Giáo dục ngôn ngữ trong nhà trường ở việt nam một số vấn đề chính sách và thực tiễn

VIEN KHOA HOC XA HOI VIET NAM VIEN NGON NGtTHOC DE TAINGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC CAP BO Ciiao due ngon ngir frong nha frirong d Viet Ham Mot so van de chmh sach va thuc ti6n (BAO CAO TOM TAT TONG QUAN) Chu nhiem de tai: PGS TS Vu Thi Thanh Hircmg Ha Noi 2010 MUC LUC • • Tom tit ve muc tieu, nhiem vu va phuong phap nghien cuu 1.1 Li lira chon d6 tai 1.2 Muc tieu nghien cuu 1.3 Noi dung nghien ciru 1.4 Phuotig phap nghien cuu Tom t&t ve qua trinh va ket qua thuc hien de tai 2.1 V& tu lieu 2.2 Cac san ph^m cua d6 tai Tom tat tong quan ket qua nghien cAu ve giao due ngon nguf nha trudng a Viet Nam: mot so van de chinh sach va thurc tifen 3.1 Chuong 1: Ca so li lu |n cua viec day va hoc ngon ngQ nha truomg 3.2 Churcxng 2: Chinh sach giao due ngon ngu' cua mot so quoc gia tren the gidi va bai hoc kinh nghiem cho Viet N a m .^ 3.3 Chucfng 3: Chinh sach giao due ngon ngu nha truong thong a Viet Nam 24 3.4 Chuong 4: Chuong trinh va sach giao khoa tieng Viet 29 3.5 Chuong 5: Thuc trang day hoc Tieng Viet theo chuong trinh va sach giao khoa 32 m 3.6 Chuong 6: Tinh hinh day-hoc Tieng Viet trucmg phti thong vung dan toe thieu 34 so 3.7 K6t lu&n va kien nghi 44 GIAO DUC NGON N G TRONG NHA TRl/CJNG VIET NAM: MOT s o v a n d £ c h in h s a c h v a t h i / c t i £ n (Bao cao tom tat tong quan) Tom tat ve muc tieu, nhiem vu va phifotig phap nghien cufu 1.1 Li Itfa chon de tai Ngay tur len nSm chmh quyln, Dang va Nha nude ta rat quan tam, co chmh sach ro rang va da dau tu thfch dang cho viec day-hoc tieng Viet, cac tieng dan toe thieu so va ngoai ngu cho nhan dan, dac biet nha trurefng Mon tieng Viet nha trirong khong h6 bi coi nhe Nhimg dang tiec, nhixng nghien cun gin day cho thay vln nhieu hoc sinh tnrdng roi ma nang lire doc, nghe, nhat la noi, viet tieng Viet rat yeu, mat nhi6u sai sot ve dung tur, dat cau, dung dau cau Voi hoc sinh dan toe thieu so thi van de cang nan giai: tieng Viet la mot rao can Ion khien cac em hoc sinh dan t6c thieu so chan hoc, bo hoc hoac ngoi hoc nhixng khong hieu bai Tinh hinh day va hoc tieng Viet nha tnrdng hien gay nhieu bu:c xuc du luan Cho den nay, a Viet Nam chua co m6t cong trinh nao khao sat va danh gia mot cach he thong va day du ve chmh sach va thuc trang giao due ng6n ngu a Viet Nam, mac du cac van d6 lien quan den day-hoc tieng Viet thi tur lau da duoc cac nha ngon ngu hoc, giao due hoc va nhung ngudi lam chfnh sach r dung cung nhu yeu cau phat trien cac ki nang cua hoc sinh va the hien tuang doi tot dinh huang doi mai phuang phap day hoc Tuy nhien, noi dung m * » chuang trinh chua du de dam bao cho hoc sinh phat trien cac ki nang giao r r > tiep tieng Viet nhu muc tieu de - Ve sach giao khoa: r + Tinh khoa hoc va su pham: Kien thuc dua vao sach giao khoa dam bao tinh chinh xac, hien dai va cap nhat Cac bai hoc dugc dua vao co tinh he thong, trat tu sap xep cac mach kien thuc chu yeu nhin chung la hgp li, co chu y den cung cap kien thuc li thuyet cung nhu yeu cau van dung va thuc hanh + Muc the hien dung muc tieu, yeu cau neu chuang trinh mon hoc: Ve ca ban, sach giao khoa Tieng Viet Tieu hgc va Ngu van THCS hien hanh da dap ung dugc yeu cau cua khung chuang trinh mai