VIEN KHOA HQC XA HOI VIET NAM v ie n nh A N iroc vA p h A p l u a t bAo c Ao t m tAt BE TAl CAP BO: V A I T R V A Q U Y ^ N C U A N H A N D A N VOl TIT C A C H L A C H U T H E X A Y D U N G V A H O A n THlfiN n h A Nl/dc P H A P Q U Y ^ N X A H0I C H U NG HI A V1$T N A M GLAI D O A N 2011-2020 • • Chu nhiem: PGS TS Nguyen Trung Tin Thu- ky: ThS Tran Van Bien Nhuug nguoi tham gia: - PGS TS Ha Thi Mai Hien - TS Le H6ng Son - TS Ho Sy San - ThS Phan Thanh Ha - NCV Le Quang Thuang - NCV Bui Due Hien - NCV Le Thuang Huyen - NCV Vo Khanh Minh HA NOl-2011 M U C LUC • • PHANMCJDAU PHAN NOI DUNG .3 I CO SCJ LY LUAN VE VAI TRO VA QUYEN CUA NHAN DAN V l Tl/CACH LA CHU THE XAY DUNG VA HOAN THIEN NHA NUOc PHAP QUYEN XA HOl CHU NGHIA VlfiT N A M Mot dac trung quan cua nha nude phap quy6n la dam bao thuc su quyen luc nha nude thu6c ve nhan dan - dam bao che dan chu thuc su Cac bien phap dam bao quy6n luc nha nude thu6c ve nhan dan, dam bao ch€ d6 dan chu .13 II THUC TRANG DAM BAO VAI TRO VA QUYEN CUA NHAN DAN V l TU c A c h LA CHU THE x Ay DUNG v A h o A n THIEN n h A n u C c phAp QUYEN XA HOI CHU NGHIA VIET N A M 35 Thuc trang dam bao quyen luc nha nudfc thu6c ve nhan dan th6ng qua cac hfnh thiic dan chu true tiep 35 Thuc trang dam bao quy6n luc nha nude thuoc ve nhan dan th6ng qua vi6c thuc hien quyen dan chu gian tiep giai doan 2001-2010 41 III QUAN DIEM, NOI DUNG VA GlAl PHAP NHAM PHAT HUY VAI TRO VA dA m b A o q u y e n c u a n h A n d A n v i t U c A c h l A c h u t h e x A y DUNG v A HOA n THIEN NHA N U c PHAP QUYEN GIAI DOAN 2011-2020 45 Cac giai phap nham phat huy vai tro va dam bao quyen cua nhan dan vdi tu cach la chu the xay dung va hoan thien nha nuorc phap quyen viec thuc hidn quyen dan chu true tiep 45 Cac giai phap nham phat huy vai tro va dam bao quyen cua nhan dan vdi tu cach la chu the xay dung va hoan thien nha nuac phap quyen viec thuc hien quy£n dan chu gian ti£p 48 K#T LUAN .52 DANH MUC TAl LIEU THAM KHAo 59 PHAN M d DAU Dai hoi Dai bieu toan quoc lan thu: IX cua Dang da neu ro: “Day manh cai cach to chtic va hoat dong cua bo may nha nucte, phat huy dan chu tang cucmg phap che” De thuc hien chu trirong vi6c x&y dung nha nircfc phap quyen xa h6i chu nghia co m6t y nghia quan M6t cac dac diem cua nha nu6c phap quyen hien dai la su dam bao dan chu m6t cach tot nhat M6t che d6 dan chu la che thiet lap va tri tren thuc te quy6n luc nha nu6c thu6c v6 nhan dan Hay noi cach khac, nha nu6c dam bao quyen luc nha nude thu6c ve nhan dan Viet Nam, chrnh quy6n Nha nu6c ttr dau da the hien quyen luc nhan dan, bdi vi Nha nude duoc sinh tijr phong trao cach mang cua dong dao qudn chung nhan dan Nha nude ta ddi va duoc xay dung dua tren khoi dai doan ket toan dan, “khong phan biet gi6ng noi, gai trai, giai cap, t6n giao”1 Nhan dan la ngudi chu cua quyen luc kh6ng chi lap nha nucrc cua minh ma true tiep va th6ng qua ccf quan dai dien cho minh de thuc thi quyln luc nha nude Hien nay, Dang va Nha nude ta dang chu truofng xay dung n6n kinh te thi trudng hoi nhap qu6c te sau r6ng Co the noi, nhd co chfnh sach nu6c ta da dat duoc nhieu tuu tren cac lmh vuc kinh te, ngoai giao dang tu hao Tuy nhien, chung ta hien cung gap nhieu trcf ngai kh6ng nho Do la nan tham nhung da tdi miic dang lo ngai, su giam sut niem tin vao chmh quyen co noi, co luc rat nghiem trong, bo may chfnh quyln c6ng kinh, kem hieu qua De khac phuc tinh trang nay, Dang va Nha nude da dua nhieu bien phap nham tiep tuc d6i mcfi he thong chfnh tri, he thong cac co quan nha nuefe, cac doanh nghiep Trong tinh hinh viec phat huy vai tro cua nhan dan co mot y nghia rat quan Chfnh vi vay, viec nghien ciiu de tai: “Vai tro va quyen cua 1Trfch Icfi noi diu cua Hife'n phap nu6c Viet Nam Dan chu C6ng hoa nam 1946 nhan dan vdi tu cach la chu the xay dung va hoan thien Nha nufdc phap quyen xa h6i chu nghia Viet Nam giai doan2011-2020” co y nghia thcti su to ldn PHAN NOI DUNG I CO s l A LUAN \ i VAI TRO VA QUY^N CUA NHAN DAN V0I TIT CACH LA CHU Th£ XAY DUNG VA HOAN THlfiN NHA NUCfC PHAP QUY^N XA H0I CHU NGHfA VlfiT NAM Mot d$c trumg quan cua nha ntfdc phap quyen la dam bao thuc su quyen luc nha nude thuoc ve nhan dan - dam bao che dan chu thuc su r Nhan dan la mot pham tru trung tarn lich su cac hoc thuyet r \ chinh tri - phap luat noi chung va hoc thuyet nha nude phap quyen noi f < > ^ rieng Ngay tu the ky XVII, tac pham Khao luan thu hai ve chinh quyen —chinh quyen dan su (1689), John Locke (1632 —1704) - triet gia vT dai ngudi Anh, mot nhung ngudi khdi xudng phong trao Khai sang r vdi vai tro la ngudi chu xudng nhan thuc luan nghiem cua Triet hoc _ •> A \ I f Tay Au thdi can dai - da khang dinh rang nhan dan chinh la chu the toi cao cua chinh quyen dan su Co the noi, day la mot tu tudng cuc ky tien bo, mot cong hien quan mang tmh cach mang cua J Locke viec xay t r \ dung va phat trien hoc thuyet nha nude phap quyen dan chu hien dai _ > r Tu tudng de cao vai tro cua nhan dan moi quan he vdi nha nude da tung dugc N.Machiavelli (1469 - 1527) de cap den tac pham Quan vuang Tuy nhien, tu