CÁC NGUỒN HÀNG VẰ THƯƠNG PHẨM CỦA ĐÀNG TRONG

CAC ]^GU6]\ HAMG VA TlIlTOl^G PlIAM CIIA DAI^G TROIIG NGUVfcN VAN KIM* T rong lich sfl Vi^t Nam, the ky XVIXVIII diicte coi \k [hiii ky di5n nhieu bien chuyen sau sfic Sau lin (1627-1672) glao tranh nhUng bfi't phdn thing bai, chfnh quy^n Le • Trinh vk chua Nguyen da Ifi'y song Gianh ldm gidi tuy^n (1) Tit hinh the' cue chinh tri Dang Ngoai (Tonkin) Ddng Trong (Cochinchina) k6o ddi hOn thg" ky Tni6c day, mot a6 n h i nghien cvlu thUOng cho ring, sau thdi kj^ phat trien huy holing cua trieu dai Le sd (1428-1527), chg" quan chu Viet Nam bat ddu Iam vao giai doan suy thoai, khung hoang Nhi(ng, tren cd s6 khai thae nhuing ngudn tU lieu nUdc, quoc te dong thdi nhin nlifin lich sii theo quan diem m3i, co the cho rfing dUtfng nhU tUdng phan v6i nhiing mau thuin, xung dot ve chinh tri, vong the ky, kinh tfi' xa hpi Vifit Nam (ca D&ng Ngoki vk D^ng Trong) deu co nhieu bUdc phat trien quan TYin binh di&n bang giao quoc te, cUng chita co thbi ky nao, Viet Nam lai co moi quan hi dot ngoai rong ldn, da dang nhu thdi ky ndy (2) Vdi Dang Trong, de phat trien kinh iM, cung CO quyen lUc chinh tri vfi di co the diiTdng d^u vdi sU uy hifi'p cua Dang Ngoai cung nhxT nhi^u cUdng quoc phUdng Tay, cac chiia Nguyen da dong thdi thiic thi nhieu chinh sach tich cifc Cdc chinh sach hgp thdi vd hgp ldng ngudi dd dem lai siic mqnh thUc ti', troi vitgt cho chinh quyin Dang Trong Tren cd sci nhfin thdc ro nhiing bi^n doi sSu sfic cua deli song kinh t^ th^ gidi ciing nhU sU phat trien cua h$ thong hai thUdng chau A, chinh quyln Nguyin da the hi$n tdm nhin vfi ban ITnh cua minh theo duoi chinh sSch ngoai giao da phUdng hoa, chu dpng vk tich cilc Vi^c biet phat huy nhiing Icfi the cfin ban vi vi tri dia l^, khai thae moi tifi'm nfing kinh te, cac ngudn tai nguyen, thiic d&y cac ngfinh san xufi't phat trien da khong chi tfing cUcfng, cung co siic manh chinh tri, kmh te ma tao nen nhOng di^u kien het site thiet ye'u de chinh quyen Dfing Trong mcl rpng anh hu6ng vfi kh^ng dinh vi the cua minh tren vung dKt phiidng Nam, DiTa tren hai tieu chi cfin ban la Nguon gde hang hoa (tieu chi dia viic) vfi Tinh chd't hdng hoa (san ph^m thu cong, bdn thu cong hay nguyen sd) bfii viet mud'n khao cutu cac ngudn hfing vfi thiidng phffm cua Dfing Trong d^ bUdc ddu lam ro tifi'm nfing, each thttc huy dpng, to chtfe efic ngudn hfing, moi lien he gifla cac khong gian kinh tfi"vfi gia tri cua mdt so loai hfing hda Day chinh la nhiing nhan to' cd ^ nghia h&'t siic quan trpng ddi vdi cac ho^t dpng kinh t6', cung CO quyen lUc, md rpng bang giao quoc te ,, cua chinh quyen Thufin Hda • PGS.TS TrU6ng D?! hoc KHXH&NV - D^i hoc Qud'c gia Hfi Npi Kghtan ciJru ljch aJr, ad 4.8011 Vf tri, ti^m nftng kinh t€ cua Dkng Trong Trong ghi ch6p cua cfic tfic gia dUdng d^i, xii Dfing Trong d i i ^ coi Ifi m$t viing d&'t gifiu c6 TrUdc h6't, ndm d trung diim cua m^t nhiCng tuyin chinh ciia hi thd'ng giao tkUOng chdu A nin cdc thuong cdng nhU Thanh HA, H^i An, NUdc Mdn diu cd vi tri quan trgng Theo L6 Qu^ Ddn thi: "Xii Thu^n Hda, dudng thuy dudng bd lidn tid'p tdi xii Quang Nam, phia hiiu xti Quang Nam l^i thdng vdi cfic nUdc phifin, vd' dudng bi^n thl cfich tinh Phiic Kid'n, tinh Quang Ddng khdng dlfn - ngfiy, cho ndn thuyin budn tit trUdc dSh ty hpi b dtfy" (3) Den Dfing Trong nfim 16181621, Giao si ngUdi '^ Ifi Cristoforo Borri tuCng het siic ng^c nhien v§ v\ tri t\f nhidn cua cac thUdng cang Theo dng, d vttng duyen hai Dfing Trong chi khoang hdn 100 dfim nhung c6 dd^n 60 hai cang, "tfi't ca deu rfi't thufin tign dl cfip bd'n vfi len dfi't liin Hai cang d^p nhfi't, ndi tfCt ca ngucfi ngoai quoc Mu tdi vfi ciing Ifi ndi cd hpi chd danh tieng chinh Ifi hai cang thu^c tinh Quang Nam" (4) Tii mpt c ^ nhin hiidng sau vfio lyc dja, tac ph^m no'i tid'ng Hdnh trinh