TỔNG hợp 10 bài READINGS tự học ielts

TỔNG HỢP 10 BÀI READINGS – Tự học IELTS Ms Hồng Hà Reading Questions 14-17 Reading Passage 162 has four sections A-D Choose the correct heading for the each section from the list of headings below Write the correct number i-vi in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet _ List of Headings i Causes of volcanic eruption ii Efforts to predict volcanic eruption iii Volcanoes and the features of our planet iv Different types of volcanic eruption v International relief efforts vi The unpredictability of volcanic eruption _ 14 Section A 15 Section B 16 Section C 17 Section D Volcanoes – earth-shattering news When Mount Pinatubo suddenly erupted on June 1991, the power of volcanoes past and present again hit the headlines A Volcanoes are the ultimate earth-moving machinery A violent eruption can blow the top few kilometres off a mountain, scatter fine ash practically all over the globe and hurt rock fragments into the stratosphere to darken the skies a continent away But the classic eruption – cone-shaped mountain, big bang, mushroom cloud and surges of molten lava – is only a tiny part of a global story Volcanism, the name given to volcanic processes, really has shaped the world Eruptions have rifted continents, raised mountain chains, constructed islands and shaped the topography of the earth The entire ocean floor has a basement of volcanic basalt Volcanoes have not only made the continents, they are also thought to have made the world‘s first stable atmosphere and provided all the water for the oceans, rivers and ice-caps There are now about 600 active volcanoes Every year they add two or three cubic kilometres of rock to the continents Imagine a similar number of volcanoes smoking away for the last 3,500 million years That is enough rock to explain the continental crust What comes out of volcanic craters is mostly gas More than 90% of this gas is water vapour from the deep earth: enough to explain, over 3,500 million years, the water in the oceans The rest of the gas is nitrogen, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, methane, ammonia and hydrogen The quantity of these gases, again multiplied over 3,500 million years, is enough to explain the mass of the world‘s atmosphere We are alive because volcanoes provided the soil, air and water we need B Geologists consider the earth as having a molten core, surrounded by a semi-molten mantle and a brittle, outer skin It helps to think of a soft-boiled egg with a runny yolk, a firm but squishy white and a hard shell If the shell is even slightly cracked during boiling, the white material bubbles out and sets like a tiny mountain chain over the crack – like an archipelago of volcanic islands such as the Hawaiian Islands But the earth is so much bigger and the mantle below is so much halter Even though the mantle rocks are kept solid by overlying pressure, they can still slowly ‗flow‘ like thick treacle The flow, thought to be in the form of convection currents, is powerful enough to fracture the ‗eggshell‘ of the crust into plates, and keep them bumping and grinding against each other, or even overlapping, at the rate of a few centimetres a year These fracture zones, where the collisions occur, are where earthquakes happen And, very often, volcanoes C These zones are lines of weakness, or hot spots Every eruption is different, but put at its simplest, where there are weaknesses, rocks deep in the mantle, heated to 1,350oC, will start to expand and rise As they so, the pressure drops, and they expand and become liquid and rise more swiftly Sometimes it is slow: vast bubbles of magma – molten rock from the mantle – inch towards the surface, cooling slowly, to show through as granite extrusions (as on Skye, or the Great Whin Sill, the lava dyke squeezed out like toothpaste that carries part of Hadrian‘s Wall in northern England) Sometimes – as in Northern Ireland, Wales and the Karoo in South Africa – the magma rose faster, and then flowed out horizontally on to the surface in vast thick sheets In the Deccan plateau in western India, there are more than two million cubic kilometres of lava, some of it 2,400 metres thick, formed over 500,000 years of slurping eruption Sometimes the magma moves very swiftly indeed It does not have time to cool as it surges upwards The gases trapped inside the boiling rock expand suddenly, the lava glows with heat, it begins to froth, and it explodes with tremendous force Then the slightly cooler lava following it begins to flow over the lip of the crater It happens on Mars, it happened on the moon, it even happens on some of the moons of Jupiter and Uranus By studying the evidence, vulcanologists can read the force of the great blasts of the past Is the pumice light and full of holes? The explosion was tremendous Are the rocks heavy, with huge crystalline basalt shapes, like the Giant‘s Causeway in Northern Ireland? It was a slow, gentle eruption The biggest eruption are deep on the mid-ocean floor, where new lava is forcing the continents apart and widening the Atlantic by perhaps five centimetres a year Look at maps of volcanoes, earthquakes and island chains like