdnh Rieng vdi nhflng ngfldi vilt ldi tfla eho sdch cua ngUcd khdc, trUde bdt tay vdo vilt, t i t yeii phai dge qua va ndm todn bl ngi dung cua sach Nhfl vdy, c6 t h i khdng dinh, thdi diem thdng nfim 1749 ehinh Id moc thdi gian danh diu vi$c Le Quy Don soan xong Lg trieu thgng sfl T h i nhUng, vdn cdn mot vin d l kha hdc bfla edn bdn, dd Id, Ld Quy Don bdt ddu bign soan Lg triiu thong sii tfl ndo? Theo Phan Huy Chu, ngUdi c6 cd hpi dpe todn bg trUdc tde Li trieu thdng sa sach chUa bi thi't lac, da dua nhdn xlt: "Sach Le tpiiu thdng s^ ciia Le Qu^ Bin , Le triiu thdng sa, 30 quyin, ey Bang nhan Didn Ha Id Le Quy Din soan Bp sdch eua cu bidn chep r i t ddy du ro rdng, c6 t h i xem la mot bp todn sfl cua mit triiu dai" (5) Xdt ngi dung phdn Bdn ky Li triiu thdng sa, mye Thong sfl pham le phy d phan ddu sdch, Le Quy Don ghi ro: "Nay soan bp sfl ndy, eh6p tfl thdi vua Thai To Cao Hoang de, cho dg'n h i t thdi vua Le Cung Hodng lam Bdn k^' Xdt lich sfl triiu Le tfl vua Lg Thai To' khdi binh ndm Mdu Tult 1418, trai qua 11 ddi vua, dgh nam Dinh Hpi 1527, Mae Dfing Dung ep vua Le Cung Hodng nhfldng ngoi, ldp triiu Mac, to'ng cpng 110 nfim; nhflng phdn Li&t truyen, myc Nghich thdn truyin, Le Quy Don lai chdp todn bg sfl kidn lich sfl, xay dUdi 10 triiu vua Mae, tfl Mac Dang Dung de'n Mac Kinh Vu ( d ban chdp Kinh Hodn), tong cpng gdn 70 ndm Nhu vay, c6 thi ndi, Li trieu thdng sa chep sU kien lich sfl klo dai gdn 200 nfim Mpt bp thdng sfl cua mot trieu dai, dupc chip theo loi ky truydn, so nhU thg', at kh6ng t h i hodn thdnh mdt khoang thdi gian ngdn Vl khoang thdi gian Le Quy Don dflng vdo vide soan Li triiu thong sU, ban thdn tae gia khdng h i d l cdp, eac hpc gia tien boi cung khong he nhae tdi Trong Nidn cung chi chdp: "Nam 18 tuoi, Lg Quy D6n tham du ky thi hflOng, gianh danh hieu Giai nguyen; thdi gian ong viet sach rd't nhieu, trUde tde cd de'n hdng tram thien, sT tfl thidn tdi theo hpc r i t nhieu" Tinh tfl ndm Quy Hpi (1743), Le Quy Don 18 tuli, ddu ky thi hUdng trUdng thi Sdn Nam, de'n thang ndm 1749, ong hoan Li trieu thdng sa, thdi gian khoang gdn nam Trong khoang thdi gian do, Ing vfla lo giang day hgc tro, lo viec den sach chuan hi cho ede ky thi hpi, vfla phai lo vi$c tnidc thudt Nhiing nhfl tren day da de cdp, vdi mot bp sach s6 nhu Li triiu thdng sa, vide bign soan cd le dupe bat ddu sdm hon ca thdi dilm 1743 Nhflng thdi dilm dl tac gia doe toan bp tinh luc d l hodn thdnh eong trinh, chac chdn Id vao khoang mpt vai nam trfldc thdi dilm thang nam 1749 Ve nguyen nhdn cua vide bien soan Le triiu thdng sa, Le Quy D6n dl cdp kha nhieu vd ciing kha cy thi Cy t h i ldi tU de tfla d ddu sdch Li trieu thdng sa, ong viet: "Nflde Viet ta dflng nUdc, dat quan 1dm sfl, nm tiep diu diing thd bign nign de chdp vigc, nhu sfl ddi Ly eua Le Vfin Hflu, sfl ddi Tran cua Phan Phu Tign, gpn gdng dung ddn cd t h i dflng dUdc, nhUng vl diln chUdng cua mot trieu dai thi bd nhilu khong thd'y chip, ngUdi xUa phai Id'y 1dm tile Tign triiu dflng nUde, Thai To Id bdc thdn vo md mang cd nghiep Thai Tong la bdc anh minh noi gifl cd do, Thudn Hodng thi tdi lupc khde thudng, dfi'i mdi mpi viec Hiln Milu thi kinh trdi khoan hdu, theo gifl nip xUa, mo liet h u l n cao r i t nhilu, vfin vat dien chUdng r i t dep, khong kdm gi Trung QuIc, t h i ma xdt thflc lye thi khong thd'y chdp Den ddi Hong Dflc, T l tflu Ngo Si Lign chdp tfl ddi Thudn Thidn de'n ddi Dien Ninh lam Tam trieu ban ky, k l vigc cung ky va co moi giudng Bd'y gid kdn chpn sfl quan r i t cdn trgng nhU sfl quan Le Nghia chip thdng gifl ngay, ed tilt nhfl ed' nhan, nhiing sach chip viec hang ngfiy dd khong eon nfla Dg'n ddi Hong Thudn [1509 - 1516] thi To'ng tai Vu Quynh mdi chip tfl ddi Quang Thudn [1460 - 1469] den ddi Doan Khanh [1505 - 1509] lam Tfl trieu ban ky, sac lenh va dilu 1^ thi hoi du, cdn eong viee b l dyng va sd t i u ciia cac quan thi eon s6t nhilu Tfl ddi Hong Thuan trd di, din ddi Dfldng Dflc [1672 1673] buoi ddu trung hUng, cdc sfl thdn bign chip tiep theo, tra xdt gdp nhfit khong dupe rpng, y nghia vd t h i lg chdp chfla tinh 28 Cong viec hang hdn trfim ndm, md bien soan von khong phai m i t ngfldi, the md chip sd sdi nhu thg' Nhflng vua toi hiln ciing gay dUng cd do, gifl gin ng'p cii, md nhiing dflc hanh tot, ldi n l i hay, mUu bi mat, k l ldn lao diu lu md khong to ro, bi ehe Up khong noi len, d l cho nhflng tinh trang cua ke gian giao dc, bpn khoe lai gian thdn, nhd md dflpc che gilu ddng phdn ndn thay! Dai dl phIp lam sfl la phai: moi sfl kiln diu nhat du khong bd sdt, de eho ngudi ta sau md sach xem, rd dupc manh moi, biet dupe ddu duoi, khdng dflpc mdt tha'y tai nghe, md rd rang nhU ehinh minh dupc thd'y Hay noi qua nhflng