ADDRESS TERMS IN THE NOVEL GONE WITH THE WIND AND THEIR EQUIVALENTS IN VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION CUON THEO CHIEU GIO

VINH UNIVERSITY TRAN THI KIM TUYEN ADDRESS TERMS IN THE NOVEL GONE WITH THE WIND AND THEIR EQUIVALENTS IN VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION CUON THEO CHIEU GIO Major: Theoretical Linguistics

VINH UNIVERSITY

TRAN THI KIM TUYEN

ADDRESS TERMS IN THE NOVEL GONE WITH THE WIND AND

THEIR EQUIVALENTS IN VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION

CUON THEO CHIEU GIO

Major: Theoretical Linguistics

Code: 62 22 01 01

SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS

IN LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE

NGHE AN - 2016

INTRODUCTION

1.2 In Vietnamese, address terms are diversified and they carry different connotations in different circumstances; the same role may have different address terms with different shades of emotions Address terms in English are, however, different in both quantity, kind of speech (address) and structure of address terms The difference between the two languages has created confusion for translators when choosing the equivalent address terms, especially when translating work from English into Vietnamese In this thesis, the author will investigate the translation of

address terms from the original version in Margaret Mitchell’s Gone with the wind (Macmillan Publisher, 2005) the translated Vu Kim Thu translator’s Cuon theo chieu gio (Thoi Đai Publisher, 2009) to identify the systematic characteristic and

principles in the translation activity from English into Vietnamese and vice versa

1.3 In real-life communication, personal pronouns are used more frequently than nouns to address people, meanwhile, in Vietnamese, personal pronouns are not

as popular as nouns to address people, especially kinship noun Therefore, in translating address terms that appear in conversations between characters from English into Vietnamese, there are both similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese in terms of the use of personal pronoun, addressing nouns (name and full name, kinship nouns, nouns expressing feeling, nouns expressing gender, nouns showing politeness, objectification noun, occupational titles…) as well as emotion and culture and etc It is an essential and practical to point out the similarities and differences among these issues for the teaching of English and Vietnamese

1.4 In actual fact, both Vietnamese learners of English and foreign learners of Vietnamese encounter many difficulties in using address terms in learning as well as

in translating from English to Vietnamese and vice versa They make many mistakes

in usage because of a lack of clear understanding of the functions, semantics, pragmatics and culture of each terms (whether to use personal pronoun or noun to

address) Therefore, “Address terms in the novel Gone with the wind and their equivalents in Vietnamese translation Cuon theo chieu gio” is essential and need to

be conducted

2 Research objects and aims

2.1 Research objects

For this paper, we choose to investigate address terms used in the dialogues of

characters in Margaret Mitchell’s novel Gone with the wind (Macmillan Publisher, 2005) and its Vietnamese translation Vu Kim Thu translator’s Cuon theo chieu gio

(Thoi Đai Publisher, 2009)

This novel was translated into Vietnamese by some authors such as Duong Tuong, Le Cong Thanh In this thesis, we selected the translation of by Vu Kim Thu translator (Thoi Đai Publisher, 2009)

2.2 Aims of the study

This study aims at:

- In terms of theory, it aims to identify factors that influence address terms

such as: role of communication, attitude in dialogues of the novel Gone with the wind (English version) and the translation Cuon theo chieu gio (Vietnamese

version), and the similarities and differences in the use of personal pronoun and nouns of address in English and Vietnamese, thereby making contribution to the theory of address form in general theory of the translation of address form from English into Vietnamese in particular

The practical aim of the study is to apply findings of the study of address terms

in the novel Gone with the wind (English) and the Vietnamese translation Cuon theo chiều gió into teaching - learning activity and English - Vietnamse and Vietnamese -

English translation activity

3 Tasks of the thesis

To conduct this study, the thesis has the following tasks:

a Collect, classify the system of address terms which reflect the

interpersonal relationship of communication participants in the novel Gone with

the wind by Margaret Mitchell and the translation Cuon theo chieu gio of Vu Kim

c Identify similarities and differences in the use of address terms with models

of interpersonal relationships reflected through PPs, nouns of address, expressions of address (EA), and ellipsis (reduced address terms) which are used in communication

in the English original and Vietnamese translation

d Apply research findings which are reflected through models of interpersonal relationship in the teaching - learning activity and translation between English and Vietnamese

