Luận văn PHÂN TÍCH SO SÁNH lời CHÀO TRONG TIẾNG ANH VÀ TIẾNG VIỆT

I HC THI NGUYấN KHOA NGOI NG PHN TICH SO SANH LI CHAO TRONG TIấNG ANH VA TIấNG VIấT (A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON GREETING IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE) Giáo viên hớng dẫn Sinh viên Mã sinh viên Lớp : ThS Nguyễn Thị Diệu Hà : Lê Thị Phơng : DTF0857060051 : Cử nhân Anh K31 THI NGUYấN, THNG NM 2012 THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON GREETING IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE Supervisor: Nguyen Thi Dieu Ha MA Student: Le Thi Phuong Student Code: DTF0857060051 Class: English Bachelor K31 THAI NGUYEN, MAY 2012 Acceptance I hereby state that Im Phuong and I come from English Language Academic class, being a candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Arts (TEFL) accepts the requirements of the College relating to the retention and use of Bachelors Graduation Paper deposited in the library In terms of these conditions, I agree that the origin of my paper deposited in the library should be accessible for the purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the librarian for the care, loan or reproduction of the paper Signature Phuong May, 2012 Acknowledgements I would like to express my special thanks to my supervisor, Ms Dieu Ha MA (Foreign Languages Faculty, Thai Nguyen University) for her invaluable guidance and instructive comments throughout this study I am greatly indebted to my best friend, Le Thi Hang for her helpful suggestions and constructive ideas, which enlightened the arguments in the study I also wish to acknowledge my friend, Le Thu Phuong who is learning in Hanoi University for handing out questionnaires and collecting them, which have been useful for the accomplishment of the paper I also wish to thank informants, Vietnamese and English native speakers, for spending their precious time completing the questionnaires Finally, and the most, I owe my deep thanks to my parents, who gave me constant support and enormous encouragement throughout procedure of study ThaiNguyen, May 2012 Le Thi Phuong Abstract First impressions are a really important aspect of social culture The first action in communication - greeting others in the correct way is fraught with various do's and dont's of etiquette It is a fact that Vietnamese usually are timidly in communication and this is proved clearly through the result of the questionnaire First, Vietnamese people not talk directly about their problems which they concern but it is said that Vietnamese is curious because they always ask about personal problems in conversations whereas Westerners not Second, Vietnamese carefully distinguish the greeting by relationships and emotion while foreigners English people greet together on time like good morning, good afternoon, good evening Third, about gestures, Vietnamese often tend to avoid gestures which touching body directly such as hugging, kissing when meeting However, those gestures are common and preferable in English Therefore, salutation terms used in a foreign language not resemble that in our mother tongue and greeting behaviors vary between cultures Any lack of socio-pragmatic knowledge is likely to lead to awkward situation or misunderstanding in intercultural communication This paper aims at doing a contrastive research in English and Vietnamese greetings to help English learners avoid this sociopragmatic failure and succeed in interaction with native speakers The first point will be dedicated to Vietnamese greeting, English greeting and then a contrast between Vietnamese and English greeting (similarities and differences) The last point will be a discussion and implication on learning and teaching English Table of contents List of tables and charts Table 1: The importance of greeting and the usage of greeting gestures Chart 1: The percentage of greeting forms in term of frequency (Vietnamese subjects) Chart 2: Greeting forms in term of position (Vietnamese subjects) Chart 3: Greeting forms in term of context (Vietnamese subjects) Chart 4: Frequency of greeting gestures in use (Vietnamese subjects) Chart 5: Greeting gestures in term of gender (Vietnamese subjects) Chart 6: Greeting gestures in term of communicative environment (Vietnamese subjects) Chart 7: The use of topic in Vietnamese greeting culture (Vietnamese subjects) Chart 8: The percentage of greeting forms in term of frequency (Anglicist subjects) Chart 9: Greeting forms in term of position (Anglicist subjects) Chart 10: Greeting forms in term of context (Anglicist subjects) Chart 11: Frequency of