Thiết kế bài giảng sinh học 12 (tập 1) phần 2

ChiTdng III ^ Dl TRUYEN HOC QUAN THE Bai 16 CAU TRUC DI TRUYEN CUA QUAN THE I IVIUC TIEU Kie'n thiirc - HS giai thfch dugc thd nao la mdt qudn the sinh vat cung cdc dac trung di truydn cua qudn the - HS bidt each tinh tdn sd alen va tdn sd kidu gen cua qudn the - HS chi dugc xu hudng thay ddi cdu true di truydn cua qudn thd tu thu phdn va giao phd'i gdn KT nang Ren mdt sd ki nang: - Phan tich, suy luan, khdi quat - Van dung li thuyet vao thuc tidn il CHUAN B! GV chudn bi mdt sd bai tap vd di truyen qudn the dd HS lam cung cd If thuydt III HOAT OONG DAY - HpC Kiem tra GV yeu cdu HS trinh bay kien thflc ve qudn the da hgc d ldp Trong tam Khai quat hoa xu hudng thay ddi phdn kieu gen cua qudn the tu thu phdn 179 Bai mdi Hogt dpng TIM Hlfiu QUAN THE Muc tieu: - HS ndm dugc khai niem qudn thd, vdn gen - HS trinh bay dugc cac dac didm dac trung cua qudn thd - HS bidt each tfnh tdn sd alen, kidu gen qudn thd Hogt dpng cda GV - GV neu mdt sd vf du va yeu cdu HS nhan bidt qudn the sinh vat va giai thfch Vf du 1: Tap hgp cdc cd the cd chep, ca me, cd didc cung sd'ng mdt ao Vf du 2: Cdc ca the chudt ddng sdng tren ddng lua Vf du 3: Rittig cay thdng Da Lat Hogt dpng cda HS Npi dung Dinh nghia quan the - HS van dung kidn thflc da hgc de nhan bidt: Qudn the la vf du va vf du vi day la tap hgp cac ca the cung loai cung chung sd'ng tren mdt khu vuc nhat dinh - HS cd the dua them vf du vd qudn the nhu ddi cg Phu Thg, riing cay dude Ca Mau - GV hdi: Qudn thd la - HS khai quat kidn - Qudn thd la mdt td thflc chflc cua cac ca thd cung loai, sdng ciing - GV nhan xet, bd sung mdt khoang khdng gian kidn thflc xac dinh, d vao mdt thdi diem xac dinh va cd kha nang sinh cdc thd he cai dd tri gidng ndi 180 Hogt dpng cda GV Hogt dpng cda HS Npi dung - Qudn the la dan vi tdn tai cua lodi - GV dua vdn dd: Tai ndi qudn thd la mgt td chflc cua cac ca the cung loai? - GV ggi y HS phan tfch HS van dung kidn thflc vfdu tra ldi + Mdt long ga tam + Ldng ga chi la mdt hoang d chg nhdm ca the cung loai + Mgt chudng thd trdng dugc nhdt chung + Chudng thd: khdng cd mdi quan he qua lai + Td chflc d qudn the tflc la cac ca the cung loai cd mdi quan he qua lai, dac biet la quan he sinh san Dac trimg di ltruyen - GV neu cau hdi: Qudn - HS van dung kidn thflc ciia quan the the cd nhflng dac trung sinh hgc ldp tra ldi CO ban nao? Cho vf du Dac trung cua qudn the la: Ti le gidi tfnh, phdn nhdm tudi, mat qudn thd - GV ddn ddt: Ngoai nhflng dac trung ca ban tren, qudn thd cdn cd dac trung vd di truydn - GV yeu cdu HS: 181 Hogt dpng cda GV Hogt ddng cda HS Ndi dung + Nghien cflu SGK trang 68 muc I + Neu dac trung di truydn cua qudn thd - HS boat ddng ca nhan - HS chi dac didm vd vdn gen, vd phdn kidu gen cua qudn thd - GV nhan xet, ddnh gid va giang giai, giup HS hoan thien kidn thflc vd dac trung di truyen qudn the - GV cd thd dua vf du: + Qudn thd 1: 0,5AA + 0,2Aa + 0,3aa + Qudn the 2: 0,25AA + 0,5Aa + 0,25aa - GV ddn dat: Vdn