NGÀNH ĐÓNG THUYỀN VÀ TÀU THUYỀN Ở ĐÀNG TRONG

NGANH DONG THUYEN VA TAU THUYEN DANG TRONG THE KY XVH-XVIH TRAN DUC ANH SON* K hi khao ciiu cac nguon tu lieu lien quan d^'n nganh dong thuyen va boat dong cila tau thuyen lich sii Viet Nam, chiing toi nh&n th&'y c6 ba yeu t6' anh huSng quan den sU phat trien ciia nganh dong thuyen va hoat dong ciia tau thuyen vao thcii Nguyin Do la: [1] Sii phat trien ciia nganh dong thuyen va tau thuyen cl Dang Trong thdi ky cac chiia Nguyen; [2] Chien tranh Nguyin - Tay Sdn va vai tro ciia NguySn Anh do'i vdi sii phat tri^n ciia ng^nh d6ng thuyen b Nam Bo vao cuo'i the ky XVIII; va [3] Moi quan he giiJa buon ban Ilia gao v6i su phat triln ciia nganh d6ng thuyan b Dang Trong vao gifla the ky xviu Vi the, chiing t6i cho r i n g triidc xem x6t nganh dong thuyen va tau thuyen b Viet Nam thcfi Nguyen, can quan tam den sil phat trien cila nganh dong thuyen va tku thuyen ci Dang Trong cac the ky XVII - XVIII, vi day la tien de quan anh hii^ng den sii phat trien cila nganh d6ng thuyen va tau thuyen ci Viet Nam thdi Nguyen N g a n h d o n g t h u y e n v a t a u t h u y e n A Bkng T r o n g t h i k y cac chiia Nguyfen Triidc Nguyin Anh (1762-1820) lap viidng trieu Nguygn, Viet Nam da trai qua mot thcti ky chia c^t va npi chien keo dai gan 2,5 the ky (tii gifla the ky XVI den cuoi the ky XVIII) Lanh tho Viet Nam ba'y gicf chia hai vung: phia Bdc song Gianh (nay thuoc tinh Quang Binh) trS chinh quyen vua Le - chua Trinh quan ly, sii sach gpi la Dang Ngoai (1); phia Nam song Gianh trd vao ho Nguyen, mpt the' liic ly khai, Nguydn Hoang (1525-1613) (2) khdi dau, rcJi bo Dang Ngoai di v§" phucJng Nam, md mang bd coi, lap nen mot viiPng quo'c mdi, sil sach goi la Dang Trong (3), ton tai 220 nam (15581777), trai ddi chua tri vi Trong 220 nam cai tri xii Dang Trong, cac vi chiia Nguyin da md mang hb coi, xay diing quan doi manh, md ciia giao thiidng vdi ngoai quo'c, phat tnen kinh te va thiic thi nhieu chinh sach an dan Nhd vay, Dang Trong da phat triSn nhanh chong, an ninh quo'c phong on dinh, kinh te vflng manh Mot nhflng chinh sach quan dUdc cac chiia Nguyen thiic thi la thiet lap che dp cong tiidng de phat trien cac nganh nghe thii cong nghiep Nha nudc triing tap dpi ngfl gom nhuing thp thii cong lanh nghe tfl cac dia phUPng, dfla ve Phu Xuan bien che dpi ngfl nhu binh linh, goi la * TS Vien Nghien ciiu phat trien kinh te-xa h6i Da Ning 42 Rghien eijm hich si so 7.2014 va cua bp may nha nfldc b Dang Trong Theo Thich Dai San, d§'n cuoi the ky XVII, giao thong b Dang Trong v i n sii dung dfldng thuy la chinh: "Cac phu deu khong CO dUdng Im thdng nhau, mdi phii deu mot c6a bien di vao; neu di tfl phii sang khac tilt dfldng bien" (8) Vi the, can NhQng ngfldi linh thd dyiOc bien che phai CO nhieu tau thuyen mdi dap flng nhu theo nhflng nganh nghe rieng, hinh cau giao thong bang dfldng thuy b Dang* nhiing td chflc goi la ty hay dgi, lam viec Trong Ngoai ra, viec xay dflng Iflc liidng cac quan xiidng hay tiiOng cue nha thiiy binh dii manh de chien da'u vdi thuy niidc quan ly va dieu hanh "Cac chiia binh cua hg Trinh d Dang Ngoai cung la Nguyen co nhflng quan xudng goi la tUdng mpt ly khien cac chua Nguyin chu trpng cuoc (cue), td chflc nhfl quan dpi, liia thd bd phat trien nganh ddng thuyen Thfl ba la sung vao de che tao diing cho nha nfldc va'n de phong thii bd bien, xae lap chu Cac thd a'y dUdc liet vao hang binh linh, an quyen va khai thac hai vat va tim kiem hoa lfldng hoac dfldc mien xau thue" (4) Che dp vat (9) b nhflng hdn dao va quan dao nam cdng tiidng tdn tai suot thdi ky quyen kiem soat ciia chinh quyen cac cac chiia Nguyen tri vi cf Dang Trong, va chiia Nguyin nhfl: Bai Cat Vang (tflc quan dUdc tiep tuc tri dfldi vfldng trieu dao Hoang Sa), Bac Hai (quan dao Trfldng Nguyen Sa), Con L6n (d Nam Bidn Ddng) va cac hon Thich Dai San (1633-1704), mot vi hoa dao Thd Chu, Phii Quoc (5 vinh Thai Lan) thUdng ngudi Trung Quo'c, den Dang Trong v a cud'i cung la vi^c giao thfldng bang vao nam 1695, da ghi lai tap hdi ky dfldng thiiy gifla cac vung thudc Dang Hdi ngoai ky sU nhii sau: "Trong nfldc (tflc Trong, Cling nhu viec giao thfldng giiia d Dang Trong - TDAS), tram thfl thd deu Dang Trong vdi cac nfldc Dong Nam A, quan lam Moi nam vao khoang thang ba, Trung Quo'c, Nhat Ban va Lflu Cau thang tfl, quan nhdn di cac lang, bat dan (Ryukyu) (10), da khien cac chua Nguyin tiK 16 tuoi trd len, nhflng ngUdi than the tap trung flu tien phat trien nganh dong cfldng trang, dong gong lai, bang mot cai thuyen tren ta't ca phfldng dien: ky thuat gong tre giai ve phii sung quan; vao quan ddng thuyen, so' lfldng va chung loai tau doi rdi moi ngfldi chuyen hpc mpt nghe " thuyen (5) Theo sach Phu biin tap luc cua Le Quy Theo phan anh cac hdi k^ cua Don (1726-1784) (6), diidi thdi cac chua nhflng ngUdi nfldc ngoai tiing den Dang Nguyin, b Phu Xuan co it nhat 37 tfldng Trong cac the ky XVII - XVIII, nganh cue, vdi khoang 1.000 linh thd diidc triing dong thuyen d Dang Trong la mot nganh tap lam viec Trong do, cac tfldng cue lien dpc quyen cua nha nfldc, cac chua quan den nhflng nghe ren, diic vu khi, dong Nguyin dich than kiem scat, chi dao Cac thuyen, nung ngoi la nhflng ndi c6 so'lUdng vi chua Nguyin viia la ngUdi lenh ddng thd ldn nha't (7) thuyen, vfla la ky sU trfldng chi huy moi Dac biet, cac chiia Nguyen rat chfl hoat dpng lien quan de'n viec ddng thuyen phat trien nganh ddng thuyen, trfldc tien la John Barrow, mdt nha budn ngUdi Anh da de phuc vu cho nhu cau di lai cua phu chua den Dang Trong nSm 1792-1793, da tiiong binh Qinh thd), dam nhiem viec che tao vii khi, dong siia tau thuyen, san xuat vat lieu xay diing va che tac nhiJng vat dung can thiet dap flng nhu c^u kien thiet phu chiia va cac nhu cau sinh hoat hang phu Rganh dong thuyen va tau thuyen ghi lai hdi ky cua minh: "Chiia la ngfldi quan ddc cac cang, nhilu kho binh khi, ky sfl trfldng cua xfldng dong thuyin Trong cong viec ddng thuyin thi khong co mot cai