greeting gestures in use (Anglicist subjects) Chart 12: Greeting gestures in term of gender (Anglicist subjects) Chart 13: Greeting gestures in term of communicative environment (Anglicist subjects) Chart 14: The use of topic in greeting culture of English native speakers Greeting in Vietnamese and English CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale When humans appear on earth, communication has become a daily action in life and it is regarded as a useful mean for people to connect and exchange together, nowadays with the fast development of international trade, the global economy and the globalization of foreign language usage, everyone knows that people from different cultures have their own cultural perceptions, beliefs, values and social customs which greatly determine their communication ways In other words, different culture backgrounds will make a different result of intercultural communication It is this diversification that causes misunderstanding, unsatisfactory interaction or even unpleasant physical backgrounds and leads to difficulties or failures in the communication between people from different cultural backgrounds At present, English has become an international language with users increasing rapidly day by day and language learning as well as teaching has been paid more and more attention Furthermore, Vietnam government has many opened-door policies so the number of people who intend to become more competent in English and plan to go abroad for study and work are going up fast In addition, every year many foreign companies are set up in Vietnam and travelers going to Vietnam are also more crowded Thus, the need of learning Vietnamese as well as Vietnamese culture is bigger and bigger However, people have fairly good knowledge of linguistic; they still feel difficult to communicate in a natural way and even face up with the culture shock and communication breakdown in crosscultural communication Therefore, learners must have mutual understanding and awareness of cultural differences to be successful cross-cultural communicators English is the compulsory subject in almost schools in Vietnam so the requirement of language teaching and learning is higher and higher Learners will be taught at four main skills (listening, speaking, reading, and writing) in school time but many people who are good at four skills feel afraid of or failure in Greeting in Vietnamese and English communication The main cause is valuated highly is social language so we should note to improve this one In other words, we should know what to in different contexts because it is clear to see that different cultures have different communication According to Goffman (as cited in Li, 2009:1), greetings provide the means of the opening conversation appropriately, establish and maintain social relationship Thus, greeting plays a key role in making a good first impression and successful conversation In Vietnamese proverbs, greeting is compared with Mõm cụ (banquets and feasts) which has especially important meaning in society: Li chao cao hn mõm cụ (greeting is higher than banquets and feasts) so we can recognize that Vietnamese are extremely serious in greeting Besides, greeting is used for not only communicating but also measuring humans quality (Le Quang Thiem) In addition, the result of research on how to greet of English by Eienstein and his colleagues (1996), many foreign language learners apply this language's convention to use in other languages that will cause more difficulties and get easily misunderstand Nonconformity is due to many reasons; one of the reasons is the influence of mother tongue From the above reasons, it can be said that intercultural communication will be large challenges Up to now, there are many studies which focus on intercultural encounter of people during their foreign language learning However, studies on finding out the greeting in English and Vietnamese have been far and few between Therefore, to fill in this gap, I decided to carry out the study as A comparative analysis on the greeting in English and Vietnamese in order to explore the similarities and differences between two languages This study was divided into three main parts (five chapters) as follow: part one is introduction, part two is some information backgrounds relating to greeting and part three is to give the results in terms of forms, gestures, communicative topics of greeting and then it would be hoped that some suggestions as well as strategies are given to help foreign language learners avoid this pragmatic failure and succeed in interaction