gen cua qudn thd khd xdc dinh chfnh xdc nhung cd thd nhan bidt dugc qua tdn sd alen, phdn kidu gen 182 - Qudn thd cd vdn gen dac trung + Vdn gen la tap hgp cac alen cd qudn thd d mdt thdi didm xac dinh + Dac didm vdn gen la tdn sd alen va tdn sd kieu gen - Mdi qudn thd cd cdu true di truydn (thanh phdn kidu gen) ri6ng Hoat ddng cda GV Hogt ddng cda HS Ndi dung - GV y6u cdu HS + Nghien cflu SGK trang 68,69 + Trinh bdy each tfnh tdn sd alen va tdn s6' ciia kidu gen - GV dua bai tap van dung dd HS tfnh tdn sd alen va tdn sd cua loai kidu gen vd y6u cdu HS khai quat each tfnh chung - HS boat ddng ddc lap vdi SGK - HS trinh bay each tfnh tdn sd alen cua gen vd tdn sd ciia loai kidu gen qudn thd - Ldp theo doi -> nhan xdt, bd sung - HS khai quat cdng thflc tinh tdn sd alen di xac dinh vdn gen cua qudn thd * Cach tfnh tdn sd alen Tdn sd alen ciia mdt gen nao dd bang ti 16 gifla sd lugng alen dd tren tdng sd alen cua cac loai alen khac cua gen dd qudn thd tai mdt thdi didm xac dinh * Cach tinh tdn sd kidu gen Tdn sd cua mdt loai kidu gen nao dd dugc tfnh 183 Hogt dpng cda GV Hogt dpng cda HS Ndi dung bdng ti 16 gifla sd cd the cd kidu gen dd tr6n tdng sd ca the qudn thd * Ciing cd: GV yeu cdu HS lam bai tap cho bidt dbd: - Kidu gen AA quy dinh long den - Kieu gen Aa quy dinh long lang - Kieu gen aa quy dinh ldng vang Trong tdng sd 1200 bd cua trai chan nudi cd 432con bd long den, 576 bd ldng lang, sd cdn lai la ldng vang + Tfnh tdn sd tuong dd'i cua alen A, a + Tfnh tdn sd kieu gen - HS tfnh dugc tdn sd alen A la 0,6 va tdn so alen a la 0,4 - Tdn sd cua kidu gen la: AA = 0,36 Aa = 0,48 aa = 0,16 • Hogt dpng TIM Hl£u CAU TRUC DI TRUYEN CUA QUAN TH^ TI/THU PHAN VA QUAN Tui GIAO PHOI GAN Muc tieu: - HS neu dugc xu hudng thay ddi phdn kidu gen cua qudn the tu thu phdn va giao phd'i can huydt - HS bidt van dung If thuyet dd giai thfch cdc hien tugng thuc td Hogt dpng cda GV - GV yeu cdu HS: + Hoan bang 16 SGK trang 60 184 Hogt dpng cda HS Npi dung Qu^n the tu thu phdn Hogt dpng cda GV + Rut nhan xet vd xu hudng thay ddi phdn kidu gen cua qudn the - GV ggi y: + Tfnh tl le kidu gen di hgp (Aa) tdng sd kieu gen d tflng thd he, + So sanh ti 16 kidu gen di hgp d cac thd he Hogt dpng cda HS Npi dung - HS boat ddng ddc lap - HS van dung quy luat cua Menden de xdc dinh ti 16 kidu gen ddng hgp va di hgp d cac thd he theo ggi y cua GV - HS trao ddi nhdm thd'ng nhdt y kidn vd xu hudng thay ddi phdn kieu gen cua qudn thd dd la: + Tdn so kidu gen di hgp giam ddn tfl 100% -> 50% ^ 25% + Tdn sd kidu gen ddng hgp tang ddn tfl 0% -» 50% ^ 75% - GV nhan xet, ddnh gid va giup HS khai qudt kidn thflc - Thanh phdn kieu ^en ciia qudn thd cay tu thu phdn qua cdc thd he thay ddi theo hudng tang ddn tdn sd kidu gen ddng hgp tfl va giam ddn tdn sd kidu gen di hgp 185 Hogt ddng cda GV Hogt ddng cda HS Ndi dung - Cdng thflc tdng quat: + Tdn sd kidu gen di hgp tfl la: (1/2)" + Tdn sd kidu gen ddng hgp tfl trdi = tdn sd kidu gen ddng hgp tfl lan 1-(1/2)2 - GV bd