dinh nao dfldc ddng xudng ma lai khong xin y kien chiia Nguyin tniSc tien" (11) Cac chua Nguyin da cho lap nhiing xfldng dong thuyen nha nfldc quan ly b hai ben bd song Hudng b Phu Xuan Sach Phu biin tap luc migu ta: "6 thUdng luu va lflu chinh dinh (Phu XuSn - TDAS), nha quan bay nhfl ban cd Nhflng nha cua thuy quan lai d ddi ngan Xfldng thuyin va kho thoc thi b cac xa Ha Khe, Tho Khang" (12) Thd ddng thuyen dUdc huy dpng thd tfl nhieu dia phfldng nudc, thuoc vao the manh nghe nghiSp cua hp: "Thd xe b xa Duy Dflc la thao nha't Thd dong thuyen ngfldi Dong Hai va Cfl Ha quen ddng thuyen to; cac xa huygn Khang L6c va huyen Le Thuy deu cd thd, hay ddng thuyin nho de chd budn ban" (13) Nhflng ngfldi thd thu cong sau trflng tap vl Phu Xuan, dfldc bien chd vao cac ty, dpi chuyen trach viec ddng thuyen nhfl: ty thd ddng thuyen, ty thd mdc thuyin chuyen lo xe van de phuc vu viec ddng thuyen, ty thd lam dinh sSt, ty thd lam mai ch^o, ty thd lam budm, ty thp hda luan chuyen ddng tau thiiy c6 ldn (14) Ngoai ra, chua Nguyen cdn sii dung mpt lfldng nhan liic rat ldn de khai thac go lam nguy§n lieu ddng thuyen Nam 1729, chiia Nguyin Phuc Khoat (1714-1765) cho lap doi mdc than b Trudng Due gdm 195 ngfldi, chuyen khai thac gd ddng thuyen dem ve n6p cho phu chiia Hp dUdc mien thue than va miln lao dich, nhflng hang nSm phai di tim kidm, khai thac va giao nop du so' gd theo dinh mflc Chua cfl ngfldi vao tan vflng Quang Hda (nay thuoc huyen Trang Bang, tinh Tay Ninh) de khai thac cac loai gd tdt, chd ve Phii Xuan de ddng thuyen Ngoai viec ddng thuyin mdi, cac cdng xudng ddng thuyen cua cac chua Nguyin phai dam trach viec tu siia tau thuyen theo dinh ky Hang nam, chiia sai Bp Cdng va cac ddi tieu sai di kham thuyen, danh gia mflc dp hu hdng theo tflng hang ngach va dinh mflc tiln cin phai dSu tU de tu sfla cac hang thuyin bi hfl hong, rdi cho dflng xfldng dd tu sfla: 'Thuyin ldn, thuyen nhd c^n phai dflng xfldng la 256 sd, xin dinh lam hang, phan biet ca'p tien theo gia, mdt sd hang nhat tien 250 quan, hang nhi 200 quan, hang ba 150 quan, hang tii 70 quan" (15) Vdi chu trfldng Uu tien phat trien nganh dong thuyen cua cac chda Nguyin, cflng vdi nhflng chinh sach hdp ly viec trUng dung nhan luc, khai thac vat lieu va tiep thu kinh nghiem ddng thuyen cua ngudi Cham (16), nganh ddng thuyin d Dang Trong cac the ky XVII - XVIII da dat dUdc nhflng tUu ndi bat Nhd dd, cac chua Nguyen da cd dUdc mot ddi thuyen hau, dam bao cho cac nhu c^u quo'c phdng, giao thong va thUdng mai, dang chu y la nhflng chien thuyen ciia thuy quan Alexandre de Rhodes, vi giao si ngfldi Phap de'n Dang Trong vao nam 1625 (17) da fldc tinh so' tau thuyen ma chua Nguyin dung de phdng ve bd bien luc ba'y gid la khoang 200 chiec: "Trong ba ben d Dang Trong, mpt ben d vao cfla song ldn, co lan ngUdi ta dem tdi 68 chiec Mot bdn khac rpng ldn hdn b vao gifla lanh thd goi la ke Cham CO ra't nhilu dflng dd bao ve da't nfldc va buon ban vdi ngudi Tau thfldng tdi ben Con ben thfl ba thi d vao gifla bien gidi nfldc Chiem Thanh Thuyin cua Dang Trong rat cd the len tdi so' it hai tram" (18) Rghien ciru Uch s^ so 7.2Q14 Theo sach Bai Nam thiic luc, vao thang nam Quy Ty (1653), tai xa An Cflu (d Phii Xuan) CO cuoc duyet binh ldn Chua Nguyin Phuc Tan (1620-1687) da huy ddng mpt liic lfldng thuy quan dong dao de tham gia cupc duyet binh nay, vdi hdn 22.740 ngUdi va 377 thuyen dUdc huy ddng (19) Mot tu lieu khac cho biet de'n nam 1674, Iflc lUdng thuy quan cua chua Nguyin Phuc Tin da cd 133 chien thuyin cac xudng triic thupc phii chua dong (20) Theo Thomas Bowyear, mpt nha budn ngudi Anh de'n Dang Trong nam 1695 - 1696, thi Iflc lfldng thuy quan b Dang Trong dfldi thdi chua Nguyen Phuc Chu (1675-1725) cd: "200 chien ham, mdi chide cd tfl 16 de'n 22 khau dai bac, 500 chien thuyin nho tfl 40 den 44 tay cheo 100 chiec thuyen ldn tii 50 den 75 tay cheo, chiec cua ngfldi Au Cac thuyen chien tren deu xudng ciia phu chua ddng" (21) Ca Alexandre de Rhodes va Thomas Bowyear deu nhan dinh rang vao the ky XVII so' thuyen ngUdi Dang Trong dong khong nhieu bang thuyin d Dang Ngoai, nhUng chat lUdng ky thuat thi khdng he thua kem Hp cung danh gia cao vl trinh dong thuyen va vu trang bi tren cac loai tau thuyin d Dang Trong Giao si Benigne Vachet de'n Dang Trong vao nam 1671 da mieu ta mot chiec thuyen cila chua Nguyen nhu sau: "No cd kich c5 cung kha kha nhfl chien thuyin cua chung ta ve cd ldn va chieu cao, nhiing khong rong bang; vay ket ca'u co phan khac; dd la mpt chiec tau, phia sdn lang mpt mau dd tfldi va phia ngoai mot mau den Ide mat; bao nhieu net hien len deu dan bang nhflng la vang, tao nen mpt dang ve dl chiu Moi ben co ba chuc mai cheo, deu sdn vang va buoc vao cheo va quay mat v l phia miii thuyin chu y vao nhflng da'u hieu cua thuyen trudng dang nhin hp Lai cd dsti bac phia miii va khau nhd hai ben" (22) Thomas Bowyear cung ghi lai hinh anh mpt doan t h u y i n chien cua chiia Nguyin tfl Thuan Hda vao Hoi An de "nghenh ddn" ong: "Ho dan theo ba mUdi chien thuyin dfldc biet tau cua chiing toi dau ngoai khdi Ma'y chiec thuyen cd chd b dang trfldc miii mot khau than cdng nho bang ddng nang tfl den 12 livres Nhflng chiec thuyen deu cd 50 mai ch^o Mat bet cua mai cheo sdn mau trang, ph^n tren cua mai chdo sdn dd: tfl miii den lai, phan ndi tren mat nfldc, thuyen sdn bang mdt dudng sdn do, vao khoang pouces be rdng; trdn dudng bang do, chien thuyin sdn mau den, dang lai sdn mau vang va chgm trd 1? ky" (23) Nhd vao Iflc lUdng thiiy quan hiing manh ma nam 1644, Nguyin Phiic Tan, luc ba'y gid la thd tfl, da chi huy thiiy quan cila chua Nguyen Phuc Lan (1600-1648), danh bai mot dpi tau cua H^ Lan (24) d cfla Eo (25) Ngoai nhflng dpi t h u y i n chidn chinh quyen cac chua Nguyin to chflc dong va tnic tie'p quan ly, cdn cd nhflng loai thuyen van tai, thuyen buon ngfldi dan tfl dong dd phuc vu nhu cau di lai va thfldng mai Tham chi, cd y kien cho rang "thuyen cua nha nudc dUdc hinh trdn cd sd ky thuat