with native speakers Greeting in Vietnamese and English 1.2 Aims This paper has been carried out to find out: The similarities of greeting in English and Vietnamese The differences of greeting in English and Vietnamese in terms of forms, gestures, and communication topics Some strategies in greeting and some implications for language learning and teaching 1.3 The scope To make the most of the real conditions for research and ability of the researcher, it is not my ambition to mention all issues of greeting in English and Vietnam so this study focus only on contrasting the greeting in Vietnamese and English in order to find out similarities and then differences between two languages in terms of forms, gestures, and communicative topics From that, you will have a deep look in greeting in Vietnamese and English 1.4 The significance This study was intended to: Make a list of greetings and their use in English and Vietnamese as learning materials and reference, and provide the language learners with identities - English and Vietnamese culture These positive and dynamic characteristics are stressed and developed Help form a process from identify, understand, receive to use the salutation suitability and acceptability in terms of language, culture and communication in a specific context, with a specific object From that you can achieve specific goals through a curtain communication strategy by yourself Research results are applied in practice of language teaching and learning to make teaching and learning more exciting, effective, and creative Then, we feel more confident and get more successfully when communicating with native people 10 Greeting in Vietnamese and English gestures without saying any words like bowing, nodding, smiling, etc are more acceptable in society and may be life with fast and high developing speed is a main reason why many communication behaviors associated with the greeting of feudal society are gradually lost in modern society The intimate gestures in greeting are replaced and become more common day by day To English, they often express friendliness in communication by adding with the gestures, of which, the most common greeting gestures are embrace, kissing and hand shaking Besides, greeting in English is very simple, it depends much on time they meet together and the common greetings depending on time like good morning/afternoon/evening/night The word good in English greetings is shown for each other with the meaning of good things In addition, the communicative culture of the British also has not large distinguishableness of age as well as position among people Normally, everyone is equal in English greeting culture Furthermore, their style is very active and opening so the rules of greeting are not complex as in Vietnamese style In other words, the thought of English people is not strict like Vietnamese Thus, each country has own features in culture so it is very important to know or understand about intercultural communication and in this paper; some implications in teaching and learning language given are to minimize obstacles in communicative competence Furthermore, I hope that this research will be useful material for people who want to know or improve knowledge about greeting and then you can be better or more successful to establish or maintain social relationships 5.2 Suggestions for further research This study is only a partial investigation into greeting culture by Vietnamese and English native speakers The discussions in this study suggest that: - Other greeting forms such as Name + question, Cho + using gestures, etc - Other greeting gestures like smile, waving, slapping, etc need to be addressed in further research 47 Greeting in Vietnamese and English 48 REFERENCES Materials in English [1] Armstrong,N., & Wagner, M (2003) Field Guilde to Gestures Quirk Productions, Inc [2] Eisentein, M & Bodman, J (1988) May God increase your bounty: the expression of gratitude in English by native and non-native speakers, Cross currents, 15, 1-25 [3] Eisentein, M (1996) Cross- cultural Realization of Greeting in American English Berlin: Muonton de Gruyter [4] Goody, E (1972) The interpretation of Ritual Essay in Hounour of A.I Richards, London, Tavistock Publication L.t.d [5] Hornby, A.S., Gantenby, E V., & Wakefield, H (2005) The 7th edition of Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary London, LD: Oxford University Press [6] Jiang, W (2000) The relationship between language and culture ELT journal, 54,328-329 Retrieved October, 2000 from Oxford University [7] Kramsch, C (1998) Language and Culture Oxford: OUP Press [8] Kress, G (1993) Cultural consideration in Linguistic description In Graddol, D., Thompson, L & Byram, M(eds), Language and culture.