sung kidn thflc: Trong qudn thd cay tfl thu phdn ddn ddn hi6n tugng thoai hod, lam giam nang sudt va chdt lugng san phdm Nguyen nhan la sd kidu gen ddng hgp tang va gen lan cd didu kien bidu hien Qu^n the giao phdi g^n - GV hdi: + Thd nao la giao phdi gdn? Cho vf du + Hau qua giao phd'i gdn Idgi? - HS van dung kidn thflc thuc tddd tra ldi - HS neu vf du vd giao phdi gdn b loai vat nudi gia dinh hoac trang trai nhu ga, vit, bo, trau - HS khai quat kidn thflc - GV nhan xet, ddnh gid va giup HS hoan thi6n kidn thflc 186 - Khai ni6m: Giao phd'i gdn la hidn tugng cac ca thd cd ciing Hogt ddng cda GV Hogt ddng cda HS Npi dung quan he huyet thd'ng giao phd'i vdi - Dac didm: Giao phd'i gdn lam bidn ddi cdu true di truyen cua qudn thd theo hudng tang tdn sd kidu gen ddng hgp va giam tdn sd kieu gen di hgp - GV neu vdn dd: Nhan xet vd mflc dd da dang di truydn qudn thd tu thu phdn va giao phdi can huyet - HS van dung kidn thflc trao ddi nhdm thdng nhdt y kidn - Y6u cdu n6u dugc: + Trong qudn the tu thu phdn va giao phdi can huydt thi tl 16 kieu gen di hgp giam + Do khdng cd su ddi mdi vd vat chdt di truyen ddn ddn giam su di truydn cua qudn the - GV hdi: Tai luat hdn nhan va gia dinh lai cdin khdng cho ngudi cd ho hang gdn (trong vdng ddi) kdt hdn vdi nhau? - HS tra ldi dugc: + Ngudi cd hg hang gdn kdt hdn, giao phdi cac gen lan xdu cd ca hdi bidu hien d trang thai ddng hgp tfl va thd hien kidu hinh xdu 187 Hogt dpng cda GV Hogt dpng cua HS + Con chdu dd mde di tat, sflc sd'ng kem Npi dung - HS cd the hdi: Tai chan nudi va trdng trgt ngudi ta vdn tidn hanh giao phd'i can huydt va tu thu phdn - Ldp trao ddi de tra ldi thdc mde cua ban - HS tra ldi: Con ngudi cd the tao dugc gidng cd kidu gen ddng hgp bieu hien tfnh trang tdt - Md rdng: GV hdi - HS trao ddi nhanh chan nudi va trdng nhdm va tra ldi trgt lam the nao dd giam dugc su thodi hod va tang + Vdi cay trdng nen tidn da dang di truydn cua hanh giao phan gidng? + Vdi ddng vat can lai gidng Kiem tra danh gia - GV yeu cdu HS nhdc lai kidn thflc ca ban cua bai - HS lam bai tap trdc nghiem Cau Trong qudn thd tu phd'i thi phdn kieu gen cua qudn thd co xu hudng a) Phan hod cac ddng thudn cd kidu gen khdc b) Ngay cang phong phu, da dang kidu gen c) Tdn tai chu ydu d trang thai di hgp d) Ngay cang dn dinh vd tdn sd cdc alen Cau Qudn the sdc cd 1500 con, dd sd sdc ldng nau ddng hgp tfl la 1050 con, sdc ldng nau di hgp tfl la 150 Bidt tfnh trang long gen gdm 188 Hogt dpng cda GV Hogt dpng cda HS Npi dung + Hd so di truydn cua mdi ngudi ed thd anh hudng tdi hdn nhan va xin viic lam - GV neu vdn dd: Cdng - HS van dung kidn thflc Van de phat sinh nghe gen va cdng nghe va hidu bidt thuc td de cdng nghe gen va cdng td bao da phat sinh trao ddi nhanh nghe te bao nhiing vdn di gi? nhdm va tra ldi + San pham tfl sinh vat bidn ddi gen cd the chua hoan toan tdt cho ngudi + Gen khang thudc diet CO + Nhan ban vd tfnh d ngudi - GV nhan xet, ddnh gia va giang giai: + Trong nghien cflu va san xuat khdng trdnh