ddng thuyin tu nhan" (26) Cac xudng ddng thuyin tU nhan tap trung chii yeu b cac dia phfldng ven bien, trai dai tfl Nam Bo' Chinh (nay la tinh Quang Binh) cho den Binh Thuan (d cflc Nam Trung Bo) va d vung chau thd song Me Kong (Nam Bp) Dac biet, nhflng canh rflng lflu viic song Me Kong chinh la ndi cung cS'p nhflng loai gd td't nhat dung de dong thuyin Theo sach Phu biin tap luc, the' ky XVIII, c6 nhilu thUdng nhan b vung Rg^nh ddng thuyen va tau thuydn Nam Bd Chinh da di tdi vflng ddng bang sdng Me Kdng de khai thac gd va ddng thuyen tai cho, rdi dua thuyin v l ban lai b que hUdng cua minh: "Hp cd the ddng tren mpt tram chiec thuyen ldn, mdi cai co the ban hang nghin quan tiln" (27) Day la sd tien khong nhd, cd the len den ca 100 nghin quan, b4ng khoang mot phdn tfl tdng thu nhap tfl thud hang nam cua nha nfldc d Dang Trong gifla the ky XVIII (28) Nhfl vay, ddng t h u y i n han la mpt nganh ra't phat dat d Dang Trong vao thdi ky va chac ehan la c6 ra't nhilu thd thu cong va khach thfldng da tham gia vao viec ddng thuyen va kinh doanh tau thuyen cac chua Nguyen ciing ban hanh chinh sach quan ly va thu thue do'i vdi tau thuyen cua tu nhan Tai cac dia phUdng deu cd nhflng cai lai, la vidn chflc nha nUdc trdng coi viec chuyen chd hang hda va khach bu6n tren cac thuyen tfl nhan, va nhflng cai triing chuyen trach thu t h u l hoat dong cua thuyin tu nhan Nhiem vu cua cac cai la kiem ddm so' lfldng thuyen tfl, ke bien vao so sach ciia nha nUdc de quan ly; tien hanh dac long thuyen, tinh toan dp dai rong la bao nhieu de dinh hang thuyen ldn hay nhd rdi theo ma thu thue di chuyen Ch^ng han, neu long thuyin rong 11 thflde, chii thuyen phai nop thue di chuyen la 11 quan tien/nam; ne'u long thuyen rpng thflde, thi thue di chuyen la quan tien/nam; long thuyin rong thudc, la h^ng nhd nha't thi thud di chuyen la quan tiln/ngm Ngoai hinh thflc nop thud di chuyen, cac thfldng thuyin tfl nhan cdn bi trflng dung thuyin de chd hang hda (chu yeu la thoc g^o) cho nha nudc Tau thuyen tham gia chd hang hda cho nha nUdc se dUdc miln thue di chuyen, ddng thdi cdn dUdc nha nudc ca'p phat 15 quan tien, goi la tiin kiin tri, de lam phi tdn sfla chfla tau thuyen Thuyen mdi ddng, tdt thi s d t i l n phi tdn a'y chi la 10 quan tiln Ngoai ra, hp dUdc ca'p 10 quan tien de lam li cdu phong nhflng l^n chuyen chd hang hda cho nha nfldc Nha nUdc sii dung khoan thu tfl tien thud di chuydn cac chu thuyen khac nop de tra tien kidn tri va tiln lara le cau phong cho cac thuyin tham gia van tai hang hda cho nha nfldc Nha nudc cdn quan ly cac xUdng dong thuyen cua tu nhan bang each a'n dinh so' lUdng thuyin ddng mdi (dinh ngach) ciia cac xUdng de thu thue Trong vdng 220 nam, cac chua Nguyin da md mang, khai pha dat Dang Trong va bien ndi mot vUdng qud'c tru phu va manh Mpt nhflng dieu gdp phan lam nen sU manh cua Dang Trong chinh la viec cac chiia Nguyen da chu phat trien nganh ddng thuyin b Dang Trong, ca ve ky thuat ddng thuyen, lan quy md, chung loai va sd lfldng tau thuyen Day chinh la tien de quan trpng va CO nhiing tac dpng tich ciic den sU phat trien cua nganh ddng thuyin va hoat dong cila tau thuyin thdi Nguyin sau Chien t r a n h Nguydn - Tay Sdn va vai t r o cua N g u y i n Anh t r o n g vifc p h a t t r i i n n g a n h d o n g t h u y e n Nam Bo cuoi t h e ky XVIII Nam 1771, ba anh em Nguyen Nhac (? 1793), Nguyen Hue (1753-1792) va Nguyin LQ (1754-1787), hao kiet d vung Tay Sdn thUdng dao (nay thuoc tinh Binh Dinh) da ndi day danh dudi cac quan cai tri d dia phfldng, md dau cho phong trao Tay Sdn (1771-1788) chdng lai che dp cai tri cua cac chua Nguyin d Dang Trong Phong trao Tay Sdn nhanh chdng phat trien va lan ca nUdc dan den su sup cua trieu dinh vua Le - chua Trinh d Thang Long va sfl ddi cua VUdng trilu Tay Sdn (1788-1801) d Rghien cuu Ljch si> sd 7.2014 Phu Xuan, ma Nguyin Hue la vi vua dau tien, vdi nien hieu la Quang Trung (17881792) Nhflng bie'n dong chinh tri thdi ky da khien cho Nguyen Anh, hau dud cua cac chua Nguydn Dang Trong, mdi 17 tudi, phai rdi bo Phu Xuan vao nfldng nau d Nam Bp Sau nhilu phen chay tron nhflng cupc truy duoi cua anh em nha Tay Sdn, tan cac dao Phii Qud^c, Thd Chau de'n nam 1788, Nguyin Anh trd ve Gia Dinh, bat dau tap hdp Iflc lUdng, gay dflng cd nghiep va tie'n hanh cupc chie'n tranh ben bi cho^ng lai anh em Tay Sdn cho dd'n luc gianh thdng ldi cudi cung vao nam 1801 Trong nhflng nam dflng ehan tren dat Nam Bo chuan bi liic lUdng cho cupc chie'n tranh cho'ng Tay Sdn, Nguyin Anh da thflc thi nhieu chinh sach tich ciic de phat trien kinh te, dac biet la nen kinh td' don dien va kinh t l thu cdng nghiep, ma nganh dong thuyin la mpt diem sang Dd vuc day nganh thii cong nghiep, Nguyin Anh ap dung che' dp cong tUdng b Nam Bo gid'ng nhfl cac chiia Nguyin da tflng thuc thi d Phu Xuan trUdc day Nam 1791, Nguyin Anh quy hoach cac nganh nghe thu cong, bien che' thd thuyd'n nhflng linh thd va bien che hp 62 ty thd thii eong, dUa theo cac nganh nghi chuydn biet va phan bd khap cac dinh tran d Nam Bo Thd thu cong cac ty dfldc coi nhfl binh linh, dUdc tra lUdng va miln xau thud' (29) Ngoai cac ty, cdn cd cac doi chuyen trach nhu dpi moc dinh chuyen khai thac gd de ddng thuyen, dpi biet nap budm la chuydn di la'y la buong de lam budm Thd cac dpi dUdc phan lam hang va dfldc td chflc nhfl mpt loai quan dfl bi Khi nude yen dn thi hp lam dan, ddng thue sflu bang chinh san pham cua minh Khi c6 chie'n tranh ho trd ngfldi hnh chie'n da'u quan dpi cua Nguyin Anh (30) Ngoai cd nhflng td chflc cila nhflng ngUdi dan cung lam mot nghe d nhflng vung heo ianh, dan cU thfla thdt, goi la cac nau Nha nUdc cung quan ly va thu thue dan nau Ho phai tra thue than va nop san pha'm thay cho sMu dich (31) Co nhieu nau hoat dong cac linh vUc co lidn quan ddn n g h i ddng thuyin nhU cac " nau khai thac ddu rai, dau tram, sdn dem nop cho chinh quyin cua Nguyen Anh de phuc vu cho viec sdn, tret, cho'ng tha'm nUdc tau thuyen Nam Bo la vflng da't cua song