the Philippines and Japan, and you can see the rough outlines of what are called tectonic plates – the plates which make up the earth‘s crust and mantle The most dramatic of these is the Pacific ‗ring of fire‘ where there have the most violent explosions – Mount Pinatubo near Manila, Mount St Helen‘s in the Rockies and El Chichón in Mexico about a decade ago, not to mention world-shaking blasts like Krakatoa in the Sunda Straits in 1883 D But volcanoes are not very predictable That is because geological time is not like human time During quiet periods, volcanoes cap themselves with their own lava by forming a powerful cone from the molten rocks slopping over the rim of the crater; later the lava cools slowly into a huge, hard, stable plug which blocks any further eruption until the pressure below becomes irresistible In the case of Mount Pinatubo, this took 600 years Then, sometimes, with only a small warning, the mountain blows its top It did this at Mont Pelée in Martinique at 7.49 a.m on May, 1902 Of a town of 28,000, only two people survived In 1815, a sudden blast removed the top 1,280 metres of Mount Tambora in Indonesia The eruption was so fierce that dust thrown into the stratosphere darkened the skies, canceling the following summer in Europe and North America Thousands starved as the harvest failed, after snow in June and frosts in August Volcanoes are potentially world news, especially the quiet ones Questions 18-21 Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/ OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer Write your answers in boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet 18 What are the sections of the earth‘s crust, often associated with volcanic activity, called? 19 What is the name given to molten rock from the mantle? 20 What is the earthquake zone on the Pacific Ocean called? 21 For how many years did Mount Pinatubo remain inactive? Questions 22-26 Complete the summary below Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheets Volcanic eruptions have shaped the earth‘s land surface They may also have produced the world‘s atmosphere and 22 … …… Eruptions occur when molten rocks from the earth‘s mantle rise and expand When they become liquid, they move more quickly through cracks in the surface There are different types of eruption Sometimes the 23 …… … moves slowly and forms outcrops of granite on the earth‘s surface When it moves more quickly it may flow out in thick horizontal sheets Examples of this type of eruption can be found in Northern Ireland, Wales, South Africa and 24 … …… A third type of eruption occurs when the lava emerges very quickly and 25 … …… violently This happens because the magma moves so suddenly that 26 … …… are emitted Reading Experience versus speed Certain mental functions slow down with age, but the brain compensates in ways that can keep seniors as sharp as youngsters Jake, aged 16, has a terrific relationship with his grandmother Rita, who is 70 They live close by, and they even take a Spanish class together twice a week at a local college After class they sometimes stop at a cafe for a snack On one occasion, Rita tells Jake, 'I think it's great how fast you pick up new grammar It takes me a lot longer.' Jake replies, 'Yeah, but you don't seem to make as many silly mistakes on the quizzes as I How you that?' In that moment, Rita and Jake stumbled across an interesting set of differences between older and younger minds Popular psychology says that as people age their brains 'slow down' The implication, of course, is that elderly men and women are not as mentally agile as middle-aged adults or even teenagers However, although certain brain functions such as perception and reaction time indeed take longer, that slowing down does not necessarily undermine mental sharpness Indeed, evidence shows that older people are just as mentally fit as younger people because their brains compensate for some kinds of declines in creative ways that young minds not exploit Just as people's bodies age at different rates, so their minds As adults advance in age, the perception of sights, sounds and smells takes a bit longer, and laying down new information into memory becomes more difficult The ability to retrieve memories also quickly slides and it is sometimes harder to concentrate and maintain attention On the other hand, the ageing brain can create significant benefits by tapping into its extensive hoard of accumulated knowledge and experience The biggest trick that older brains employ is to use both hemispheres simultaneously to handle tasks for which younger brains rely predominantly on one side Electronic images taken by cognitive scientists at the University of Michigan, for example, have demonstrated that even when doing basic recognition or memorization exercises, seniors exploit the left and right side of the brain more extensively than men and women who are decades younger Drawing on both sides of the brain gives them a tactical edge, even if the speed of each hemisphere's process is slower In another experiment, Michael Falkenstein of the University of Dortmund in Germany found that when elders were presented with new computer