tudng cua N.Machiavelli chi mdi dung lai d nhung net phac thao chung chung rang “nhan dan cao hem quan vuong”, “nhan dan bao gid cung thong minh hon, kien dinh hon va co H tri hon nha vua”2 Han che cua Machiavelli la chua chi duofc mot cach cu the > r \ r nguon goc cua quyen luc nha nude, moi quan he bien chung giua nhan dan vdi chinh quyen cung nhu vi tri, vai tro quyet dinh cua nhan dan viec thiet lap hay giai the chinh quyen chinh quyen trd nen tha hoa ! Xem Nhitng luan thuyet noi tiing the giai (1999), Nxb Van h6a thong tin, Ha Noi r > f Nhung han che cua Machiavelli ve co ban da dugc khac phuc bai J L ocke r \ r > Locke co mot cach tiep can ve nguon goc nha nuac khac vai chu nghia Marx Theo J Locke thi Nha nuac - chinh quyen dan sir dai tu khe irac xa hoi, hoat dong theo y chi chung cua nhan dan, khuon kho phap luat va pham vi muc dich ma no dugc dung len - muc dich bao r t ' toan cuoc song, binh dang, tu va sa huu cua cong dong Vi vay, khong phai nhan dan ton tai vi nha nuac ma ngugc lai, nhan dan la nguyen nhan r > va muc dich cua su xuat hien va ton tai cua nha nuac Nhan dan chinh la “nhung nguai da khai su va that su thiet lap nen mot xa hoi chinh tri Va day la dieu ma - va chi dieu - da dem lai su khai dau, hoac co kha •y r nang dem lai su khai dau cho bat ky mot chinh quyen hap phap nao tren , a • r • \ the giai f \ \ Do do, co the noi chinh quyen dai tir nhu cau va y chi cua nhan t \ r r r dan, nhan dan la khai nguon va la chu the toi cao (xet den cung) quyet dinh su ton vong cua nha nuac noi chung va quyen luc nha nuac noi rieng, r ' r r Locke viet: “Khi co mot lugng nguai bat ky - su chap thuan cua moi ca nhan - lam nen mot cong dong, ho vi the cung da tao cho cong dong mot ca quan co quyen luc de hanh dong - vai tu cach la mot ca the chung, r ' theo y chi va quyet dinh cua da so”4 Khac vai quan niem cua Thomas Hobbes (1588 - 1679), nhan dan quan niem cua Locke khong chuyen giao “sach tran” quyen tu nhien cua minh cho chinh quyen tham gia khe uac xa hoi, ma bang ly tri va phu hgp vai luat tu nhien, cong dong van luu giu va van luon ton tai mot quyen cuc ky quan - quyen chu the cua moi quyen luc chinh tri \ t ? \ r - nen ho hoan toan co quyen giai the chinh quyen no tro nen bat chinh Locke ly giai rang: Khi chinh quyen dang trang thai van hanh John Locke (2007), Khao luan thu hai ve chinh quyln - chfnh quyln dan su, Le Tu§n Huy dich va giai thiSu, Nxb Tri Thuc, Ha Noi, tr 141 John Locke, Sdd, tr 138 “trcm tru” thi quyen luc toi cao true tiep thuoc ve cac ca quan quyen luc nha nuac ma cu the la ca quan lap phap, quyen luc cua nhan dan chi la~ gian tiep vi da uy thac cho ca quan cong quyen Nhung mot chinh quy§n tra nen tha hoa, hoat dong trai muc dich ma no dugc dung nen thi r y r \ nhan dan se lay lai quyen luc da uy thac, tra nguai nam quyen lire r •> y r ^ r true tiep giai the chinh quyen lac hau va thiet lap mot chinh quyen mai tien bo han: “nhan dan co quyen hanh dong vai tu each quyen luc toi cao va tu r > minh tiep tuc cong viec lap phap, hoac dung len mot hinh thuc chinh quyen mai, hoac van theo hinh thuc cu nhung dugc dat vao tay nhung r c nguai mai, theo nhung gi ho cho la tot dep” Khi nhan manh den tinh chu the cua nhan dan, J Locke da rat bien chung khong xem xet no mot cach doc lap, tuyet doi ma luon dat nhan r ^ > dan moi quan he tuang tac vai chinh quyen Locke cho rang nhan dan r r \ \ \ thiet lap nen chinh quyen va ca cau quyen luc cua chinh quyen nhung khong co nghia la nhan dan se dung tren chinh quyen a moi thai diem ma ngugc lai, chinh quyen dugc thiet lap mot cach chinh danh va van hanh dung nhu muc dich ma no dugc dung len thi nguai phai co nghia vu r > r phuc tung chinh quyen nhu cam ket khe uac xa hoi Ca nhan phai tu bo nhung cai “toi” nhat dinh va nhung quyen luc tuyet doi nhu trang thai tir nhien cua minh de hgp nhat vao da so va tuan theo quyet dinh cua r \ r da so, tuan theo phap luat ma ban than moi nguai da du phan thiet lap nen, > r r co nhu vay chinh quyen mai van hanh tron tru dugc: “Vi the ma bat cu r > khoi trang thai tu nhien va hgp nhat vao mot cong dong phai nhan thuc r x r dugc viec tu bo moi quyen luc, mot cach nhat thiet, cho nhung muc dich r a / ma vi ho da hgp xa hoi, tao nen da so cua cong dong” \ r Viec trao quyen cho nha nuac khong co nghia la nhan dan se mat di tu •> r \ do, binh dang, mat di quyen luc tu nhien cua minh, ma ngugc lai, nhu da John Locke, Sdd, tr 313 - 314 John Locke, Sdd, tr 141 phan tich, quyen luc da dugc hgp nhat duai mot chinh the ma nhan dan uy thac theo khe uac xa hoi nen nhan dan se tra thanlTchu the toi cao cua quyen luc nha nuac, vay ma tu do, binh dang va so huu cua nhan dan se cang dugc dam bao han, boi no se khong bi de doa hay xam pham luon dugc mot quyen luc cong chan chinh va du manh che cha, bao ve > \ Nhu vay, quyen cua cong dan duai mot chinh quyen dan su la quyen khong tach roi nghia vu va trach nhiem, tinh chu the quyen luc cua nhan dan khong tach khoi tinh phap quyen cua nha nuac Mot nha nucfc phap quyen trudc h6t phai la nha