Day la mot tuu to lan, cho thay viec doi mai la phu hgp vai thai dai, vai thdi ki r * » r hoi nhap, the hien su cd gang vugt bac cua ca nganh giao due r Ke thua va phat huy nhung uu diem co ban cua chuang trinh va sach r giao khoa trudc day, chuang trinh va sach giao khoa tieng Viet Tieu hoc A hien hanh da giam bdt tinh han lam, chu tdi yeu cau phat trien ki nang thuc hanh, van dung vao thuc te Tuy nhien cung can phai ndi rang sach giao khoa tieng Viet van cd nhung han che nhat dinh Cu the la sach van r r r t f mot sd bai cd lugng kien thuc tuang ddi nang, yeu cau cao, han lam doi vai > phan ddng hoc sinh Cd nhung noi dung dua vao sach giao khoa the hien muc cao han so vdi yeu cau chuang trinh, vugt qua qui dinh ve muc can dat cua chuan kien thuc, ki nang Dieu lam cho sach giao > r khoa hien hanh it nhieu cd bieu hien “qua tai” Them vao do, d mot sd bai hoc cd su khdng phu hgp giua dung lugng kien thuc va thdi lugng hgc tap 47 Su khong phu hop giua noi dung bai hoc vai thdi lugng hoc tap khdng chi la nguyen nhan gay nen tinh trang “qua tai” ma khien cho giao vien kho ddi mdi phuang phap va to chuc hoat dong hoc tap cho hgc sinh Mot van de nua cua chuang trinh va sach giao khoa qua trinh hien thuc hoa noi dung chuang trinh giao due chinh la tinh lien mach r r r cac bai hgc chua that ro, gay cam giac thieu tinh he thdng mach kien thuc va do rat kho cho giao vien qua trinh ren luyen ki nang cho hoc sinh r \ r Nhin chung noi dung sach giao khoa tieng Viet chua chu y nhieu den dac diem cua tung dia phuang, cua tung vung mien, tung doi tugng hoc sinh do chua phu hgp vdi hgc sinh cac vung sau, vung xa, vung ddng bao dan toe thieu sd r \ f Yeu cau mot sd bai sach giao khoa cao doi vdi bo phan hgc t r r sinh dan toe thieu sd va hgc sinh song d dia ban nong thon Sach giao khoa chua dap ung dugc trinh cua hgc sinh cac vung mien, dan den nhieu hgc ^ ■ > r r sinh d vung sau, vung xa, vung ddng bao dan toe thieu sd kho tiep thu 1.4 Day-hoc tieng Viet theo chmmg trinh va sach giao khoa hien hanh Nhung ket qua danh gia cua giao vien, hoc sinh, phu huynh va cac can bo quan li giao due cho thay da sd nhin nhan chuang trinh va sach giao khoa hien cd nhieu tien bo so vdi chuang trinh va sach giao khoa cu, hinh • \ thuc trinh bay dep, ngdn ngu sang sua, gay thu cho hgc tap va tao dieu kien tdt cho viec giang day cua giao vien Chuang trinh dugc xem la phu hgp vdi trinh giao vien nhung hai r nang so vdi trinh cua da sd hgc sinh, dac biet hgc sinh cac vung sau, vung r xa, vung dan toe thieu sd Giao vien day theo chuang trinh va sach giao khoa mdi gap nhieu kho khan noi dung bai hoc dai, trinh hoc sinh 48 da dang, thieu trang thiet bi day hoc phu hop Giao vien chua thuc sir dugc chuan bi ki cang de day hgc theo phuang phap mai lay hoc sinh lam trung r n* r % f tarn nen phuang phap day hoc chu yeu van la thuyet giang (dac biet a cap * • Trung hoc co so va Trung hoc thong) Viec kiem tra danh gia cung chua doi mai theo huang yeu cau cua chuang trinh r Do chuang trinh nang va tam li nang ve thi cu nen da so cha me, phu huynh va giao vien deu cho rang ngoai gia hgc tren lop hgc sinh van can hgc them mon tieng Viet/Ngu van Dieu cho thay chuang trinh va sach giao khoa hien van chua dam bao dugc muc tieu giam tai de Mac du thua nhan tam