( 1-22) Cleverton:BAAL and multilingual Malters [9] Lustig, M W., & Koester, J (2005) Intercultural Competence: Interpersonal Communication Across Cultures HarperCollins College Publishers NY, USA [10] Lustig, M W., & Koester, J (2006) Intercultural Competence: Interpersonal Communication Across Cultures(5th ed.) HarperCollins College Publishers NY, USA [11] Wierzbicka, A (1991) Cross-cultural Pragmatics: The Semantics of Human Interaction Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter Materials in Vietnamese [1] , N (2004) Tỡm hiu mi liờn h ngụn ng- húa NXB HQG H Ni [2] Khang, N (1999) Ngụn ng hc xó hi- Nhng c bn H Ni: NXB Khoa hc xó hi [3] Quang, N (1998) Intercultural communication Hanoi: Hanoi college of foreign languages [4] Quang, N (2000) Intercultural Communication VNU- Hanoi, College of Foreign languages [5] Quang, N (2008) Giao tiep phi ngon tu qua cac nen van hoa [6] Tam, H (2005) Requests by Vietnamese learners of English PhD thesis College of foreign languages, VNU, Ha noi [7] Thiem, L (2004) Nghiờn cu i chiu cỏc ngụn ng Ha noi: Ha noi National University Publisher [8] Thuy, B (2005) A Vietnamese- English crosscultural study on gestures for greeting MA Thesis Foreign Languages College, VNU- Hanoi [9] Truc, P.(2009) Vietnamese and English greetings.Ho Chi Minh: HCM University of Education Websites [1] Hang, N (2010) English and Vietnamese greetings Retrieved September 24, 2011, from http://khoaanh.net/_upload/CA2009/4B06NguyenThiBichHangEnglish_and_Vietnamese_Greetings.pdf [2] Huyen, V (2010) Cach chao hoi cua nguoi Viet va nguoi My Retrieved December 25, 2010, from http://www.vocw.edu.vn/content/m11241/latest [3] Li, W (2009) Different Communication Rules beetween the English and Chinese Greetings Asian Culture and History, 1(2), 1-3 Retrieved November, 6, 2011 from http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ass/article/viewFile/3056/2822 [4] Stolyarow II G (2004) Politeness and objective ethics Retrieved June 23,2001 from http://usabig.com.autonomist/article 5/polite.html [5] Thuy, D (2010).M.A thesis Retrieved from October 28, 2011 from http://www.data.ulis.vnu.edu.vn/jspui/bitstream/ /(3)%20M.A %20Thesis(2).doc [6] Williams, K.E (2001) An evaluation of greeting exchanges in textbooks and real life settings Retrieved November 28, 2011, from http://www.jrc.sophia.ac.jp/kiyou/ki/kenw.pdf [7] http://www.brainyquote.com/words/la/language183528.html(Retrieved September 18, 2011) [8] http://www.englishthesis.cn/articleview/2007-13/article_view_3185.htm (Retrieved December 25, 2011) [9] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeting (Retrieved December 15, 2011) [10].http://www.google.com.vn/url? sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCEQFjAA&url=h ttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.africa.eduprojects.net%2Fcommunication %2Fmedia%2FTheory%2520for %2520teachers.doc&ei=TG6gT7aPDK2PiAeg4sm7BA&usg=AFQjCN H5Ei5IXBHie9u25b1W6gM5kNWOhg&sig2=C4Ic9kdEeiHcblW9KxS fqA (Retrieved from October 11, 2011) APPENDICES SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE This questionnaire is designed for my research into A comparative analysis on greeting in English and Vietnamese Your assistance in completing the questionnaire is greatly appreciated It is certain that this questionnaire is for research purpose only Please feel free to complete the questionnaire as all information is confidential Would you kindly return this completed questionnaire prior ? Thank you very much for your assistance! I Please fill some your personal information as follow: Name: Age: Sex: Male Female Job: Material status: Single Married Nationality: Native language: English Vietnamese II Please tick ( ) where appropriate Do you agree that greeting plays an important role in your culture? Yes no Which factor does the formulaic of greeting in your culture usually depend on most? Time social position How is the relationship among people when greeting in your country? Asymmetrical symmetrical Which address form you often use in greeting culture? Name or politeness intensifiers Mr., Mrs The social position of addressee How many form of the second personal pronoun in your greeting culture? One more than one Do you usually use gesture when greeting other people? Yes no How frequently are greeting used to greet someone? Please put a tick ( ) in: Level of frequency Forms Always Frequently Hi/ hello + (first name) 2.Good morning/afternoon/evening + title/ first