4 Research material and methods

4.1 Research materials

We collected and analyzed address terms in characters' conversations in the

novel Gone with the wind by Margaret Mitchell and the translation Cuon theo chieu gio of translator Vu Kim Thu In addition, we used the translation Cuon theo chieu gio by Duong Tuong to make comparison

4.2 Research methods

4.2.1 Listing and classification

We listed the number of address terms including personal pronoun, sub-group

of nouns and expressions of address in characters' talk in specific context and

classified them into groups and subgroups to draw general observation

4.2.2 Discourse analysis

On the basis of address terms collected using discourse analysis, we described the equivalence between the original and translation in terms of semantics, content, reference system of address terms, communication target and etc In addition, we analyzed and explained the relationship between language and psychology, culture, society to describe characteristics and translation methods of address terms in characters' conversations in the English original and the Vietnamese translation

4.2.3 Comparison method

We compared characteristics and use of address terms which are suitable with communication role, context and functions of address terms used in the translation from the English original into Vietnamese translation We did this in order to find similarities and differences in the use of address terms between these two languages

Apart from the above methods, our thesis also used some other methods, such

as, systemization, modeling the use of address terms in the two languages (English and Vietnamese), using both qualitative and quantitative methods to have appropriate results

5 Contribution of the thesis

This is the first study about the number of address terms and their translation from English and Vietnamese and the differences in the use of address terms in

communication between the English original and Vietnamese translation

6 Structure of thesis

In addition to Introduction, Conclusion, and References, the thesis has 4 chapters:

Chapter 1: An overview of past studies and literature review

Chapter 2: Personal pronouns were used by characters in the orginal novel

Gone with the wind and equivalent translation in Cuon theo chieu gio Chapter 3: Nouns of address were used by characters in the orginal novel

Gone with the wind and equivalent translation in Cuon theo chieu gio Chapter 4: Application of research findings into teaching - learning activities

and translation of address terms

Chapter 1

AN OVERVIEW OF PAST STUDIES AND LITERATURE REVIEW

1.1 An overview of studies into address terms

Until now, many authors have mentioned the topic of address terms (AT) , however, there has not been an agreement on the concepts of address In the world and in Vietnam, there has been major achievement in the studies of address terms

1.1.1 History of studies into address terms

The issue of AT in English has been studied for a long time:

In 1961, Brown, Roger W and Marguerite Ford in their article Address in American English analyzed address form (AF) in conversations between two

participants in many different contexts, with the influence from socio-psychological factors basing on the close relationship of three kinds of AF (first name or surname

to address, words of address for absent people (first name or surname) [127, p.371]

In 1968, Hanning, Robert W mentioned the use of AF in middle-aged literature [135, tr.325] In1973, Eliason Norman E studied AF and references [133, p.137] In

1985, Lou Quangquinh wrote about society and culture in naming principles [138, p.3] In 1988, Braun, F wrote an article about models and the multilingual,

multicultural use of AF [126] Also in 1988, Thai Duy Bao in Constrative analysis

of etiquette in English - VietNamese dialogue [5] mentioned PP (PP) and nouns of

address (NA) in English The author wrote: “In English conversation, the use of PP

is compulsory and traditional such as PP I, we for the first-person pronoun, interlocutor (the addressor) and PP you for second-person, who is the participant

(addressee) These personal pronouns appeared in all communication and social relationships despite differences in social positions, ages and intimacy level between speakers In other words, it reflects relationships between communication partners, between interlocutor and addressee…” [5, tr.45-46] In addition, the author also mentioned types of address in English which reflect position but not politeness, and not affected by different shades of communication in different situations… Although address terms in English show equality of address terms and they cannot

be replaced by other address terms, depending on characters' attitude and feelings,

we can see variation of temporary address terms such as my love, my pet… In 2006,

authors Bull, Peter, Fetzer, and Anita mentioned the strategy of using AF in interviews with government leaders, typically issues surrounding the questions [128, tr.1]