nu6c dam bao quy£n luc thuc te thu6c ve nhan dan Su dam bao chi co the co dugc neu nha nude dugc hinh va t6n tai m6t xa h6i dan chu Dan chu co the dugc xem nhu la nhung gia tri van minh cua xa hoi n •> r loai nguai, la hinh thuc to chuc nha nuac, the che nha nuac, phuang thuc thuc thi quyen luc cua nhan dan - nhan dan la chu, lam chu quyen luc Dan chu dugc thuc hien duai hai hinh thuc co ban la dan chu true tiep va dan chu dai dien Dan chit true tiep la hjtih thiic dan chu ma theo nhan dan bay to r / r r r \ r # chinh kien cua minh, trnc tiep quyet dinh nhung van de cua dai song cong \ ■ > r r r dong xa hoi Denture hien dugc dan chu true tiep phai co cac yeu to sau: r r r •> r TfmnPiat, la yeu to thong, dai chung, nghia la bat cu co du tu cach (nhan thuc va hieu biet) deu co the bay to y chi cua minh; Thu hai, la yeu r r ? to true tiep, nghia la khong thong qua mot ca nhan hay mot to chuc thay mat minh; Thu ba, la yeu to hieu luc thi hanh, nghia la y chi cua nhan dan quyet dinh theo da so, chu khong phai la y kien tham khao Neu thieu mot nhung yeu to thi khong phai la dan chu true tiep Nhung qua trinh thuc thi dan chu true tiep co nhung nhugc diem nhat dinh a cho: Mot \ o f r r la, khong phai moi viec deu co the lay dugc y kien so dong; Hai la, khong phai y kien true tiep so dong deu dung; Ba la, de moi nguai quyet dinh chinh xac, can phai co thong tin chinh xac, day du va ban than cua moi > nguai xu ly thong tin mot cach khoa hoc, nhung khong phai moi ca nhan nao cung xu ly thong tih khoa hoc va hap ly / ^ r \ / Dan chu dai dien (c©n goi la dan chu gian tiep) la hinh thuc dan chu la theo nhan dan toeing qua dai dien cua minh de bay to chinh kien, de \ r \ r y \ quy|t dinh nhung van de cua dai song cong dong Nha thong qua bau cu de lua chon nhung nguai uu tu dung dau cac ca quan dai dien, nha nhung r r r y # nguai dai dien sang suot viec quyet dinh van de quan cua dai r r r y song xa hoi, giai quyet nhanh chong kip thai nhung van de buc bach t r xa hoi dat Nhung dan chu dai dien co nhung nhugc diem cho den xw r •> y van chua khac phuc dugc Do la nhung bieu hien dac quyen, dac lgi, co kha nang lam quyen, tham nhung ma quyen luc co dugc nhan dan uy quyen Nha nuac phap quyen la san pham rieng cua nen dan chu Khong co nen dan chu nhu la khong co khong gian hinh va phat trien cua nha nuac phap quyen thi ca nguai ta co tinh dung len nha nuac phap > ■ » r quyen, no cung chi mang tinh trien lam Dan chu dugc the hien sau sac nhat, truac het, loai hinh hoat dong lap phap; noi cach khac, neu khong dan chu viec xay dung phap luat thi moi dieu lai tra nen vo nghia Cai goc cua che nha nuac phap quyen la xac lap dan chu, tuc la thua nhan va bao dam thuc hien quyen luc cua nhan dan, mac du “nhan dan” a day, den lugt no, la mot pham tru lich su Noi cach khac, Nha nuac phap quyen the hien quyen luc nha nuac mot cach chinh dang nhat: •> r y khuon kho cua mot che chinh tri, quyen luc nha nuac phai dugc xac lap mot cach chinh thuc, tren ca sa y chi cua nhan dan Trong khuon kho mot che chinh tri thi doi hoi dau tien la ton trgng nhung quyet dinh chinh tri cua nhan dan Viec su dung va thuc thi quyen luc nha nuac phan anh cho dugc su ton Quyen luc nha nuac phai la san pham cua y chi nhan r \ dan Va do, nguai ta noi, dau hieu dac trung dau tien cua nha nuac phap quyen latinh phap quyen cua Nha nuac r Nha nuac tien hanh cac hoat dong bao dam moi truang xa hoi, on dinh su phat trien cua dat nuac, nha nuac nhu mot thu dich vu cong, bao dam an ninh luang thuc, phuc lai xa hoi, xay dung nhung cong trinh cong cong, dap ung nhu cau cua xa hoi ve vat chat va tinh than cua moi r vien xa hoi Ngoai ra, nha nuac la tai cua giai quyet cac mau thuan, xung dot, tranh chap cong dong xa hoi, lam cho cac ben xung dpt lai ich di den thoa hiep giua ho vod f t IV Giai quyet mau thuan xa hoi bao dam trat tu, on dinh xa hoi r r r > > Neu Nha nuac bao dam tot cuoc song cua cong dong se tao cac dieu kien r *> r on dinh, phat trien kinh te-xa hoi, nhan dan se bao ve che nha nuac N§u khong nhan dan se lat che nha nuac, thay the bang mot che nha nuac khac Do la trach nhiem cua nha nuac dugc ghi nhan phap n \ r # luat va the hien bang viec Nha nuac thuc hien nghia vu cua minh doi vai cong dan Vi vay, “Nha nuac nhu mot dich vu cong Nhan dan nhung nguai bi cai tri nhu khach hang phai dong thue de mua lai su cai tri tot cho minh”.7 r r Khong phai che nha nuac tao xa hoi, ma nhan dan tao che A \ nha nuac Nha nuac ton tai nhu cau cua xa hoi, nhan dan uy quyen cho nha nuac thuc hien quyen luc, de bao dam lgi ich chung cua mgi nguai •> \ xa hoi Mac da khang dinh “Chu quyen cua nhan dan khong phai cai phat sinh tu chu quyen cua nha vua ma, ngugc lai chu quyen cua nha vua dua tren chu quyen cua nhan dan”.8 Quyen luc toi cao cua nha nuac thuoc ve nhan dan Nhu vay quyen luc nha nuac che dan chu khong phai la quyen luc cua nha nuac, ma la quyen luc cua nhan dan uy quyen de thuc hien muc tieu chung cua cong dong PGS TS Nguyln Dang Dung (2006), Nha nic&c va trach nhiem cua nha nuac}., Nxb