name 3.Addressee + perfomative verb chao/kinh chao + addresser + honorific 4.Perfomative verb chao/kinh chao + addresser + honorific 5.Perfomative verb chao/kinh chao + addresser 6.Addresser + honorific 7.Using question 8.Using complement 9.Using suggestion 10.Using exclamation 11.Using offer Table 1: Frequency of greeting forms in use Sometimes Never The position of person who you are greeting is and how is the context? Context Forms Lower people Equal people Higher people Hi/ hello + (first name) 2.Goodmorning/afternoon/eveni ng + title/ first name 3.Addressee + perfomative verb chao/kinh chao + addresser + honorific 4.Perfomative verb chao/kinh chao + addresser + honorific 5.Perfomative verb chao/kinh chao + addresser 6.Addresser + honorific 7.Using question 8.Using compliment 9.Using suggestion 10.Using exclamation 11.Using offer Table2: Suitable situations of greeting forms Formal Informal How frequently are greeting gestures used to greet someone? Please put a tick ( ) in: Gestures Level of frequency Always Frequently Sometimes Never 1.Hand shaking 2.Hugging 3.Hand waving 4.Bowing 5.Nodding 6.Kissing 7.Eyebrows rising 8.V sign making Table 3: Frequency of greeting gestures in use The person you are greeting is: Gestures 1.Hand shaking 2.Hugging 3.Hand waving 4.Bowing 5.Nodding 6.Kissing 7.Eyebrows rising 8.V sign making Gender Same sex Opposite sex Table 4: Greeting gestures in term of Gender The communicative environment is: Communicative environment Very informal Informal Formal Very formal Gestures 1.Hand shaking 2.Hugging 3.Hand waving 4.Bowing 5.Nodding 6.Kissing 7.Eyebrows rising 8.V sign making Table 5: Communicative environment of greeting culture The following topics you feel acceptable or unacceptable in greeting culture? TOPICS ACCEPTABLE UNACCEPTABLE age 1.PERSONAL MATTERS family Marital status job health 2.Common Problems 3.Relating to time of greeting weather Food questions What are you doing? Where are you going? Give comment about the opposite persons appearance Express emotion directly Table 6: topics in your greeting culture Ps: after answering the above information If you have any comments or ideas, I will be happy to get them (please specify) PHIU IU TRA Bn thõn mn! Tụi son phiu iu tra ny nhm phc v chớnh cho bi nghiờn cu vi ti: so sỏnh li cho ting Anh v ting Vit gúp phn nghiờn cu c thnh cụng mi cõu tr li ca cỏc bn c ỏnh giỏ l yu t cú tm quan trng úng gúp ln cho ti Vy xin bn vui lũng dnh chỳt thi gian tr li nhng ni dung c trỡnh by di õy Mong c s nhit tỡnh giỳp ca bn! Xin chõn thnh cm n! I Bn hóy vui lũng in mt s thụng tin cỏ nhõn sau: Tờn: Tui: Gii tớnh: Nam N c thõn ó kt hụn Ngh nghip: Tỡnh trng hụn nhõn: Quc tch: Ting m : II Ting Vit Ting Anh Bn hóy ghi du ( ) vo ụ trng phự hp vi ý kin ca mỡnh: Bn ngh li cho cú mt v trớ quan trng nn húa ca bn khụng? Cú khụng Nhng cụng thc cho nn húa ca bn thng s dng ph thuc vo yu t no nht? Thi gian v trớ xó hi Khi cho hi mi quan h gia mi ngi thng: Tng ng khụng tng ng Trong húa cho hi, bn thng dựng hỡnh thc no ch ngi c cho: Tờn riờng hay kớnh ng nh quý ụng, b V trớ xó hi, tui, quan h vi ngi c cho Trong húa cho nc bn, cú my cỏch ch i t nhõn xng ngụi th hai? Mt( bn) nhiu ( cụ, dỡ, chỳ , bỏc) Khi cho hi ngi khỏc bn cú thng kốm theo ngụn ng c ch khụng? Cú khụng BN THNG S DNG NHNG CễNG THC CHO SAU MC NH TH NO? CễNG THC Luụn luụn MC S DNG Thng Thnh Khụng xuyờn thong dựng 1.Cho+ tờn riờng 2.Cho bui sỏng/chiu/ti+chc v/tờn riờng Ngi cho+cho/kớnh cho+ngi c cho+ h t(!) Cho/kớnh cho+ngi c cho+ h t(!) 5.Cho/kớnh cho+ngi c cho Ngi c cho+ h t(!) 7.Cõu hi 8.Li khen hay li tỏn dng 9.Cõu gi ý, ng ý 10.Cõu cm thỏn 11.Li mi Bng 1: Mc s dng mt s cụng thc cho V TR CA NGI BN ANG CHO L V TRONG HON CNH L: HON CNH CễNG THC Gp ngi v trớ thp hn Gp ngi v trớ ngang bng Gp ngi v trớ cao hn Tỡnh trang trng 1.Cho+ tờn riờng 2.Chobuisỏng/chiu/ti+chc v/tờn riờng 3.Ngicho+cho/kớnhcho+ngi c cho+ h t(!) Cho/ kớnhcho+ngi c cho+ h t(!) 5.Cho/kớnh cho+ngi c cho Ngi c cho+ h t(!) 7.Cõu hi 8.Li khen hay li tỏn dng 9.Cõu gi ý/ ng ý 10.Cõu cm thỏn 11.Li mi Bng 2: Hon cnh thớch hp s dng nhng cụng thc cho Tỡnh sung só thõn mt KHI CHO HI NGI KHC BN THNG DNG NHNG C CH SAU MC NO? C CH Luụn luụn MC S DNG Thng xuyờn Thnh thong Khụng dựng 1.Bt tay 2.ễm 3.Vy tay 4.Cỳi u 5.Gt u 6.Hụn 7.Trn mt 8.Hai ngún tay to ch V Bng 3: Mc s dng ca mt s c ch cho NGI M BN ANG CHO HI L: GII TNH Cựng gii (nam/n) Khỏc gii(nam v n) C CH 1.Bt tay 2.ễm 3.Vy tay 4.Cỳi u 5.Gt u 6.Hụn 7.Trn mt 8.Hai ngún tay to ch V Bng 4: C ch cho ng cnh gii tớnh BI CNH GIAO TIP CA NHNG C CH CHO HI SAU L: C CH Rt trang trng BI CNH GIAO TIP Trang trng Thõn mt Sung só 1.Bt tay 2.