TỔNG hợp 10 bài READINGS tự học ielts

Write the correct number i-vi in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.. Questions 1-3 Choose the correct answer A, B, C or D ans write them on your answer sheet from 1-3 1 The conversation

TỔNG HỢP 10 BÀI READINGS – Tự học IELTS

Ms Hồng Hà Reading 1

Questions 14-17

Reading Passage 162 has four sections A-D

Choose the correct heading for the each section from the list of headings below

Write the correct number i-vi in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet

_

List of Headings

i Causes of volcanic eruption

ii Efforts to predict volcanic eruption

iii Volcanoes and the features of our planet

iv Different types of volcanic eruption

v International relief efforts

vi The unpredictability of volcanic eruption

Volcanoes – earth-shattering news

When Mount Pinatubo suddenly erupted on 9 June 1991, the power of volcanoes past and present again hit the headlines

A Volcanoes are the ultimate earth-moving machinery A violent eruption can blow the top few

kilometres off a mountain, scatter fine ash practically all over the globe and hurt rock fragments into the stratosphere to darken the skies a continent away

But the classic eruption – cone-shaped mountain, big bang, mushroom cloud and surges of molten lava – is only a tiny part of a global story Volcanism, the name given to volcanic

processes, really has shaped the world Eruptions have rifted continents, raised mountain chains, constructed islands and shaped the topography of the earth The entire ocean floor has a

basement of volcanic basalt

Volcanoes have not only made the continents, they are also thought to have made the world‘s first stable atmosphere and provided all the water for the oceans, rivers and ice-caps There are now about 600 active volcanoes Every year they add two or three cubic kilometres of rock to the continents Imagine a similar number of volcanoes smoking away for the last 3,500 million years That is enough rock to explain the continental crust

What comes out of volcanic craters is mostly gas More than 90% of this gas is water vapour from the deep earth: enough to explain, over 3,500 million years, the water in the oceans The rest of the gas is nitrogen, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, methane, ammonia and hydrogen The quantity of these gases, again multiplied over 3,500 million years, is enough to explain the mass of the world‘s atmosphere We are alive because volcanoes provided the soil, air and water

we need

B Geologists consider the earth as having a molten core, surrounded by a semi-molten mantle

and a brittle, outer skin It helps to think of a soft-boiled egg with a runny yolk, a firm but

squishy white and a hard shell If the shell is even slightly cracked during boiling, the white material bubbles out and sets like a tiny mountain chain over the crack – like an archipelago of volcanic islands such as the Hawaiian Islands But the earth is so much bigger and the mantle below is so much halter

Even though the mantle rocks are kept solid by overlying pressure, they can still slowly ‗flow‘ like thick treacle The flow, thought to be in the form of convection currents, is powerful enough

to fracture the ‗eggshell‘ of the crust into plates, and keep them bumping and grinding against

each other, or even overlapping, at the rate of a few centimetres a year These fracture zones, where the collisions occur, are where earthquakes happen And, very often, volcanoes

C These zones are lines of weakness, or hot spots Every eruption is different, but put at its

simplest, where there are weaknesses, rocks deep in the mantle, heated to 1,350oC, will start to expand and rise As they do so, the pressure drops, and they expand and become liquid and rise more swiftly

Sometimes it is slow: vast bubbles of magma – molten rock from the mantle – inch towards the surface, cooling slowly, to show through as granite extrusions (as on Skye, or the Great Whin Sill, the lava dyke squeezed out like toothpaste that carries part of Hadrian‘s Wall in northern England) Sometimes – as in Northern Ireland, Wales and the Karoo in South Africa – the

magma rose faster, and then flowed out horizontally on to the surface in vast thick sheets In the Deccan plateau in western India, there are more than two million cubic kilometres of lava, some

of it 2,400 metres thick, formed over 500,000 years of slurping eruption

Sometimes the magma moves very swiftly indeed It does not have time to cool as it surges upwards The gases trapped inside the boiling rock expand suddenly, the lava glows with heat, it begins to froth, and it explodes with tremendous force Then the slightly cooler lava following it begins to flow over the lip of the crater It happens on Mars, it happened on the moon, it even happens on some of the moons of Jupiter and Uranus By studying the evidence, vulcanologists can read the force of the great blasts of the past Is the pumice light and full of holes? The

explosion was tremendous Are the rocks heavy, with huge crystalline basalt shapes, like the Giant‘s Causeway in Northern Ireland? It was a slow, gentle eruption