exercises they paused longer before reacting and took longer to complete the tasks, yet they made 50% fewer errors, probably because of their more deliberate pace One analogy for these results might be the question of who can type a paragraph 'better': a I6year-old who glides along at 60 words per minute but has to double back to correct a number of mistakes or a 70-year-old who strikes keys at only 40 words per minute but spends less time fixing errors? In the end, if 'better' is defined as completing a clean paragraph both people may end up taking the same amount of time Computerized tests support the notion that accuracy can offset speed In one so-called distraction exercise, subjects were told to look at a screen, wait for an arrow that pointed in a certain direction to appear, and then use a mouse to click on the arrow as soon as it appeared on the screen Just before the correct symbol appeared, however, the computer displayed numerous other arrows aimed in various other directions Although younger subjects cut through the confusion faster when the correct arrow suddenly popped up, they more frequently clicked on incorrect arrows in their haste Older test takers are equally capable of other tasks that not depend on speed, such as language comprehension and processing In these cases, however the elders utilize the brain's available resources in a different way Neurologists at Northwest University came to this conclusion after analyzing 50 people ranging from age 23 to 78 The subjects had to lie down in a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machine and concentrate on two different lists of printed words posted side by side in front of them By looking at the lists, they were to find pairs of words that were similar in either meaning or spelling The eldest participants did just as well on the tests as the youngest did, and yet the MRI scans indicated that in the elders' brains, the areas which are responsible for language recognition and interpretation were much less active The researchers did find that the older people had more activity in brain regions responsible for attentiveness Darren Gleitman, who headed the study, concluded that older brains solved the problems just as effectively but by different means Questions 1-3 Choose the correct answer A, B, C or D ans write them on your answer sheet from 1-3 The conversation between Jake and Rita is used to give an example of A the way we learn languages B the changes that occur in our brains over time C the fact that it is easier to learn a language at a young age D the importance of young and old people doing things together In paragraph six, what point is the analogy used to illustrate? A Working faster is better than working slower B Accuracy is less important than speed C Accuracy can improve over time D Working faster does not always save time In the computerized distraction exercises, the subjects had to A react to a particular symbol on the screen B type a text as quickly as possible C move an arrow in different directions around the screen D click on every arrow that appeared on the screen Questions 4-7 Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-F Write the correct letter A-F in boxes 4-7 on your answer sheet According to popular psychology Researchers at the University of Michigan showed that Michael Falkenstein discovered that Scientists at Northwest University concluded that A the older we get the harder it is to concentrate for any length of time B seniors take longer to complete tasks but with greater accuracy C old people use both parts of their brain more than young people D older people use their brains differently but achieve the same result E the speed of our brain decreases with age F older people not cope well with new technology Questions 8-12 Complete the summary below Choose NO MORE THAN ONE WORD from the passage for each answer Write your answers in spaces 8-12 of your answer sheet People's bodies and grow older at varying stages As we age our senses take longer to process information and our aptitude for recalling also decreases However, older people's brains have several advantages Firstly, they can call upon both the 10 and 11 which is already stored in their brain Secondly, although the 12 of each side of their brain is reduced, they are able to use both sides at once Reading Questions 28-31 Reading Passage 165 has five sections A-E Choose the correct heading for section A and C-E from the list of headings below Write the correct number i-viii in boxes 28-31 on your answer sheet List of Headings i The connection between health-care and other human rights ii The development of market-based health systems iii The role of the state in health-care iv A problem shared by every economically developed country v The impact of recent change vi The views of the medical establishment vii The end of an illusion viii Sustainable economic development 28 Section A Example Section B Answer viii 29 Section C 30 Section D 31 Section E The Problem of Scarce Resources Section A The problem of how health-care resources should be allocated or apportioned, so that they are distributed in both the most just and