vd truyin gido, gido si Alexandre de Rhodes ciing cho rdng: "Hp ciing rd^t gifiu vi cd dd't dai phi nhidu vdi 24 sdng cung cfi'p nUdc, ciing nhd d6 mfi rfi't tidn vide di l^i bfing diidng sdng ngdi, tidn vi$c thdng thUdng vfi hfinh trinh" (5) hda md cdn dem theo nhHu nguin thiMig phdm md thi tnidng Ddng Trong vd khu vi^c cdn M^t khdc, nhU Ifi kd^t qua cua svf phdt triln tUdng h3, sii thinh d^t cua hd thffng thUdng cang Dfing Trong dfi c6 eiic hd'p ddn ldn, ldi cud^n nhidu ddng thidn di vfi cU ddn khu vi^c mang hfing hda, ch^ phdm d^n cdc cang thj d l trao doi, budn bdn (7) Trdn thi^c tM, h? thd'ng thUdng cang Dfing Trong da trd thfinh m^ch ndi giiia cdc khdng gian kinh td": Chdu thd vdi Ritng niii, Biin vdi Luc dia Ngudn hfing tii viing niii cao mfi gidi hpc gia dUdng thdi goi Id "nguSn" dfi theo cdc tridn sdng ciing nhidu dudng khdc ddn tu vd cdc cang eiia sdng Chfnh cdc ngudn hfing dd, tit trdn niii xud'ng vfi biln vd, da b^ sung vfi Ifi san ph^m khdng t h l thid'u cho ho^t d^ng thiidng m ^ Dfing Trong nhilu thd" ky (8) Nhfin to* thii hai ed y nghia rdt quan trpng doi vdi ndn thUdng mai Dfing Trong Ifi xii Qudng noi liing vd phiiOng Nam noi chung Id mgt vdng ddt he't siic trii phd v4 tdi nguyin thiin nhiin, c6 nhiiu nguSn tdi nguyin citn chUa dugc khai phd Ben c^nh dd, chfu si^ chi p h ^ cila H$ sinh thfii p h i t^p (General ecosystem) vdi hai d^c trUng cd ban Ifi kha nfing tdi sinh nhanh vfi chi sd' da d ^ g vd gid'ng tofii cao, Dfing Trong noi ldn nhU mdt viUig ddt phdn th{nh, dung chiia nhidu san v|it d$c thii Trong tdc ph^m Phu biin tgp luc, hoc gia Khao ciiu tdc phdm Phii biin tg,p l^ic cua Ld Qu^ Ddn (1726-1784) tifng cho rdng: Ld Qujf Ddn chiing ta thfi'y, vfio thd' ky "Xii Quang Ifi dfi't phi nhieu nh^t thien h^ XVII-XVIII cfic cang Dfing Trong ludn Ifi Ngudi Thfing Hoa, Di^n Bfin bilt d^t vai dilm dd'n cua cdc thuyin budn tii Thuijng lya, vdc d o ^ , llnh Ifi, hoa mfiu khdo d^p Hai, Quang Ddng, Phue KilTn, Hai Nam ch4ng kdm Quang Ddng, rudng dong rpng (Trung Qude), Nh^t Ban, Xiem La, LQ Td'ng rai, Ilia gao tot d^p, trdm hiidng, tdc hUdng, (Luzon), Ciiu Cang (Philippines), Ma Cao sitng td, ngfi voi, vfing b^c, ddi mdi, trai dc, (Bd Ddo Nha), Hfi Lan (6) Cdc tdu, thuyin bdng, sdp, dudng m|Lt, ddu sdn, cau, hd budn quoc ti" khdng chi din thu mua hdng tidu, cfi mudi, gd lat, ddu san xufft b day Ba CAc ngufin himg vb thirong ph^m phu Quy Nhdn, Quang Ngai, Gia Dinh thi thoc gao khdng ke xiet, khfich budn phUdng Bde quen khen khdng bao gid ngdt" (9) Tling sd'ng b Hpi An, xU Quang, C Borri nhfin thtfy tidm nfing ndng nghipp cua viing nfiy Ifi rS!t ldn Theo dng: "Nudc lyt Ifim cho ddt mfiu md vfi phi nhieu nen moi nfim cd ba vy liia, ddy du vfi ddi dfio ddn noi khdng phai lam lii, vdt va dl sinh sd'ng, cung sung tiic" (10) Cung theo A.de Rhodes thi: "Moi nfim thUdng cd lut l^i, vfio thang Mdt vfi thang Ch^p, thinh thoang cd tdi ba mCia lyt them mfiu md cho ddng rupng Vfio thdi diem nfiy, chi di lai bing thuyen Nhfi ctia thi Ifim trd'ng vd phia dUdi dl cho nu6c lUu thong vfi vi the thudng d^t tren nhiing cpt ldn" (11) Theo Dudng Vfin An thi: "Ban mua dong dim tiiy ndi, thdc dfi'u khong qua tiln; fin ud'ng khdng hd xa xi, cua ddu ddy kho ching fin h i t nfim" (12) Cac ngudn tU hpu nUdc vfi qude tl^ cho thtfy, cdc ngudn ldi cd t h l khai thae dUdc tit viing chau thd', ven cac triln sdng, tii viing rttog niii vfi bien ca Ifi rdt ldn Cac ngudn tfii nguyen khdng chi phong phii vl sd* lUdng mfi da dang ve chung loai Dd chinh Ifi cd sd d l phfit triln kinh t l ndi, ngoai thUdng ma minh chiing tieu bilu Ifi kha nfing huy dpng nguon hfing hda vl Hgi cha quoc ti hfing nfim tai Hpi An Tdc gia Phu Biin tgp luc cho bilt, vfio thdi cdm quyen cua cac chiia Nguyen, chinh quyln Dfing Trong da cho Ifip Thufin Hda kho, d Quang Nam 12 kho de