The biggest eruption are deep on the mid-ocean floor, where new lava is forcing the continents apart and widening the Atlantic by perhaps five centimetres a year Look at maps of volcanoes, earthquakes and island chains like the Philippines and Japan, and you can see the rough outlines

of what are called tectonic plates – the plates which make up the earth‘s crust and mantle The most dramatic of these is the Pacific ‗ring of fire‘ where there have the most violent explosions – Mount Pinatubo near Manila, Mount St Helen‘s in the Rockies and El Chichón in Mexico about

a decade ago, not to mention world-shaking blasts like Krakatoa in the Sunda Straits in 1883

D But volcanoes are not very predictable That is because geological time is not like human

time During quiet periods, volcanoes cap themselves with their own lava by forming a powerful cone from the molten rocks slopping over the rim of the crater; later the lava cools slowly into a huge, hard, stable plug which blocks any further eruption until the pressure below becomes irresistible In the case of Mount Pinatubo, this took 600 years

Then, sometimes, with only a small warning, the mountain blows its top It did this at Mont Pelée in Martinique at 7.49 a.m on 8 May, 1902 Of a town of 28,000, only two people survived

In 1815, a sudden blast removed the top 1,280 metres of Mount Tambora in Indonesia The eruption was so fierce that dust thrown into the stratosphere darkened the skies, canceling the following summer in Europe and North America Thousands starved as the harvest failed, after snow in June and frosts in August Volcanoes are potentially world news, especially the quiet ones

Questions 18-21

Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/ OR A

NUMBER from the passage for each answer

Write your answers in boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet

18 What are the sections of the earth‘s crust, often associated with volcanic activity, called?

19 What is the name given to molten rock from the mantle?

20 What is the earthquake zone on the Pacific Ocean called?

21 For how many years did Mount Pinatubo remain inactive?

Questions 22-26

Complete the summary below Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer

Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheets

Volcanic eruptions have shaped the earth‘s land surface They may also have produced the

world‘s atmosphere and 22 … …… Eruptions occur when molten rocks from the earth‘s mantle

rise and expand When they become liquid, they move more quickly through cracks in the

surface There are different types of eruption Sometimes the 23 …… … moves slowly and

forms outcrops of granite on the earth‘s surface When it moves more quickly it may flow out in thick horizontal sheets Examples of this type of eruption can be found in Northern Ireland,

Wales, South Africa and 24 … …… A third type of eruption occurs when the lava emerges very quickly and 25 … …… violently This happens because the magma moves so suddenly that 26 … …… are emitted

Reading 2

Experience versus speed

Certain mental functions slow down with age, but the brain compensates in ways that can keep

seniors as sharp as youngsters

Jake, aged 16, has a terrific relationship with his grandmother Rita, who is 70 They live close

by, and they even take a Spanish class together twice a week at a local college After class they sometimes stop at a cafe for a snack On one occasion, Rita tells Jake, 'I think it's great how fast you pick up new grammar It takes me a lot longer.' Jake replies, 'Yeah, but you don't seem to make as many silly mistakes on the quizzes as I do How do you do that?'