ngdi, kenh rach, phUdng tien di lai chii yeu bang ghe thuyin Sach Bai Nam nhdt tho'ng chi m6 ta dia the hat Vinh Long nhfl sau: "ndi bien, ndi song, ndi hd, ndi da't, hinh nhfl trang rai rac, ndu khong ghe thuyen thi di khong thdng, nen dan b day nhilu ngfldi biet cheo cho'ng" (32) Cdn sach Gia Binh thdnh thong chi ciia Trinh Hoai Dflc (1765 1825) thi vid't: "d Gia Dinh chd nao eung co ghe thuyen Ghe thuyin chat song dem qua lai" (33); tra'n Vinh Thanh thi "dia the each bflc, sdng ngdi lflu thong xen 16n, khdng nhd ghe thuyin thi khong di dfldc" (34) Vdi dia hinh va thien nhien nhfl vay, c^n phai phat tridn nganh ddng thuyin b Nam Bp mdi cung flng du phUdng tien di lai cho quan lai va binh dan Mat khac, nha Tay Sdn, do'i thu cua Nguyin Anh da xay dflng dfldc mdt lUc lfldng thuy quan manh (35) Vi the, mud'n gianh thang ldi, Nguyin Anh phai "phat trien nganh ddng thuyin va xay dung liic lUdng thiiy quan dii sflc dUdng dau vdi thiiy quan Tay Sdn (36) Chu trfldng phat trien thiiy quan ciia Nguyin Anh da lam gia tang nhanh chdng sd lfldng tau thuyin Theo sach Phu bien tap luc, vko nam 1768 d Gia Dinh chi cd Rganh dong ttiuy&i va tau Hiuyen chiec thuyen cdng dung d l viec chuyen chd Ifla gao, hang hda va v^t Hdu cho nha nudc (37) Nhung ddn nam 1776, thi Gia Dinh da CO hdn 500 tau thuyen nha nfldc quan ly Trong dd, dinh Tra'n Bien co 160 thuyin chien va 18 ghe bau hai sfl, dinh Phien Tra'n cd 310 thuyin chien va 18 ghe bau hai sfl va dinh Long Hd co 75 thuyen chien va 18 ghe bau hai sU (38) Nam 1778, sau trd lai dat Gia Dinh va dfldc thuoc tudng ton lam Bai nguyin sodi Nguyin Viidng, Nguyin Anh da cho ddng 50 chid'n thuyen dau nhpn, goi la thuyin Long Ldn sung vao thuy quan Nam 1780, mdt vidn tUdng cua Nguyen Anh la D5 Thanh Nhdn (?-1781) da sang chd mot kiiu thuyin, goi la thuyin triidng dd (39), ra't tien dung viec di bidn va danh tr^n bang thiiy binh D6 Thanh Nhdn da "la'y gd nam dd ddng thuyin trfldng da, tren gac san chidn da'u, hai ben diing phen tre che thuy binh d dfldi de cho chuydn sflc ma ch^o, cdn trdn thi bay bp binh dd xung tran ma danh Do dd dfldng di bien thuan ldi ma nghd thuy quan sd trfldng cang tinh them" (40) Day dfldc xem la mpt budc cai tien quan ve mat ky thuat ciia nganh dong thuyin b Dang Trong thdi ba'y gid Kd' tfl trd lai Gia Dinh, Nguyin Anh da tap trung sflc luc va tri tue cho nganh dong thuyen Nam 1793, Nguyin Anh mua mdt chiec tau cu tfl chau Au, rdi cho thao rdi tflng manh de nghidn cflu, la'y mdu Sau dd, cho rap lai theo md hinh cu de tao mpt chie'e thuyin mdi Dich than Nguyen Anh trdng coi viec Bang each nay, Nguyin Anh da hpc dUdc ky thuat ddng thuyin ciia phfldng Tay de ddng mdi thuyen chien, trang bi cho thuy quan cua minh Sfl kien dfldc Giao sT Le Labouse ghi lai mot bflc thfl d l 24-4-1800 giii Phai bo truyen giao hai ngoai b Paris 47 (Missions etrangeres de Paris): "Khong cd gi lam xuc dpng hdn canh hang ngan ngUdi lam viec het sflc hang hai dudi mdt nha vua (am chi Nguyin Anh - TDAS); ngai chu y tdi mpi viec, dilu khien ta't ca va cd can than chi bao cho ca kich thudc Nguyin Vudng chi dung toan thd gd'c Dang Trong ma da cd the ddng tau theo kieu Au Tay Khdi sU, ngai cho thao rdi tflng manh mpt chie'e tau cu da mua dUdc Ngai cho Idp lai theo dd hinh cu nhflng kheo tdi mflc tau dep hdn trfldc Thanh tich dau tien ay da khich le Nguyen Vfldng ddng mdt chiec tau mdi va ngai da cdng Sau dd ngai ddng thdm hai chie'e nfla Bdn chiec tau a'y da dfldng danh ngai d khdp ndi Nguyen Vfldng hoan ta't cdng viec ra't mau le Khdng qua ba thang da hoan va thudng cdn dUdc mau xong hdn the Tuy nhien tau ldn dep va mang 26 khau dai bac, so khac mang tdi 36 khdu; mdi chiec cd tren 300 thiiy thu" (41) Vdi each lam nhu tren, chi hai nam 1793 1794, Nguyin Anh da ddng dUdc gan 10 chie'e thuyen chien theo ky thuat chau Au Dd la cac thuyin: Long Ngfl, Long Thfldng, Long Hflng, Long Phi, Bdng Phi, Phung Phi, Hdng Nhi, Loan Phi, Ung Phi (42) Trong sd'dd, ed ba chiec quan nha't la thuyen Phung Phi Vannier (43) chi huy, thuyin U'ng Phi De Forcans (44) chi huy va thuyen Long Phi Chaigneau (45) chi huy (46) Ngoai ra, cdn cd mpt thuyin chien mang ten Tran Chau dich than Nguyin Anh chi huy (47) Trong cac nam tiep theo, Nguyin Anh cho ddng them nhieu thuyin chien khac vdi so' lfldng ldn Nam 1796, Nguyin Anh cho ddng them 15 thuyen chien, deu mang hieu Gia kdm theo chfl thupc tam tdi (Thien, Dia, Nhan) hay thdp nhi chi (Ti, Sflu, Ddn, Mao, Thin, Ti, Ngo, Mfli, Than, Dau, Tuat, 4S Rghien ciru Ljch sii- sd 7.2014 Hdi) (48) Nam 1800, Nguyin Anh cho ddng them 150 thuyen hai dao (thuyen di bien) Nam 1801, lai cho ddng them 200 thuyen hai dao cflng cac thuyen chie'n mang tdn: Anh, Vu, Thudc, Nga, Quyen, Phu, Le, Dien, Chieu, Ly (49) thuy quan cua Nguyin Anh (55), nen hp can them nhieu thuyen chie'n de gia tang sflc manh quan sU nham gay ap Iflc vdi qudc gia lang giing Campuchia, va mot chflng mUc nha't dinh, cdn de canh tranh anh hudng vdi Vidt Nam Vdi td'c dp ddng thuyin rat nhanh, "mdi chiec chi ddng ma't thang, tham chi cd khong ddn thang" (50), nen so' lUdng thuyen chien cua thiiy quan Nguydn anh tang len nhanh chdng Theo hdi ky cua John Barrow: "Mpt ngudi Anh da tha'y d Sai Gdn vao nam 1800 mpt ham dpi gdm 1.200 chie'n ham Nguyen Anh chi huy Ham dpi nho neo va xuoi dong mot trat tu tuydt doi, chia lam ba dpi va tao mot dpi hinh san sang flng chien" (51) Cho den cha'm dflt cupc chie'n vdi Tay Sdn, luc lUdng thiiy quan cua Nguyin Anh gdm gan 100 chidn ham, 800 phao ham, 500 ban phao ham (52) Dd phuc vu cho nganh ddng thuyen b Nam Bp, Nguyin Anh da lap nhieu xUdng ddng thuyen b ven cac ddng sdng trdn Gia Dinh Sit lieu nha Nguyin viet ve cac xUdng ddng thuyin khdng nhilu Song theo mdt khao cflu ciia Tdn Nfl Ouynh Tran, cd it nhat khu xudng vdn cdn ve't tich d quanh khu viic Sai Gdn - Gia Dinh Xfldng thfl nha't nam phia Ddng Gia Dinh, dpc theo sdng Tan Binh (sdng Sai Gdn) den bd song Binh Tri (rach Thi Nghi), dupe thid't lap vao