chiia thdc gao vfi cua cai Cung theo tac gia thi phu Gia Djnh vfi Ddng Nai dfi't td't vfio b|ic nhfi't D6 Ifi viia liia cua ca xii Dfing Trong Thdc g^o da sdm trd thfinh san phdm kinh te' hfing hda, khong chi cung cfi'p cho T h u ^ Hda mfi xufi^t sang Trung Qude vfi nhidu qud'c gia ldng gilng khu vUc (13) Vl kinh td' ngogi thUdng, qua mpt thUdng nhan hp Trdn (ngUdi Quang Dong, Trung Qude), hpe gia LS Qu^ Ddn tiing ed nhiing nh^n xdt mang tinh so sanh vl si,! tUdng dSi khan hid'm hfing hda cua mdt sd' viing so vdi Quang Nam d dd, "khdng thii gi Ifi khdng cd Phfim hda vfit san xufi't d Thfing Hoa, Di^n Bfin, Quy Nhdn, Binh Khang vfi dinh Nha Trang dudng thiiy, dudng bp, di thuyin, di ngi^a diu hpi tfip d Hdi An TrUdc dfiy, hfing hda nhilu Ifim, du trfim chile tfiu to chd ciing mgt liie ciing khdng h i t dUqfc" (14) Ben canh dd: "Nhiing san v^t quy phdn nhieu san xufi't tu mien Nam XU Thufin Hda, chau Bfic Bo Chfnh san xufi't nhan sam, yIn sfio, mfit ong, sap ong, siing te, ngfi voi, sting bo tdt, diem tieu, giang hUdng, trdm hUdng, tdc hUdng, song, may, go mun, go Um, go hoa hoe, goi hoa nu, go kiln kiln " (15) Cung chung quan diem do, C Borri ciing cho rdng: "Nhiing thUdng gia chau Au budn ban d day diu noi rfing cua cai cua Dang Trong nhieu hdn ca Trung Hoa mfi chiing tdi bilt la Dang Trong rfi't giau cd vl mpi thU" (16) Cung vdi hai nhan to neu trln, sU thinh dgt cua kinh ti Ddng Trong cbn Id cdc chua Nguyen dd thiic thi chinh sack khuyen thitffng mgnh me Cac chua nhU Nguyen Hofing (1558-1613), Nguyin Phiic Nguyin (1613-1635) da cd nhilu Uu dai vfi tao dieu kidn thufin Idi cho thUdng nhfin ngoai qude den budn ban, thiet Ifip cd sd thUdng mai Theo Dgi Nam thUc luc tien bien thi: "Bfi'y gid, chiia d trfi'n hdn mUdi nfim, ehinh si^ rdng rai, quSn l^nh nghiem trang, nhfin dfin diu an cU Igc nghipp, ch0 khdng hai gia, khong co trpm cUdp Thuyen budn nUdc ngofii din nhilu Trfi'n trd nen mdt dd hpi ldn" (17) C Borri cung cho rling: "Chiia Dfing Trong khdng ddng ciia Rghtan curu Ljeh ai3r stf 4.ZQ11 trUdc mdt quoc gia nfio, ngfii dl cho t\f vfi md cda cho tfi't ca ngUdi ngogi qude, ngudi Hfi Lan ciing tdi nhU nhiing ngudi khac, cUng vdi tfiu chd rfi't nhilu hfing hda cua hp" (18) Bdn cgnh dd, chinh quyln Nguyin cdn thict l§p m^t hd thing kilm sofit an ninh ch$t che nhfim bao dam cho cfic hogt dpng kinh tl, ddi ngogi d\i(fc diln thufin Ipi, an tofin (19) Nhd c6 hogt ddng giao thUdng qu6c t l ndn chi mdt thdi gian tUdng doi ngdn, nhilu ngfinh kinh t l san xufi't hfing hda cua Dfing Trong da cd nhiing phfit trien vUpt b^e Cfic thUdng cang nhu Thanh Hfi (Hue), Hpi An (Quang Nam), Vung Lfi'm (Phii Yin), Nudc Mfin (Binh Dinh), Cii Lao Pho (Ddng Nai), Gia Dinh (Sfii Gon - Chd Ldn), Hfi Tidn (Kiln Giang) trd thfinh cdc trung tfim kinh t l nUdc, quoc te' Trong m^i Uln hd vung vfi lien ving, giiia cac cang thj vdi trung tfim san xufi't thu cong, giiia ndi tieu thy vdi eae ngudn cung cfi'p hfing hda, nguyen lieu; giiia cac thUdng cang nUde vdi he thing giao thUdng quo'c te, cdc eang nhU Thanh Hfi, Hpi An, Nudc Mfin (20), Hfi TiSn da trd ciia ngo, trung tfim kinh tl^ doi ngogi quan trpng nhfi't cua Dfing Trong Cdc mgt h a n g san xuaft t h u cong Vdi Dfing Trong, vipe trdng dfiu, nuoi tdm, ddt lua Ifi nghl truyin tho'ng vfi rd't phat triln d xit Quang Tii nfim 1553, chdu can luc, tac gia Dudng Vfin An cho bilt huy$n Didn Bfin cd xa "Lang Chfiu cd nhilu lya trdng" (21) Theo m^t s l nhd nghien ciiu, thdi bfi'y gid, cdc thi? thu cong, nghd nhan d$t lya Dfing Trong da bilt kit h^p giiia truyin thd'ng ddt lya cua xii Bfie vdi ky thu^t d^t cua ngUdi Chdm vfi Trung Hoa de san xufi't nhiing san phim ddt ndi tieng nhu td lua hao hang ciia Quang Ddng (Trung Qude) Hp cd t h l d^t vdc, sa, dogn, lanh, gfi'm, tritu vdi hoa vfin tinh xao Theo Ld Qu^ Ddn thi: 'Td