In that moment, Rita and Jake stumbled across an interesting set of differences between older and younger minds Popular psychology says that as people age their brains 'slow down' The implication, of course, is that elderly men and women are not as mentally agile as middle-aged adults or even teenagers However, although certain brain functions such as perception and reaction time do indeed take longer, that slowing down does not necessarily undermine mental sharpness Indeed, evidence shows that older people are just as mentally fit as younger people because their brains compensate for some kinds of declines in creative ways that young minds do not exploit

Just as people's bodies age at different rates, so do their minds As adults advance in age, the perception of sights, sounds and smells takes a bit longer, and laying down new information into

memory becomes more difficult The ability to retrieve memories also quickly slides and it is sometimes harder to concentrate and maintain attention

On the other hand, the ageing brain can create significant benefits by tapping into its extensive hoard of accumulated knowledge and experience The biggest trick that older brains employ is to use both hemispheres simultaneously to handle tasks for which younger brains rely

predominantly on one side Electronic images taken by cognitive scientists at the University of Michigan, for example, have demonstrated that even when doing basic recognition or

memorization exercises, seniors exploit the left and right side of the brain more extensively than men and women who are decades younger Drawing on both sides of the brain gives them a tactical edge, even if the speed of each hemisphere's process is slower

In another experiment, Michael Falkenstein of the University of Dortmund in Germany found that when elders were presented with new computer exercises they paused longer before reacting and took longer to complete the tasks, yet they made 50% fewer errors, probably because of their more deliberate pace

One analogy for these results might be the question of who can type a paragraph 'better': a year-old who glides along at 60 words per minute but has to double back to correct a number of mistakes or a 70-year-old who strikes keys at only 40 words per minute but spends less time fixing errors? In the end, if 'better' is defined as completing a clean paragraph both people may end up taking the same amount of time

I6-Computerized tests support the notion that accuracy can offset speed In one so-called distraction exercise, subjects were told to look at a screen, wait for an arrow that pointed in a certain

direction to appear, and then use a mouse to click on the arrow as soon as it appeared on the screen Just before the correct symbol appeared, however, the computer displayed numerous other arrows aimed in various other directions Although younger subjects cut through the

confusion faster when the correct arrow suddenly popped up, they more frequently clicked on incorrect arrows in their haste

Older test takers are equally capable of other tasks that do not depend on speed, such as language comprehension and processing In these cases, however the elders utilize the brain's available resources in a different way Neurologists at Northwest University came to this conclusion after analyzing 50 people ranging from age 23 to 78 The subjects had to lie down in a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machine and concentrate on two different lists of printed words posted side by side in front of them By looking at the lists, they were to find pairs of words that were similar in either meaning or spelling

The eldest participants did just as well on the tests as the youngest did, and yet the MRI scans indicated that in the elders' brains, the areas which are responsible for language recognition and interpretation were much less active The researchers did find that the older people had more activity in brain regions responsible for attentiveness Darren Gleitman, who headed the study, concluded that older brains solved the problems just as effectively but by different means

Questions 1-3

Choose the correct answer A, B, C or D ans write them on your answer sheet from 1-3

1 The conversation between Jake and Rita is used to give an example of

A the way we learn languages

B the changes that occur in our brains over time

C the fact that it is easier to learn a language at a young age

D the importance of young and old people doing things together

2 In paragraph six, what point is the analogy used to illustrate?

A Working faster is better than working slower

B Accuracy is less important than speed

C Accuracy can improve over time

D Working faster does not always save time

3 In the computerized distraction exercises, the subjects had to

A react to a particular symbol on the screen

B type a text as quickly as possible

C move an arrow in different directions around the screen

D click on every arrow that appeared on the screen

Questions 4-7

Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-F

Write the correct letter A-F in boxes 4-7 on your answer sheet

4 According to popular psychology

5 Researchers at the University of Michigan showed that

6 Michael Falkenstein discovered that

7 Scientists at Northwest University concluded that

A the older we get the harder it is to concentrate for any length of time

B seniors take longer to complete tasks but with greater accuracy

C old people use both parts of their brain more than young people

D older people use their brains differently but achieve the same result

E the speed of our brain decreases with age

F older people do not cope well with new technology

Questions 8-12

Complete the summary below

Choose NO MORE THAN ONE WORD from the passage for each answer

Write your answers in spaces 8-12 of your answer sheet

People's bodies and 8 grow older at varying stages As we age our senses take longer to process information and our aptitude for recalling 9 also decreases However, older people's brains do have several advantages Firstly, they can call upon both the 10 and 11 which is already stored in their brain Secondly, although the 12 of each side of their brain is reduced, they are able to use both sides at once