quan trgng cua mon tieng Viet nha r r truong, nhung da so cac vi phu huynh lai chua thuc su quan tam den viec hoc hanh cua cai, dac biet cac vi phu huynh a nong thon va vung sau vung xa r Gia ca sach giao khoa cung dugc cho la chua hgp li, dac biet doi vai nhung em hgc sinh d vung nong thon, vung sau vung xa va nhung em co hoan canh kinh te kho khan Sach giao khoa va dac biet la sach tham f r \ khao d tinh trang kho kiem doi vai thay va tro vung sau, vung xa 1.5 Day-hoc tieng Viet cho hoc sinh dan toe thieu so Nhung ket qua nghien cuu da chung minh ro rang la tre em dan toe i r \ thieu so gap nhieu rao can ngon ngu hoc tap moi trucmg giao due bang tieng Viet, ngon ngu khong phai tieng me de cua cac em Kho khan r -\ r r nhan len gap boi bang mot thu tieng khong phai la tieng me de cua minh r cac em phai hoc theo cung mot chuang trinh vai cung mot he thong sach A giao khoa nhu hgc sinh ngudi Kinh Nhung kho khan ve rao can ngdn ngu / •* ma cac em gap phai khdng chi anh hudng den sir phat trien cac ki nang tu va ngdn ngu cua cac em ma anh hudng nhieu den ket qua hgc tap cua cac em Nhung anh hudng khdng chi hien huu d cac ldp dau cap, 49 ma keo dai ca d nhung bac hoc cao hon ngudi ta thudng nghi rang tre da vugt qua dugc rao can ngon ngu roi Chinh phu Viet Nam da nhan thuc dugc nhung kho khan cua hgc sinh dan toe thieu sd va dang cd nhung giai phap dac biet nham giup giai quyet nhung kho khan tren Ket qua phan tich cac giai phap ngdn ngu hien dang dugc trien khai thi diem d mot sd trudng Tieu hoc vung dan toe thieu sd cho r \ ' thay khdng phai mgi giai phap deu thuc su cd hieu qua ddi vdi viec giup hgc sinh dan toe thieu sd vugt qua rao can ngon ngu, nhanh chong hgc dugc tilng Viet de theo kip hoc sinh ngudi Kinh Ngay ca nhung giai phap dugc coi la budc dau cd nhieu trien vong tich cue nhu Nghien cuu thuc hanh giao due song ngu dua tren tieng cua Bo GD&DT va UNICEF cung can phai cd thdi gian nghien cuu danh gia k! va toan dien horn KIEN NGHI 2.1 Kien nghi doi voi van de day-hoc tieng Viet nha trtfomg r a - Ve chuang trinh, sach giao khoa va day-hgc tieng Viet: r ■ » + De thuc su dat dugc muc tieu cua mdn tieng Viet la giup hgc sinh •> r \ f phat trien nang lire giao tiep bang tieng Viet, chuang trinh va sach giao khoa f y r • > t > tieng Viet can dugc tiep tuc chinh li, sua ddi, tham chi can dugc viet lai Tren the gidi, vong ddi cua cuon sach giao khoa thudng la 10 nam Nhu vay tu bay gid can phai chuan bi moi dieu kien can thiet de viet mai chuang trinh va sach giao khoa Ban than ngdn ngu luon luon thay doi, nhan thuc cua chung ta cung thay ddi, va chinh xa hoi cung khdng ngung ddi thay Vi vay phai coi nhung viec lam nhu soat, chinh sua va lam mdi r f \ chuang trinh, sach giao khoa la viec lam tat yeu Cong viec can dugc tuyen truyen rong rai de nhan dugc su dong tinh, ung ho cua xa hoi r > + Chuang trinh tieng Viet mdi phai phan anh nhung yeu cau va doi i r hoi mdi ve ki nang tieng Viet cua hgc sinh Viet Nam hoi nhap sau vao 50 nen kinh te tri thuc toan cau Hien tai, chucmg trinh tieng Viet cua ta van nang ve truyen thu kien thuc, chua chu nhieu den ren luyen cac ki \ r \ r+ i r nang, hoac giua cac yeu cau ve ki nang va kien thuc van chua nhin thay su tuang thich Day la khac biet ro nhat so sanh chucmg trinh