KHOA HOC VA DOT SONG QUY TRiNH CONG NGHE CHE BIEN CAC LOAI N A M Ban tin Khoa hgc vd Cdng nghe xin gidi thieu den bgn dgc quy trinh cdng nghe chi biin cdc logi ndm Trung tdm Cdng nghe sinh hgc Thuc vat, Vien Di truyen Ndng nghiep thuc hien Quy trinh da duac chuyen giao cho Trung tam Chuyen giao cdng nghe vd Kiem dinh, Kiim nghiem, Sd Khoa hgc vd Cdng nghe tinh Thira Thien Hue vd dd duac tap hudn cho xa thugc huyen Phii Vang I DAC DIEM CHUNG Cac loai nam an va nam dugc lieu giau chat dam (protein chiem tdi 25-40% chat khd), cae acide amin, vitamin, chat khoang va cac chat cd boat tinh sinh hgc Trung binh 1kg nam tuoi cd 0,8-0,9kg nudc, nam rat nhanh ehdng bi cae loai vi khuan, nam mdc phan hiiy.Vi vay, ke tir hai den qua trinh bao quan, so che, tieu thu phai thuc hien theo mdt quy trinh nghiem ngat Mdi loai nam cd mau sac, hinh dang, cau tao khac nen phoi, say phai dam bao nguyen tac ehung la: nam giii dugc miii (huong vi) dac trung, mau sac lu nhien, am nam tir 10-12%o, tuyet ddi khdng ed nam mdc, vi khuan va cac chat ddc Id nam Nam da phoi, say khd phii hgp vdi thi hieu ciia khach hang (ngudi tieu dimg) Sau da phoi, say nam khd phai dugc bao quan tdt de nam khdng bi hu hdng vi khuan, nam mdc, dpng vat, cdn trung gay hai Thdi gian bao quan tdt nhat dam bao tir 12-24 thang nhung nam van giir dugc chat lugng phuc vu nhu cau tieu diing ndi dia va xuat khau n QUY TRINH CONG NGHE * Hai nam tuoi: Nam phai hai dung tudi, khdng de nam phat tan bao tir, nam mdi thu hai, khdng hai nam sau vira tudi nudc xong Thdi gian ngimg ludi den hai it nhat phai dam bao Iren gid de nam khdng bi dap nat Cac dung cu hai nam phai sach se ke ca dao keo cat nam bang inox Trudng hgp nam bi ban roi, vai, dinh dat, cat thi phai rira sach, dl rao nudc Tir liic thu hai den luc che bien khdng qua 24 gid * Lira chgn phan loai: Nam hai xong can phai cat bd sach phan gdc tach cac cay nam khdi cum (neu la cay nam mgc cum) Tiiy thudc vao timg ddi tugng cu the ed the rira hoac khdng rira hai xong Nam sd khdng can rira, mdc nhT neu rira sach thi cang tdt, nam ram chi rira nhiing cay nam bi ban; linh chi bat budc phai rira sach Khi hai xong can loai bd nhiing nam sau, nd Tiiy theo yeu cau cua thi trudng tieu thu san pham ma nam cd the dugc cat to hay nhd hoac de nguyen cay nam Thdng thudng nam sd cd the xe 2-3 manh ddi vdi nhirng canh nam ldn (dudng kinh 4em trd len); linh chi cd the thai lat mdng hoac de nguyen, mdc nhT de nguyen cay * Nam mudi (danh cho nam rom): Nam rom sau thu hai lam sach va phan timg loai Thir nhat la luge nam nudc sdi, viia luge vira an chim nam nudc, thdi gian dun sdi trd lai cang nhanh cang tdt Tiiy theo nam nhd hoac to, luge nam tir 5-7 phut (tiiy theo kich thudc nam) d nhiet lOO^C, tinh lir lue bat dau sdi trd lai va yeu cau nam phai chin Thir hai la lam lanh, sau luge nam dii thdi gian lien hanh vdt nam lam lanh bang each thay nude nhieu lan hoac cho chay lien tue dudi vdi nude Bieu hien nam chan chin: nam chim nude lanh, lam lanh cho tdi nhiet dp ciia nam va nudc bang thi tien hanh vdt de mudi nam Ludc xong de rao nude, pha dung dieh nudc mudi bao hda (Hit nude eho khoang 0,4kg mudi), dung dich nudc mudi dat 22-23'^ Bome la dugc, cho tiep 10-15g axit Citric vao dung dich nudc mudi sau dd eho nam vao (pH 3,5- 4) 1kg nam da ludc cho vao 0,2 lit dung djch nudc mudi va axit da pha tren ciing eho mdt lop mudi Cho nam da ludc vao thiing nhua hoac tiii nilon khdng thiing, chum vai Sau 15 thi nam mdi dn dinh ve dp man va mau sac, neu cd hien lugng siii bgt, len men thdi thi phai bd nlu mudi lan bet thi phai bd sung mudi Can chu y la ludn ludn de nam ngap chim Irong dung dich nudc mudi va axil Nam BAN TIN KHOA HQC VA CONG NGHE THUA THIEN HUE, 4/2011 KHOA HOC VA DOT SONG mudi thudng diing lam nguyen lieu de lam nam ddng hop, cd the bao quan hang nam * Nam say khd (danh cho nam sd, mdc nhT