nam 1790, dai den dam Day cdn la ndi neo dau cila cac chidn thuyen, thuyin di bidn va cung la kho chfla dung cu thuy chien Xfldng thfl hai ndm d bd song Long Hd, tra'n Vinh Thanh Xudng thfl ba la xUdng sfla chfla ghe thuyen, ten la Trang thuyen tu ndm d bd sdng Tam Giang Nha Be thupc huydn Phfldc Chinh (nay thupc quan Nha Be, Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh) Xfldng chuyen sila chfla cac thuyen budn hi hU hdng, nhflng cung kidm vide ddng thuyen mdi NhQng ngUdi thd ddng va sfla thuyen b day da tap hdp mpt phudng thd ehuyen mdn, gpi la phudng ThUdng Da Xfldng hi pha huy mpt cudc ta'n cong cua Tay Sdn (56) Ngoai vide ddng thuyin de phuc vu cho nhu eau nudc, Nguyin Anh cdn dong thuyin cho Xiem La (Thai Lan) mo'i quan he hen minh gifla Nguyin Anh vdi Xiem La cupc chien tranh cho'ng Tay Sdn Theo ghi chep sach Bai Nam thiic luc, vao nam 1789, Nguyin Anh lenh "dong hdn 40 dai chie'n thuyen va hdn 100 ghe bau Mpi quan lai d Tra'n Bien, Tran Dinh va Vinh Tra'n nop gd Cfl 40 linh nop du gd de ddng mot thuyen So' thuyin Long Xuyen phai nop la 10 chide, Kien Giang chie'e, Tra'n Giang chie'e, Phu Qudc chiec" (53) Sd thuyen da dUde hoan nam 1791 va da dupe Nguyin Anh chuyen sang Xidm La sau Day la sd thuyen Nguyin Anh ddng cho Xidm La nhdm ddi la'y so' vu tfl Xiem La de trang bi cho binh si cudc chidn chdng Tay Sdn (54) Ngfldc lai, Iflc lUdng thiiy quan Xiem La bay gid cd it tau thuyin so vdi Tren phfldng dien ky thuat, ne'u cac thuyen chie'n eua Nguyin Anh thfldng ddng theo kieu chau Au, thi cac thuyen budn eua tu nhan hay thuyen van tai ciia nha nUdc thfldng ddng theo kieu ghe bdu mien Trung (Viet Nam), va ghe bau da trd loai thuyin budn bie'n d Nam Bp luc ba'y gid Theo mieu ta cua John Barrow, thuyen budn thdi ky cd chieu ngang de'n 4,4m nganh d6ng tfauygn va tau thuy^ va dfldc chia cae khoang (thfldng cd khoang: khoang ddc b duoi thuyin, khoang ldng b gifla thuyen va khoang mdi b miii thuyen), mdi khoang dai 5,4m Cac cho ghSp ndi va each vach ngan gifla cac khoang deu dfldc xam r^t ky lfldng de tranh thS^m nudc Neu mot khoang bi tham nfldc thi khdng anh hudng gi ddn hang hda d cac khoang khac (57) Ngoai vide td chflc ddng mdi, tu siia tau thuyin dflng thiiy quan va van tai cong, Nguyin Anh cdn td chflc viec dang ky va quan ly tau t h u y i n cua tu nhan, vfla de thu thue, vfla dd chdng l^i tinh trang ke xa'u dflng tau thuyin tien hanh nhflng vu cUdp bdc trdn cac dong sdng va vung biln d Nam Bp Chinh quyin dinh phep long thuyen va dUa vao dd rdng hep cua long thuyen dl dinh cac hang mflc tiln thue ma thuyin budn phai nop cho chinh quyin cua Nguyin Anh Chinh quyen ciia Nguyin Anh d Nam Bo cung dinh phep tac, luat 1$ giao thong dfldng thuy Thuyin ndo pham luat se bi xii phat bdi nhflng ehe tai thich hdp Cd the ndi rdng, Nguyin Anh da ed nhilu cdng lao vide dat nen mdng va phat triln nganh ddng thuyin d Nam Bp, nh^t la vide ap dung ky thuat ddng thuyin cua phfldng Tay Nhd vay ma nganh ddng thuyen S Nam Bd vao cudi the ky XVIII da cd nhflng tidn bd dang kl, ca ve ky thuat ddng thuyin ldn sd lfldng tau thuyin cae loai Nguyen Anh cung da ban hanh nhflng chinh sach phfl hdp viec khai thac nguy§n lieu dd ddng thuyen, tuydn md va a i dung nhan cdng nganh ddng thuyin, ban hanh nhflng quy dinh de quan IJ vd thu thue tau thuyen Nhflng t^u ndy da tao nhflng tien de thuan ldi cho sM phat trien cila tau thuyin va nganh ddng thuyin dUdi thdi Nguyin sau 49 Moi q u a n h e giu!a b u o n b a n lua gao vdi n g a n h d o n g t h u y e n d D a n g T r o n g giflta t h e ky XVIII Theo mpt khao cflu cua Li Tana, mac du nghi ddng thuyen d Dang Trong da c6 tfl lau, nhflng dudng nhfl ed mdt sU bilng nd dot ngpt cua cdng nghidp ddng thuyen d day vao gifla thd ky XVIII va dilu cd mdi quan hd mat thiet vdi vide budn ban lua gao gifla Trung Hoa vdi Viet Nam va Thai Lan (58) Tfl nam 1722, nha Thanh (1644-1911) b Trung Hoa da cd nhiing chinh sach khuydn khich budn ban lua gao gifla cac nfldc Ddng Nam A vdi Trung Hoa nhflng chinh sach khdng dUde thfldng nhan quan tam lam Nguyen nhan la lua gao la mot thfl hang hda cdng kenh, gia van chuyen cao ndn it sinh ldi Vi thd, gidi thfldng nhan budn ban Ifla gao mong mud'n dfldc ddng thuyen b cac nudc Dong Nam a, vdi gia re hdn ra't nhieu so vdi thuyin ddng d Trung Hoa, rdi dflng nhflng chide thuyin mdi ddng ehd lua gao mua tfl vflng dfla vl Trung Hoa de ban ca lua gao va thuyen Nguyen vong dfldc nha Thanh ehinh thflc cha'p thuan vao nam 1747 Dilu da khien cho cac thfldng nhan Trung Hoa tim den Viet Nam va Thai Lan, thue thd ddng thuyin dl chd lua gao vl ban d Trung Hoa (59) Ddng bdng song Me Kdng va Xidm La la nhflng trung tam san xua't lua gao chu chd't b Ddng Nam A eac the ky XVII - XIX (ke ca hien nay) Day cung la ndi cd ngudn gd tdt, ddi dao, khai thac thuSn tien ndn cung la ndi cung cap nguydn lidu chinh cho nganh ddng thuyin khu vflc Tfl t h i ky XVII, nhflng di dan ngudi Viet Nam ddu tien ddn dinh cfl b day da bie't khai thac gd b vflng de ddng thuyen Mot sd sii li?u cung cho biet tfl cudi the ky XVTI, nhilu Rghien cuu IJeh siSr sd 7.2014 50 thfldng nhan Tay Ban Nha da thfldng xuyen lui tdi Dang Trong de khai thac gd va ddng thuyen (60) Chinh sach cho phep thfldng nhan ngUdi Hoa budn ban lua gao kem theo tau thuyin ddng mdi b Ddng Nam A da khien cho vung chau thd Me Kong trd mot hai cong xfldng ddng thuyen nhon nhip nha't chau A vao the ky XVIII Thfldng nhan ngudi Hoa chidu mp ca thd ddng thuyen ngfldi Viet b Nam Bo ldn thd ddng t h u y i n ngUdi Hoa tfl Trung Qud'c sang de ddng thuyen cho hp Quan chflc bo may chinh quyen Dang Trong cung bi thu hut vao nganh kinh doanh beo bd (61) Phan ldn thuyen ddng deu la san pham cua cac xudng ddng t h u y i n tfl nhan hdn la tfl eae xfldng ddng thuyen cua nha nfldc Vi the viee thu thud cac thuyen buon lua gao cua ngfldi Hoa ddng theo phUdng thfle ra't han chd (62) chflng to chinh quyin khd kiem soat dfldc hoat ddng ddng thuyen nay, mac du cac xudng ddng