ễm Vy tay 4.Cỳi u 5.Gt u 6.Hụn 7.Trn mt 8.Hai ngún tay to ch V Bng 5: Bi cnh giao tip c ch húa cho KHI CHO HI BN NH GI V NHNG CH SAU NH TH NO: CH 1.Vn cỏ nhõn 2.Vn chung 3.Vic ang din thi gian cho THCH HP KHễNG THCH HP Tui Gia ỡnh Hụn nhõn Cụng vic Thi tit Sc khe Mún n Bn ang lm gỡ th? Bn ang õu y? Li nhn xột ỏnh giỏ Biu l cm xỳc Bng 6: Nhng ch nờn hoc khụng nờn húa cho Chỳ ý: vi nhng thụng tin trờn bn cú bt c nhn xột, ỏnh giỏ, ý kin, tụi rt vui lũng c tip nhn( hóy lm rừ ý kin ca bn), [...]... “Greeting in English and Vietnamese”, some researchers carried on this one like Phan Ho Thanh Truc (2009), Pham Nguyen Thanh Tam (2009), Tran Thi Bich Hanh (2010), Phan Thi Bich Hang (2010) Foreign studies: From the year 90s (1900), linguistic social studies emerged as an advanced movement and the linguistic problems did not solve perfectly by purely linguistic However, some prominent studies are as the... between two persons, irrespective of their positions (2) To be as a mean of defining and affirming, both identity and rank (3) To be a mode of deference upon or manipulating a relationship in order to achieve a specific result In Vietnamese proverbs, we usually hear that: Lời chào cao hơn mâm cỗ”, “Dao năng sắc, nguời chào năng quen” Here, greeting is compared with ‘mâm cỗ’ in a society which... (cited in Thuy, D., 2010:1) language is “the principle means whereby we conduct our social lives” Also, Kress, G in book ‘Language and culture’ (1993:5) shared a view of language like “a product of cultural and social factors” Thus, language has not only communicative function but also the role of reflecting culture so it simply understands that learning a language is accumulating culture In brief,... Furthermore, the study regarded the English language as a mother tongue so no distinction will be made between American English, British English, Australian English, and so on as well as no distinction of language among other regions in Vietnam In addition, when carrying out questionnaire, some people do not try best for the test so it is difficult to access people’s competence and degree of understanding... where sovereigns reign, in Oriental cultures as Japan, South Korea, etc Nodding “Nodding gesture is a worldwide greeting no matter what age, gender and social status he/she of” and “in this gesture, the head is moved down with a direct eye contact and a smile accompanied.”(Thuy, 2005:24) General speaking, the nod is used commonly for situations when people do not have enough time to talk Kissing Armstrong,... language and communication style, customs, beliefs, attitudes, and values” He compared culture like ‘an iceberg’, in which the hidden part is much larger That is also reason why most of the influence of culture on one person cannot be seen clearly so it is very difficult for many people to realize cultures deeply and encounter in communication Interestingly, in the book ‘Introduction to cross cultural communication’,... have much time to taik so they just say some short words For example: two friends meet accidentally A: Hi, how ya doin’? B: Hi! Gotta run, I’m late for class (Or Okay!) The second one is speedy greeting This greeting is different from greeting on the runs about information It is quite common for colleagues They greet quickly and exchange information briefly while they are going to somewhere For example:... addresser Furthermore, in this case, some factors like time, place, and situation are basics to build question; for example, “Nga à, đi học sớm thế?” Thirdly, ‘title/ name + gesture’ form is the shortest greet so it is used for actually close relationships and hurry circumstances; for example, “Lan!” (Smiling or ‘V’ gesture) Besides, in the study by Phan Thi Thanh Truc (2009), Vietnamese Greeting by... their presence known to each other, to show attention to, and to suggest a type of relationship or social status between individuals or groups of people coming in contact with each other Stolyarow II (2004:1) stated that “an expression of greeting indicates the willingness to undertake a transaction of some sort, a universal signal (with plenty 16 Greeting in Vietnamese and English of rich stylistic variations)... “Puckered lips touch some part of a companion’s body, usually the lips, cheek, hand, or forehead” (2003:7) Kissing is various but it is known there are two main types as public kissing and private kissing Specifically, public kissing consists of cheek kissing, hand kissing and so on while private kissing involves romance especially “French kissing” which is extremely cautious when kissing in some Islamic countries