Phap ly, 1^4 Noi nSm 2006, tr.49 C.Mac- Ph.Angghen (2000) Toan tap, tap21, Nxb Chinh tri qu6c gia, Ha Noi, tr.347 r dan nac danh gia, nhimg mat khac la bo may, quy che van hanh cua bo may eon co nhung so lam cho nguai dua dan thieu yen tam, lo so dan r r r y r f den viec dau ten Tu thay rang, neu chung ta su dung tot cac bien phap tu tuang, cai tien lai to chuc, quy dinh ro trach nhiem, sua doi phong each lam viec cua ca quan, to chuc nha nuac thi chac chan tinh trang dan thu r \ y r \ nac danh se giam dugc rat nhieu, tranh dugc nhieu van de phuc tap khong dang co Bien phap thu nhat: Truac tinh hinh cong dan qua lam dung hoac lung r y r r tung, tham chi khong biet su dung quyen khieu nai, to cao chinh dang cua t # minh thi bien phap tu tucmg - to chuc quan la giao due Vai bien r \ r phap chi cho hg thay ro quyen va nghia vu cua minh khieu nai va to cao, trang bi nhieu kien thuc can thiet de ho su dung quyen mot each r > co van hoa va huu hieu Trong moi lien he do, cong tac tuyen truyen, giao \ f r due phap luat - dac biet la phap luat ve khieu to - giu mot vi tri khong co gi thay the dugc t Bien phap thu hai la: Phai to chuc va bao dam viec thu nhan, chuyen giao cac thong tin lien quan mot each nhanh nhay han nua, bao dam cho r f thong tin den dung dia chi va kip thai Trong moi lien he do, phai to chuc tot che nhan dan, thu bao cao, tap hgp, doi chieu vu viec va ket qua giai quyet Bao dam co thong tin phan hoi nhanh chong cho chu the cua quyen khieu nai va quyen to cao, khac phuc tinh trang dan thu khieu nai, to cao bi r \ ton dgng lau ma khong dugc giai quyet r Bien phap thu ba: Be tranh tinh trang dun day dan thu, khieu r a r \ a nai, to cao chuyen qua nhieu nac, nhieu tang hoac keo dai mot each r \ r r tien, mat khac de tranh tinh trang van de da dugc giai quyet dung dan iv \ f r nhung duang su van khong dong y va tiep tuc khieu nai gay kho khan cho r r r r cac cap giai quyet; theo chung toi nen xac dinh thu tuc ket thuc hay cap giai quyet cuoi cung cho tung loai vu viec dua theo tinh chat, muc cua no 47 Trong moi lien he chung toi thay nhanh chong to chuc he thong ca quan tai phan hanh chfnh la mot bien phap to chuc tot nhat, dap ung mot cach co hieu qua yeu cau tren day Khong mot Nha nuac nao tien hanh hoat dong quan ly hanh r r * chfnh tren moi lmh vuc cua ddi song, lai khong co the mac nhung sai sot r * > ' nhat dinh, su sai sot do nhung ngudi dugc giao tham quyen thuc thi r t F phap luat gay ra, hg bat can, nhan thuc, kl nang, ca che, phap luat, dovulgi r y r Do do, d nude nao cung vay, tu xua den nay, deu tim nhung ca che giai quyet khieu nai hanh chinh nham phat hien kip thdi va sua chua nhung sai sot cua bo may hanh chfnh, dong thdi bao ve quyen va lgi fch hgp phap r cua cong dan Ca che co hieu qua la bieu hien muc van minh, dan chu cua mot nha nude Cac giai phap nham phat huy vai tro va dam bao quyen cua nhan dan vdi tu cach la chu the xay dung va hoan thien nha nude phap quyen viec thuc hien quyen dan chu gian tiep Hinh thuc ghi nhan quyen bau cu cua cong dan la danh sach cu tri Cong dan co quyen bau cu cu tru thucmg xuyen hay tam thdi d dau deu dugc ghi ten vao danh sach cu tri d nai De bao dam quyen bau cu cua ■ > r cong dan, phap luat da quy dinh cu the viec lap niem yet va thong bao rong r rai danh sach cu tri Phap luat quy dinh thu tuc khieu nai va xem xet, r r > r y giai quyet khieu nai ve van de Bau cu binh tfangjAo dam de moi cong dan co kha nang nhu trokg^vieejth^m-gfe bau cu, khong co su phan biet ve la phieu, ve ty le dai r t y - y dien Nguyen tac binh dang nham dam bao su khach quan bau cu, r t y khong thien vi Nguyen tac the hien quy dinh cua phap luat ve quyen bau cu va ung cu cua cdng dan, ve so lugng dan nhu thi dugc bau so dai bieu bang nhau; moi cu tri dugc ghi ten vao danh sach d mot nai cu tru, moi ngudi chi dugc ghi ten ung cu d mot dan vi bau cu, moi cu tri 48 f > • * * \ chi dugc bo mot phieu bau Nha nuac co cac bien phap bao dam de dong f t r bao dan toe _cfing nhu phu nu co so dai bieu thich dang Quoc hoi Hoi > r dong nhan dan cac cap ■ r ' r i /Bau cu true tiep de cu tri true tiep lua chgn nguai du tin nhiem vao ca qu&i quyen luc nha nuac bang la phieu cua minh khong qua khau trung gian ri$o~der'bao dam su lien he true tiep giua cu tri va nguai dai dien cua minh r y r Khong phai nuac nao tren the giai cung bau cu theo nguyen tac true tiep Nhieu nuac quy dinh bau cu dugc tien hanh gian tiep qua nhieu cap _ > A A Thuang cu tri bau dai cu tri, dai cu tri bau nguai dai dien Luat Bau cu dai bieu Quoc hoi va Luat bau cu Hoi dong nhan dan a nuac ta xay r r y r dung ca che cu tri true tiep bau dai dien cua minh a tung cap ca quan quyen luc nha nuac / Bo phieu kin bio dam cho cu tri tu lua chon dai dien cua minh ma khdng bi anh htfang bai nhung dieu kien va yeu to ben ngoai Phap luat r r r r quy dinh ro viec bo tri nai viet phieu phai kin, khong co dugc den xem luc cu tri viet Bieu hien noi bat nua cua quyen dan chu phap luat bau cu la r y y viec quy dinh so dai bieu dugc bau mot don vi bau cu