most efficient way, is not a new one Every health system in an economically developed society is faced with the need to decide (either formally or informally) what proportion of the community‘s total resources should be spent on health-care; how resources are to be apportioned; what diseases and disabilities and which forms of treatment are to be given priority; which members of the community are to be given special consideration in respect of their health needs; and which forms of treatment are the most cost-effective Section B What is new is that, from the 1950s onwards, there have been certain general changes in outlook about the finitude of resources as a whole and of health-care resources in particular, as well as more specific changes regarding the clientele of health-care resources and the cost to the community of those resources Thus, in the 1950s and 1960s, there emerged an awareness in Western societies that resources for the provision of fossil fuel energy were finite and exhaustible and that the capacity of nature or the environment to sustain economic development and population was also finite In other words, we became aware of the obvious fact that there were ‗limits to growth‘ The new consciousness that there were also severe limits to health-care resources was part of this general revelation of the obvious Looking back, it now seems quite incredible that in the national health systems that emerged in many countries in the years immediately after the 1939-45 World War, it was assumed without question that all the basic health needs of any community could be satisfied, at least in principle; the ‗in visible hand‘ of economic progress would provide Section C However, at exactly the same time as this new realization of the finite character of health-care resources was sinking in, an awareness of a contrary kind was developing in Western societies: that people have a basic right to health-care as a necessary condition of a proper human life Like education, political and legal processes and institutions, public order, communication, transport and money supply, health-care came to be seen as one of the fundamental social facilities necessary for people to exercise their other rights as autonomous human beings People are not in i Gathering the information ii Cigarettes produced to match an image iii Financial outlay on marketing iv The first advertising methods v Pressure causes a drop in sales vi Changing attitudes allow new marketing tactics vii Background to the research viii A public uproar is avoided ix The innovative move to written adverts x A century of uninhibited smoking xi Conclusions of the research 14 Paragraph A 15 Paragraph В 16 Paragraph С Example Paragraph D Answer iv 17 Paragraph E 18 Paragraph F 19 Paragraph G Example Paragraph H Answer xi Looking for a Market among Adolescents A In 1992, the most recent year for which data are available, the US tobacco industry spent $5 billion on domestic marketing That figure represents a huge increase from the approximate £250-million budget in 1971, when tobacco advertising was banned from television and radio The current expenditure translates to about $75 for every adult smoker, or to $4,500 for every adolescent who became a smoker that year This apparently high cost to attract a new smoker is very likely recouped over the average 25 years that this teen will smoke В In the first half of this century, leaders of the tobacco companies boasted that innovative mass-marketing strategies built the industry Recently, however, the tobacco business has maintained that its advertising is geared to draw established smokers to particular brands But public health advocates insist that such advertising plays a role in generating new demand, with adolescents being the primary target To explore the issue, we examined several marketing campaigns undertaken over the years and correlated them with the ages smokers say they began their habit We find that, historically, there is considerable evidence that such campaigns led to an increase in cigarette smoking among adolescents of the targeted group С National surveys collected the ages at which people started smoking The 1955 Current Population Survey (CPS) was the first to query respondents for this information, although only summary data survive Beginning in 1970, however, the National Health Interview Surveys (NHIS) included this question in some polls Answers from all the surveys were combined to produce a sample of more than 165,000 individuals Using a respondent's age at the time of the survey and the reported age of initiation, [age they started smoking], the year the person began smoking could be determined Dividing the number of adolescents (defined as those 12 to 17 years old) who started smoking during a particular interval by the number who were "eligible" to begin at the start of the interval set the initiation rate for that group D Mass-marketing campaigns began as early as the 1880s, which boosted tobacco consumption six fold by 1900 Much of the rise was attributed to a greater number of people smoking cigarettes, as opposed to using cigars, pipes, snuff or chewing tobacco Marketing