Reading 3

Questions 28-31

Reading Passage 165 has five sections A-E

Choose the correct heading for section A and C-E from the list of headings below

Write the correct number i-viii in boxes 28-31 on your answer sheet

List of Headings

i The connection between health-care and other human rights

ii The development of market-based health systems

iii The role of the state in health-care

iv A problem shared by every economically developed country

v The impact of recent change

vi The views of the medical establishment

vii The end of an illusion

viii Sustainable economic development

Section A

The problem of how health-care resources should be allocated or apportioned, so that they are distributed in both the most just and most efficient way, is not a new one Every health system in

an economically developed society is faced with the need to decide (either formally or

informally) what proportion of the community‘s total resources should be spent on health-care; how resources are to be apportioned; what diseases and disabilities and which forms of treatment are to be given priority; which members of the community are to be given special consideration

in respect of their health needs; and which forms of treatment are the most cost-effective

Section B

What is new is that, from the 1950s onwards, there have been certain general changes in outlook about the finitude of resources as a whole and of health-care resources in particular, as well as more specific changes regarding the clientele of health-care resources and the cost to the

community of those resources Thus, in the 1950s and 1960s, there emerged an awareness in Western societies that resources for the provision of fossil fuel energy were finite and

exhaustible and that the capacity of nature or the environment to sustain economic development and population was also finite In other words, we became aware of the obvious fact that there were ‗limits to growth‘ The new consciousness that there were also severe limits to health-care resources was part of this general revelation of the obvious Looking back, it now seems quite incredible that in the national health systems that emerged in many countries in the years

immediately after the 1939-45 World War, it was assumed without question that all the basic health needs of any community could be satisfied, at least in principle; the ‗in visible hand‘ of economic progress would provide

Section C

However, at exactly the same time as this new realization of the finite character of health-care resources was sinking in, an awareness of a contrary kind was developing in Western societies: that people have a basic right to health-care as a necessary condition of a proper human life Like education, political and legal processes and institutions, public order, communication, transport and money supply, health-care came to be seen as one of the fundamental social facilities

necessary for people to exercise their other rights as autonomous human beings People are not in

a position to exercise personal liberty and to be self-determining if they are poverty-stricken, or deprived of basic education, or do not live within a context of law and order In the same way, basic health-care is a condition of the exercise of autonomy

Section D

Although the language of ‗rights‘ sometimes leads to confusion, by the late 1970s it was

recognized in most societies that people have a right to health-care (though there has been

considerable resistance in the United Sates to the idea that there is a formal right to health-care)

It is also accepted that this right generates an obligation or duty for the state to ensure that

adequate health-care resources are provided out of the public purse The state has no obligation

to provide a health-care system itself, but to ensure that such a system is provided Put another way, basic health-care is now recognized as a ‗public good‘, rather than a ‗private good‘ that one

is expected to buy for oneself As the 1976 declaration of the World Health Organisation put it:

‗The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or social condition‘ As has just been remarked, in a liberal society basic health is seen as one of the indispensable conditions for the exercise of personal autonomy

Section E

Just at the time when it became obvious that health-care resources could not possibly meet the demands being made upon them, people were demanding that their fundamental right to health-care be satisfied by the state The second set of more specific changes that have led to the present concern about the distribution of health-care resources stems from the dramatic rise in health costs in most OECD countries, accompanied by large-scale demographic and social changes which have meant, to take one example, that elderly people are now major (and relatively very expensive) consumers of health-care resources Thus in OECD countries as a whole, health costs increased from 3.8% of GDP in 1960 to 7% of GDP in 1980, and it has been predicted that the proportion of health costs to GDP will continue to increase (In the US the current figure is about 12% of GDP, and in Australia about 7.8% of GDP.)