it (khong qua f r r nguai), quy dinh mot so lugng so dai bieu nhat dinh phai la ngudi cdng tac r r y r r hoac sinh song tai dia phuang va xac lap he thong bau cu da so tuyet doi ke ca bau lai va bau them Ngoai ra, quy dinh che thu thap y r r kien, nguyen vong cua cu tri, tiep xuc va bao cao cong tac truac cu tri va > w r co the bi cu tri nai bau minh bai mien Tat ca la nhung bao dam cho viec thuc hien quyen dan chu cua nhan dan thong qua che dan chu dai dien - la hinh thuc thuc hien dan chu dang la ca ban va chu yeu hien r r Mac du khong dugc to chuc theo ca che chinh tri cua che dai nghi, nhung viec to chuc bo may nha nuac cua chung ta co nhung diem kha 49 \ r r \ \ tuong dong vdi che chinh tri Tat ca quyen luc nha nude ve nguyen r \ \ tac tap trung vao tay nhan dan, nhan dan thuc hien quyen luc bang cach bau Quoc hoi Thay mat cho nhan dan, Quoc hoi co trach nhiem lap Chinh phu va cac co quan nha nude d trung ucmg Den luat minh, cac ca r *> quan nha nude phai chiu su kiem tra, giam sat cua Quoc hoi Vi vay, cac ca \ f r ' quan nha nude cua Viet Nam deu true tiep hoac gian tiep nhan dan bau qua phuang phap dan chu la bau cu La ca quan nhat cu tri ca r r > ^ t nude true tiep bau ra, Quoc hoi la ca quan quyen luc nha nude toi cao f / f Quoc hoi thay mat nhan dan, giai quyet cac cong viec quan cua dat nude, tu viec dat hien phap va phap luat cho den viec lap cac ca quan nha nude khac Cac ban hien phap cua Viet Nam deu xac dinh, chi co cac ca quan nha nude nhan dan bau mdi la co quan quyen luc nha nude _ r \ r Tom lai, tinh dai dien la van de quan trong he thong phap luat bau cu cua bat cu quoc gia nao Dam bao hap ly tinh dai dien bau cu > r \ > la mot noi dung quan nham thuc hien nguyen tac cong bang bau cu Mot so dinh hirdng tang cirfrng bao dam thyrc hien quyen bau cir va ung cu* cua cdng dan M ot la, nen khang dinh su tham gia cua moi cong dan Viet Nam bau cu dua tren nen tang tu Tu cua cong dan bau cu la mot dinh hudng quan va suy cho cung, no la tien de cua canh tranh bau cu, su lua chon cua cu tri bo phieu va nhieu hoat dong khac r \ H la, phai tao ca che “canh tranh” bau cu Day la mot nhung he qua viec quan triet tinh than tu cua cong dan bau cu, dong thdi la bien phap quan de cu tri co the lira chon nhung ngudi r r *» •> xung dang nhat, trach nhiem nhat Co the nghien cuu de thay hiep thuang bang cac hinh thuc thich hop khac 50 > *> r ? Ba la, can co nhung qui dinh cu the hon de “luong hoa” nguyen tac binh dang Vi du, can qui dinh giai han “dung sai” dan so an dinh so luong dai bieu cho cac don vi bau cu Bon la, nen doi moi cac to chuc bau cu theo huang “dung” ve chuc nang; trung lap ve quan diem, chinh kien; chat che, chinh xac, chuyen nghiep ve ky nang, nghiep vu \ r > Nam la, can mo rong pham vi xet xu cua Toa an ve nhung tranh chap r > hoat dong bau cu, chu khong chi mot viec nhat nhu hien r r r \ Tom lai, doi voi bat cu quoc gia dan chu nao, phap luat bau cu chi la phucmg tien, la “thuoc do” de “chuyen tai” y chi cua nhan dan ket r \ «? \ a qua bau cu No khong phai la the che de “nha cam quyen” su dung no nhu f -\ la mot cong cu, lam sai lech y chi cua cu tri De nhu vay, phap luat bau cu > r > can duoc dam bao su tu do, cong bang, canh tranh tat ca cac cong \ > doan bau cu, tu viec de cu, giai thieu ung cu vien; van dong tranh cu, r \ \ \ phuong phap xac dinh ket qua bau cu Luu y rang chi can mot cong doan f r \ nao thap hoac lam sai lech y chi cua cu tri, thi ket qua bau cu khong f r phan anh dung su lua chon cua nhan dan Do vay, viec thiet ke va van hanh r \ r mot he thong phap luat bau cu theo cac nguyen ly tien bo nhu tu do, cong bang, canh tranh la tien de quan trong viec thuc hien va phat huy dan chu, viec xay dung Nha nuoc phap quyen cua dan, dan va vi dan o nuoc ta 51 k £ t lu An Mot cac dac diem cua nha nucfc phap quyen hien dai la su dam bao dan chu mot each tot nhat Mot che d6 dan chu la che thiet lap va tri tren thuc te quyen lire nha nude thuoc ve nhan dan Hay noi cach khac, nha nude dam bao quyen luc nha nude thuoc ve nhan dan o 91 O bat ky nha nude nao, nhan dan cung khong chuyen giao “sach tron” quySn tu nhien cua minh cho chinh quyen tham gia khe uac xa hoi, ma bang ly tri va phu hop voi luat tu nhien, cong dong van luu giu va fv y y y •> # van luon ton tai mot quyen cuc ky quan - quyen chu the cua moi quyen lire chinh tri - nen ho hoan toan co quyen giai the chinh quyen no r y tra nen bat chinh Khi chinh quyen dang trang thai van hanh “tron tru” thi quyen luc toi cao true tiep thuoc ve cac co quan quyen lire ? A nha nuac ma cu the la co quan lap phap, quyen luc cua nhan dan chi la gian tiep vi da uy thac cho ca quan cong quyen Nhung mot chinh quyen tra nen tha hoa, hoat dong trai muc dich ma no dugc dung nen thi r y r y nhan dan se lay lai quyen luc da uy thac, tra nguai nam quyen luc true tiep giai the chinh quyen lac hau va thiet lap mot chinh quyen mai tien \ > r bo han: “nhan dan co quyen hanh dong vai tu each quyen luc toi cao va tu r y minh tiep tuc cong viec lap phap, hoac dimg len mot hinh