Generally speaking, there have been many studies and articles about AF in English or comparison between English and Russian, Sino, Swiss, Japanese, South African or Vietnamese… but no articles have mentioned the translation of AF in the

novel Gone with the wind from English into Vietnamese

1.1.2 Studies of address terms in Vietnamese

In Vietnamese, address terms were first studied by Alexandre De Rodhes in his Dictionary of Vietnamese - Portuguese – Latin, in 1651, he mentioned PP, as well as the nouns indicating kinship (NIK) with addressing functions such as ong, ba, chu, bac, cau… However, in this dictionary, these AF were not complete and did not

reflect all terms used in real life In 1884, Truong Vinh Ky spent 30 pages in his book

Grammare de langueannamite to describe PP Nguyen Van Chien had articles about Locality of kinship nouns in Vietnamese [18], Address terms in Vietnamese [20], Address terms in Vietnamese [21] In Semantics of conversational lines [58] and pragmatics textbook [59, p.191-197], Do Thi Kim Lien mentioned relevant issues of

AF in conversation or in communication between communication participants such

as as pairs of interactive AF in asking and answering; the development and conversion of AF with the content of conversation; the development in psychology and emotion of characters which influence the usage In addition, we must also mention articles about address terms by Bui Minh Yen in the doctoral thesis

Addressing in family and society of Vietnamese [119] The doctoral thesis Address terms originating from kinship nouns in Vietnamese surveyed, described and

analyzed carefully, completely and comprehensively about all kinship nouns used to

address in communication [31] In 2012, Truong Thi Diem wrote about Address terms originating from kinship nouns in Catholic community of Vietnamese [32] In

2012, Truong Thi Minh Phương in her article about Address terms of Vietnamese [79]

emphasized some basic characteristics in the use of layers of AF in Vietnamese and some practical applications in communication In 2014, La Thi Thanh Mai in her

doctoral thesis Addressing characteristics of Korean and Vietnamese [64] discussed

similarities and differences in address terms in family and society contexts between Koreans and Vietnamese

Having a look at studies about address terms in English and Vietnamese, we see that no studies mentioned the comparison of address terms in communication between English and its Vietnamese translation, with the analysis into a specific

novel, therefore, we chose this topic: “Address terms in the novel Gone with the wind and their equivalents in Vietnamese translation Cuon theo chieu gio”

1.2 Literature review

1.2.1 Overview of address terms

AF include PP and NA or EA (this is the basis for our analysis and comparison in chapter 2 and 3) and we call them units of AT used by characters to

“address themselves” (self-reference) and “address others” (refer to other people) with the function to position, establish interpersonal relationship and express attitude, feeling, psychology, awareness in communication in family and society

At the same time, AF reflects the intellectual level and national culture, which have been long established in the community and have become the habits of conversation participants

The main function of AF is to establish relationship among communication participants and reflect the attitude and feeling of interlocutors through their three main functions: positioning, reference and showing interpersonal relationship Units

of AT in Vietnamese usually have three functions namely positioning, reference and interpersonal relationship

1.2.1.3 Address terms in English and Vietnamese

Address terms in English and Vietnamese consist of personal pronoun and nouns of address (NA) (surname and first name, NIK, nouns denoting feelings, nouns denoting gender, nouns denoting politeness, objectification nouns, and status nouns) and EA used in specific contexts

1.2.2 Overview of communication

Communication is the exchange and interaction through difference means In our opinion, communication is information exchange between two or more people in specific contexts and situations When the first person addresses the second person using a PP or a NA, this created an activity, which is a communication activity It includes influencing factors such as communication role, communication content, communication purpose, communication context and attitude

1.2.3 Some relevant issues to equivalence in translation

When translating from source language A (English) to target language B (Vietnamese), there may be some circumstances such as complete equivalence, partial equivalence or no equivalence On this basis, we proposed a diagram showing the interpersonal relationship, which are the expression and the expressed (see Thesis p.32)

Therefore, translation is about finding equivalence (from source language to target language) The equivalent language itself is the communication of language (translation of language determined by the expressed - the content, type, intention, purpose and style of the author and the expression - the characteristics of the language and the translation of the source culture to target culture