xa ddi ho Nguyin Id ngudi dinh Quang Nam, phu Thfing Hoa hpc ddt b ngUdi Bfle khdch, ddi truyin nghl cho Cac hfing vdc, sa, lanh, gfi'm, trifu cai hoa rfi't khdo Quang Nam lya t h u l chi la'y d hai phu Thfing Hoa, Didn Bdn Din nhU phu Phii Ydn thi cd thif ddt goi Ifi ddi sa vdc Phu Dipn Bfin huydn Phii Chfiu hfing nfim nop lya t h u l 2.350 tdm Lya Doan Qu$n Cdng trUdc day ldy di c6ng phii thi rpng thudc tdc, dfii 30 thudc, dfiy nhu nfim s^i Phu Thdng Hoa, thupc Hda Chfiu hfing ndm npp lya thul 809 td'm, lya ll 11 tSjn, t h u l Ifi d l dang len (vua Le), ll Ifi dl bilu quan trllii" (22) Hiin nhien, khdng chi Id vfit phdm bilu tdng, td lya cdn Ifi mpt mfit hfing xufi't khfiu cd gid tri cua Dfing Trong Tdn mdt chiing kien nhiing canh ddng rdng ldn trdng dau, nudi tfim d xii Quang, Giao sT C Borri dfi c6 nhfing ghi ch6p chi tilt ve nghe trdng dfiu, dpt lya Theo dng thi ngudn cung cfi'p td lya d day "rfi't nhilu vfi dU thiia dl^n ndi ngUdi Dang Trong khdng nhiing du dung rilng cho minh mfi cdn ban cho Nh|it Ban vfi gdi sang vUdng quoc Lfio dl rdi t^ dd ngUdi ta Igi chuyen din Tfiy Tgng Thii lya nfiy khdng vfi mjn nhUng bin vfi ehfic hdn lya Trung Quoc" (23) Din Dfing Trong the ky XVII, A.de Rhodes tCtog nhfin xdt rdng d Dfing Trong cd "nhilu td lya den n5i cdn diing de dan lUdi vfi b^n day thuyin" (24) C.Borri cung cho bilt them: "hp cd rfi't nhieu lya din noi dfin lao dpng vfi ngUdi nghlo ciing diing hfing ngfiy Vi thl, da hdn mpt ldn tdi rd't thich thii thtfy dfin dng, dfin bfi khuan vac da, dfi't, vdi vfi nhflng v^t lipu tUdng ti^ mfi khdng h i cdn t h ^ gifl eho fio dpp vfi quy hp m|ic khoi rfich hay bdn" (25) e6e ngufln hang TA ftucmg pham Cfic logi td lya ciia Dgi Vi^t ndi chung vd Dfing Trong ndi rieng t^ Ifiu da dupc chia thfinh nhieu loai Theo dd, tritu Id logi thd vfi to sdi; luat Id logi lya thd vd trdn; sa Ifi logi lya mong vfi trdn; the Id lya nhp mfiu sang; xuyen Id lya trdn dfiy hdn mfiu sfing; nhiiu Ifi lua trdn, dfiy vfi bin; Id chinh Ifi logi lya dpt bdng td non vdi nhfing dudng nhd soc diu vfi nhudm den; ldnh Ifi lua trdn, dfiy vfi nhudm den; dogn ciing Ifi mdt logi lanh nhfing chfi't lupng td't hdn; vdc Ifi lua bdng cd ddt hoa ldn, dfiy, chd't lUdng cao hdn vfi gdm Ifi lya hoa cao cfi'p Cac tfiu, thuyin budn nUdc ngofii thUdng den eang thi Hpi An vfi mpt so' thUdng cang khfie dl mua eac san phdm ddt ThUdng nhan Bd Dfio Nha, Hd Lan mua nhieu cac san phdm d€t, Hoa thUdng, Nhfit thUdng thudng mua td song (26) Trong cac cay trdng, mia vd cac che phfim tii mia da trd mpt nhfing san phdm xufi't khdu noi tieng cua Dfing Trong Nhieu cd sd c h i bien dUdng cua ngudi Vilt va ngudi Hoa da dUde xfiy dyng d xii Quang Nam, Quang Ngai nhfi't Ifi viing dpc theo song Thu Bdn vfi Vu Gia NgUdi ta san xufi't mfit mia, dudng banh, dudng phen, dudng phdi cae san phfim nfiy dUdc thUOng nhfin Trung Hoa, Nh|kt Ban rfi't Ua chupng (27) Theo thUdng gia Phap Pierre Birre (den Hpi An nfim 17441745) thi: "Moi miia hpi chd d Hpi Pm cd t h l bfin cho thUdng nhfin nUde ngofii tfi 20 den 60 tdh dudng efic loai Dudng d day rfi't nhieu vfi cdn cd 80 thuyen budn mdi chd h i t dUdc" (28) Vfio t h l ky XVI-XVIII, eung nhu mfit hdng td lua, san phdm cua cdc 16 gom sfi nhu Dung Cam, Cam Quyi't, My CUdng, My Xa, Thanh Hfi, Gd Sanh (29) da dUpc xudt den nhilu nUdc Dong Nam A, viing Viin Dong vfi cae cae quoc gia chfiu Au (30) Theo chuyin gia nghiin cfiu gim sfi Nh§t Ban Hasebe Gakuji thl: "Cfic tfiu budn (Nh^t Ban) dd'n Vidt Nam mua td sing, hfing lya, hUdng li^u vfi cfic loai tgp hda ddng thdi cdn mua mpt khoi lUc^ng dd gim afi Vidt Nam Diiu nfiy ed t h l chfing minh bdng nhilu di v^t cdn nguyin vpn hidn vfin cdn liiu gifl d Nhfit Ban" (31) Vdo t h l ky XVII, nhilu gia dinh thUdng gia gifiu cd vfi cfic phfii trfi dgo da tUu gifi cfic dd "gom sfi An