thuc chinh quyen mai, hoac van theo hinh thuc cu nhung duac dat vao tay nhung nguai mai, theo nhung gi ho cho la tot dep”14 r \ Viec trao quyen cho nha nuac khong co nghTa la nhan dan se mat di tu t r y do, binh dang, mat di quyen luc tu nhien cua minh, ma nguac lai, nhu da r > ? phan tich, quyen luc da dugc hop nhat duai mot chinh the ma nhan dan r r uy thac theo khe uac xa hoi nen nhan dan se tra chu the toi cao cua quyen luc nha nuac, vay ma tu do, binh dang va sa huu cua nhan dan se John Locke, Sdd, tr 313 - 314 52 cang dugc dam bao hon, bdi no se khong bi de doa hay xam pham luon dugc mot quyen luc cong chan chinh vaUu manh che chd, bao ve Nhu vay, quyen cua cong dan dudi mot chinh quyen dan su la quyen khong tach rdi nghTa vu va trach nhiem, tinh chu the quyen luc cua nhan dan khong tach khoi tinh phap quyen cua nha nuac M6t nha nude phap quyen trudc het phai la nha nude dam bao quyen luc thuc te thuoc ve nhan dan Su dam bao chi co the co dugc neu nha nude dugc hinh va ton tai m6t xa hoi dan chu Dan chu co the dugc xem nhu la nhung gia tri van minh cua xa hoi loai nguai, la hinh thuc to chuc nha nude, the che nha nude, phuang thuc thuc thi quyen luc cua nhan dan - nhan dan la chu, lam chu quyen luc Dan chu dugc thuc hien dudi hai hinh thuc co ban la dan chu true tiep va dan chu dai dien Cai goc cua che nha nude phap quyen la xac lap dan chu, tuc la a thua nhan va bao dam thuc hien quyen luc cua nhan dan, mac du “nhan dan” d day, den lugt no, la mot pham tra lich su Noi cach khac, Nha nude > r > phap quyen the hien quyen lire nha nude mot cach chinh dang nhat: t r \ khuon kho cua mot che chinh tri, quyen luc nha nude phai dugc xac lap mot cach chinh thuc, tren ca sd y chi cua nhan dan Trong khuon kho mot che chinh tri thi doi hoi dau tien la ton nhung quyet dinh chinh tri cua nhan dan Viec su dung va thuc thi quyen luc nha nude phan anh cho > dugc sir ton Quyen luc nha nude phai la san pham cua y chi nhan r \ dan Va do, ngudi ta noi, dau hieu dac trung dau tien cua nha nude A \ phap quyen la tinh phap quyen cua Nha nude r f Khong phai che nha nude tao xa hoi, ma nhan dan tao che nha nude Nha nude ton tai nhu cau cua xa hoi, nhan dan uy quyen cho nha nude thuc hien quyen luc, de bao dam lgi ich chung cua moi ngudi xa hoi Mac da khang dinh “Chu quyen cua nhan dan khong phai cai phat sinh tu chu quyen cua nha vua ma, ngugc lai chu quyen cua nha vua 53 • > dua tren chu quyen cua nhan dan”.1 Quyen luc toi cao cua nha nuac thuoc \ r > ve nhan dan Nhu vay quyen luc nha nuac che dan chu khong phai la quyen luc cua nha nuac, ma la quyen luc cua nhan dan uy quyen de thuc hien muc tieu chung cua cong dong r Trong che dan chu, phap luat khong nhung la phuang tien de nha nuac quan ly xa hoi, ma la cong cu cua nhan dan giam sat hoat dong cua nha nuac, ngan chan su long quyen, lam quyen cua cac cong chuc nha r > r nuac Mac cho rang “Trong che dan chu, thi che nha nuac, luat phap ban than nha nuac-trong chung muc nha nuac la mot che chinh tri nhat dinh- chi la su quy dinh cua nhan dan va noi dung xac dinh cua nhan dan”.1 Ngay nha nude mcfi doi, quyen luc nha nude da thuoc ve nhan dan Song voi cac che d6 truefe day, cac the luc quan ly nha nude lu6n mudn thap vai tro cua nhan dan vcti tu cach la ngudi chu thuc su Hau qua tat yeu la cac che d6 bi chmh nhan dan lat va thay the bang che khac Lich su cung chting minh rang quy6n luc toi cao true ti6p thuoc ve cac ca quan nha nude, gian tiep thuoc ve nhan dan vi nhan dan da uy quyen cho cac ca quan Theo da phat trien cua xa hoi, su uy quyen cang chat che va ro rang hon Nhan dan chi co thi thuc hien thuc su quyen luc nha nude va giam sat no m6t cach huu hieu thong qua cac hinh thirc dan chu dugc xac lap: hinh thuc dan chu true tiep va hinh thiic dan chu gian tiep Cac hinh thuc dan chu dugc hoan thien thuoc vao su phat trien cua xa hoi (trudc het la su phat trien ve kinh te^ Viec ma rong hinh thuc tham gia cua nhan dan vao hoat dong quan ly nha nuac khong chi doi hoi tu su hoi nhap ma quan han la tu chinh > O f yeu cau cua cong cuoc doi mai, phat trien kinh te thi truang, dan chu hoa dai song xa hoi va cua ban than Nha nuac Ma rong su tham gia manh me C.Mac- Ph.Angghen (2000) Toan tap, tap 21, Nxb Chinh tri qu6c gia, Ha Noi, tr.347 C.Mac v i Angghen (2000), toan tap, tap 21, Nxb Chinh tri qu6c gia-, H i Noi, tr 351 54 cua nguai dan vao cac qua trinh quyet dinh, cac hoat dong quan ly nha "nuac se dong gop quan cho viec xay dung mot xa hoi cong bang va dan chu, on dinh chinh tri, phat trien kinh te - xa hoi dieu kien hien Phat huy dan chu, ma rong su tham gia cua nguai dan vao cong viec r \ quan ly nha nuac, nham bao dam cho Nha nuac giu vung ban chat la nha nuac cua dan, dan va vi dan, bao dam hieu luc, hieu qua cua cac chinh sach, phap luat dugc ban hanh Nhu vay, de quyen luc nha nude thuc su thuoc ve nhan dan, de phat huy vai tro va quy£n cua nhan dan vdi tu cach la chu the xay dung va hoan thien nha nude phap quy6n thi cln phai co cac bien phap huu hieu tren thuc te de dam bao di6u Ly luan