As a consequence, during the 1980s a kind of doomsday scenario (analogous to similar

doomsday extrapolations about energy needs and fossil fuels or about population increases) was projected by health administrators, economists and politicians In this scenario, ever-rising health costs were matched against static or declining resources

Note

OECD: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development

GDP: Gross Domestic Products

Write the correct letter A, B or C in boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet

32 the realisation that the resources of the national health system were limited

33 a sharp rise in the cost of health-care

34 a belief that all the health-care resources the community needed would be produced by

economic growth

35 an acceptance of the role of the state in guaranteeing the provision of health-care

Questions 36-40

Do the following statements agree with the view of the writer in Reading Passage 165?

In boxes 136-40 on your answer sheet write:

YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

36 Personal liberty and independence have never been regarded as directly linked to health-care

37 Health-care came to be seen as a right at about the same time that the limits of health-care resources became evident

38 IN OECD countries population changes have had an impact on health-care costs in recent years

39 OECD governments have consistently underestimated the level of health-care provision needed

40 In most economically developed countries the elderly will to make special provision for their health-care in the future

Reading 4

Urban planning in Singapore

British merchants established a trading post in Singapore in the early nineteenth century, and for more than a century trading interests dominated However, in 1965 the newly independent island state was cut off from its hinterland, and so it set about pursuing a survival strategy The good international communications it already enjoyed provided a useful base, but it was decided that if Singapore was to secure its economic future, it must develop its industry To this end, new institutional structures were needed to facilitate, develop, and control foreign investment One of the most important of these was the Economic Development Board (EDB), an arm of

government that developed strategies for attracting investment Thus from the outset, the

Singaporean government was involved in city promotion

Towards the end of the twentieth century, the government realised that, due to limits on both the size of the country‘s workforce and its land area, its labour-intensive industries were becoming increasingly uncompetitive So an economic committee was established which concluded that Singapore should focus on developing as a service centre, and seek to attract company

headquarters to serve South East Asia, and develop tourism, banking, and offshore activities The land required for this service-sector orientation had been acquired in the early 1970s, when the government realised that it lacked the banking infrastructure for a modern economy So a new

banking and corporate district, known as the ‗Golden Shoe‘, was planned, incorporating the historic commercial area This district now houses all the major companies and various

government financial agencies

Singapore‘s current economic strategy is closely linked to land use and development planning Although it is already a major city, the current development plan seeks to ensure Singapore‘s continued economic growth through restructuring, to ensure that the facilities needed by future business are planned now These include transport and telecommunication infrastructure, land, and environmental quality A major concern is to avoid congestion in the central area, and so the latest plan deviates from previous plans by having a strong decentralisation policy The plan makes provision for four major regional centres, each serving 800,000 people, but this does not mean that the existing central business district will not also grow A major extension planned around Marina Bay draws on examples of other ‗world cities‘, especially those with waterside central areas such as Sydney and San Francisco The project involves major land reclamation of

667 hectares in total Part of this has already been developed as a conference and exhibition zone, and the rest will be used for other facilities However the need for vitality has been

recognised and a mixed zoning approach has been adopted, to include housing and

entertainment

One of the new features of the current plan is a broader conception of what contributes to

economic success It encompasses high quality residential provision, a good environment, leisure facilities and exciting city life Thus there is more provision for low-density housing, often in waterfront communities linked to beaches and recreational facilities However, the lower housing densities will put considerable pressure on the very limited land available for development, and this creates problems for another of the plan‘s aims, which is to stress environmental quality More and more of the remaining open area will be developed, and the only natural landscape surviving will be a small zone in the centre of the island which serves as a water catchment area Environmental policy is therefore very much concerned with making the built environment more green by introducing more plants – what is referred to as the ‗beautification‘ of Singapore The plan focuses on green zones defining the boundaries of settlements, and running along transport

corridors The incidental green provision within housing areas is also given considerable

attention

Much of the environmental provision, for example golf courses, recreation areas, and beaches, is linked to the prime objective of attracting business The plan places much emphasis on good leisure provision and the need to exploit Singapore‘s island setting One way of doing this is through further land reclamation, to create a whole new island devoted to leisure and luxury housing which will stretch from the central area to the airport A current concern also appears to