thuyen kieu phan bd' rai rac khdp Nam Bo, tfl Dong Nai, den Sai Gon, xudng tan Rach Gia, Ha Tidn (63) va thuyen dong khong chi ban cho thfldng nhan ngUdi Hoa, ma cho ca thUdng nhan Tay Ban Nha va Bd Dao Nha, la nhflng ngudi "dfldng nhfl tdi Vilt Nam chi de mua thuyen" (64) Cd the tha'y, neu chinh quyin cua cac • chua Nguyin b Dang Trong cac t h i ky XVII XVIII va chinh quyen ciia Nguyen Anh d Nam Bo vao cuo'i the' ky XVIII tap trung sii chfl y vao vide ddng thuyen dung cho quan dpi va cho nhu cau van tai cong, thi cac xUdng ddng thuyen cua tu nhan lai tap trung ddng thuyin budn lua gao cho thUdng nhan, dac bidt la thUdng nhan Trung Hoa va ca thUdng nhan phfldng TSy Dilu da ddng gdp mdt phdn quan trpng vao sfl phdt trien nganh ddng thuyen, ca dan dung ldn quan dung, d Dang Trong cac the ky XVII - XVIII, tao nen tang thuan ldi cho sfl phat trid'n cua nganh ddng thuyen dfldi thdi nha Nguyen CHU THICH (1) Sfl heu Viet Nam goi vung lanh tho phfa (6) Le Quy Don la mot quan chtrc nha Hau Le, Bac la Dang Ngoai, cac tai lieu cua dong thdi la mot nha khoa hpc danh tieng cua Viet phUdng Tay thUdng chep la: Tonkin, Outer Region Nam thdi ky Ong dUdc cit den Dang Trong giii hay Northen chflc Hiep tran xit Thu^n Hoa ciia chinh quyen Le Region (2) Nguyen Hoang la trai thfl hai ciia - Trinh, sau quan Trinh chiem Phu Xuan vilo Nguyin Kim (1468-1545), mot khai quo'c cong than nam 1775 Tai day, ong da bien soan bp sach noi cila trieu Le Trung hUng (1533-1789) tieng Phu bien tap luc, ghi ch6p bau het cac thong (3) Sfl lieu Viet Nam goi vung lanh thd phia nam la Dang Trong, cac tai lieu ciia phutJng Tay thUOng chep la: Cochinchina, Inner Region hay Southen Cochinchine, Region (4) Phan Khoang, Viit sU xd Ddng Trong 1558 - 1777, Nxb Khai Tri, Sai Gon, 1967, tr 607 tin quan trpng ve kinh te va xa hpi cua xii Dang Trong tii cu6~i the ky XVI den nSm 1776 (7) Dan theo: Nguyen Van Dang, "V^i net ve quan xUdng cl Phu Xuan thdi cac chiia Nguyen", Tap chi Nghien ciiu Lich st?, so 1-2010, tr 65 (8) Thich Dai San, Hdi ngoai ky sU, sdd, tr.230 (5) Thich Dai San, Hdi ngoai ky sU tjy ban (9) Hoa vat la nhflng vang bac, cua cai, vlit phien djch sfl lieu Viet Nam, Vien Dai hoc Hue, dung cua cac tau bi m i c nan bo lai tren cac hon Hue 1963, tr 43 dao cr ngoai khoi ciia Bien Dong Nhieu sfl li^u Viet Rganh d6ng thuyen va tau thuyan Nam cho bie't cac chua Nguyen da lap nhiing dpi thuyin nhU: dpi T h a n h Chfiu, dSi Hai Mon, d6i Bic Hai de vUdt bien khdi de'n cac hon dao d gifla Bien Dong nhU: Bai Cat Vang (qu£n dao Hoang Sa), Bdc Hai (quan dao Tracing Sa), Con Lon d l thu hoach yen sko, khai thac hai san vk thu nhat cua cai, chau bau, dflng cac t h u y i n buon bi mac nan bo lai nhflng ndi nky ChSng han: Trong Todn tdp An Nam 16 D Ba tSp hdp va bien soan vao nam 1686, p h i n ban phu Thang Hoa va phii Quang Ngai, ngoai bien co ve Bai Cat V&ng (Hoang Sa) keo dai tfl khoang cfla Dai Chiem (Hoi An) de'n ciia Sa Ky (Quang Ngai) va ghi chii: "Bai Cat VSng phong dai 400 dSm, rong 20 d5m, gifla biln khoang tijt cfla biep Dai Chiem keo de'n cfia biln Quyet Mong Gio Tay Nam thuyin di phfa se dat lai Gio Dong Bdc ma thuyen cflng bi tdc lai dS.y, d i u hi chet doi, cila cai phai bo lai M5i nam den thang cuoi dong (chiia Nguyin) dua 18 chiec thuyen de'n nhat vang bac Tfl cia Dai Chi§m den bai dao a'y di thuyen mot ng&y rU3i, tfl cfla Canh Sa di thuyen cung ma't mot rU3i O bai d6 cung san sinh loai doi moi" Dan theo: Nguyin Hflu Chau Phan, "Boi canh lich sfl Vift Nam giai doan 1558 de'n 1802 Phan tranh va thong nha't", Nghien ciiu Hui', tap 7, Nxb Thuan Hoa • Trung tam Nghien cflu Hue, Hul, 2010, tr 109, Sach Phu bien tap luc ciia Le Quy Don cung ghi: "Phii Quy Nhdn thi cac cfla bien Tan Quan, Thai PhU, Nudc Ngpt, Nudc Man, deu co nhieu dao, nhilu yIn Lap dpi Thanh Chau de lay"; "Ngoai bien phu Binh Thuan tbi co nui goi la Con Lon, r5ng ma'y dam, cflng nhieu yen ngoai nfla cd nui gpi la cfl lao Khoai, trudc co nhilu hai vat vk h6a vat cua tau, lap dpi Hai Mon d l lay"; "Hp Nguyin lai dat dpi Bdc Hai, khong dinh bao nhieu sua't hoac ngUcfi thon Tfl Chinh Binh Thuan, bo^c ngUdi xa Canh DUdng, tinh nguyen thi c&'p gia'y sai di, miln cho tien sflu cflng cac tien iuin do, cho di thuyen cau nhd cac xfl BSc Hai, cfl lao Con Lon va cac dao d Ha Tien, tim lu^m vat ciia tSu va cfic thfl doi mfii, hai ba, bao ngU, hai sfim ciing sai dpi Hoang Sa kiem quan Ching qua la Itfy cac thfl hai vat, vang bac cua quy ft Igy dUdc" (Le Quy Don Phd ban tap luc D6 Mong KhUdng Nguyin Trpng Han vk Nguyin Trpng Tinh dich Dao Duy Anh hieu dinh Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi Ha Noi, 1977, tr 116; 120) (10) Theo mpt khao cflu cua Nguyin Van Kim, 23 nam tfl nam 1715 den nam 1738, da co 485 chiec thuyen manh tfl Quang Nam (tflc Dang Trong) den Nhat Ban va Lou Cau d l buon ban M^c dfl chi huy cac thUdng thuyen la ngfldi Hoa nhflng hang boa va boat dong giao thfldng da dupc thUc hien theo yeu cau cua chinh quyen Dang Trong, ndi xua't phat cua cac thUdng mdnh thuyin (Nguyin Van Kim, Thuyin Ddng Nam A den Nhdt Ban the ky XVII • XVIII Tap chi Nghien ciiu Lich sH, so 12- 2007, tr 44-46 (11) Barrow, John, A Voyage to Cochinchina, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1975, tr 289 (12), (13), (14) (15) Le Qu^ Don, Phu biin tap luc, sdd, tr 325; 189-190; 112: 372 (16) Da't Dang Trong xUa von thuoc Champa Khi cac di dan ngUcfi Viet d i n sinh cd lap nghiep d vung da't nay, ngoai vi6c tri nhflng phong tuc, tap quan, vSn hoa, tin ngfldng cua to tien, ngudi Viet cdn tiep nhan nhflng anh hudng tfl vSn boa Champa, hinh nen nhflng sac thai mdi ddi song, sinh boat, v&n boa, tin ngfldng ciia minh Ngfldi Cham ra't gidi viec dong ghe bdu, mpt loai phUdng tien di bien ket hdp truyen thd'ng ciia thuyen budm Ma Lai vdi nhflng yeu to' thuyen di biln ciia vung An Dp DUdng - Dia Trung Hai Ngudi Viet d Dang Trong da tiep thu ky thuat ddng ghe bau va da hinh nen nhflng trung tam san xua't ghe