va thuc tiin da chi rang la cac bien phap dam bao tri m6t xa hoi thuc su dan chu thong qua hai hinh thtic dan chu true tiep va dan chu gian tiep Trong hinh thurc dan chu true tiep can dam bao cho nhan dan co cac quyen sau: quyen tham gia vao xay dung phap luat true tiep; quy6n tham gia vao hoat dong giam sat va phan bien xa h6i; quyen khi6u nai va to cao cua cong dan; quyen tham gia vao quan ly nha nude va xa hoi Xay dung ca che phap ly bao dam cho nhan dan tham gia hoat dong r r \ giam sat va phan bien xa hoi la mot nhung giai phap cap thiet nham r > thuc hien quyen dan chu, tu cua nhan dan Han the, la giai phap \ \ quan nham gop phan doi mai su lanh dao cua Dang, tang cucmg hieu qua quan ly, dieu hanh cua Nha nuac va nang cao chat lugng hoat dong cua cac to chuc chinh tri - xa hoi Hoat dong giam sat va phan bien xa hoi cua nhan dan la viec nhan dan r thong qua to chuc chinh tri - xa hoi cua minh hoac true tiep theo doi, xem xet, kiem tra, danh gia cac hoat dong thuc hien phap luat cua dang vien, can bo, cong chuc va cac to chuc, ca quan bo may dang, nha nuac, cung r r r nhu dong gop y kien doi vai viec hoach dinh chu truang, duang loi cua 55 r Dang va chinh sach, phap luat cua Nha nuac Trong boi canh dan chu hoa xa hoi cang ma rong, trinh dan tri cua nhan dan tung budc dugc nang cao thi su giam sat va phan bien xa hoi cua nhan dan cang dong vai f o r r •> tro quan trong, tao mot mat xich khong the thieu ca che kiem > soat quyen luc cua Dang va Nha nuac Xa hoi hoa hoat dong quan ly nha nuac la cach huy dong dong dao quan chung nhan dan va cac to chuc kinh te - xa hoi tham gia cong tac quan ly nha nuac mot so lmh vuc Muc dich chinh cua xa hoi hoa hoat dong quan ly nha nuac la lam cho bo may nha nuac ggn nhe, it ton kem nhung hieu luc, hieu qua quan ly cua nha nuac tren pham vi ca nuac cung nhu doi vai tung dia phuang, tung dan vi ca sa luon dugc tang cudng, the r r hien dugc tinh thong nhat va tinh nhay ben quan ly nha nuac Thuc hien dan chu ca sa voi su tham gia cua ngudi dan theo phuang cham “nha nude va nhan dan cung lam”, cac cong viec tai dia phuang dugc nhan dan tham gia ban bac, quyet dinh, cung dong gop c6ng sure va tien cua, cha't lugng cdng trinh dugc bao dam, ngudi dan true tiep dugc hudng nhung qua do, gop phan khong nho vi6c nang cao chat lugng cuoc song Hieu qua vl kinh te va xa hdi thi hien b su tham gia, dong gop bang chinh sire luc cua ngudi dan vao thuc hien cac muc tieu kinh te, xa hoi cua dia phuang va cua nha nude Hieu qua thi hien cu thi d mu’ tang trudng c kinh te, thdi gian tham gia (sure lao dong) cua ngudi, su chuyln doi, chuyln dich ca cau lao dong, ca cau kinh te theo nhu cau, doi hoi cua xa hoi, phu hop vdi nhu cau phat triln kinh te va giam ty le that nghiep, giam ty le ngheo hang nam, miic song cua ngudi dan dugc nang cao, trinh tay nghl (nang luc) cua ngudi lao dong khong ngimg dugc nang cao va khong han che tham gia vao cac linh vuc lao dong cha't lugng cao v.v Noi cach khac, thuc hien dan chu ca sd la mot nhitng ca che lam tang kha nang, nang luc cua ngudi dan ve ky nang, trinh nang luc, su hieu biet va 56 cach tiep can cac hoat dong kinh te, xa hoi TO do, ho thuc hi6n cong viec cua minh mdt cach chu ddng, tfch cuc va hai long voi hieu qua dat dugc sure lao dong cua minh mang lai va phuc vu cho cudc song cua ban than Ngudi dan dugc hudng thu cac cdng trinh chat lugng, cac dich vu van hoa, the thao, sinh hoat cong dong v.v chinh nhung van de khdng ngutng lam cho chat lugng cudc song dugc nang cao va on dinh Thuc ti6n to chuc bau cir d nude ta hien da co nhung bieu hien thieu khach quan, thieu vo tu, rat nhieu trudng hgp co su sap xep, lua chon noi ung cir Vi vay, can phai co nhung quy dinh cu thi ve tieu chi phan bo noi ling cu Can phai co quy dinh ve cac ring cir vien khdng nam danh sach uy ban Mu cut, Hdi d6ng bau cur Day la yeu cau dam bao tinh khach quan, vd tu to chuc bau cir Theo nhung quy dinh hien hanh chua dam bao su binh dang giua ting cir vien tu ung cir voi ting cur vien dugc cac to chric gidi thieu Quy dinh dang vien khdng dugc tu ung cir la mdt quy dinh han che che dd bau cir dan chu hi6n Viec lay y kien cua cut tri noi cu trti cung can cdng khai, minh bach Mdt thuc trang nua thi hien su bat cap v i binh dang giua cac ling cir vien la ty le so' du giua cac don vi bau cur khdng dong dlu r > •> iv Mot nen kinh te phat trien se lam triet tieu nhung nguyen nhan dan f •> r r \ r den vi pham la ly de cong dan khieu nai, to cao Mat khac, nen kinh te se tao dieu kien can va du de lap ca che, thu tuc, bo may va r •> r o r r trang bi vat chat de xem xet, giai quyet mot cach triet de doi vdi moi khieu nai, to cao cua cong dan Cung vdi cac bien phap kinh te la cac bien phap • > •» tong the mang tinh chinh tri - xa hoi r Thuc te cua xa hoi ta hien co nai, co luc co mot nghich canh r •> r la vua mat dan chu, vua co bieu hien tu vo chinh phu Khac phuc tinh trang khong cach nao khac la phai giao due, hudng dan nhan dan r r r “hoc lam dan chu”, mat khac co gang gat bo bat cu trd ngai nao