Nam" Thdi thuyin budn Chfiu fi'n, ehiia Nguyin da t$ng cho tUdng quan Nhdt Ban nhilu dd sfi dpp nhu chdn uong trfi "An Nam hon^' vdi men xanh lam diem mfiu dd, vg cfinh sen hay xanh lyc rfi't Ipng ldy Ngay ca thdi k^ tda quoc (sakoku, 1639-1853) dd gom sfi, sfinh Dai Vipt vdn dupc thuyen budn Trung Hoa, Hfi Lan dua din Nhfit Ban Cfic san phdm dd dfi cd anh hudng dd'n nghe ldm gdm sfi Nhfit Ban Nhfing nghien ciiu thdi gian qua d Sakai, Osaka, Nagasaki vfi nhieu thfinh thi, cang thj khac eua Nhfit Ban cho thdy gom afi Dai Vipt, ca Dfing Ngoai vfi Dfing Trong, da dUtjfc xufi't sang Nhfit Ban Hi$n nay, vdi aii xufi't hipn mpt so lUdng ldn goin sdnh Vipt Nam, nhieu nhd nghien cfiu cho rdng, sU hipn dipn ciia ddng gom Vi^t khong chi thudn la cde vfit dung mfi cdn Ifi cac san phdm thii edng, my nghp Com, sfinh Vidt da dupc ngudi Nhfit h i t sfic Ua chuong cac sinh hogt vdn hoa nhU nghp thu|kt cfim hoa (ekebana), trfi dgo (chado) (32) Cimg vdi efic mfit hfing thii, my nghp neu tren, Dfing Trong cdn xufi't nUdc ngofii dd go chgm khdc, mpe, gidy quyln Tren thUc te, thfit khd cd t h l hinh dung ed mpt thdi dgi thUdng mgi thinh dat d Dfing Trong mfi khdng cd vai trd tieh cUc ciia nghe ddng thuyin, lam mpe Do cd thl khai thae d u ^ mpt so loai go qu^ d^c bipt Ifi go md Ifing mpe Kim Bdng (Hpi An) Rghlfin e(hi Ljch ailr ad 4.2011 chuyen ddng ghe bdu trd ndn nd'i tiing Ghe bdu Kim Bong cung cd'p cho nhilu xit Dfing Trong vfi nhu v^y nd cung Ifi mdt san phfim hfing hda Lfing nghl nfiy cdn san xufi't nhilu Ban phdm gia dyng, mjf nghd h i t sfic tinh xao phyc vy cho cfic hogt ddng giao thUdng Ngofii ra, nhilu viing cdn nii tiing vl nghl rdn, nghl diic, Ifim my nghd, hdng thilc, ddt chilu, ldm ndn, Ifim gidy Cdc m$t hfing nfiy khdng chi budn ban d Dfing Trong mfi xufi't sang cfic nUdc dd c6 Trung Hoa, Nh§t Ban (33) Cdc n ^ d n lam tho sdn Lfi viing dfi't rfi't phong phii vl diiu ki^n tu nhien, Dfing Trong lfi xfi ad cung cfi'p cfic ngudn dupc li^u, gd qujr vd nhilu logi san v^t khai thfic tfi nhfing cfinh rCUig nguyin sinh Cac san vfit nfiy h i t sfic phong phii vfi dupe cae thUdng nhan nUdc ngofii Ua chupng Trude hit, phai ke den eac logi go qu^ nhu go sao, go lim, go tif dfin m^c (g5 mun), go trdc mfit (gd hoa 1$), go thai bfii, go giang hUdng keo, gd hdng (go sdn) Vl cac loai go qu^ ciia Dfing Trong, Ll Quy Ddn nhfin xdt: "Hai xfi Thu$n Quang eho go td't nhfi't lfi go hoa 1§, tyc gpi lfi trdc m$t, thd nhd min, cd miii thdm nhU mia nUdng, mdu sdc trUdc dd sau den, tinh bin, khdng mpt, ngUdi ta phdn nhilu diing ldm rUdng hdm, bfin ghi, ddn ki^u vd cac dd dfing; cd thfi tin lfi thai bfii, sdc trdng nhU ngd voi, uon khdng gay, cd t h l ldm can giao vfi Ifim cdn ddi rfi't tot Gd hdng tyc gpi lfi g6 sdn, sdc dd vang nhu sdn ddu, bin ehfic mim min; gd giang hUdng keo thi sfic tfa vfing, tinh rdt ben, hoa vdn xody trdn, c6 nhu xoay trdn dc, tidn dd diing, ldm rUdng hdm diu tot" (34) Ngofii ra, ede canh rfing cdn cd cdc ngudn Ifim tho san khdc nhU ddu rdi, sdn song day ehinh Id ngudn nguyin li§u khdng t h l thilu xfiy di^ng, kiln tnic, nghl mde vfi ddng thuyin Ciing vdi g6 qu^, Dfing Trong cdn dUi?e coi lfi xii sd cua trdm hUdng Cfic logi trdm (ky nam) trdm hUdng, k h i trdm, hdc dfin Gogi gd thdm, cdn gpi lfi chiln dfin?) Trdm hUdng Id san v^t n6i tiing, nhilu thUdng nhdn qude t l din Dfing Trong vdi myc tilu trpng ylu lfi d l tim mua trdm Cfic qude gia theo Ph^t gido, Hdi gido diu rdt Ua chudng trdm vi nhfing tfic dyng da ndng eua nd Trdm hUdng san tfi cfiy gid trdm, cd b nhilu vfing nhUng theo Ld Qu^ Ddn thi trdm eiia Binh Thudn, Khdnh Hda Id cd chfi't lU(?ng cao nhflit Tdc gia Phu biin tgp luc vilt: "Ky nam hUdng xufi't tU ddu mii cdc xa thudc hai phu Binh Khang vfi Dien Khdnh xfi Quang Nam lfi thfi t i t nhfl^t; xufi't ty Phii Yin vfi Quy Nhdn lfi