strategies included painted billboards and an extensive distribution of coupons, which a recipient could redeem for free cigarettes Some brands included soft-porn pictures of women in the packages Such tactics inspired outcry from educational leaders concerned about their corrupting influence on teenage boys Thirteen percent of the males surveyed in 1955 who reached adolescence between 1890 and 1910 commenced smoking by 18 years of age, compared with almost no females E The power of targeted advertising is more apparent if one considers the men born between 1890 and 1899 In 1912, when many of these men were teenagers, the R.J Reynolds company launched the Camel brand of cigarettes with a revolutionary approach Every city in the country was bombarded with print advertising According to the 1955 CPS, initiation by age 18 for males in this group jumped to 21.6 percent, a two thirds increase over those boom before 1890 The NHIS initiation rate also reflected this change For adolescent males it went up from 2.9 percent between 1910 and 1912 to 4.9 percent between 1918 and 1921 F It was not until the mid-1920s that social mores permitted cigarette advertising to focus on women In 1926 a poster depicted women imploring smokers of Chesterfield cigarettes to "Blow Some My Way" The most successful crusade, however, was for Lucky Strikes, which urged women to "Reach for a Lucky instead of a Sweet." The 1955 CPS data showed that percent of the women who were adolescents during the mid-1920s had started smoking by age 18, compared with only percent in the preceding generation of female adolescents Initiation rates from the NHIS data for adolescent girls were observed to increase threefold, from 0.6 percent between 1922 and 1925 to 1.8 percent between 1930 and 1933 In contrast, rates for males rose only slightly G The next major boost in smoking initiation in adolescent females occurred in the late 1960s In 1967 the tobacco industry launched "niche" brands aimed exclusively at women The most popular was Virginia Slims The visuals of this campaign emphasized a woman who was strong, independent and very thin Initiation in female adolescents nearly doubled, from 3.7 percent between 1964 and 1967 to 6.2 percent between 1972 and 1975 (NHIS data) During the same period, rates for adolescent males remained stable H Thus, in four distinct instances over the past 100 years, innovative and directed tobacco marketing campaigns were associated with marked surges in primary demand from adolescents only in the target group The first two were directed at males and the second two at females Of course, other factors helped to entrench smoking in society Yet it is clear from the data that advertising has been an overwhelming force in attracting new users Questions 20-24 Do the following statements agree with the information in Reading Passage 21? In boxes 20-24 write: YES if the statement is true according to the passage NO if the statement contradicts the passage NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage 20 Cigarette marketing has declined in the US since tobacco advertising banned on TV 21 Tobacco companies claim that their advertising targets existing smokers 22 The difference in initiation rates between male and female smokers at of the 19 Lh century was due to selective marketing 23 Women who took up smoking in the past lost weight 24 The two surveys show different trends in cigarette initiation Questions 25-27 Complete the sentences below with words taken from the Reading Passage Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer Write your answers in boxes 25-27 on your answer sheet Tobacco companies are currently being accused of aiming their advertisements mainly at (25) statistics on smoking habits for men born between 1890 and 1899 were gathered in the year (26) The (27) brand of cigarettes was designed for a particular sex Reading A spark, a flint: How fire leapt to life [ The control of fire was the first and perhaps greatest of humanity’s steps towards a lifeenhancing technology ] To early man, fire was a divine gift randomly delivered in the form of lightning, forest fire or burning lava Unable to make flame for themselves, the earliest peoples probably stored fire by keeping slow burning logs alight or by carrying charcoal in pots How and where man learnt how to produce flame at will is unknown It was probably a secondary invention, accidentally made during tool-making operations with wood or stone Studies of primitive societies suggest that the earliest method of making fire was through friction European peasants would insert a wooden drill in a round hole and rotate it briskly between their palms This process could be speeded up by wrapping a cord around the drill and pulling on each end The Ancient Greeks used lenses or concave mirrors to concentrate the sun‘s rays and burning glasses were also used by Mexican Aztecs and the Chinese Percussion methods of fire-lighting date back to Paleolithic times, when some Stone Age toolmakers discovered that chipping flints produced sparks The technique became more efficient after the discovery of iron, about 5000 vears ago In Arctic North America, the Eskimos