dilu dai ylu nhU: diem trdi Idnh dfl, vdn d i t doi thay, phai chdp; chid'u lenh ban xuong, te t h i n ta'u len, sd ciia eac quan, phai chdp; vi^c dflng hay bai cae cing khanh thi tilng, viee bo hay doi cac t r i n ve tfldng thdn, vide sai phai cdc quan vdn vo ngodi, vide thfing thfldng d c tdn t h i t huan thich, diu phai chdp thuc ca Bdn thi dflng Ign hay bai bd mpt phdp dl, nhfl d e viec tuyen cfl, quan chg', binh chinh, qud'c dyng, binh quyen, thue khda, tien te; bdn ngoai thi vigc bang giao tot hay xiu, nhfl cae viec sai sfl sang Trung QuIc, vigc nUdc Chigm, nUde Ldo cing hig'n, gily td qua lai, phim vdt ban cho; ea nhiing vide ddnh Chiem Thdnh, Bon Man, Lao Qua; le nhac, didn cdch, thi nhu eae vide te' trdi dd't, t l ting milu, t l nfli sdng, di$u mua bai nh£ic, nghi le triiu va qudn; ddng doi danh hieu thi nhu vile phong tfldc hp ngoai hp nli; ddng ddi nhd vua ciing Id ddng doi eong thdn, la viec thfldng, eo nhign khdng ngn chip rudm, nhiing n l u cd vigc gi thu^c v l nghi ludn quan trgng vd e h i tae to ldn thi diu phai theo tiing viec ma chdp du R q h i ^ eijru Lieh sir, s i 7.2013 thang Theo the lg dy ma ndi thi sfl cu chip mUdi phdn ehUa dupe mpt phdn, ngUdi muon tim xlt ddi xUa, muon bdn bae vile nUde, d n biet khao eflu vdo dau? Xem Nhi thdp nha't sfl, nhU eac trieu Chu, Te, Ludng, Trdn d mot xd heo Idnh, chinh sfl klUi coi, lam vua khong lau, chi dUpc nfim mfldi nfim, hofie hdn hai mUdi ndm, ba mUdi nfim, the md nhflng hpc gia Ve sau tim tdi thao ludn, chip lam sii eua mpt ddi, dl cho sU nghiep vfin hoa dUdc ro rdng dg'n ddi sau Huong chi nfldc Dai Vigt ta tri binh hdn tram nfim, xdy dflng sfla sang ro rgt nhu t h i , md sit sach bign chdp lai vfing ve nhu t h i , chdng phai dang then vdi ddi tnidc ru? Toi khong tfl x l t minh kem coi, muon bat chudc the ky truygn, ch6p theo sii loai, ehia tflng dieu vfi tdm lai mpt loi, lai phy thgm nhiing ldi bdn tan thudt bdy theo y rieng cua minh V l d o ehi thi phdng theo t h i Id cdc sdch T^y thU, Tdn thU CUP Ngyy Tning chep them ca chinh sU ede ddi Ly Trdn b tren t h i Id cua triiu trude (chi triiu Le sd), soan thdnh thong sii, de Idm dai diln eua mpt ddi (6) Vdi td't ea nhiing dilu tac gia trinh bdy trgn ddy, c6 t h i t h i y rdng, nguyen fly cua viee soan sach da dUde trinh bay khd ro day chiing tdi chi c6 miy y mang tinh chit tdm lupc nhu sau: Xuit phdt tfl thUc t l chinh sU eiia trieu qud trinh bien chip hi bo sdt qua nhilu; x u i t phat tfl thflc t l t h i 1$ chip sfl cua Viet Nam, hinh thflc chdp sil theo loi bien nien' da bpc l§ khing it b i t elp (it nhl't la tfl gde dp ea nhdn tac gia), dd the thflc chdp sii theo 111 ky truyen hfla hen r i t nhieu kha nfing vUdt troi; x u i t phdt tfl tUdng quan so sanh gifla trieu vdi n l n tri binh hdng trfim nfim cflng mot so nfldc cd thdi gian ton tai ngdn ngui b Trung QuIc thdi Nam Bdc triiu; Le Quy Ddn da quylt diing M£ hidu fhdngs^cim L& Quy Bin the thflc chip sfl theo lH ky truyen, cung Id l£fi chdp sfl dflpc danh gia cao n h i t cua sit hpc Trung Quoc thdi ky e l dai, sau dd diing t i t ca tam Iflc, tri Ifle cua d nhan dl hodn thdnh trUde tac, xiing lam "thong sfl", lam "dai diln" cua mit ddi The le sach TrUdc h i t cdn minh, Li triiu thdng sa hodn todn khong phai mpt trUde tde ly ludn sfl hpc, nhien viee trfldc thudt xUa luon yeu cdu ngUdi trUde tac trUde b i t tay vdo sang tac phai dinh ro t h i lg hofie ton chi cua sach, dfic biet vdi loai sdch bidn ch6p lich sfl, ygu cau ndy cdng trd ndn quan trpng Trong Li triiu thdng sa, b phdn ddu sdch, ngodi ldi tfla, Le Quy Don cdn phy them hai mue 7'dc sayi'u chi (t6n chi, y nghia trpng ylu ciia vide soan sit) vd Thing sfl phdm Id (thi lg ehung cua vi^c bien chip) Dilu chiing td, Li triiu thdng sa dUdc tde gia tiln hdnh bidn chdp vdi thai dl edn trpng va tinh thdn thUe sU mong muo^n dem den sU each tan d phUdng didn t h i 1^ cho sfl hgc Vigt Nam ciia thudt ngfl "sfl", myc dich ton tai cua "sfl" va nguygn tde lam "sii" tflng hinh thdnh nen sfl hpc Trung Quoc Sdch Thuyet vfin giai tu eiia Hfla Thdn ddi Dong Han giai thich nghia ciia chfl "sfl" nhu sau: "Sfl, 'ky sU gia da Tflng hflu, chip trung Trung, chinh da." [5t iB $ # ^ )k X e x BP ^ ) ; ^ t + IE Ife, ehi ngfldi chuyen ghi chdp sfl vide "Sit" la chfl hpi y, chfl "sfl" liy nghia cua chfl "hUu" ("hUu" chi hinh bdn tay) vd nghia eua chfl "tmng", tflc "chinh" (chanh), chi viec chdp sfl phai dflng tren ldp trUdng chinh nghia.] Sdch Nggc thien cua hp Co chdp: "Sfl, chudng thu chi quan da" [$,, ^ ^ i t ^ (Sfl, ehi chfle quan chuyen quan ly sach vd eua triiu dinh)] Sach Chu li muc Thiin quan, tilu muc Td phu chdp: "Sfl, chfldng quan thu di tan t4" [^, '^ t "^ U ^ ^ "Sfl", ehi ngudi ehuygn