thfi hai HUdng fi'y lfi rupt cay gid k i t thfinh Gid cd ba logi: gid lUdi trau thl thfinh kho trdm, gid nidt thi thfinh trdm hUdng, gid bdu thi thfinh ky nam hUdng Hp Nguyin trUdc dfit ddi am sdn, hfing ndm cfi thang thl di tim kil'm, thdng thi trd vl sl^ du^c nhilu it khdng nhfi't djnh Ky nam cd thl chfia bdnh tning phong, ddm suyin, efm khdu, mpi chiing, mdi vfio nUdc mfi rd vd dit khdi cho hdi hUdng vfio mui thi tinh Igi Dau byng ddy tfic thi ng^m lfi khdi Lgi ed t h l trii dfi^c tfi u l khf, ndn ch5 hfinh dich, hfinh qufin khdng t h l khdng dfing" (35) A.de Rhodes ciing ddnh gid r i t cao gid trj cua cdc logi trdm Trong nhdn thfic ciia dng thi: "d khdp t h l gidi chi cd d Dfii^ Trong lfi c6 thfi cfiy danh til'ng gpi Id trdm hUdng, g5 rdt thdm, dfing Ifim thuoc Cd ttft ca ba logi: logi quy nhfi't lfi "Camlamba" hUdng thdm tuy$t di$u, dfing d l b^ tim vd chd'ng h i t cac thfi noc dpc xfi nfiy gia trdm nhfi gid vfing Hai loai khdc lfi eae ngudn hang vt thirong ph&n "aquUa" vfi "calamboue" thdng thUdng, khdng t i t bdng logi thfi nhfi't nhfing ciing cd hidu lUe td't" (36) Trong ky si^ cua minh, C Borri cung eho rfing: 'Tdi ae ndi ddi diiu v l mot loai go ma ngUdi ta cho rdng dd lfi loai hfing quy bfiu nhfi't mfi ngUdi ta cd thl thdy b Dfing Trong so vdi cdc vUdng qude khdc Dd lfi trdm hUdng nil til'ng Calamba, chfing giong ve cay nhUng khdc vl aii Ua thfch vd kha nfing chfia bdnh Nhiing cfiy cao vfi rfi't to, nhfing ngpn niii ciia ngfidi Thfi(^g cd rfi't nhilu Nlu go IfiTy tren than cay edn non nd trd thdnh trdm hUdng vfi loai nfiy rfi't nhilu, ngudi ta ddh IfiTy bao nhilu nlu hp muon Nlu gd ldy trln thfin cfiy gifi thi nd trd Calamba (tfic 1^ nam) Thfit khd cd the Um thdy logi nfiy Mpi ngudi ed t h l ban trdm hUdng tfiy thich, nhUng ky nam lfi logi hfing ehi thupc rilng v l chua mfi thdi Ky nam ban tgi cho lfi ddng du-ca (tiln y) mdt llvre (niia kill), nhiing d tai cang Dfing Trong ndi ngUdi ta budn ban nd, ky nam ixttfc ban ddt hdn nhieu, khong dudi 16 ddng du-ca mpt livre Din Nhfit Ban 1^ nam ed gia 200 ddng duca, nhUng ne'u no lfi mdt mieng cd the dfing Ifim chile g& thi ngUdi Nhfit tra vdi gid 300 hay 400 ddng du-ca mpt hvre Chile goi bdng ky nam d u ^ eoi lfi xfing dang vdi mdt vj qude vUdng hay vj chua (37) Mpt mdn ldi ldn nh^t mfi ehua cd t h l ban cho mpt thuyin tnidng Malaysia lfi cho phip mpt thuyen budn trdm hfidng bdi vi nhflng tin dd dao Bfilamdn vfi tfn dd gido phai Banian cua An Dd, phong tyc hda tang ngfidi chit bdng go thdm, dd lfi ly ngUdi ta dfing trdm hUdng khdng ngiing vdi 80 lupng vd ciing ldn" (38) Tfi Ifiu, hdc dfin lfi mpt logi go thdm mfi cac tin dd theo Ph^t gido mua vl, che nhd hofic nghiin thfinh bdt dl Ban xudt hUdng thdp cfic chfia thd Phdt ho$c dl hoa tdng ngudi qud cl Cfing vdi trdm, qui" lfi mdt dUije lidu quy vfi dUqic cdc qud'c gia dn ddi b khu vi^c Ddng Bdc A nhu Trung Qudc, Trilu Tiln, Hfin Quic, Nhdt Ban rfi't Ua chudng Vfing ning nguydn sinh d miln Tfiy huydn Hd Ddng, phii Thfing Hoa Id huydn Trfi My, Tidn Phude, PhUdc Sdn cd diiu kidn tho nhudng vfi khf hdu rfi't phfi hc^p vdi BU sinh trUdng cua cfiy qui, khiln q u i cd nhilu tinh ddu Huydn Q u i Sdn phu Di^n Bfin eung ed nhilu q u i rfing Ngofii ra, cfiy q u i cdn dfi^ trdng vudn nhfi, gpi lfi q u i vUdn hay q u i ddn, chfi't lUdng khong tot bdng q u i rifng Cdc vfing cd que td't hfing nfim phai ndp t h u l eho chfia Nguyen theo 1§ dfic bidt lfi logi dfing dl Ifim thuoc chfia bdnh cung cQnh Ngudn Thu Bon (huydn Qui Sdn), ngudn Chidn Dfin (huydn Hfi Ddng) moi nfim ndp ba q u i thUpng thfipng hgng Thdng thudng, mdi nfim cd hai mfia bdc q u i lfi mfia tien (thang - am lich) vd mfia hfiu (thang - 9) Que Quang Nam nd'i tiing tfi xa xUa ve chfi't Ifipng Ngfidi xUa que quy nhfi bao vfit vfi que vfing Trd My Id loai tot nhdt Dfidi thdi cac