khdi rui ro, tac hai + Ban than cac tuu khoa hgc la vd hai, van de la ngudi sfl dung vdi muc dfch nao? + Nhidu nha dung cdng hgc dd tao chuydn gen kidm soat san xudt lgi nghe sinh san pham khdng qua + Cac boat ddng san xudt cd lien quan ddn cdng nghe sinh hgc cdn - Gen khang thudc khdng sinh tfl sinh vat bidn ddi gen eg the phat tan sang vi sinh vat gay benh cho ngudi hay khdng - Sfl dung san phdm tfl sinh vat bidn ddi gen cd an toan cho sflc khoe ngudi va anh hudng tdi he gen cua ngudi hay khdng - Lo ngai vd viec sfl dung nhan ban vd tfnh de tao ngudi nhan ban se'ma't hdt gia trj truyen thd'ng (vd tinh mdu tfl) 263 Hogt dpng cda GV Hogt dpng cua HS dugc kiem soat bdi phap chd nha nudc va bdi du luan - GV ddn ddt: + Nhung nam gdn day Di truyen hgc, Tam If hgc, Xa hdi hgc kdt hgp nhidu nganh khoa hgc khac da tflng budc lam rd CO sd di truydn va anh hudng cua mdi trudng ddi vdi trf thdng minh Npi dung Van de di truydn kha ndng tri tue + Cbl so thdng minh (IQ) cang dugc flng dung rdng rai - Gy dat van de: IQ la gi? Lien quan gifla IQ va su di truyen? - GV nhan xet, danh gia - HS nghien cuu SGK va va giang giai tu lieu dd trao ddi nhdm va tra ldi -> ldp nhan xet bd sung a) He sd thdng minh (IQ) - IQ la thuang sd trf tue hay cdn ggi la chi sd thdng minh Chi sd ndi len nang luc trf tue cua ngudi dd - Cdng thflc tinh IQ » 264 IQ = ^ ^ X 100 CA Hogt dpng cda GV Hogt dpng cda HS Npi dung b) Khd ndng tri tue vd su di truyen - Tfnh di truyen cd anh hudng d mflc dd nhat djnh tdi kha nang trf tue - GV sfl dung thdng tin bd sung de giang giai - M'd rdng: - IQ tang khoang 3,5 diem mdt thap nien + Trong xa hdi va gia dinh cd truyen thd'ng gido due tdt, cd didu kien nudi dudng, cd trinh van hod cao thi ydu td di truyen cua trf thdng minh (IQ) cd didu kien bieu hien rd ban + Su xuat hien phat tridn trf thdng minh d ngudi gdn lien vdi cham lo cua xa hdi Su quan tam bdi dudng giao due cua gia dinh cflng su nd luc pha'n da'u cua ban than tao didu kien cho cac td cha't, tidm nang sdn cd cua mdi ngudi dugc bieu hien Di truyen hoc vdi + Ca nhan van dung kidn benh AIDS (hgi chirng thflc thuc td, kdt hgp vdi suy giam midn dich tap nghien cuu SGK trang nhi^m) + Nguyen nhan gay 95 dd nhan bidt kidn thflc benh AIDS + Co chd phien ma ngugc + Thao luan nhdm thd'ng nhdt y kidn tra ldi - GV neu van dd: Trinh bay hidu bidt cua em vd AIDS - GV ggi y: - HS boat ddng nhdm: 265 Hogt dpng cda GV Hogt dpng cda HS + Hau qua cua benh - Dai dien nhdm tra ldi AIDS -^ ldp nhan xet, bd sung - GV nhan xet, danh gia - HS khai quat kie'n va su dung tranh hinh vd thflc xam nhap cua vi rut HIV de giang giai Npi dung Qua trinh lay nhidm bdt ddu vi rut HIV xam nhap vao td bao ngudi + Hat vi rut gdm phan tfl ARN, cac prdtein cdu true va enzim + Vi riit sfl dung enzim phien ma ngugc dd tdng hgp mach ADN tren khudn ARN - GV bd sung kidn thflc: + Trong qua trinh lay nhidm su tuong tac gifla vi rut HIV va td bao bj lay nhidm rdt phflc tap vi vi rut cd boat ddng rat khac thudc ban