1.2.3.3 Address terms in translation

Translation of AT is a linguistic translation activity (about certain units of speech or texts from source language into target language) but it should maintain the content of source language This is the intercultural process between two or more languages, requiring translators to understand clearly cultural features of both source and target languages so that they can express correctly and accurately the content and meaning of source language

1.2.3.4 Differences in translating between two languages in terms of cultural issues

In translating between two or more languages, AT of both Vietnamese and English reflect politeness and feelings PP in English only have neutral meaning

(he/ him, she/ her, you, we/ us, they/ them), no other PP reflects a sense of

formality or informality Meanwhile, PP in Vietnamese do not show politeness and

formality but only neutral feelings (toi, chung toi…), or informality (tao, han )

Apart from PP, there is a large number of NA such as surname and first name, NIK, status nouns, expressions of address (EA)… which can replace PP, even used more than PP

From the above analysis, we can see that the use of AT in Vietnamese has

unique cultural meanings, which is different from the use of AT in English

1.2.4 Introduction of Gone with the wind and the translation Cuốn theo chiều gió

Gone with the wind [I] is the famous novel by Margaret Mitchell, published in

1936 and won Pulitzer prize in 1937; it was one of the most well-known book and translated into many different languages in the world The story plot is as follows: The context is in Georgia and Atlanta; the story told how a strong woman living in South America, Scarlett O’Hara, had two find all ways to survive through the war and the difficult life that she experience with her friends, family and beloved people

in the South of America during the civil war and reconstruction period The story was also about a romantic and beautiful love story between Scarlett O’Hara and Rhett Butler Rhett Butler was in love with Scarlett But Rhett could not express his love to Scarlett because she was “very cruel towards those who loved her She took their love and used it as a rod to hit those who loved her” This is considered a classic, romantic and wonderful love story of our time

1.3 Summary of chapter 1

In chapter 1, we draw some conclusions: We described the concepts of AF in English and Vietnamese to compare AT between source language (English) and target language (Vietnamese), in a limited scope which is the conversations between

characters in Gone with the wind and Vietnamese translation Cuon theo chieu gio:

- Basic components of AF are: positioning function, reference function, interpersonal relationship function to describe AT These functions can mark the role

of communication participants to develop their conversations

- Subgroups of AT in Vietnamese communication including: PP, NA such as first name and surname, nouns denoting feelings, nouns denoting gender, status nouns, kinship nouns or EA They all reflect interpersonal relationship and relevant factors in communication such as: content, purpose and attitude of communication in corresponding contexts of communication participants

- We also mentioned some equivalent units in many other languages such as: concepts of translation, equivalence in translation between the two languages and especially translation methods (English - Vietnamese) via cultural factors

- We have summarized a chart of AT that characters use in English and translated into Vietnamese These results can be used as a basis for our analysis into their usage, presented in chapter two and three, from which we can identify the similarities and differences and cultural features

Chapter 2 PERSONAL PRONOUNS WERE USED BY CHARACTERS IN THE

ORIGINAL NOVEL GONE WITH THE WIND AND EQUIVALENT

TRANSLATION IN CUON THEO CHIEU GIO

2.1 Summary of the translation of personal pronouns were used by characters from [I] into [II]

In this chapter, we examined PP from 435 conversations in [I] and translated in [II] with many different forms used and a considerable number as shown in table 2.1:

Table 2.1: Summary of the translation of PPs were used by characters

from [I] into [II]

2.2 The first person pronoun I, me is used in [I] and equivalent translation

in [II]

From the first person pronoun I, me is used in [I] and equivalent translation in

[II], we give the results:

2.2.1 Translation of the first single personal pronoun I, me

Number of times first person pronoun I, me is used in [I] and equivalent

translation in [II], which was shown in the table 2.2:

Table 2.2: Number of times first person pronoun I, me is used in [I]

and equivalent translation in [II]

PP PP Percentage Ellipsis Percentage NA Percentage EA Percentage

I: 4315 2493 57,8% 1035 24% 766 17,7% 21 0,5%

Me: 1659 1047 63,1% 335 20,2% 226 13,6% 51 3,1%

2.2.2 Translation of the first plural personal pronoun we, us

Number of times first plural PP we, us is used in [I] and equivalent translation

in [II], which was shown in the table 2.3:

Table 2.3: Number of times first plural PP we, us is used in [I] and equivalent

Number of times second PP you is used in [I] and equivalent translation in [II],

which was shown in the table 2.4:

Bảng 2.4: Number of times second PP you is used in [I] and equivalent

2.4.1 Translation of the third single personal pronoun he, him, she, her

Number of times third single PP he, him, she, her is used in [I] and equivalent

translation in [II], which was shown in the table 2.5:

Table 2.5: Number of times third single PP he, him, she, her is used in [I]

and equivalent translation in [II]

PP NA Percentage PP Percentage Ellipsis Percentage EA Percentage

She: 826 415 50,2% 212 25,7% 137 16,6% 62 7,5%

2.4.2 Translation of the third single personal pronoun they, them

Number of times third plural PP they, them is used in [I] and equivalent

translation in [II], which was shown in the table 2.6:

Table 2.6: Number of times third plural PP they, them is used in [I]

and equivalent translation in [II]

PP PP Percentage Ellipsis Percentage EA Percentage NA Percentage

2.5 The personal pronouns were added into the dialogue in the translation

Number of times PPs were added (insertion) into the dialogue of [II], which was shown in the table 2.7:

Table 2.7: The PPs were added into the dialogue in [II]

PP have neutral shades of meaning and no PP show politeness, interpersonal relationship

or gender except for third person singular which shows either male or female

- In English and Vietnamese, first person and third person PP reflect one

person (singular) or many people (plural) Second person (you) in English is both singular and plural; in Vietnamese, first person PP such as mình, ta is used for both

singular and plural depending on specific context

2.6.2 Differences

2.6.2.1 In terms of usage rate

From the tables were written above, we see that the number of times PPs were used into the communication in the English original version than its in the VietNamese translated version This was shown in the table 2.8:

Table 2.8: The PPs were used into the communication in [I] and [II]

2.6.2.2 In terms of semantics, pragmatics and culture

In this thesis, we analyze the differences in AT through characters' conversation in the novel and comparison between English and Vietnamese in terms

of equivalence, number of sub-groups; modeling of address terms; semantics, pragmatics, culture

- In terms of the use of PP, in English, PP does not reflect any interpersonal relationship in both axes (social relationship - family relationship), unaffected by factors such as age, position, relationship, attitude and feeling of communication participants In Vietnamese, because PP are distributed unevenly, Vietnamese people had to use more NA and EA while translating Therefore, PP in Vietnamese are various and flexible and depending on the type of object, content, purpose and attitude of communication, each character has to replace PP with suitable NA; depending on interpersonal relationship in terms of communication content, purpose and attitude in different context, speakers should have different choices of AT which are PP, NA, or EA

- In terms of similarities and differences between PP used in the English

original and Vietnamese translation, PP in both languages contain politeness (neutral), but there is a clear difference in usage habit In English, PP usually do not reflect clearly feelings (polite/impolite) as in Vietnamese

Chapter 3 NOUNS OF ADDRESS WERE USED BY CHARACTERS IN THE ORIGINAL

NOVEL GONE WITH THE WIND AND EQUIVALENT TRANSLATION IN

CUON THEO CHIEU GIO

3.1 Summary of the translation of nouns of address were used by characters from [I] into [II]

In this chapter, we examined NA from 435 conversations in [I] and translated in [II] with many different forms used and a considerable number as shown in table 3.1:

Table 3.1: Summary of the translation of nouns of address were

used by characters from [I] into [II]

3.2.1 Translation of surname and full name

The number of times of the characters in the dialogue used full name and name

in [I] and equivalent translation in [II], which was shown in the table 3.2:

Table 3.2: The number of times of the characters in the dialogue used

surname and full name in [I] and equivalent translation in [II]

3.2.2 Translation of the nouns indicating kinship

The number of times was shown in the table 3.3:

Table 3.3: The number of times of the characters in the dialogue

used the nouns indicating kinship in [I] and equivalent translation in [II]