be how to use the planning system to create opportunities for greater spontaneity: planners have recently given much attention to the concept of the 24-hour city and the cafe society For

example, a promotion has taken place along the Singapore river to create a cafe zone This has included the realisation, rather late in the day, of the value of retaining older buildings, and the creation of a continuous riverside promenade Since the relaxation in 1996 of strict guidelines on outdoor eating areas, this has become an extremely popular area in the evenings Also, in 1998 the Urban Redevelopment Authority created a new entertainment area in the centre of the city which they are promoting as ‗the city‘s one-stop, dynamic entertainment scene‘

In conclusion, the economic development of Singapore has been very consciously centrally planned, and the latest strategy is very clearly oriented to establishing Singapore as a leading

‗world city‘ It is well placed to succeed, for a variety of reasons It can draw upon its historic roots as a world trading centre; it has invested heavily in telecommunications and air transport infrastructure; it is well located in relation to other Asian economies; it has developed a safe and clean environment; and it has utilised the international language of English

Question 14-19

Complete the summary below using words from the box

Singapore

When Singapore became an independent, self-sufficient state it decided to build up its 14

, and government organisations were created to support this policy However, this initial plan met with limited success due to a shortage of 15 and land It was

therefore decided to develop the 16 sector of the economy instead

Singapore is now a leading city, but planners are working to ensure that its economy continues to grow In contrast to previous policies, there is emphasis on 17 In addition, land will be recovered to extend the financial

district, and provide 18 as well as housing The government also plans to improve the quality of Singapore‘s environment, but due to the shortage of natural landscapes it will concentrate instead on what it calls 19

Question 20-26

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 62? Write:

True if the statement agrees with the information

False if the statement contradicts the information

Not Given if there is no information on this

20 After 1965, the Singaporean government switched the focus of the island‘s economy

25 The government has enacted new laws to protect Singapore‘s old buildings

Reading Passage 149 contains six Key Points

Choose the correct heading for Key Points TWO to SIX from the list of headings below

Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet

_

List of Headings

i Ensure the reward system is fair

ii Match rewards lo individuals

iii Ensure targets are realistic

iv Link rewards to achievement

v Encourage managers to take more responsibility

vi Recognise changes in employees' performance over time

vii Establish targets and give feedback

viii Ensure employees are suited to their jobs

Example Answer

Key Point One viii

14 Key Point Two

15 Key Point Three

16 Key Point Four

17 Key Point Five

18 Key Point Six

Motivating Employees under Adverse Condition

THE CHALLENGE

It is a great deal easier to motivate employees in a growing organisation than a declining one When organisations are expanding and adding personnel, promotional opportunities, pay rises, and the excitement of being associated with a dynamic organisation create Slings of optimism Management is able ta use the growth to entice and encourage employees When an organisation

is shrinking, the best and most mobile workers are prone to leave voluntarily Unfortunately, they are the ones the organisation can least afford to lose- those with me highest skills and experience The minor employees remain because their job options are limited

Morale also surfers during decline People fear they may be the next to be made redundant Productivity often suffers, as employees spend their time sharing rumours and providing one another with moral support rather than focusing on their jobs For those whose jobs are secure, pay increases are rarely possible Pay cuts, unheard of during times of growth, may even be imposed The challenge to management is how to motivate employees under such retrenchment conditions The ways of meeting this challenge can be broadly divided into six Key Points, which are outlined below

KEY POINT ONE

There is an abundance of evidence to support the motivational benefits that result from carefully matching people to jobs For example, if the job is running a small business or an autonomous unit within a larger business, high achievers should be sought However, if the job to be filled is

a managerial post in a large bureaucratic organisation, a candidate who has a high need for power and a low need for affiliation should be selected Accordingly, high achievers should not

be put into jobs that are inconsistent with their needs High achievers will do best when the job provides moderately challenging goals and where there is independence and feedback However,

it should be remembered that not everybody is motivated by jobs that are high in independence, variety and responsibility