tieng Viet vai f r r • cac chuang trinh tieng Anh Neu muc tieu mdn tieng Viet cua ta thuc su coi viec ren luyen cac ki nang, thi chien luge bien soan chuang trinh cung phai thay doi, phai xuat phat tu cac chuan muc hoac muc tieu can dat ve ki nang de xac dinh noi dung can day va day nhu the nao + Tu su xem xet lai muc tieu mon hgc, can xem xet lai noi dung (day r r gi) va cach thuc day hgc cac ki nang (day nhu the nao) De lam tot dugc n > X f dieu nay, can co nhieu nghien cuu thuc nghiem kiem chung cac li thuyet day r r cac ki nang nghe, noi va dac biet la dgc, viet tieng me de khac vai cac X \ lua tuoi/trinh khac moi trucmg hoc duong, cung nhu can dau A y r y r tu de co nhung nghien cuu ve ngon ngu nha truong, ve van de bien the ngon ngu nha truong, v.v + Hien tai, viec dung chung mot bo sach cho ca nuac da boc lo nhieu bat cap, to khong phu hop vai nhieu trinh hgc sinh khac Nen r \ r xay dung ca che cho phep bien soan nhieu bo sach day-hgc tieng Viet tren co so mot chuang trinh chuan cua Bo GD&DT va trao quyen cho cac dia phuang dugc lua chgn bo sach phu hgp nhat vai hgc sinh a dia phuang r minh r r Kinh nghiem cua Trung Quoc va Anh viec khuyen khich xuat ban nhieu bo sach giao khoa dang de Viet Nam hgc tap > r r + Hien tai, can chu nang cao chat lugng cac khoa tap huan mua he cho giao vien Cac giao vien khong chi co nhu cau dugc tap huan ve r r y nhung noi dung kien thuc mai chuang trinh, ma ratcan dugc tap r y huan ve cac phuang phap giang day mai 51 V + Doi mai chuang trinh va sach giao khoa phai di kem theo nhung doi mai ve thiet bi giang day va cach thuc thi cu, danh gia \ f i r - Ve viec day- hoc tieng Viet cho hoc sinh dan toe thieu so: + Tiep tuc ung ho cac chuang trinh thu nghiem cac giai phap giao due ngon ngu doi vai hoc sinh dan toe thieu so Tien hanh danh gia, tong ket kinh nghiem de tim nhung giai phap hieu qua nhat + Nghien cuu bien soan nhung bo sach day-hoc tieng Viet cho hoc sinh dan toe vdi nhung noi dung va phuang phap phu hop vai cac em co tan dung nhung kien thuc va ki nang ngon ngu cac em da co dugc tu / * tieng me de Tren ca sa mot chuang trinh khung, co the xay dung nhung bo sach khac thuoc vao muc song ngu cua hgc sinh a tung vung A mien cu the r _ + Trong chua co bo sach day hgc tieng Viet danh rieng cho hgc sinh dan toe thieu so, viec day hgc tieng Viet cho cac em phai can cu vao tung doi tugng cu the ma xac dinh muc tieu va su dung phuang phap day hoc mot cach linh hoat 2.2 Kien nghi ve viec lira chon ngon ngu- lam phmmg tien giang ? r • > day trircmg thong vung dan toe thieu so Chinh phu Viet Nam cam ket thuc hien giao due cho mgi nguai De dat dugc muc tieu do, chung ta phai giai quyet tot nhung ton tai giao due doi vai cac cong dong dan toe thieu so ma mot nhung ton tai la r r \ rao can ngon ngu De giai quyet mot cach hieu qua van de rao can ngon ngu r r > r \ > cho hgc sinh dan toe thieu so, can tiep can van de tu nhieu goc khac + Truac het can dieu tra va phan loai tinh hinh su dung ngon ngu va nang luc tieng Viet cua hgc sinh dan toe thieu so a tung vung, tung dia r ■ > phuemg cu the Chung ta mai chi co mot so nghien cuu le te ve tinh hinh su f A f dung ngon ngu a mot so cong dong dan toe thieu so, chua co nghien cuu nao 52 r •> r r danh gia nang lire tieng Viet cua hoc