qudn sach vd, dong thdi dflng sach vd dl trp cho viec tri nfldc] Xet ba ndt nghia ngu trdn, cd the thd'y rd, theo quan niem eua ngUdi Trung QuIc Vl t i n chi va y nghia trgng yeu eua vide cung nhu sfl hpc Trung Quoc co dEii, "sfl" soan sfl, theo thdng le, cdc sach sfl Trung chinh Id ngudi "chuydn quan ly sach vd", QuIc ngoai phdn npi dung, d phdn ddu "ghi chdp sU viec" phye vu cho nln chinh tri thudng chi phu them ldi tUa va t h i lg bidn cua cdc vua ehua phong kiln thdi xUa (7) chdp Nhu tren day da d$ cdp, xud't phdt tfl Ydu cdu t i l quan trpng vdi nhiem vu "ghi thai dp cdn trpng va tinh thdn thUe sU chip sU vigc" cua chfle quan ndy Id, phai mong muo'n dem ddn sU each tan d phUdng liy sU "trung chinh eong bang" Idm goc, vay di$n t h i Id cho sfl hpc Viet Nam, Li ndn xdt tfl gdc dl vdn tU, chfl "sfl" mdi cd triiu thdng sa, b phdn ddu sach, Le Quy cd'u tao la hinh mpt ban tay ndm gifl 16 D6n cdn phy thdm mue Tde sayi'u chi (ton d n g bdng trung chinh Chfl "hiiu" cdn chi, y nghia trpng ylu cua vide soan sfl) vdi mang ndt nghia ciia chfl "hflu" (phai, bgn 11 doan vfin tU eua 11 sfl gia nli tilng thdi phai), ttie ban tay bgn phai, bdi theo le CO trung dai Trung QuIc, tigu bilu cho tdn thfldng ngfldi ta vdn but "ghi chdp sU chi vfi y nghla trpng ye'u ciia viee soan sfl vide" at phai diing tay phai, va ehi nao nln sfl hpc Trung Quoc Dl thd'y ro viee ghi chip dam bao dupc dieu "tnmg", chii trfldng cflng nhiing sdng tao, pha each tflc ngoi but eua tac gia phai trung thi^c, eua Le Quy Don t h i hidn Li triiu phai dflng tren ldp trUdng "trung chinh thdng sa, edn thilt phai truy vl epi nguon d n g bang" thi mdi dflng tinh thdn eiia "sii" Rghi6n cihi Lich s& s i 7.2013 Ngay xfla quan chep sfl nUde Tan ddi Xudn Thu Ding H i dupc Khong Tfl ton xUng Id "lUdng sfl" (quan chip sfl gioi), ngUdi ddi khong ngiing truyen tung thdnh ngfl "but phap Dong Ho" chinh bdi qua trinh ghi chip sU vi$c, Dong Ho da gifl dfldc sfl trung thflc va dflng tren ldp trfldng "trung chinh eong bang" Ngoai ra, nhiing ghi chip ciia sfl quan Cling can thilt phai phat huy tac dyng phy trp cho nen chinh sU cua quoc gia, cua dd't nUdc, dilu ndy chinh hdn quan dg'n myc dieh ton tai eua "sfl", sfl hpc n l n vdn hoa Trung QuIc Lien quan de'n npi dung ndy, sfl gia Luu Tri Cd ddi DUdng trUde tae ly ludn sfl hgc hang ddu Trung Qud'c Sfl thong tong kg't thdnh mpt so khia eanh nhu sau: "Con ngUdi ta song d ddi, sinh menh ngan ngui khac ndo kilp phu du sdm sinh toi diet, lai nhu bdng eau qua cfla, thodng choc da m i t hiit Thg' nhUng ngfldi ta khSng vi the ma khong xem trpng cing danh, hp vdn Id'y thud trang nidn khong lo ldp cong danh lam nhuc, thay deu lo sp sau che't danh mai mpt eiing thdn xdc Tren tfl bdc D l vUOng, dudi tdi ddn thudng; gin thi eac quan dai thdn triiu, xa Id bdc eao si I n dat cho'n sdn lam, thdt khong khong dl tdm vao hai chfl eong danh Tai lai nhu vdy? Ay la bdi moi ngUdi diu muo'n lap eong nghiep to ldn cho rieng minh, khien ten tud'i minh ed t h i trUdng ton theo thdi gian Vdy lam t h i nao mdi cd the khiln tdn tuoi eon ngUdi ta b i t tfl? Dd chinh Id lam t h i ndo c6 the khien ten tuoi minh dflpc chdp vdo sfl Gia nhu thdi xUa khong cd sfl sach, khong cd sut quan, t h i thi bae thdnh minh nhfl Nghieu ThuIn, ke bao tdn nhU Kiet Tru; ngudi gioi tai trp nhu Y Doan, Chu Cong, ke sodn ngii doat vi nhu Vudng Mang, Dong Trae; ngUdi hien tai nhu Ba Di, Lidu Ha Hue, ke lam loan nhfl Dao Chich, Trang Kiln; ngUdi het Idng vi hilu nhU Tfing Sdm, Mdn Ton, ke bao ngUdc gilt hai vua eha nhfl ThUdng Thdn, Mao Don; mdt chit di, tdn t u l i lap tflc eiing tigu tan cung thdn xdc Thdm chi d i t m l eon chfla kho thi ngudi thien ke dc, ngUdi tot ke xl'u da bi ngUdi ddi qudn s^ch T h i nhflng bdi cdc triiu dai thay deu dfit quan chip sfl, sii sach dfldc ehii y gifl gin, t h i ndn ngfldi xfla da mit, than t h i vdt c h i t dd tieu biln tfl lau, nhflng mpi vide md hp tflng lam ddi lai dflpc ngUdi sau bilt tdi, sdng td khac nao cac vi tinh tu trfing Vfiy ngn, hpc gia ddi sau thong qua vide dpe sfl sach co t h i giao iUu vdi c l nhdn b linh viic tfl tudng; ch^ng cdn khoi cfla ma cd the to thing vige the' sU din hdng ngdn nfim NgUdi ddi sau mpt dpe sach sfl, thiy gflOng h i l n dflc, hp b i n hpc theo; thiy ke bao ngUpc tha't dflc, hp c6 t h i tu rut cho minh bfii hpc kinh nghiem Con nhU sdch Xudn Thu vfla soan xong, bgn nghich thdn tde tfl bdi sp tilng x i u VEin nfim md phai can nhde hdnh ding bao ngflde eiia chinh minh, khdng nhflng thg', sdch d'y ding thoi xdc ldp tinh thdn trung thflc ("binh but tnie thli") ghi chip cho sit gia ddi sau Vigc Thoi Trfl gilt vua, quan chdp sfl ghi lai vide d'y hi gig't, em ong Ign thay vdn ghi lai