KEY POINT TWO

The literature on goal-setting theory suggests that managers should ensure that all employees have specific goals and receive comments on how well they are doing in those goals For those with high achievement needs, typically a minority in any organisation, the existence of external goals is less important because high achievers are already internally motivated The next factor

to be determined is whether the goals should be assigned by a manager or collectively set in conjunction with the employees The answer to that depends on perceptions the culture, however, goals should be assigned If participation and the culture are incongruous, employees are likely

to perceive the participation process as manipulative and be negatively affected by it

KEY POINT THREE

Regardless of whether goals are achievable or well within management's perceptions of the employee's ability, if employees see them as unachievable they will reduce their effort Managers must be sure, therefore, that employees feel confident that their efforts can lead to performance goals For managers, this means that employees must have the capability of doing the job and must regard the appraisal process as valid

KEY POINT FOUR

Since employees have different needs, what acts as a reinforcement far one may not for another Managers could use their knowledge of each employee to personalise the rewards over which they have control Some of the more obvious rewards that managers allocate include pay,

promotions, autonomy, job scope and depth, and the opportunity lo participate in goal-setting and decision-making

KEY POINT FIVE

Managers need to make rewards contingent on performance To reward factors other than

performance will only reinforce those other factors Key rewards such as pay increases and promotions or advancements should be allocated for the attainment of the employee's specific goals Consistent with maximising the impact of rewards, managers should look for ways to increase their visibility Eliminating the secrecy surrounding pay by openly communicating everyone's remuneration, publicising performance bonuses and allocating annual salary increases

in a lump sum rather than spreading them out over an entire year are examples of actions that will make rewards more visible and potentially more motivating

KEY POINT SIX

The way rewards ore distributed should be transparent so that employees perceive that rewards

or outcomes are equitable and equal to the inputs given On a simplistic level, experience, abilities, effort and other obvious inputs should explain differences in pay, responsibility and other obvious outcomes The problem, however, is complicated by the existence of dozens of inputs and outcomes ana by the Fact that employee groups place different degrees of importance

on them For instance, a study comparing clerical and production workers identified nearly twenty inputs and outcomes The clerical workers considered factors such as quality of work performed and job knowledge near the top of their list, but these were at the bottom of the production workers' list Similarly, production workers thought that the most important inputs were intelligence and personal involvement with task accomplishment, two factors that were quite low in the importance ratings of the clerks There were also important, though less

dramatic, differences on the outcome side For example, production workers rated advancement very highly, whereas clerical workers rated advancement in the lower third of their list Such findings suggest that one person's equity is another's inequity, so an ideal should probably weigh different inputs and outcomes according to employee group

Questions 19-24

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 149?

In boxes 19-24 on your answer sheet, write:

YES if the statement t agrees with the claims of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

19 A shrinking organisation lends to lose its less skilled employees rather than its more skilled employees

20 It is easier to manage a small business ban a large business

21 High achievers are well suited lo team work

22 Some employees can fee! manipulated when asked to participate in goal-setting

23 The staff appraisal process should be designed by employees

24 Employees' earnings should be disclosed to everyone within the organisation

Questions 25-27

Look at the follow groups of worker (Question25-27 )and the list of descriptions below

Match each group with the correct description, A -E

Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 25-27 on your answer sheet

25 high achievers

26 clerical workers

27 production workers

List of Descriptions

A They judge promotion to be important

B They have less need of external goats

C They think that the quality of their work is important

D They resist goals which are imposed

E They have limited job options

Reading 6

PAPER RECYCLING

A Paper is different from other waste produce because it comes from a sustainable resource:

trees Unlike the minerals and oil used to make plastics and metals, trees are replaceable Paper is also biodegradable, so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded While 45 out of every 100 tonnes of wood fibre used to make paper in Australia comes from waste paper, the rest comes directly from virgin fibre from forests and plantations By world standards this is a good performance since the world-wide average is 33 per cent waste paper Governments have encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes and at the same time, the paper industry has responded by developing new recycling technologies that have paved the