produced a slow-burning spark by striking quartz against iron pyrites, a compound that contains sulphur The Chinese lit their fires by striking porcelain with bamboo In Europe, the combination of steel, flint and tinder remained the main method of firelighting until the mid 19th century Fire-lighting was revolutionized by the discovery of phosphorus, isolated in 1669 by a German alchemist trying to transmute silver into gold Impressed by the element‘s combustibility, several 17th century chemists used it to manufacture fire-lighting devices, but the results were dangerously inflammable With phosphorus costing the equivalent of several hundred pounds per ounce, the hrst matches were expensive The quest for a practical match really began after 1781 when a group of French chemists came up with the Phosphoric Candle or Ethereal Match, a sealed glass tube containing a twist of paper tipped with phosphorus When the tube was broken, air rushed in, causing the phosphorus to selfcombust An even more hazardous device, popular in America, was the Instantaneous Light Box — a bottle filled with sulphuric acid into which splints treated with chemicals were dipped The first matches resembling those used today were made in 1827 by John Walker, an English pharmacist who borrowed the formula from a military rocket-maker called Congreve Costing a shilling a box, Congreves were splints coated with sulphur and tipped with potassium chlorate To light them, the user drew them quickly through folded glass paper Walker never patented his invention, and three years later it was copied by a Samuel Jones, who marketed his product as Lucifers About the same time, a French chemistry student called Charles Sauria produced the first ―strike-anywhere‖ match by substituting white phosphorus for the potassium chlorate in the Walker formula However, since white phosphorus is a deadly poison, from 1845 match-makers exposed to its fumes succumbed to necrosis, a disease that eats away jaw-bones It wasn‘t until 1906 that the substance was eventually banned That was 62 years after a Swedish chemist called Pasch had discovered non-toxic red or amorphous phosphorus, a development exploited commercially by Pasch‘s compatriot J E Lundstrom in 1885 Lundstrom‘s safety matches were safe because the red phosphorus was nontoxic; it was painted on to the striking surface instead of the match tip, which contained potassium chlorate with a relatively high ignition temperature of 182 degrees centigrade America lagged behind Europe in match technology and safety standards It wasn‘t until 1900 that the Diamond Match Company bought a French patent for safety matches — but the formula did not work properly in the different climatic conditions prevailing in America and it was another 11 years before scientists finally adapted the French patent for the US The Americans, however, can claim several ―firsts‖ in match technology and marketing In 1892 the Diamond Match Company pioneered book matches The innovation didn‘t catch on until after 1896, when a brewery had the novel idea of advertising its product in match books Today book matches are the most widely used type in the US, with 90 percent handed out free by hotels, restaurants and others Other American innovations include an anti-after-glow solution to prevent the match from smoldering after it has been blown out; and the waterproof match, which lights after eight hours in water Questions 1-8 Complete the summary below Choose your answers from the box at the bottom of the page and write them in boxes on your answer sheet NB There are more words than spaces so you will not use them all You may use any of the words more than once EARLY FIRE-LIGHTING METHODS Primitive Societies saw fire as a ….….(Example)… … gift Answer: heavenly They tried to (1) burning logs or charcoal (2) that they could create fire themselves It is suspected that the first man-made flames were produced by (3) The very first fire-lighting methods involved the creation of (4) by, for example, rapidly (5) a wooden stick in a round hole The use of (6) or persistent chipping was also widespread in Europe and among other peoples such as the Chinese and (7) European practice of this method continued until the 1850s (8) the discovery of phosphorus some years earlier List of Words Mexicans random rotating despite preserve realising sunlight lacking percussion Chance friction unaware without make heating Eskimos surprised heavenly until smoke Questions 9-15 Look at the following notes that have been made about the matches described in Reading Passage 32 Decide which type of match (A-H) corresponds with each description and write your answers in boxes 9-15 on your answer sheet NB There are more matches than descriptions so you will not use them all You may use any match more than once Example could be lit after soaking in water NOTES made using a less poisonous type of phosphorus 10 identical to a previous type of match 11 caused a deadly illness 12 first to look like modern matches 13 first matches used for advertising 14 relied on an airtight glass container 15 made with the help of an army design Types of Matches A the Ethereal Match B the