vide ly, eiing bi gig't, mpt ngfldi em khdc len thay eiing vfin ghi lai vige ly Nam Sii thi sau nghe vile l y eung quyet diing tinh mang cua minh bao ve ton ehi ghi chip khong gilu di edi dc cua sfl gia Sii gia ghi chip sfl thflc lich sfl cdn thflc sU cdu thi, khong t l ve, khing gilu dc, vl mfit khaeh quan cd t h i c6 tac dyng khuyin khieh dieu thien, trflng tri, rdn de cdi ac thidn Nhin tfl gde dp ndy, cd the t h i y tac dung xa hpi cua sfl sach Id eUc ky to ldn NgUiJi binh ddn tfl cd t h i tim t h i y ta'm gUdng eho thflc tl' dli nhdn xfl t h i M tridu fhdngSI?zin he Quy Bdn ciia chinh minh, giai d p thong tri tfl dd c6 t h i nit nhflng bdi hpc kinh nghiem ve le thinh suy, hUng vong T h i ndn sdch sfl b i t ke doi vdi ngfldi dan hay doi vdi quoc gia deu cue ky quan trpng, tuygt dm khong t h i thilu vdy" (8) Ve nguygn tae Idm "sfl", tflc thUe t l bat tay vdo vide bien chdp sfl ligu, can thiet phai theo nhiing nguyen tde ndo? Tieu chi eho viec liy bo sfl lieu la gi? ThUc vdi ten de muc "Tac sfl yeu chi", dilu ma Le Quy Don muln hudng tdi nhd't ehinh Id nguyen tac Idm sfl, nhUng b muc nhiing doan van tU ma tac gia trich din lai bao hdm rd't nhieu npi dung khac, kha phfle tap, ndn chiing toi phai di vdo trinh bay hai npi dung trdn day Dong thdi cd le ciing vi t h i ma dich gia Ngo T h i Long dieh de mye ndi trgn khdng dich la "Nguyen tae soan sfl", ma quye't dinh dich theo loi nam bat thuc t l npi dung dUpe trinh bay la "Tin chi va y nghia trpng yeu eua viee soan sfl" Trong so 11 doan van tu Lg Quy Ddn trich ddn, co thg tam diem qua npi dung cfla moi doan nhfl sau: Bogn 1, chdp ldi sfl gia Tuan Duyet, ngfldi ddi Dong Han, nhde den coi nguin eua truyen thd'ng chip sfl Trung Quoc "ta Sfl ky ngfin, hflu Sfl ky sU" (quan chip sfl ngoi ben trai chuyen ghi chdp Idi ndi cfla vua, quan chdp sfl ngdi ben phai ehuygn ghi chdp nhflng sU vigc xay noi trieu dinh), dong thdi sO lUde qua v l tac dyng cfla sfl sach eung nguyen tde chep sfl Bogn 2, xuit phdt tfl quan dilm "Luc kinh giai sfl" (Lye kinh diu Id sach sfl), Ld Quy Ddn din ldi sfl gia ddi Tfly Van Trung Tfl (VflOng Thdng), cho rdng, Thi, ThU, Xudn Thu thupc ba the loai hoan todn khdc day Thu kinh ghi chdp ldi cfla eae bdc d l vUdng (ta Sfl ky ngin), Xudn Thu ghi chdp sfl viec xay thien theo thfl tu thdi gian, gan lien vdi nidn dai tri vi ciia d c de vUOng (hflu Sfl ky sU) Bogn 3, xuit phat tfl nhflng b i t cdp thflc te chep sfl, tac gia ddn Idi Vien Son Tflng, ndu dilm b i t cdp gom rUdm (philn tap), tyc, t h i t thUe, khen chd kh6ng dung vd kha nang bilu dat, hdnh van kdm Boon 4, trgn cd sd npi dung ngu b doan 3, ddn Idi sfl gia LUu Tri Cd ddi Dudng, ygu cdu ngUdi soan sfl can hpi du ba sd trUdng gIm tdi ndng, hpc vd'n vd sU nhanh nhay nam bat va xfl tri vlh di (thflc), ddc bidt nhflng va'n dl thupc pham trfl sfl hpc Bogn 5, ddn Idi sfl gia ddi Dudng la Ly Cao, phe phan thflc te' chep sfl thieu chan thUc eua cac sach sfl dUdng thdi, khiln khen chd, thign dc, t i t xiu, dung sai Iln Ion, trdt tfl xa hpi dao Ipn, khfing cdn bd't efl mpt chudn mflc ndo, cdn thie't phai sdm cd bidn phap chin chinh Bogn 6, dfin ldi sfl gia TrUdng Bdt ddi Bdc Tlhg, neu cu thi to' chit cdn cd cua mpt sfl quan, chiic trach cua hg cung nhU nhiing nguyen tae edn theo vide soan sfl Bogn 7, ddn Idi Au Dudng Tu phe phan loi chdp sfl qua fl gian lUde, sd sdi, nhflng sU the quan trpng cua quIc gia ghi chep trfim khdng dupc mpt, dae biet khSng ddm ghi chdp nhiing dilu tai nghe mat thiy, nhflng chinh kiln eua ca nhan Bogn 8, ddn Idi Tfing Cung dl cdp to chd't cdn cd cua mpt sfl gia Uu tu (lUdng sfl), ngodi "minh" (sang suo't), "dao" (thdng dao ly), "tri" (tri tue), cdn thilt "ve vfin at du dl diln dat nhflng tinh huo'ng kho khfin vide bilu dat" (9) Bogn 9, dfin ldi sfl gia ddi LflOng la Giang Dflc Tao, de cap mfit so nguyen tfic vigc chip sfl, ddc bigt sU viec can di h i n ylu t l thdi gian, co't dl ngUdi sau di theo doi, dg khao eflu Rghien eflu Ljeh siJ- s i 7.2Q13 Boan 10, ddn ldi Lye Du ban v l cde nguIn sii lidu md d e sfl quan edn chu y sflu tdp vd cdc thao tac xfl tri eae sfl lieu trfldc chip vdo sach sfl Bogn cudi cung, dfin Idi sfl gia Yet H i Tu ddi Nguyen, dl cdp de'n vin de t l chd't edn ed cua mpt sii quan Vdi npi dung 11 doan vdn tU da neu tren ddy, d thi thiy ro mpt dieu, ddy thoat nhin mpi ngUdi diu chi nghi Le Quy Don da dan quan dilm eua cdc sfl gia Trung Qufic, nhUng thiie t l Ing da dfin nhiing ldi nfiy dl I n chflng cho quan diem chip sfl ciia chinh minh, nhiing dieu xdt cho ciing ciing ehinh la nhflng dilu Lg Quy Din tdm dde vd quylt iing dyng vao qud trinh bidn soan Le trieu thdng sa, dong thdi ddy eung Id nhiing each tan, nhflng sang tao cua Le