hin ndi tieng trai dai tfl Quang Binh den Binh Thuan Trong mot khao cflu ciia Li Tana thi "Mot so lUdng ghe bSu loai thuyen theo kilu Chfim - Ma Lai prahu, dUdc ddng chii yeu vao giai doan ddu cua thdi Nguyin Anh dudng nhU gdi y cho tha'y sU tham gia cua ngUdi ChSm" (Li Tana Thuyen vd ky thudt dong thuyin a Ddng Trong cuoi theky XVIII ddu the ky XIX Dflc Hanh dich Tap chi Nghien ciiu va Phdt trien, so' 1-2002, tr 85 Chflng toi tan quan dilm nhUng cho rdng sU tham gia cua ngUdi Cham vao nganh ddng thuyen cua ngudi 5S R g h i e n cuTi i J c h siV s6 7.2Q14 Viet diln sdm hdn, tfl thdi cac chua Nguyin Bdi Ta thiiy thuyen, hdn 200 ngfldi Ddn theo: le, lilc cdng dong ngUdi ChSm hien dien Nguyin Hflu Chau Phan, "Boi canh lich sit Viet ddng dao Dang Trong va dong ghe thuyen vdn la Nam giai doain 1558 d I h 1802 P h a n tranh va the manh cua hp ma cac chua Nguyin cdn t h a m thong nhat" Tap chi Nghiin khao de phat t r i l n d$i ngu ghe thuyen cua minh tr 93-94 ciiu Hue, t^p 7, 2010, Tren thilc te, nghe ddng ghe bdu ctia i ^ ^ d i Viet (20) Le Dinh Cai 34 nam cam quyen cua chua xua't hifn d Dang Trong tfl gifla t h ^ ky XVI Tham Nguyen Phuc Chu (1691-1725) (Hul: Dfing Trinh khao them: Nguyin Thanh Ldi, "Ghe bau mien 1971), tr 98 Trung", Tap chi Nghien cihi ud Phdt trien, so (67) 2008, 37-49 (21) Cadi^re, L et Mir, Mme, "Les Europ^ens qui ont vu le vieux Hue: Thomas Bowyear 1695 - (17) Alexandre de Rhodes sinh nam 1591, tai 1696" Bulletin des Amix du Vieux Hue, Vol Avignon, m i l n Nam nfldc Phap, (cd tU lieu ghi nam 2/1920, 183-240 Ddn theo: Nguyin Van Dang, sinh cua ong la 1593), gia nhap ddng Ten tai Roma "Vai net ve quan xudng d Phfl Xuan thdi cac chfla (lo ng&y 24-12-1612 Ong den t r u y i n giao d Dang Nguyin", Tap chi Nghiin Trong vao nSm 1625 dudi thdi chfla Nguyin Phuc tr 64-69 Nguy§n (1563-1635) va d Dang Ngoai vao nam ciiu Lich siC, s3 1-2010, (22), (23) Cadi^re, L et Mir, Mme, "Lea 1626 dfldi thdi chfla Trinh Trang (1577-1657) tri Europeens qui ont vu le vieux Hu^: Thomas vi Trong vfing 20 nam truyen giao d Vi&t Nam, Bowyear 1695 • 1696" Ddn theo: Nguyin Hflu ong bi true xua't den lan NhUng sau ca lan a'y, Chau Phan, bdd, tr 94 dng d i u tim each trd lai Viet Nam moi cd cd John Barrow cung danh gia rlit cao v l ky thu^t h§i Nam 1645, ong bi chfla Nguyin Phiic Tdn dong thuyen cua ngfldi D i n g Trong thdi kj^ nay; (1620 - 1687) true xudt vinh vien khdi Viet Nam "Nhflng thuyen ch^o tay qua la d?p, dai tfl 15m n g ma't 5-11-1660 d Isfahan den 24m; n h i l u cai chi gom m a n h van gh^p lai, (Ba Tu) (http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_de_Rhodes ) moi mieng chay tfl ddu den ddu kia, mdng khit khao gdn vdi n h a u bang chot go va budc chat (18) Alexandre de Rhodes, Lich s& vUcfng quoc bang lat tre ma khdng cdn phai dflng d i n da go, Ddng Ngodi Hdng Nhu? dich (Thanh phd" Hd Chi Mfli t h u y i n n a n g len k h a cao, due ch^m Minh: Uy ban Doan ket Cong giao, 1994), tr 14-15 hinh rong rdn va t r a n g tri theo hinh ve hay thip (19) So binh linh va tau thuyen tham gia cupc vang Thuyen cung cd cdt de treo cd va dudi nheo, d u y | t binh gom: Cd Trung h a u 10 thuyen 300 cac loai den hay long d l chflng td dia vi cua ngfldi ngfldi; Noi bd 60 dpi thuyen, hdn 3.280 ngfldi; cd t r e n thuyen, va dUdc dflng len d ddu va cuoi Ta trung va Hflu trung, mdi cd 14 thuyen deu hdn thuyen Nhflng t h u y i n dflijc dflng d l budn ban 700 ngudi; Ndi thuy 58 thuyin, 6.419 ngfldi; cd Ta dpc theo bd bien, di lay to yen ngoai dao Hoang trung kien 12 thuyen, 600 ngUdi; cd Hflu trung Sa cd ra't n h i l u k i l u khac nhau, cai thi giong nhfl kien 10 thuyin, 500 ngUdi; cd Ta trung bp va t h u y i n tam ban cua T r u n g Hoa, cd mai che \km Hflu trung bd, moi cd 10 thuyen, deu 450 ngUdi; cd t h a n h mpt cai n h a de sinh song, cai thi gid'ng nhU Tiln trung bp 12 dpi, moi cd thuyen, cdng 2.700 thuyen budm Ma Lai Thfldng n h a n ngoai quoc ngfldi; cd Ta dUc, Hflu dUc, Tiln dUc, Hau dflc, thi ddng thuyen nhfl thuyen budn cua ngfldi Tau, moi Cd thuyen, cpng hdn 1.100 ngUdi; dpi Tien k i l u each khong thich hdp cho t a u chien, cham thuy, Hau thiiy, Ta thiiy, Hflu thuy, moi dpi nhflng chdc, chu t i u cung la tai cdng, thiiy thii vk thuyin, d i u hdn 500 ngfldi; cd Ta noi bd, Hi3u npi nhflng ghe chia t h a n h nhieu khoang d l dflng bp, Tiln npi bp, Hau noi bo, Ta sflng, Hflu sflng, hang" Ddn theo: Nguyin Duy Chinh, "Phai b^ Tien sung, H^u sflng, moi cd thuyen, cpng hdn Macartney gh6 Dang Trong", Nghien cvCu HuS', t^p 2.100 ngudi; dpi Tien binh, Hau binh, Ta binh, 6, 2008 t r l Hflu binh, moi dpi thuyin, deu hdn 200 ngudi; cd Hganh d6ng Ifauyfa vt tiu thuydn (24) Qucfc sii quan t r i l u Nguyin, Bai Nam thUc luc, t | p I, Ban djch ciia Vifn Sii hoc, Nxb Khoa hoc xa h§i, H i Ndi, 1962, tr 73-74 (25) Ciia Eo, ten chfl H a n la Yiu Hdi mdn thdi Nguyin doi tSn la Thu&n An hdi khdu cSch kinh dd H u l 12km v l phia Ddng Cuta bien nky da hi lifp bdi m$t t r | n bao ldn vSo nSm 1904 Cdn bao ding thdi md m§t ciia biln mdi, each cfla Eo khoang 4km v l phia Bde Tfl dd den nay, cfla biln mdi du^c gpi tdn la cfla ThuHn An thay eho cfla Eo da bi l^p kin (26), (28) Li Tana, Thuyin vd ky thudt dong thuyin d Ddng Trong cuoi theky XVIII, ddu thi'ky XZX,bdd,tr.83 (27) Lg QuJ Don Phu biin tap luc, sdd D i n theo: Li Tana, Thuyen vd ky thudt dong thuyin d Bdng Trong cudi th^ ky XVIII, ddu thi' ky XIX, bdd, tr.S3 (29) Quo'c sfl quan trieu Nguyin, Dai thiic luc (38 t§p), tap II, sdd, 1963, tr 150 Nam (30), (31) Ton NO Q u ^ h Tran, "Vua Gia Long va ngdnh ddng t h u y i n tai Nam Bd", trong: Nhiing vdn di lich sd: vi triiu dai cuoi cung d Viit Nam, Tnmg tam Bao ton Di tich Co" dd Hue - Tap chi Xiia & Nay xufi't ban, H u l , 2002, tr 311 (32), (33), (34) Ddn theo: Tdn Nfl Quynh Tran, "Vua Gia Long va ngdnh ddng thuyin tai Nam Bp", trong: Nhiing vd'n de lich sd: vi trieu dai cuoi ciingdVi4tNam, sdd, tr 311-312 (35) Thuy quSn Tay Sdn cd mot ddi thuyin chiin