Instantaneous Light box C Congreves D Lucifers E the first strike-anywhere match F Lundstrom‘s safety match G book matches H waterproof matches Answer H Reading 10 The Motor Car A There are now over 700 million motor vehicles in the world - and the number is rising by more than 40 million each year The average distance driven by car users is growing too - from km a day per person in western Europe in 1965 to 25 km a day in 1995 This dependence on motor vehicles has given rise to major problems, including environmental pollution, depletion of oil resources, traffic congestion and safety B While emissions from new cars are far less harmful than they used to be, city streets and motorways are becoming more crowded than ever, often with older trucks, buses and taxis, which emit excessive levels of smoke and fumes This concentration of vehicles makes air quality in urban areas unpleasant and sometimes dangerous to breathe Even Moscow has joined the list of capitals afflicted by congestion and traffic fumes In Mexico City, vehicle pollution is a major health hazard C Until a hundred years ago, most journeys were in the 20 km range, the distance conveniently accessible by horse Heavy freight could only be carried by water or rail The invention of the motor vehicle brought personal mobility to the masses and made rapid freight delivery possible over a much wider area Today about 90 per cent of inland freight in the United Kingdom is carried by road Clearly the world cannot revert to the horse-drawn wagon Can it avoid being locked into congested and polluting ways of transporting people and goods? D In Europe most cities are still designed for the old modes of transport Adaptation to the motor car has involved adding ring roads, one-way systems and parking lots In the United States, more land is assigned to car use than to housing Urban sprawl means that life without a car is next to impossible Mass use of motor vehicles has also killed or injured millions of people Other social effects have been blamed on the car such as alienation and aggressive human behaviour E A 1993 study by the European Federation for Transport and Environment found that car transport is seven times as costly as rail travel in terms of the external social costs it entails such as congestion, accidents, pollution, loss of cropland and natural habitats, depletion of oil resources, and so on Yet cars easily surpass trains or buses as a flexible and convenient mode of personal transport It is unrealistic to expect people to give up private cars in favour of mass transit F Technical solutions can reduce the pollution problem and increase the fuel efficiency of engines But fuel consumption and exhaust emissions depend on which cars are preferred by customers and how they are driven Many people buy larger cars than they need for daily purposes or waste fuel by driving aggressively Besides, global car use is increasing at a faster rate than the improvement in emissions and fuel efficiency which technology is now making possible G One solution that has been put forward is the long-term solution of designing cities and neighbourhoods so that car journeys are not necessary - all essential services being located within walking distance or easily accessible by public transport Not only would this save energy and cut carbon dioxide emissions, it would also enhance the quality of community life, putting the emphasis on people instead of cars Good local government is already bringing this about in some places But few democratic communities are blessed with the vision - and the capital - to make such profound changes in modern lifestyles H A more likely scenario seems to be a combination of mass transit systems for travel into and around cities, with small 'low emission' cars for urban use and larger hybrid or lean burn cars for use elsewhere Electronically tolled highways might be used to ensure that drivers pay charges geared to actual road use Better integration of transport systems is also highly desirable - and made more feasible by modern computers But these are solutions for countries which can afford them In most developing countries, old cars and old technologies continue to predominate Questions 14-19 Reading Passage 39 has eight paragraphs (A-H) Which paragraphs concentrate on the following information? Write the appropriate letters (A-H) in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet NB You need only write ONE letter for each answer 14 a comparison of past and present transportation methods 15 how driving habits contribute to road problems 16 the relative merits of cars and public transport 17 the writer's own prediction of future solutions 18 the increasing use of motor vehicles 19 the impact of the car on city development Questions 20-26 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 20-26 on your answer sheet write YES if the statement agrees with the information NO if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage 20 Vehicle pollution is worse in European cities than anywhere else 21 Transport by horse would be a useful alternative to motor vehicles 22 Nowadays freight is not carried by water in the United