Quy Ddn cfi'ng hiln eho n l n sfl hpc nude nhd nhUng dUde t h i hi^n mpt each hg't sflc thong minh, uyen chuyen vfi khon khdo xet minh k6m cdi, muon b i t chfldc the ky truyen, chip theo sU loai, chia tflng dilu va tdm lai mot lli, lai phy them nhflng ldi ban tan thudt bdy theo y rieng cua minh VI eac chi thi phong theo t h i lg cac sach Tdy thu, Tdn thii cua Ngyy Trflng chip thgm ca ehinh sfl cac ddi Ly Trdn d tren thi le eiia trieu trUdc (chi trieu Le sd), soan thong sfl, de 1dm dai dien cua mpt ddi (10) Sfl gia Lflu Tri Cd ddi Dudng Id ngudi tinh thong phfldng phdp lam sfl, bg Iy ludn sfl hpc sa thdng eua minh, cdn efl tren cd sd t h i I§ bign chip cua d c bp sfl trfldc dd, tac gia da dem sfl thU phan thdnh sau nha ("lye gia"), bao gom mpt ThUOng thii gia (cdn gpi "ky ngon gia", tflc nhd chuydn ghi chip ldi, ngon luan), hai Xudn Thu gia (cdn gpi "ky sU gia", tflc nha ehuygn ghi chdp sU viec), ba Td truyen gia (cdn ggi "bign nign gia", tflc hinh thflc chdp sfl liy thdi gian Idm cUdng), bo'n Qudc nga gia Ve t h i thflc bign chep vd b l cyc cua Li (con gpi "quo'e biet gia", tflc hinh thflc chdp trieu thdng sa, Le Quy Don ldi tfl de sfl gdp sfl eua nhilu nfldc vdo ehung m6t sdch, vi du Quoc ngS, Chii'n Quoc sdch, ), tfla sach chip: Sfl CO hai thi, sach ThUOng thU moi vile nfim sa ky gia (con ggi "thong eo ky truyen chdp rigng, du ca dau cuoi tiing vigc, the ky gia", tflc diing the ky truyen soan thfing truygn ddi sau la goc d dd; sdch Xudn Thu sfl), sau Hdn thU gia (cdn gpi "doan dai ky gpp ca cong viec tflng nam, dl t h i y ro viec truygn gia", tflc dung t h i ky truydn de ghi trfldc vipc sau, t h i bien nien ddi sau Id chip sfl eua mpt trieu dai) Tig'p tde gia nguIn tfl dd Ddi Chiln Quoc trfldc nha Tdn lai quy "lyc gia" v l hai loai ldn Id, bidn nien thi ed nhflng sdch True thU ky niin La thi the va ky truyen t h i Dong thdi ong eon chi Xudn Thu deu dung the bidn nign Tu Ma rang: "Ta Khau Minh 1dm truyen eho Thidn ddi Han lam Sa ky, bIy gid mdi ed Xudn Thu, Tfl Trfldng soan thdnh Sa ky, t h i ky truyen, ve sau d e ong hp Ban (Co), the 11 chdp sit dg'n ddy c6 t h i xem Id hoan hp Pham (Vigp), hp Tran (Thp), hp Thdm hi vdy" (11) Dem dieu ndy so sdnh vdi (Ude) thay deu bat chudc t h i ly ma bign nhflng ghi chdp eua Le Quy Don tren day, soan Sdch Vdn hii'n thdng khdo ligt sach cy t h i "sfl e6 hai thi, sach Thuang thU moi cua hg vao loai chinh sfl Sach bign nien viec chdp rigng, du ea ddu cuoi tflng viec, nhu Hdn ky cua Tudn Duyet, DuOng Thu t h i ky truygn ddi sau la goc d dd; sach cua Ton Thinh, B udng gidm ciia To Vu, Xudn Thu gpp ca cong vi$c tiing nfim, de thinh thoang cung cd, nhUng hgc gia bIy t h i y rd vi$e trfldc vipc sau, t h i bien nign gid chua ham chupng lam Toi khong tfl ddi sau Id nguon tfl d6" Nhfl vdy, nguIn Le trieu Hidng s^ciin Le Qu^ Bin glc quan diem ludn sfl cua Le Quy Dfin dd ro Thflc quan dilm eho Sa ky cua Tfl Ma Thidn la khdi dilm cua t h i thflc chip sfl theo lo'i ky truyen khfing phai Ifi quan dilm rigng ciia Luu Tri Cd, md trUde ong, sfl gia Ngyy TrUng da phdt bilu dilu ndy Tdy thu Sach Tdy thu mye Kinh tich chi tU chdp: "The hflu tnidc thudt, giai nghi Ban Ma, di vi chinh sfl" (tH: W ^ i i , g' KI Jtt ^ LU ^ IE 5t Phdn ldn cae sach sfl b ddi thay deu m l phong theo Sa ky eua Tfl Ma Thien va Hdn thu cua Ban Co, dong thdi xem dd la ehinh sfl.) Chi cd dilu tfl sau Luu Tri Cd ndu va quy Sa ky ciia TU Ma Thign va Xudn Thu cua Khing Tfl (?) la coi nguon cua hai t h i thflc ch6p sii quan trgng nhd't sfl hpc Trung Quoc, quan didm da dUde dai da sd' sfl gia Trung QuIc dong tinh va dflngtheo Ve thi lg cfla Sa ky, Tfl Ma Thien Bdo Nham An thU vilt: "Toi khfing bilt ty khidm tfi'n, gdn ddy dflng ldi vfin tho thien cua minh vdo vide ghi chdp nhflng cdu ehuygn lich sfl lUu truyin thien h?, tam khao qua tinh ehdn thflc eua cdu chuyen, xep dat eho cd ddu co cuoi, lai khao cflu le bai, hUng p h i ciia moi viee, tren bdt ddu tfl thdi Hodng Dl, dudi cho din tdn nay, soan ban ky 12 thidn, bilu 10 thidn, thU thien, the gia 30 thign, liet truygn 70 thien, tong cpng 130 thien Muo'n dflng vao viec nghign eflu moi quan hg gifla tfl nhien vd ngfldi, thflng hilu sU biln chuyen cua el'* kim, d ^ bilu cho quan diem cua mpt nhd" (12) Trong dd ban ky trgn cd sd Id'y thdi gian lam cUdng, ghi chgp qua trinh hUng p h i eua cde d l vUdng; vdi nhflng thdi dilm cd t h i khao dupe, tac gia phdn thdnh thfl tfl ndm, thang, ngay, gid; vdi thdi gian khong t h i khao cflu, tac gia phdn thdnh cdc ddi khac 33 Bilu Id dflng hinh thflc bilu dl mo ta nidn dai, thg' he vd cac nhfin vdt lich sfl, dae bigt eac moc quan trpng suo't tiln trinh hch sfl ThU ehu ylu ghi chip chi dp diln ehUdng eua eac trieu