va linh chi): Trudc het la each say nam nam sd ed the xe 2-3 manh ddi vdi nhiing canh nam ldn (dudng kinh 4cm trd len); linh chi cd the thai lat mdng hoac de nguyen, mdc nhT de nguyen eay Neu thdi tiet khdng cd mua hoac ed nang, gid manh Dem nam trai mdt Idp mdng tren eac vat lieu thdng thoang (ludi, tre manh, tam phen thoang ) true tiep tren nen san (be tdng, gach) hoac de each mat dat 15 cm trd len cang tdt, thdi gian phoi nang, gid tu nhien khoang 15h trd lai Neu thdi tiet mua, dung quat gid manh thdi true tiep vao Idp nam tuoi thdi gian khoang 4-6h Trudng hgp mat dien, trdi mua thi xep nam vao khay, dua vao Id say phai say ngay, nam da se khd tien hanh ddn khay ket hgp vdi viec dao deu Nhiet say nam khoang 2-3h dau tir 40-45°C, 2-3h sau d nhiet 45-50°C, thdi gian tiep theo d nhiet 50-55°C den nam da gan khd tang nhiet tdi da len 55-60°C (vai tieng dau can phai bat cira thdng gid d tde tdi da sau dd giam dan tde nam da gan khd) Thdi gian tir liic hai tuoi den phoi, say khd dam bao tdi da 24h (trir mdc nhT, linh ehi tdi da 72h) Khi say nam Id say phai xep nam khd d tang dudi, tang tren cimg dung nam cd am cao nhat tranh trudng hgp nam da khd (de tang dudi) se hiit am trd lai, qua trinh say phai tien hanh dao khay tranh d dudi bi chay Khdng de nhiet Id say qua cao (>50°C) 6h dau Khi say nam cdn am eao can phai md het cd cira thdng gid phia dinh Id Nam dat khd va chat lugng tdt bieu hien: be tai nam gidn tan, miii thom, vi nggt, mau vang sang (gan nhu mau eay nam trudc phoi, say) Chii y: Ddi vdi nam linh chi cho phep eudng dinh mu khoang cm, qua va mii nam dugc cho vao gian rieng de say Nam da say khd cho vao tiii nilon (2 lan tiii) Bude chat timg lop tiii (ke ca bao diia la lan bude mieng tui), qua trinh thao tac nhe nhang tranh de nam vun nat Trudng hgp nam say dat den dp am tuyet ddi (ham lugng nudc nam khd bang 0) nam rat de bi vun nat va dap Khi lay nam Id say nen de ngoai khoang 5-10 phiit mdi cho nam vao bao (ban chat la de cho nam hut am trd lai dam bao am tir 10-12 %)) nam se khdng bi vun nat * Bao quan nam khd: Ddi vdi viec bao quan lau dai thi xep nam cac kho sach se, khd rao, dudi nen cd the Idt lop vdi cue de tranh hiit am, ehdng mdc Sir dung may hiit am kho, ddt bdt luu huynh khoang thang lan de ehdng mdc, mdi, mgt, ddng vat gay hai Thudng xuyen kiem tra cac bao dung nam khd, neu thay nam hiit am (sd tay vao nam khdng thay sdt soat) dem say lai can kiem tra am nam, neu dudi 12% thi phai say nam lai Ddi vdi viec ddng gdi nhd thi theo yeu cau cua khach hang de ddng tiii nam khd theo trgng lugng khac nhau, ddng gdi nhd phai that kin Khi sir dung khdng het phai budc that kin mieng tiii nilon Quy trinh sir dung (an) nam khd tuong tu nhu an nam tuoi Trudc an phai ngam nam nudc ndng (nhiet tren 60°C) thdi gian tir 60 phiit trd len, rira sach nudc lanh sau dd mdi dimg de che bien Ddi vdi nam sd ban tuoi, sau hai vao, cat chan, loai bd nhiing nam bi nat, gia, nam bi sau, thdi Xep nam vao bao, xep quay gdc vao trong, tan nam ngoai, ddng nhan Ddi vdi sd tim dua vao may hiit chan khdng hut bet khdng va han mieng bao, bao quan d nhiet (10-15''C), each cd the bao quan nam dugc Ddi vdi sd trang dua vao bao quan d nhiet 10-15"C (khdng hut chan khdng) Ddi vdi nam rom thi hai nam dimg tudi, hai nam ehua nirt bao (chieu dai >cbilu rdng), cat chan, loai bd nhirng nam hdng, sirt seo, rach vd bao Rai mdng nen, eho quat gid de lam giam dp am ciia nam sau dd cho vao tiii ludi (khoang 0,5kg) eho vao sgt nhua va van chuyen thi trudng (vdi dieu kien van chuyin xa) Nam rom khdng dugc bao quan tii lanh PV BAN TIN KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE THUA THIEN HUE, 4/r>011 ... khac nhau, ddng gdi nhd phai that kin Khi sir dung khdng het phai budc that kin mieng tiii nilon Quy trinh sir dung (an) nam khd tuong tu nhu an nam tuoi Trudc an phai ngam nam nudc ndng (nhiet