chfia Nguyin, hfing nfim eang thi Hpi An da bfin cho ngfidi nfidc ngofii 2.000 tSh qul^ cdc logi ThUdng nhan ngfidi Hoa eho rfing nhgc q u i d Dfing Trong rfi!t tot Qui' khdng chi dfipc xem nhu mdt logi thdn du^c mfi cdn d u ^ sii dyng vfin hda dm thi^c Qui xufi't khdu b Hpi An trUde dfiy dxlcfc di^ng cdc thfing bdng go th(;f mpe Kim Bong ddng Cho din nay, q u i Trfi My cua Vipt Nam vfin dudc coi lfi logi q u i tot nhfi't trln thi trudng qudc tM Ngudi Nhfit Ban, Trilu Tiln diu rfft chupng dfing q u i cua miln Trung, Vipt Nam Kghian CUTI Uch ai^ ad 4.2011 Cfing vdi qui, mia cfi dfin Dfing Trong cdn trdng nhilu cau Cfiy cau thudng dupe trdng vudn nhfi hay trdng thfinh rfing t$p quan fin trdu cua ngUdi Vidt Cau cfing ed t h l dfing dl chfia bdnh, tri giun sfin Ll Quy Ddn tfing cho bilt: "Cau b Thu^n Hda bon mfia diu cd, mim non mfi ngot, gid rfi't re 10 qua chi ddng Tyc d Quang Binh cfi dudi mpt cfiy cau thi trdng mdt cfiy trdu khdng, hay m^t cfiy hd tidu eho phy vfio, vudn rfing um tfim chfin nui Ai Van cfing cdc xit phudng Lgc, phudng Gia, phudng Rfiy thudc Quang Nam, eau mpe thdnh rfing, qua gid da sdm, ngudi dja phUdng Ifi'y hgt chfi't cao nhu gd, tfiu Bfic mua chd vl Quang Ddng, bdn uong thay che" (39) Tac gia cfing cho bilt them: "Gia Dinh rfi't nhilu cau Nggn ngfi ndi: "Gia Dinh nhd't thoc nhi cau", dfin dja phfidng thudng bd khdng thu, cau gifi Id'y hgt ban cho ngudi Hoa" (40) Pierre Poirre cfing cho bilt thuyen budn Trung Hoa, Nhat Ban chd hfing den Hpi An di ban vfi mua nhilu mfit hdng ciia Dfing Trong CO hgt cau Dudi thdi edm quyln cua chfia Nguyin, ho tilu Id mpt nhfing san phim xufi't khdu cd gifi tri xfi Quang, cay tilu dfipc trdng vfidn hay mpe tfi nhien tren rfing vfi dfipc khai thae dl ban cho thj trudng npi dia vfi xufi't khdu Cdc thuyin buon Nhat Ban, Trung Hoa, Bd Dfio Nha, Hfi Lan, Xiem La thudng mua hd tieu b Hdi An, Thu$n Hda Dfing Trong edn bdn thudc la, bdng vfi hgt sen Thdi bdy gid, vide trdng thudc la d cdc phu Didn Bfin, Thfing Hoa lfi nghl truyin thing vfi ngUdi ta da dfipc nhfing giong thudc Id thdm ngon noi tiing Ben canh dd, Dfing Trong cdn cd ngudn dUde li^u cd ngudn goc thyc vfit nhu hdi, sa nhfin, thao qua, dfiu khfi'u, td mde, long nao, trdm cdc logi Ngofii ed da ho, ngfi voi, sfing t l gidc, xg hfidng, sdp ong, gfin nai, gfin hUdu Cdc dUpe Udu cd ngudn gde ddng v4t nhfi m^t gfl'u, h i clt, nhung hUdu, mdt ong, sfing t l gide Theo cac tfii lidu y hpc cl, xg hfidng hay cdn gpi lfi nguydn thin hfidng hay ngp tti lfi mdt v\ thudc y hpc ddn t ^ phUdng Ddng dfing dl trd'n kinh, thdng kinh lgc, hdi sinh, trfi tning phong TUdng tfi nhU vdy, sttng tl gific lfi v) thudc quy, Ifim mat huylt, d)nh kinh, giai ddc, chfia Bd't cao hda dign, sot vfing da, tr) ung dpc, h^u bdi, nhfic ddu, chay mfiu cam Sfing t l gidc lfi ngudn hfing cd nhilu ciia xfi Quang, dupe bfin vdi gia eao 500 quan mpt ta (41) Cfic akn vgt ttf bien Dfing Trong cd mdt vfing bien sau, gifiu cd vl tai nguyin C Borri tifng cho rfing: "Lfi ngfidi dd di khfip eae bien vd da di qua cac nfidc hinh nhfi tdi khdng tim thtfy d dau nghl cfi vfi cfi cd the so sanh dfide vdi Dfing Trong Ngfidi Dfing Trong thfch fin cfi hdn dn thit vi vfly mfi hp mai me danh ea" (42) Mfit khfic, cfing cd t h l thfi'y, tac ddng eua diiu kipn sinh thai, lgi kl^ thfia truyin thing hudng biln eua ngudi Chdm, cfi dan duyen hai Dfing Trong da giao hda vdi biln ca, gidi nghl di biln, khai thfic hai san Cac Ban v^t tfi biln nhU vfiy, bdng cd, tdm cfi khd, muoi khdng chi dupc trao doi d cdc ch[...]