rtft m^nh, dUdc ddng vdi ky thuat cao khien cho ngudi phudng Tay phai kham phue Theo ghi nh$n cua John Barrow, thi cac thuyen chien ciia Tfiy Sdn da dfli?e cai tien phdn than tau chim dfldi nfldc, nhflng gifl nguyen cfi'u tnic ben tren Dong thdi da thay t h i mdt so bd pb^n eua thuyin, v6n lam bdng gS, da dugc thay the bang tre lam cho chile thuyin trd nen nhe hdn ma cdng nang van nhu cfl Dieu khien cho John Barrow phai thdn phue vd k i t lu^n: "Ngdnh ky nghe diic bift ma cd t h i goi ndi Id ngfldi Ddng Trong (thdi Tfiy Sdn • TDAS) nd'i trpi hdn ca Id ky thuat ddng tdu biln: Chdng t h i l u lo^i kich cd ndo cflng nhu c6 dii cdc lo^i chfl't lfldng go dflng d l ddng tdu biln " Ddn theo: Nguyin Duy Chfnh, bdd, 157, Ngoai ra, T i y Sdn cdn tuyen md cac hai t i c Trung Hoa de tham gia vdo cac trkn thiiy ehiln chong lai quan ciia Nguyin Anh Tham chf, theo mdt khao cflu ciia Li Tana: Tay Son cdn giao cho thuyin va danh hiSu cho hai tdc d l danh lai chfla Nguyin, va sau dd la danh cfldp nhflng thfldng thuyen d vflng biln Nam Trung Hoa Nhd Tay Son, ngfldi bao trd ciia hp se ban chien ldi pham Vi|t Nam vd bon cudp biln se nhfln dfl(?c khoang 20-40% 13i lai chia lai Thuyen nhd Tdy Sdn cung cd'p khdng phai Id loai thuyin thfldng "Thuyen Vi|t Nam vdi nhflng cot buom cao hdn 24 m^t, man sfldn dflpe bao vfi b3i cac Idp da bd vd ludi, ldn vd chdc chdn hdn bdt ky loai thuyen nao cfldp biln cd t h i tfl kilm dudc" vdi eae lye lUdng hai t4ic ngfldi Trung Quoc sfl dung ho cac cudc thuy ehiln chc&ig lai Nguyin Anh (Li Tana, Thuyin vd ky thudt dong thuyin d Bdng Trong cudi th^ky XVIII, ddu thi'ky XIX, bdd, 2002, tr 81-82) (36) Tren thflc t l , nhd nhflng chien t h u y i n dUdc dong Gia Dinh, Nguyin Anh mdi c6 t h i to chflc nhflng cupc td'n cdng bang dfldng biln, danh vdo cac cang ehiln Ifl^c cua Tay Sdn nhfl cang Quy Nhdn vdo cdc ndm 1790, 1797, 1798; cfla bien Nha Trang vdo ndm 1793; ddc bi§t, ndm 1801, trdn danh quylt djnh vdo cang Thj Nai, Nguyin Anh da huy ddng t h u y i n ldn kilu chau Au, 40 dai chiin t h u y i n vd trSn 300 t h u y i n chdo (37) Ld Quy Don, Phu biin tap luc, sdd, tr.264 (38) Tdn Nfl Quynh TrSn, bdd, tr.315 (39) Theo sach Gia Binh thdnh thdng chi thi thuyen triidng da la loai thuyin c6 them cdn lai ddi d l vdn hdnh nhe nhdng hdn di biln, vdn gifl banh ldi cu hinh trdn d l lai tren sdng Do vay, nd cdn dupc goi Id thuyen hai cdn ldi (40) Quoc sfl quan trilu Nguyen, Dai thiic luc (38 tap), tap I, sdd, tr.25 Nam (41) Archives des Missions etrangeres de Paris, Cochinchine, Volume 747 869-872 Ddn theo: Nguyin Hflu Chau Phan, bdd, tr 192 (42) Quoc sfl quan tneu Nguyen, Dai Nam thUc luc (38 tap), tap II, Nxb Khoa hpc xd hpi Ha Noi, 1963 tr.l63 Rghien curu Ljch sir s6 7.2014 (43), (44), (45) Vannier, De Forcans va East Asian Cultural Studies, 1978), 167 Dan theo: Chaigneau la nhflng si quan ngfldi Phap hdp tac Li Tana, Thuyin va phuc vu dfldi quyen ciia Nguyin Anh Trong cum thi ky XVIU, ddu the ky XIX, bdd, tr vd ky thudt dong thuyen & Bdng nhflng nam thang chii'n tranh cho'ng lai ba anh em 86 (55) Edmund Roberts, mot ngfldi Anh tdi Xiem Tay Sdn (46) Pietri, "Ba loai thuyen budm ven bien La nam 1832, fldc chflng thuy quan Xiem La luc Ddng Dudng it dUdc bilt den" Luu Dinh Tuan CO khoang 500 t h u y i n chien, 50 d i n 60 thuyin chd dich Xua & Nay, so' 134, thang 2-2003, tr 31 tfl den sflng dong, chiec ldn nhat khdng qua (47) Archives Paris, Cochinchine, des Missions etrangeres Volume 747, 869-872 de Dan 100 ta'n Trong do, theo Moor, mot ngfldi phfldng Tay khac co mat d Viet Nam vao ndm 1823 thi Iflc lUdng thuy quan cua trieu Nguyin bay gid theo: Nguyin Hflu Chau Phan, bdd, 193 (48), (49) Qud'c sfl quan trieu Nguyin Dgi CO khoang "50 thuyen buom doc 14 sung, 80 phao Nam thuc luc Tap II (38 tap), Nxb Khoa hoc xa ham, 100 thuyen ldn, khoang 300 t h u y i n chdo tfl hoi, Ha Noi, 1963, tr 231; 451 80 den 100 mai cheo, 500 t h u y i n cheo tfl 40 den 80 (50) Pietri, bdd, tr 31 mai chdo Tai cac tinh, 500 t h u y i n tfl 20 den 100 (51) John Barrow, "Queiques notes sur Gia mai tao nen tong so'khoang 1.530 chiec" Dan theo; Dinh par un tempo rain", Bulletin de la Societe Ll Tana, Thuyin des etudes Indochmoises, Trong cuoi the ky XVIII, ddu the ky XIX, bdd, tr 1926, 209 Dan theo: Ton vd ky thudt dong thuyin d Ddng 87 Nfl Quynh Tran, bdd, tr 316 (56) Tdn Nfl Quynh Tran, "Vua Gia Long va (52) Theo t h u cua Barisy gfli cho Foulon va Hue nganh ddng t h u y i n tai Nam Bp" NhUng vdn de 1926, 414 Dan theo' Ton Nfl Quynh T r a n , bdd, hch sii vi triiu dgi cudi ciing d Viet Nam Trung Marchini, Bulletin des Amis du Vieux tam Bao ton Di tich Co' dd Hue - Tap chi XUa & tr 316 (53) Quo'c sfl quan trieu Nguyen, Dai Nam Nay, Hue 2001, tr 316-317 (57) Barrow, John, A Voyage to thuc luc, tap I, 1962, sdd, tr 64 (54) Doan ghi chep sau day sfl lieu Xiem La da chflng thUc dieu "Vao dau tien Cochinchina, Kuala Lumpur' Oxford University Press, 1975, tr 290 thupng tuan thang 11 ta, nam Hdi, vua An Nam (58), (59), (60) Li Tana, Thuyin gfli thu de nghi mua 000 sflng hda mai va 1.000 dong thuyen d Ddng Trong cuoi theky hap nang bang sat de lam cau tau Kera theo thU thekyXIX, vd ky thuat XVIII, ddu bdd, tr 82-84 la 30 cai vong Viet Nam dupc tang cho nha vua (61) Theo sach Phu bien tap luc, nam cung vdi 70 chiin thuyen dUdc yeu cau dong trUdc 1786, chi CO thuyen hi thu thue cho viec vdn Thuyin dUdc thu nhan va neo d ban dao Bang- chuyen lua gao tren tong so 341 thuyen bi trieu o theo lenh nha vua Vao thfl nam, thfl hai h a dinh chua Nguyin thu thue' vkn chuyen ca tuan cua thang ta, nha vua lenh gfli 200 hap nUdc (Le Quy Don, Phd bien tap luc, sdd, 1977, tr ndng bang sdt de lam cau tau ya 200 sung lam 41 tang vat tdi vua An Nam" (Bien men t n e u dinh, (62) (63), (64) Li Tana, Thuyin vd ky thudt thdi dai Bangkok, trieu dai thfl nha't Thadeus va dong thuyen d Ddng Trong cuo'i the ky XVIII, dau Flood dich Tap 1' Van ban Tokyo: The Center for thekyXIX, bdd, tr 82-84