lanh 57 •> A dao, to chuc va quan ly dang can tra va vi pham tho bao quyen tu do, dan n r r chu cua cong dan Chi tren ca sa mai co the giai quyet tan goc nhung khieu nai, to cao tranh chap giua cac nhom nguai, tap doan nguai, giua cac dia phuang, dan toe, ton giao, giua cac phan xa hoi vai 58 DANH MUC TAl LlfiU THAM KHAo Nguyln Dang Dung (2004), Hinh thuc cua Nha nuac duang dai, Nxb.Tu phap, Ha Noi; Nguyln Dang Dung (2005), Su han chi'quyen luc Nha nuac, Nxb Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha N6i; Nguy6n Dang Dung (2004), The che tu phap Nha nude phap quyen, Nxb Tu phap; Nguy6n Van Dong (1997), Hodn thien moi quan he phap ly ca ban giita Nha nude va cdng dan dieu kien doi moi a Viet Nam hien nay, Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Noi; Nguyin Van Dong (2004), Cac quyen hien dinh ve xa hdi cua cong dan hien nay, Nxb Tu phap, Ha N6i; Bui Xuan Dire (2004), Doi mai, hodn thien bo may nha nude giai doan hien nay, Nxb Tu phap, Ha N6i; Tran Thanh Huong (2003), Doi tuofng giam sat cua Quoc hoi, Tap chi Nghien citu lap phap; Dinh Van Mau (2000), “To chuc thuc hien quyen luc nhan dan va moi quan he giita nha nuac va cong dan ”, D£ tai nghi6n cun khoa hoc 96- 98-043/DT, Ha Noi; Mongtesquieu (1996), Tinh than phap luat, Nxb Giao due, Ha N6i 1996 (Ban dich cua Hoang Thanh Dam); 10 Hoang Thi Kim Que (2002), “Tu tudng Dong, Tay ve nha nu6c va phap luat - nhiing nhan 16 nha nude phap quyen”, Tap chi Nghien cuu lap phap; 11 Nguyin Duy Quy (2004), Xay dung NNPQ xa hoi chu nghTa cua dan, dan va vi dan, De tai KX 04, H6i thao tai TP Ho Chi Minh 2004; 59 12 Rousseau J J (1762), Ban ve khe uac xa hoi, Ngudi dich Hoang Thanh Dam, Nxb Tp H6 Chi Minh, 1992; 13 Dao Tri Uc (1997), Xay dung Nha nucfc phap quyen cua dan, dan, vi dan ducti su lanh dao cua Dang, Tap chi Nha nude va phap luat; 14 Dao Tri Uc, Vo Khanh Vinh (2003), Giam sat va ca che giam sat viec thuc hien quyen luc Nha nude a nude ta hien ”, Nxb C6ng an nhan dan, Ha N6i; 15 Uy ban Thudng vu quoc h6i (2004), Bao cao so 277-UBTVQH11 ve cong tac dan nguyen 23 thang 10 nam 2004; 16 L6 Quang Vinh, Nhung ngo nhan v i dan chu va chu nghia xa hoi, Sai gdn gidi phong, 23/10/1993; 17 Ban Soan thao Luat Khieu nai, t6 Cao (1998), Mot so kinh nghiem ve gidi quyet khieu nai, to cao cua cac nude tren the gidi; 18 Ban Noi chinh TW (2.2004), Bao cao tinh hinh thuc hien Chi thi 09-CT/TW cua Ban Bi thu ve “Mot so van de cap bach can thuc hien viec gidi quyet khieu nai, to cao hien nay”; 19 Ban Chi dao lien nganh Trung uong (2005) “Bao cao tong ket thuc hien Chi thi 09-CT/TW va phap luat ve khieu nai, to c a o ”; 20 Chinh phu (2004), Bao cao tinh hinh va ket qua gidi quyet khieu nai, to cao thuc hien Luat Khieu nai, to cao den nay, So 605/CP-VII 07/5/2004; 21 Nguyin Thi Hanh (2000), Mot so y kien ve doi mai viec gidi quyet khieu nai, to cao cua chinh quyen dia phuang, Tap chi Dan chu va Phap luat so 5-2000; 22 Le Dinh Khien (2000), Diem nong a nong thon, Tap chi To chiic Nha nude so 7; 23 Phan Xuan Son - Chu bien (2002), Cac doan the nhan dan vdi viec bao dam dan chu a ca sd hien nay, Nxb Chinh tri qu6c gia; 60 24 Phan Dang Thanh, Truong Thi Hoa (1997), Lich sit cac dinh che chinh tri va phap quyen Viet N am (tap 1), Nxb Chinh tri qu6c gia; 25 Phung van Tim (1999), Xay dung, hodn thien Nha nude va phap luat cua dan, dan va vi dan d V iet Nam, Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia; 26 Vo Khanh Vinh (1995), Vai trd cua phap luat viec to chuc thuc hien quyen luc nhan dan “Binh luan khoa hoc Hien phap nude CHXHCN Viet Nam 1992, Nxb Khoa hoc Xa h6i; 27 Vien Nghien cun Nha nu6c va phap luat (1995), Nhting van de ly luan co ban ve Nha nude va phap luat, Nxb Chinh tri Qu6c gia; 28 Vu H6ng Anh , (2001), To chitc va hoat dong cua nghi vien d mot so nude tren the gidi, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia, Ha N6i; 29 Thai Ninh, Hoang Chi Bao (1991), Dan chu tu san va dan chu xa hoi chu nghia, Nxb Su that, Ha N6i; 30 Nguy€n Dtic Binh, Le Huu Nghia, Tran Htfu Tieh, (2003), Gop phan nhan thuc the gidi duong dai, Nxb Chmh tri quoc gia, Ha N6i; 31 Dang Cong san Viet Nam, (2005), Su han che quyen luc Nha nude, Nxb Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha N6i; 32 Vu Dinh Hoe (1993), Noi dung cua mot Nha nude cua dan, dan va vi dan, Bo Tu phap, Vien Nghien cun khoa hoc phap ly; 33 Vu Van Hien (2004), Quy che Dan chu d co sd - van de ly luan va thuc tiin, Nxb Chinh tri qu6c gia, Ha Noi; 34 D6 Trung Hie'u (2004), Mot s d suy nghi ve xay dung nen dan chu d V iet Nam hien nay, Nxb Chinh tri qu6c gia, Ha N6i; 35 Hoang Minh (1997), M d rong dan chu true tiep, thiet thuc, dung hudng va co hieu qua, Tap chi Cong san (17); 36 Duong Xuan Ngoc, (2000), Quy che thuc hien dan chu d cap xa mot s d van de ly luan va thuc tien (2000), Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia, Ha Noi; 37 Nguyen Van Sau, H6 Van Thong (2005), The che dan chu va phat trien nong thon Viet Nam hien nay, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia, Ha N6i 61