dai, d^c bigt Id tiln trinh phat trien qua cae trieu dai tfl co din kim t h i hien mpt s i linh vfle nhfl ll nhac, lieh s i ("ludt hch") phong thidn, sing cdu ("ha cii"), tdi chinh T h i gia chu yeu chdp truyen eua cae vua ehU hdu, Ligt truygn chfl yeu chep truyen eiia cdc danh nhan, nhiing nhan vdt lieh sit cd anh hUdng ldn xa hpi va sU tich, phong tyc tdp quan cua cac nUde n g o ^ bang ("tfl di")Vdi tfl edeh Id mpt bp thing sfl, t h i le chdp theo ldi ky truyen cua Sa ky ehuyin sang Hdn thU eua Ban Co', vdi tfl each mpt bp sfl cua mfit triiu dai ("doan dai sfl") da ed mpt so' dieu chinh nhd't dinh trUdc trd the thflc eo' dinh ("vinh chi*', gpi "cue chi") dflng cho t h i Id bign chdp Cu thi, "thu" sang Hdn thU chuyin thdnh "chf'; "thi gia" nhdp chung vdo "Met truyen" Thfl tU bien chip sa ky bdt diu tien vdi "ban ky", k l din "bieu", ke den "thu", k l din "thi gia" vfi c u ^ cflng Id "lipt truyen" X6t thfl tfl bidn chdp Hdn thu, ngodi phdn "the gia" bi khuyet da nhdp vdo "ligt truydn", cac mye cdn lai thay diu tUdng dong vdi thfl tU cua sa ky Nhfl vdy, thfl tfl bign chdp ban ky, bilu, chi, ligt truyen da trd quy each d dinh cfla the thflc chdp sfl theo loi ky truyen, cdc bp chinh sfl ddi sau phdn ldn diu tudn thu theo quy each Vl the le eua Li triiu thdng sa, myc Thdng sa phdm le sach chdp: "Nay soan bp sfl nay, chip tfl thdi vua Thai To Cao Hodng dl, cho din h i t thdi vua Lg Cung Hodng lata ban ky, Idm chi, Idm Udt truygn" (13) Li triiu thdng sa xdt vl bo cue ehi gom phdn, ban ky, chi vd lidt truypn, viec npi dung sdch khong xud't hipn thdm Rghiln cflu Lieh sfir s i 7.2013 phdn "bilu" thflc vfin cd t h i chip nhdn, bdi xdt so' 25 bp chinh sii d'rihi thdp ngu sii") ciia Trung Quoc, eiing chi cd 10 bp CO phdn "bilu" ma thoi (14) Vdy vdi to'ng s i 30 quyin ciia Li triiu thdng sa, ba phdn ban ky, ehi vd liet truygn se chilm ti trpng sao? Hay ndi d e h khae, Li trieu thdng sa von cd bo cue sao? Gido sU Vdn Tan ldi gidi thieu Bgi Viet thdng sa vilt vao 15 thang nfim 1976 viet: "Chung ta t h i y v l lich sii ddng chinh thing, Le Quy Dfin da viet tfl cupc khdi nghia eua Lg Ldi b Lam Sdn din Lg Cung Hofing Idm ban ky va liet truyen, cdn cac chi thi Ing bdt ddu tfl thdi Ly, thdi Trdn Cdc loai ehi dflpc chip la: thidn vdn, ngu hdnh, luat lich, dia ly, cfl, le nghi, nhac, nghi vg, du phye, tuyIn cfl, chfle quan, thuc hda, binh, hinh phap, nghp vfin hay vfin tich Nhu vay, Bgi Viet thdng sa Ifi bl sdch lieh sfl khd ddy dii chep cdc vua thdi Lg tfl Le Thai To qua Le Thai Ton, Le Thanh Ton, Le Hien Tdn, Le Thudn Ton (Tue Tin), Lg Uy Mue, Le Tfldng Dflc, Le Chieu Ton de'n Cung Hodng (hoang dg Xuan), trai qua mfldi ddi vua, ne'u k l ca Lg Nghi Ddn thi la 11 ddi vua, mpt thdi gian dai den hOn mfit trdm nam NhUng mu5i ddi vua hidn chi ed khdi nghla Lam Son vd ddi Lg Thai To md thoi, d n cae ddi vua khac deu khong thay VI phdn ehi, Lg Quy Dfin theo Tdn thU, Tiiy thu va Tdng sa Theo eac sach ndy thi ed 15 chi nhU da ndi d trgn, nhflng Bgi Viit thdng sa, chiing ta ehi t h i y el mpt chi la Nghi vdn chi md thoi Ve phdn lipt truydn, theo ldi tUa cua Le Quy Don vfi Phan Huy Chu Lich triiu hien chUOng loai chi, thi Bgi Viit thdng sa phai c6 nhiing li$t truydn nhU h^u phi, d^ hg, eong thdn, tfldng vfin, tUdng vo, nho 1dm, t i l t nghia, cao si, ligt nii, phUdng ky, ngoai thich, ninh thdn, gian thdn, nghich tfic, tfl di NhUng eac ban Bgi Viet thdng sa hien cd, chung ta chi thiy chdp cac truydn ve hdu phi, de he, d n g thdn vd nghich thdn Ngay d phan cing thdn eung thieu nhieu" (15) TrUdc he't, xdt phdn ban ky, so 11 ddi vua md tac gia Van Tdn ngu vdn thieu vua Le Nhan Tong Rigng Lg Nghi Dan mac dfl b ngoi hdn 10 thang, tinh tfl thang nam Ky Mao (1459) din thdng nam Canh Thin (1460), tflng ddt nien hidu Thien Hflng, nhflng doat ngoi bang dfldng b i t chanh ngn khong dfldc sit sach triiu Lg xem Id vua Trong Le triiu thdng sa, Lg Quy Don dem truydn eua Le Nghi Dan chip b phdn liet truydn thupe muc Nghich thdn truydn Nhfl vdy, Li triiu thong sa fit phai cd 10 ban ky, nhUng 10 ban ky nfiy chac chfin khfing t h i hieu m5i ban ky tUdng dUOng vdi mpt quyen, ban ky cua d c vua nhU Thai To, Thdnh Tong chfic chan se chiem so lUdng den vdi quyin Vdi d c vua CO thdi gian tri vi ngdn, viee gSp nhieu ban ky vdo ehung mpt quyin cflng Id chuyen thudng thdy VI phdn ehi Li triiu thdng sa, b phdn Idi tfl d l tfla, Ld Quy Don da vilt: "Vl cae chi thi phdng theo the le eac sach Tuy thu, Tdn thu cua Nguy Trflng chep them ca ehinh sfl ede ddi Ly Trdn b tren the le ciia triiu trUde (chi trieu Le sd), soan thdnh thong sfl, dl lam dai dien eiia mpt ddi" (16) Nhflng b phdn Thdng sa phdm li, ong lai vilt: "Nhiing sU khd khdn v l soan