... quyln Dfing Trong phai nhfip ddng mfit khac phai tfin thu ddng trong dan Cfing vdi vang, Dang Trong eung cd nhilu md sdt Cdc tdc phdm nhfi 0 chdu can luc hay Phu biin tgp luc, Dgi Nam thiic luc tiin biin, Dgi Nam nhdt thong chi deu ed nhflng tnnh bdy, khao cfiu cy t h l v l afi phfin bo' ciia hd thong md, trfi Ifipng vd cdch thfic khai thfic, sfi dgng sfit cua eU dan, chfnh quyln Dfing Trong Rghien... ca diu trd thdnh san phdm hfing hda vfi dUpc dinh gifi trln thfidng trfidng Cfing vdi ngudn hfing san xufi't trong nfidc, Dfing Trong cdn nh$p v l nhilu san phfim tfi thi tnidng khu vi^c, qudc tM di' giao luu vd tdi xudt sang cdc thj trudng khu vfic Trong y nghia dd, mdt so thfidng cang Dfing Trong mfi tieu bilu nhdt lfi trfidng hdp Hpi An, da thtic sfi e a e ngudn hang vd Ihuong ph&n t r d t h d n... Anh: Nghi yen Thanh Chdu; trong: Dd thi d Hgi An, Nxb Khoa hpc Xa hpi, Hfl Npi, 1991, tr 293 (55), Pierre Poivre Ifl nhfl du hflnh, thUdng gia ngudi Phap da din Dflng Trong 2 lin nfim 1744 vfl 1749-1750 dudi thdi NguySn Phiic Khofit 6ng da d i n Hpi An vfl Thanh Hfl vfl dfi ghi l^i trong hoi k^ cong bfi' lin d i u tiln nflm 1797 Xem Memoires touchant la Cochinchine, 1744 trong H.Cordier: Revue d' Extrlme... hda khdc" Vfi dng k i t lu^in: "Dfing Trong lfi xfi sd cua vfing, vfing d dfiy tdit, dpp vfi tinh khilt nhfi't t h l gidi" (55) Thdi chua Nguyin Phiie Nguyen, dng da eho l^p cdc cdng trudng khai thdc vfing aa khofing vdi sS Ifipng hfing ngfin nhaji cdng vfi l$p Ty Kim Tudng gdm nhilu thd dfit vfing dl thip vfing cdc dd dfing trong cung dinh Dfidi thdi Nguyin, d Ddng Trong cfic kim hp (hd khai thdc vdng)... "Dfing Trong bdn ra: vfing, sdt, td vfi hfing td ddt nhu linh, lya ky nam, trdm hUdng, dUdng, dUdng phgn, yIn sfio, hgt tilu, bdng " (61) Dfing Trong edn nh^p ngpc, thuy tinh, pha 11, ddng hd, hfing da, tfng nhdm, la bfin eua phUdng Tfiy Theo C.Borri thi "ede thUdng gia din tfi nhfing rmen dfi't xa xdi nhu Trung Quoc, Macao, Nhdt Ban, Manila vfi Malacca Tfi't ea diu dem bac tdi xit Dfing Trong d... ndi rieng vfi Dfing Trong ndi chung lfi mdt vfing dfi't gifiu cd vl tdi nguyen thiin nhien Cdc ngudn hfing ndng, Ifim, thd, hai san, cde san phdm thu edng deu phong phu Ngudn hdng dd dd dem lgi sfi phdn thjnh cho Dfing Trong vfi lfi cd ad kinh te cfin ban dl cfic chfia Nguyin md rdng quan hd giao thUdng vdi t h l gidi bin ngofii Cfing vdi cde tdng ldp cU dfin, ehfnh quyln Dfing Trong dfi to ehfic khai... xfi hp Chfia thu dfipc Ipi nhu^n ldn trong vide budn bfin nfiy bdng t h u l hfing hda vfi t h u l hai khdu ngfii d$t ra vfi ea nfidc diu kil'm dupc nhilu moi Ipi khong t h l tinh hit" (56) Vfio t h l ky XVII-XVIII, Dang Trong thfidng xufi't sang Nhfit Ban td sing, cdc m$t hdng td lya, nhfia long nao, ky nam, dudng phin, da cd, hgt cau kho, sdn sd'ng, dd sfinh sfi Trong khi dd, thfidng nhfin Bd Dfio... Development: on Hoi An, The Journal of Korean (7) Trong tac p h i m An Nam cung dich ky sU (Ky sy din Vi^t Nam nflm 1657) Chu Thuf&i Thuy Rflhien clhi Lteh sfl: s d 4.2011 16 lufin nhfic d i n khfli ni§m "ngucii ba nUdc" (Vi$t • Hoa - Nhftt BAn) cfing nhau sinh etCng, bufln bfln cl Dflng Trong D6 Ifl sy t h l hi$n chinh sflch dli ngo^i khoan dung, r^ng md cua chOa Nguyin trong thcii d^i hung thinh cua h$ thd'ng... voi, td song, trdm hfidng, dudng, go Cac logi hfing khdc ciia Dfing Trong nhu ho phach, traji chfiu, da quy cfing dfide thfidng nhfin nhilu nUdc fia chupng (57) Do phai dUdng ddu vdi thl^ liic ciia Dang Ngodi vfi d l bao ve chii quyen, ldnh tho vfio CUOI the ^ XVI d i u t h l ky XVII, Dfing Trong da phai nhfip vl nhilu logi vu khf trong dd chii ylu nhfip dao, kilm ciia Nh^t Ban, dgi bae eiia Dd Dfio... 221, 326, 235 (61) Thomas Bowyear: Voyage to Cochinchina, Oriental Repertory, London, 1808, ban djch tilng Phfip trong BAVH, 4-1920 Tham khao them Thfinh T h l Vy: Ngogi thiiOng Vi^t Nam hdi thiky XVII, XVin vd ddu XIX Nxb Sil hgc, Hfl Nfli, 1961, tr, 227 (63), Nguyin Vfln Kim: Xii Bdng Trong trong cdc mdt quan hi vd tUtfng tdc quyin Itfc khu vtfc, T?p chf Nghiin ciiu Lich su*, ad 6 (362), 2006, tr 19-35