chat va boat tfnh cua tflng loai td bao ma chung lay nhidm + Hoat tfnh cua vi rut HIV phu thudc vao boat ddng cua thdng tin di truydn didu khidn chu ki sinh san cua vi rut + HIV boat dgng rdt dac thu khdng gid'ng loai nao gidi vi rut 266 + Nhd enzim tfl mach ADN vfla tdng hgp dugc dung lam khudn, tao mach ADN thfl hai + Phan tfl ADN mach kep dugc tao xen vao ADN td bao chu nhd enzim + ADN nhan ddi cung vdi he gen ngudi + Vi rut HIV cd the tiem sinh vd ban td bao bach cdu T nhung td bao boat ddng thi bj vi rut tieu diet + Su giam sut sd lugng va chflc nang cua cdc td bao bach cdu lam mat kha nang midn djch cua CO the, cdc vi sinh vat khac lgi dung luc co the suy giam midn djch tdn cdng gay tieu chay, sdt, lao, ung thu, viem mang nao ddn den chet Hogt dpng cda GV Hogt dpng cda HS - GV yeu cdu HS thao luan vd + Hiem boa cua dai djch AIDS + Nhan thflc cua HS vd dai djch AIDS - HS boat ddng nhdm - Ca nhan van dung kidn thflc trao ddi - Thdng nha't y kidn: + Sd lugng ngudi nhidm HIV tang + Lfla tudi nhidm HIV tfl 15 - 35 la tudi hgc tap va lao ddng chfnh cua gia dinh, xa hdi Npi dung + Nhan thflc cua ngudi benh cdn rat ban chd, dac biet la viec phdng tranh lay nhidm cho ngudi xung quanh + HS phai ndi khdng vdi ma va HIV/AIDS Kiem tra danh gia - GV yeu cdu HS tdm tdt kidn thflc bai hgc Dan - Chudn bj dn tap toan bd phdn di truyen - On tap each xay dung ban dd khai niem Bai 23 ON TAP PHAN DI TRUYEN HOC I MUC TIEU - HS ndm dugc cdc khdi niem co ban di truyen hgc tfl rhflc phan tfl, td bao, CO thd cung nhu qudn the 267 - Bidt each he thdng boa kien thflc thdng qua xay dung ban dd khdi niem - Thanh lap md'i quan he gifla kidn thflc cua cac phdn da hgc - Ren ky nang khdi qudt hda, tdng hgp kidn thflc II CHUAN B! - Mdt so tranh hinh SGK can thidt - So dd khai niem GV thidt kd - HS dn lai kidn thflc da hgc phdn di truyen, van dung kidn thflc ldp 10, thidt lap ban dd khdi niem III HOAT DONG DAY - HOC Kiem tra GV kiem tra phdn chuan bj cua HS Trong tam GV giup HS hoan thien kT nang xay dung cdc ban dd khai niem Bai mdi Mo bai: GV neu muc tieu cua bai hgc va gidi thieu cac ndi dung chfnh ciia bai dn tap Hogt dpng TOM TAT KIEN THlTC CO BAN CUA PHAN DI TRUYEN VA BIEN DI Hogt dpng cda GV Hogt dpng cua HS Npi dung - GV neu yeu cdu: Tdm tdt cdc kidn thflc ca - HS da chuan bi ndi ban vd di truyen da hgc dung d nha chuang trinh - Dai dien nhdm len trinh bay mdt each tdm tdt -^ ldp nhan xet va bd sung - GV nhan xet, danh gia 268 * Ca sd vat chat di truydn: Hogt dpng cda GV Hogt dpng cda HS Npi dung - Cdp phan tfl: ADN, ARN, prdtein - C a p tebao: NST * Co chd di truyen: - Cap phan tfl: Tu ma, djch ma - Cap td bao: Kdt hgp cua ba qua trinh: Nguyen phan, giam phan, thu tinh * Co che di truyen cdp qudn the: - Dac trung di truyen qudn thd la tdn so cac alen va tdn sd cua cdc kieu gen * Ung dung di truydn hgc chgn gid'ng - Bien phap lai tao, gay dot bidn nhan tao - Sfl dung cdng nghe sinh hgc * Bidn dj gdm: Bidn dj di truyen vt bidn dj khdng di truyen - Cac loai dot bidn - Co chd phat sinh - Y nghTa, vai trd 269 Hogt dpng HUdNG DAN N TAP Hogt dpng cda GV Hogt dpng cda HS Npi dung - GV yeu cdu HS nhdc - HS van dung bai hgc Xay dung ban lai each xay dung ban dd 21 sinh hgc 10 dd khai niem khai niem trinh bay - Yeu cdu neu dugc: + Xac djnh chu de + Chgn mdt so khai niem (kidn thflc) then chdt phan dnh chu dd dd + Dung gach ndi cac khai niem vdi nhau, the hien mdi lien quan - GV neu yeu cdu: Trinh bay phdn chuan bj ve xay dung ban dd khai niem - Dai dien nhdm trinh bay tren gidy Ao hoac vie't len bang - HS trinh bay tudn tu cac budc dd xay dung ban dd khai niem - Ldp theo doi, nhan xet va bd sung - GV nhan xet, danh gia phdn chuan bj va phdn trinh bay cua nhdm - GV gidi thieu ban dd khai niem vd vat chat va CO chd di truydn cap phan tfl de HS theo ddi va sua chfla 270 Hogt dpng cda GV Hogt dpng cda HS - HS tu sua chfla - GV nhan xet va giup - Dai dien HS trinh bay HS hoan thien kidn thflc he thd'ng kidn thflc tfl ban dd khdi niem -> ldp nhan xet, bd sung Npi dung Dap an ban dd khai niem chu dd: Vat chdt va co chd di truyen cdp phan tfl Cac khai niem lien quan ADN, gen, ARN, prdtein tfnh trang, tu sao, ma Gen la mgt doan cua phan tfl ADN mang thdng tin ma boa mdt chudi pdlipeptit hay mdt phan tfl ARN Thdng tin ve trinh tu axit amin chudi pdlipeptit dugc ma hod tren gen dudi dang ma di truyen (Bd ba ma hda) Thdng tin di truyen dugc truyen tfl me sang dugc bieu hien tfnh trang ADN nhan ddi theo nguyen tdc bd sung va nguyen tdc ban bao toan ARN dugc tdng hgp tren khudn mdu ADN theo nguyen tdc bd sung (sao ma) Phan tfl ADN chfla nhidu gen quy dinh cac tfnh trang cua ca thd 271 Hogt dpng cda GV Hogt dpng cda HS Npi dung Thdng tin di truydn cdt gidu gen dugc ma (ARN) va dugc giai ma (tdng hgp prdtein) Thd hien cdc tfnh trang cua co the Gen ARN Protein Tinh trang - GV dua cac chu dd de - HS thao luan nhdm HS xay dung ban dd thd'ng nha't each xay khai niem dung ban dd khdi niem VD: Vat chdt va ca chd theo chu dd di truydn cap td bao - Dai dien nhdm trinh Cac khai niem lien quan: bay -> ldp nhan xet bd NST, nguyen phan, giam sung phan, thu tinh Giam phan - GV neu cau hdi: Hay giai thfch each phan loai bidn dj d so dd trang 100 SGK 272 - HS quan sdt so dd - Trao ddi nhdm thd'ng nha't y kidn tra ldi duoc: Phan biet cac loai bien di Hogt dpng cda GV Hogt dpng cda HS Npi dung + Nhanh 1: Phan loai bidn dj theo each di truydn + Nhanh 2: Phan loai theo each vat chat cd bj bidn ddi hay khdng + Nhanh 3: Phan loai theo each bidn ddi d loai vat chat gen hay NST + Nhanh 4: Phan loai theo su bidn ddi vd cdu true va sd lugng - GV yeu cdu HS phan - HS thao luan nhdm va biet dot bidn vdi thudng trinh bay phdn da chuan bidn, dot bidn da bdi va bj ndi dung so sanh nhu SGK trang 100 va 101 ddt bidn lech bdi - Cac nhdm theo ddi va nhan xet, bd sung - GV nhan xet, danh gid va thdng bdo dap an dd cac nhdm sfla chfla Dap an 1: Phan biet bidn dj di truyen va bidn dj khdng di truydn Bien dj di truyen Bien dj l