sii, khong gi khd bdng vilt chi Loi chdp chi cua Hdn thu, Budng thU r i t ddy du phep tde, lai cd nhiing ldi binh ludn xen vao Vfin phdp didu, nhiing die gia phai chdt v^t Ld tridu thdng s^da L& Quy Bin mdi ed t h i hilu noi Duy sach Tdng sa thi chia tflng dieu tflng muc, loai ndo loai ly, ro rang phdn minh, r i t tipn cho ngudi dpe Nay chdp phdn ehi eua triiu ta theo phdp chdp chi cua Td'ng silf' (17) vfin, ngu hanh, thflc hda, hinh phdp, bdch quan, dia ly, kinh tich; phdn chi Tdng sa gIm cdc nli dung thidn vdn, ngu hfinh, ludt lich, dia ly, hd cfl, 1§ (cdt li, gia le, tan li, qudn lg, ll), nhac, nghi ve, dfl Npi dung hai doan vdn til ndy phai phue, tuyen cit, chiic quan, thUe hIa, binh, hinh phap va nghe van Lai dem nhiing npi ehdng d sU mau thudn? Vdy phai hilu t h i dung tren ddy so sanh vdi npi dung Ld Quy ndo vl each bilu dat cua Ld Quy Don? Dfin e h ^ ldi tiia eiia Li triiu thdng Sdch Tdy thU Nguy TrUng chii bidn, sa: 'Bai di phdp lam sfl la phai: moi sU Tdn thu Phdng Huyen Linh ehu bien, ca kien deu nhat du khong bd sdt, dl cho hai sach diu hodn thdnh b ddu ddi Dudng ngfldi ta sau md sach xem, ro dupe vfi diu cd phdn ehi dupc danh gid r i t cao manh mli, bilt dUdc ddu dufii, khong Phdn ehi cua hai sdch ndy sd di dUdc danh dUde mdt thiy tai nghe, md ro rdng nhU gid cao ehu ylu bdi tinh hgc thudt, tflc vfla chinh minh dfldc thiy Hay ndi qua nhiing dam bao khia canh dong dai vd lich dai ciia dieu dai yeu nhU: diem trdi lanh dfl, vdn mang nfii dung dflpc ghi chep Nhung phdn dit d i t doi thay, phai chdp; chilu Ipnh ban chi eua hai sach l y thfldng ldn Ipn hai phdn xuong, t l thdn t i u ldn, sd cua cdc quan, npi dung ghi chdp vd phdn dfin ldi binh, ldi phai chip; vide dflng hay bai cac cong binh cfla tac gia, nen gdy k h i khdn khfing khanh thi tflng, vipc bo hay doi d e trail vp it cho dfic gia V^y nen b day Le Quy Dfin tudng thdn, vipc sai phdi cdc quan vdn vo quylt dinh hgc "chia tiing dilu tiing ngodi, vipc thdng thudng d c t i n t h i t mye, loai nao loai ly, ro rdng phdn huan thich, diu phai ch€p thiic ca Ben minh, r i t tien cho ngfldi dpe" cua Tdng sa thi dUng Ign hay bai bd mpt phap dp, Lai dem thien Nghi vdn chi cua Li triiu nhu cdc viec tuyen cfl, quan ehi, binh thdng sa so sanh vdi thien Nghi vdn chi ehinh, quoc dyng, binh quyen, t h u i khoa, Td'ng sa, ed t h i dl ddng nhdn thiy, tiln tg; ben ngofii thi viee bang giao tot hay Nghi vdn chi Li triiu thdng xiu, nhu cac vipc sai sfl sang Trung Quoc, viec nfldc Chiem, nude Ldo cong hiln, gily sa ciia Lg Quy Ddn dam bao tinh "bign td qua lai, phim vdt ban cho; d nhflng viec chUOng hpc thudt, khao kinh nguyen lflu" ddnh Chiem Thfinh, Bon Man, Lao Qua; Id (Idm ro sU phong phu cua hpc thudt d khia nhae, didn each, thi nhfl d c viee t l trdi dat, canh dong dai, t h i y dUpc sU bien thien cua te ting milu, t l nui song, dieu rnfla bfii hoc thudt theo chilu lieh dai), thi Nghi vdn nhac, nghi li triiu vfi quan; chi Tdng sa lai h i t sflc ddn gian, cae ddng ddi danh hieu thi nhu viec phong tude sach dupc ghi chdp nhilu n h i t chi gom ba hp ngoai hg npi; ddng ddi nhd vua cflng Id phdn: ten tae gia, ten sdch vd so quyin ddng doi efing thdn, Id vide thfldng, e l Vl cdc npi dung dupe ghi chdp nhien khdng nen chep nidm, nhUng nlu cd phdn chi cua Li triiu thdng sa, xdt phdn viec gi thupc ve nghi Jufin quan trpng vd chi Tdn thU bao gom d c npi dung chi tde to ldn thi diu phai theo tiing vipc thidn vfin, dia ly, ludt ljeh, le, nhac, chfle ma chip du ngdy thdng" (18) Tfl so sanh quan, du phye, thUc hda, ngu hdnh, hinh doi chilu, d t h i thtfy ro, d kha nhieu npi phdp; phdn ehi T%y thu bao gom d c dung chdc chdn cd phdn ehi cua Li npi dung li nghi, dm nh^c, ludt ljeh, thien Rghian eihi Lieh siS- s i 7.2013 triiu thdng sa, nhUng phdn chi d ca hai sdch Tdn thU vd Tdy thu diu khong c6, vi dy d c mue nhfl tuyIn cit, binh chi, ddy nen theo npi dung chip phdn chi cua Tdng sa, tflc theo quan diem 15 elu gido sfl Vfin Tdn da gpi y VI phdn lipt truy$n Le triiu thdng sa, cho den nay, nhiing thing tin eho chting ta big't v l npi dung ghi chip eua phdn ndy thflc vdn chi gidi hain b hai nguon, tflc phdn Thdng sa phdm li cua Lg Quy Ddn chip Li trieu thdng sa vd phdn tdm Iflpc npi dung Thdng sa phdm li eua Phan Huy Chu chdp Lich triiu hidn chUOng loai chi Tren ed sd so sdnh doi chieu hai vdn ban chfl Han cua hai tdi lieu ngu trdn, chflng tdi phat hien hai dilm: tha nhdt, tgn eac de mye hdu h i t giong nhau, chi d n h i t mpt myc "de he", Lich trieu hidn chuong loai chi chdp "de' ky"; tha hai, thfl tfl d e npi dung bien chdp dfldc sap xIp hodn todn giong nhau, eu the Id, tnidc tien Id hdu phi, d l ky, tiep din eong thdn, tudng tudng (tudng vd, tudng vdn