Kingdom 23 Most European cities were not designed for motor vehicles 24 Technology alone cannot solve the problem of vehicle pollution 25 People's choice of car and attitude to driving is a factor in the pollution problem 26 Redesigning cities would be a short-term solution Answer Reading 14 iii 15 i 16 iv 17 vi 18 plates/ the plates/ the tectonic plates 19 magma 20 ring of fire 21 600 / 600 years/ for 600 years 22 water/ the water/ oceans/ the oceans 23 lave/ magma/ molten rock 24 India/ western India 25 explodes 26 gases / the gases / trapped gases Reading 1B 2D 3A 4E 5C (in either order) 12 speed Reading 28 iv 29 i 30 iii 31 v 32 B 33 B 34 A 35 B 36 NO B D minds memories 10 & 11 knowledge, experience 37 YES 38 YES 39 NOT GIVEN 40 NOT GIVEN Reading 14 Industry 15 Labour 16 Service 17 Decentralisation 18 Entertainment 19 Beautification 20 TRUE 21 FALSE GIVEN 26 FALSE Reading 14 vii 15 iii 16 ii 17 iv 18 i 19 NO 20 NOT GIVEN 21 NO 22 YES 23 NOT GIVEN 24 YES 25 B 26 C 27 A Reading 22 NOT GIVEN 23 TRUE 24 TRUE 25 NOT 30 sustamable 31 government 39 34 biodegradable advances 35 (re)pulped 40 1, & 3: B, D, E (In any order) rigs and/or tanks fish stocks physical obstacles concrete commercial Japan 10 sea [grass) beds/floor/bottom 12 management (control) 13 С Reading 14 iii 15 vii 16 i 17 ix 18 vi 19 ii 20 NO 21 YES 22 YES 23 NOT GIVEN 24 NO 25 adolescents virgin fibre/ pulp 33 quality 36 governments/ the contaminants 37 de-ink/ remove ink/ make white 41 Reading 11 bamboo and coconuts 32 Refined offices 38 sorted 26 1955 27 Virginia Slims Reading preserve unaware chance friction rotating percussion Eskimos despite F 10 D 11 E 12 C 13 G 14 A 15 C Reading 10 14 C 15 F 16 E 20 NOTGIVEN 21 NO 25 YES 26 NO 17 H 22 NOTGIVEN 18 A 19 D 23 YES 24 YES [...]... the minerals and oil used to make plastics and metals, trees are replaceable Paper is also biodegradable, so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded While 45 out of every 100 tonnes of wood fibre used to make paper in Australia comes from waste paper, the rest comes directly from virgin fibre from forests and plantations By world standards this is a good performance since... answers in boxes 9-12 on your answer sheet In .(9) , people who build reefs are legally entitled to all the fish they attract Trawling inhibits the development of marine life because it damages the . (10) In the past, both (11) were used to make reefs To ensure that reefs are not over-fished, good (12) is required Question 13 Choose the appropriate letter A-D and write it in box 13 on your answer sheet... Such tactics inspired outcry from educational leaders concerned about their corrupting influence on teenage boys Thirteen percent of the males surveyed in 1955 who reached adolescence between 1890 and 1 910 commenced smoking by 18 years of age, compared with almost no females E The power of targeted advertising is more apparent if one considers the men born between 1890 and 1899 In 1912, when many of these... males in this group jumped to 21.6 percent, a two thirds increase over those boom before 1890 The NHIS initiation rate also reflected this change For adolescent males it went up from 2.9 percent between 1 910 and 1912 to 4.9 percent between 1918 and 1921 F It was not until the mid-1920s that social mores permitted cigarette advertising to focus on women In 1926 a poster depicted women imploring smokers... from 3.7 percent between 1964 and 1967 to 6.2 percent between 1972 and 1975 (NHIS data) During the same period, rates for adolescent males remained stable H Thus, in four distinct instances over the past 100 years, innovative and directed tobacco marketing campaigns were associated with marked surges in primary demand from adolescents only in the target group The first two were directed at males and the... are more matches than descriptions so you will not use them all You may use any match more than once Example could be lit after soaking in water NOTES 9 made using a less poisonous type of phosphorus 10 identical to a previous type of match 11 caused a deadly illness 12 first to look like modern matches 13 first matches used for advertising 14 relied on an airtight glass container 15 made with the... Types of Matches A the Ethereal Match B the Instantaneous Light box C Congreves D Lucifers E the first strike-anywhere match F Lundstrom‘s safety match G book matches H waterproof matches Answer H Reading 10 The Motor Car A There are now over 700 million motor vehicles in the world - and the number is rising by more than 40 million each year The average distance driven by car users is growing too - from ... Reading preserve unaware chance friction rotating percussion Eskimos despite F 10 D 11 E 12 C 13 G 14 A 15 C Reading 10 14 C 15 F 16 E 20 NOTGIVEN 21 NO 25 YES 26 NO 17 H 22 NOTGIVEN 18 A 19 D 23... so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded While 45 out of every 100 tonnes of wood fibre used to make paper in Australia comes from waste paper, the rest comes... the fish they attract Trawling inhibits the development of marine life because it damages the . (10) In the past, both (11) were used to make reefs To ensure that reefs are not over-fished, good