sinh dan toe thieu so a cac canh huong ngon ngu khac Kinh nghiem cho thay khong the ap dung mot each r r cung nhac mot mo hinh giao due ngon ngu nhat cho moi nai Tuy thuoc vao nang luc tieng Viet cua hoc sinh dan toe thieu so va canh huong song/da • > * ngu a tung dia phuang cu the ma ap dung mot cach linh hoat nhung chien luge giao due ngon ngu khac ? A + Viec ap dung cac giai phap giao due ngon ngu can dugc tien hanh mot cach than trgng Hien chung ta dang tien hanh thu nghiem mot so f f * * giai phap giao due ngon ngu doi vai cac truong tieu hgc vung dan toe thieu so Cac phan tich cho thay mot so giai phap khong hoan toan dap ung dugc a r • > f ' B yeu cau giup tre em thieu so khac phuc rao can ngon ngu, mot so lai gap phai nhung vuang mac ki thuat Be co cac giai phap ki thuat phu hop, cac chuang trinh thu nghiem can co su tham gia nhieu han nua cua cac nha ngon ngu hgc Can tien hanh nghien cuu danh gia mot cach nghiem tuc cac giai r phap giao due hien hanh de tim kiem nhung duang hieu qua, phu hop nhat vai canh huong ngon ngu-toc nguai cua tung dia phuang, tung > r _ \ r vung/mien cu the Day cung chinh la nhung van de cap bach dat cho nhung nguai nghien cuu ngon ngu va giao due hien + Trong so nhung giai phap khac phuc rao can ngon ngu cho hgc sinh dan toe thieu so dang dugc thi diem a Viet Nam, hai giai phap giao due song ' f ,^ ngu dugc danh gia la buac dau dem lai nhimg ket qua kha quan Dieu r > cung da dugc xac nhan qua kinh nghiem ve giao due da ngu dua tren tieng me de cua nhieu nuac tren the giai Tuy nhien viec trien khai giai phap song A A ngu hieu qua doi hoi su chuan bi ki luang ve nhieu mat Mot nhung dieu kien quan de giai phap giao due song ngu co hieu qua la phai co moi truong phap li thuan lgi C Viet Nam, nhu da phan tich a chuang 2, J quyen dugc su dung tieng me de (tieng noi va chu viet) giao due da 53 r r r dugc qui dinh r5 rang Hien phap 1946: “ quoc dan thieu so co quyen hgc bang tieng cua minh” (dieu 15) Nghi dinh ve chinh sach dan toe thieu so cua Bo Chinh tri (1952) qui dinh viec dung tieng dan tdc cung vai tieng Viet lam ngon ngu giang day cac truong tieu hoc a vung dan toe thieu so, khuyen khich viec phat trien he thong chu viet doi vai nhung ngon r f * * ngu chua co chu viet Quyet dinh 53/CP “Chu trucmg doi vai chu viet cac dan toe thiiu so” (1980) huang din cu the viec phat trien va su dung ngon ngu dan toe thieu so giao due khang dinh tieng dan toe thieu so co the dugc dung de giang day hoac de day-hgc nhu mot mon hgc Tuy r _ f nhien, thong tu 01/GD-BT huang dan viec day va hoc tieng noi chu viet dan •t r f * » toe thieu so (1997) lai giai han viec dung ngon ngu dan toe thieu so lam ngon ngu giang day a lap mau giao, va dugc day-hgc nhu mot mon hgc a cac lap tieu hgc Nghi dinh mai nhat 82/2010/ND-CP cung lai mot lan nua khang dinh ngon ngu dan toe thieu so co the dugc dua vao giang day nha truong nhu mot mon hgc Dieu lam cho ca sa phap H cua giao due / f song ngu (su dung ca tieng Viet va tieng dan toe giang day) trd nen y r % khong ro rang Trong chung ta chua co luat ngon ngu, can thiet phai co r ■ » > a nhung van ban mdi cua cap cd tham quyen khang dinh quyen su dung cac r y ngon ngu dan toe thieu so giao due tieu hoc d vung cd ddng bao dan r r f toe thieu sd dang sinh sdng 54