hoac vfin thdn, vd than), tiep dg'n nho lam, tilt nghia, cao si, lipt nfl, phUdng ky, ngoai thich, ninh hanh (ninh thdn), gian thdn, nghich thdn va tfl di ddy vigc dem "tfldng tudng" dieh va phan thfinh hai mue tudng vo, tudng vdn khae e la khong hdp Tdm lai, tren cd sd nhiing dilu da tiinh bay trgn day, chung t l i tam dUa bo cue ve mat npi dung eua Li triiu thdng sa nhU sau: Phdn mot, ban ky, bao gom 10 ban ky sau: Thdi Tl' ban ky, Thai Tong ban ky, Nhan Tong ban ky, Thanh Tong ban ky, Hiln Ting ban ky, Tue Tong ban ky, Uy Myc ban ky, TUdng DUc ban ky, Chigu Tdng ban ky, Cung Hoang ban ky Phdn hai, chi, gom 15 ehi sau: Thien vdn ehi, Ngu hanh chf, Ludt lich chi, Dia ly chi, Hd cfl chi, Le chi, Nhac chi, Nghi ve chi, Du phue ehi, Tuyen efl ehi, Chfle quan ehi, Thflc hIa ehi, Binh chi, Hinh phap chi, Nghe vfin cht Phdn ba, liet truypn, bao gIm 14 muc sau: Hdu phi truygn, De he truyen, Cong thdn truyen, TUdng tUdng truygn (truygn eac tudng vo, tudng van), Nho lam truyen, Tilt nghia truydn, Cao si truygn, Lipt nii truypn, Phfldng ky truyen, Ngoai thich truypn, Ninh hanh truyen {Ninh thdn truygn), Gian thdn truyen, Nghich thdn truypn, Tfl di truypn Vl vile xdc djnh bo' eye cua cae npi dung tren tong s i 30 quyen cua Li trieu thdng sa, theo chung tli, tinh trang thie'u tu lieu nhu hipn chde ehdn chiia t h i thUe hidn CHU THICH (1) L§ Quy D6n, Ng5 T h i Long dich, Dai Viit thdng sd, Nxb Khoa hoc Xa hgi, H i Npi, 1978, tr 1923 (3) L6 Quy Don, Dai Viet thdng ad, thu vi?n Vi§n Nghi&n cflu Han N6m dien t i n g , eic ky hi$u A1389, tr 301 (2), (5) Nguygn vin: "Li triiu thdng sd, tam thSp (4) Nguyen v i n : Ngo di vi Dich chi TtC qudi quyen, Dien H i Bang nhan Le Quy Don so^n, L§ truySn phi tiic luc t h i p tfl quai chi myc l\ic dU? SA c6ng s3 thu, eai hpp tudng bi, tiic vi nhfit d ^ toin sd." Hdn chu tu, dai phuSng u thit Qy \y th iSii ^ Xem Phan Huy Chii, Lich triiu hien chUdng loai chi, t$p DC, Vdn tich chi, quyen so 42, Bp Vin h6a Giao ^7 (41 tK) i^Pf J&Hft^jlt D i n theo Trinh dye v i Thanh ni&n (thupc chMi quyen Nguy quyin Thi&n P h i m , Tii Hi3u Phd (1998), Hiiu thit qudng Sii Gon), 1974, tr.l6a, 21b nghXa • Muc luc biin, Td L6 t h u xa, tr.5 37 Le tridu thdng sd-c;iah& QutEln (6), (9), (10), (13), (15), (16), (17), (18) L l Quy D6n, Nge T h i Long dieh, Dgi Viet thdng sd, add, tr 19-23, 25, 20-23, 27, 7-8, 19-23 28, 21- thing Trung Qudc chii y b i n Ii4n nhieu nhat, tflc "ngUcti ch4p sii' (tic sit chi quan") (8), (11) Lflu Tri Cd, Sd tkdng, Thflpng Hai c^ tich xutft ban xa, 1998, tr 02, 01 22 (7) T h u i t ngfl "stt" c6 pham tru ngfl nghia kha phfle t9p, n6 c6n dflpc hilu vdi cic n4t nghia khae nhau, nhu ban thfin sfl vi^c dUdc ghi ch^p, nhQng (12) Do Tung Bach, Qu6c hoc dao ddc, Dai hoc N h i n dan Trung QuSc, 2005, tr 223 (14) Mflfli bp sfl tong s i 25 bp chinh sfl c6 ghi ch^p nghidn cflu cua ngUcfi ve nhflng sfl ph^n bieu l i : Sd ky, Hdn thU, T&n Duitng thU, T&n vifc thuoc qua khfl, b day, chi di vio x^t n€t n ^ u a Ngd dgi sd, Tong sd, Liiu sd, Kim sd, Nguyen sd, nguyen thuy eua "sfl", n6t n ^ a dfldc sii hpc truyin T&n Nguyen sd v i Minh ad NAM THANG B A N LE CVA B A I THANG (Tiep theo trang 7) Nhflng sfl kipn trdn dat cho tofin Dang, todn ddn Id cdn phai dflt dilm, giai phdng mien Nam Viet Nam cdng sdm, edng tit, tranh nhiing y den toi c6 t h i triln khai mUu lupc chu nghia dan tpc bfinh trUdng cua minh Tdm lai, ndm 1973-1974, dUdi sU Idnh dao eua Dang, qufin vd ddn ca mien Nam Bfic da vUdt mpi khfin, chudn hi khdn trUdng va den cuoi nam 1974, cdch mang miln Nam cd du diiu kiin vd cdn thidt phai tiln ldn giai phong mien Nam, thong n h i t d i t nUdc Vi thi, mua Xudn 1975, nhan dan ca nUde da nhanh ehdng gianh todn thdng Chiln thdng vang dpi mfla Xuan nfim 1975 Id k i t qua vd dinh eao cua sU nghigp khdng chiln ching My, cflu nUPc eua nhan dan Vipt Nam Chiln thdng lich sfl Id kit tinh cua cupe khang chiln tnidng ky Dang lanh dao, nhUng tnie tilp ma noi, nd cd nguon goc tfl qua trinh chudn bi khin trUOng, chu'ddo, khoa hgc cua each mang Vigt Nam hai ndm 1973-1974 CHU THICH (1) Dang Cong san Vi^t Nam: Vdn kiin Ddng, Todn tap, t i p 34 (1973) Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia, H i N^i, 2004, tr 227 (2) (3), (4), (5) Dang Cpng san Vi$t Nam: Vdn 344 (8) Bp Qu6c phong - Vien Lfch sii Quin sU Vi^t Nam: Lich ad khdng chi^n chong My, cOu nUdc (1954-1975) T$p VIII, Toin Thing Nxb Chinh trj kiin Ddng, Todn tap t i p 34 (1973), sdd, tt 226, QuS'e gia H i Npi, 2008 tr 210 231, 243, 237 (9) L6 Miu Han (chu biSn): Lich sd Viit Nam T i p IV, Nxb Giio due Vi?t Nam H i Npi, 2013, tr 413 (6), (7) Larry Berman: Khdng hda binh, chang danh dU Vi?t Tide (Hoa K?) 2003, tr 329, 343-