The Transportation Research Board’s (TRB’s) Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) provides a collection of stateoftheart techniques for estimating the capacity and determining the level of service for transportation facilities, including intersections and roadways as well as facilities for transit, bicycles, and pedestrians. For more than 50 years, the HCM has fulfilled this goal, earning a unique place in the esteem of the transportation community. Developed and revised under the direction of the TRB Committee on Highway Capacity and Quality of Service, this newest edition, HCM 2000, presents the best available techniques for determining capacity and level of service for transportation facilities at the start of the new millennium. However, this comprehensive manual does not establish a legal standard for highway design or construction.
CONTENTS PREFACE vii CONTRIBUTORS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix PART I: OVERVIEW INTRODUCTION 1-1 CAPACITY AND LEVEL-OF-SERVICE CONCEPTS 2-1 APPLICATIONS 3-1 DECISION MAKING 4-1 GLOSSARY 5-1 SYMBOLS 6-1 PART II: CONCEPTS 10 11 12 13 14 TRAFFIC FLOW PARAMETERS 7-1 TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS 8-1 ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES OVERVIEW 9-1 URBAN STREET CONCEPTS 10-1 PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLE CONCEPTS 11-1 HIGHWAY CONCEPTS 12-1 FREEWAY CONCEPTS 13-1 TRANSIT CONCEPTS 14-1 PART III: METHODOLOGIES 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 URBAN STREETS 15-1 SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS 16-1 UNSIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS 17-1 PEDESTRIANS 18-1 BICYCLES 19-1 TWO-LANE HIGHWAYS 20-1 MULTILANE HIGHWAYS 21-1 FREEWAY FACILITIES 22-1 BASIC FREEWAY SEGMENTS 23-1 FREEWAY WEAVING 24-1 RAMPS AND RAMP JUNCTIONS 25-1 INTERCHANGE RAMP TERMINALS 26-1 TRANSIT 27-1 PART IV: CORRIDOR AND AREAWIDE ANALYSES 28 ASSESSMENT OF MULTIPLE FACILITIES 28-1 29 CORRIDOR ANALYSIS 29-1 30 AREAWIDE ANALYSIS 30-1 PART V: SIMULATION AND OTHER MODELS 31 SIMULATION AND OTHER MODELS 31-1 Highway Capacity Manual 2000 PREFACE The Transportation Research Board’s (TRB’s) Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) provides a collection of state-of-the-art techniques for estimating the capacity and determining the level of service for transportation facilities, including intersections and roadways as well as facilities for transit, bicycles, and pedestrians For more than 50 years, the HCM has fulfilled this goal, earning a unique place in the esteem of the transportation community Developed and revised under the direction of the TRB Committee on Highway Capacity and Quality of Service, this newest edition, HCM 2000, presents the best available techniques for determining capacity and level of service for transportation facilities at the start of the new millennium However, this comprehensive manual does not establish a legal standard for highway design or construction HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Originally published in 1950, the HCM was the first document to quantify the concept of capacity for transportation facilities The 1965 edition in turn was the first to define the concept of level of service, which has become the foundation for determining the adequacy of transportation facilities from the perspectives of planning, design, and operations The 1985 edition, along with its 1994 and 1997 updates, is TRB’s most widely used document Translated into several languages, it has become the standard reference on capacity and level-of-service procedures, relied on by transportation analysts around the world DEVELOPMENT OF HCM 2000 To produce HCM 2000, TRB’s Committee on Highway Capacity and Quality of Service developed a comprehensive program of research The research was implemented through the funding efforts of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) and the Transit Cooperative Research Program In addition, the Federal Highway Administration supported TRB with a variety of research endeavors These combined efforts produced the basic research reviewed by the committee and incorporated into HCM 2000 All of the research results contributing to HCM 2000 underwent an iterative and interactive review When a funded research project was completed, the group that guided its development—for example, an NCHRP panel—reviewed the findings first If accepted by the group, the research was then presented for consideration by one of the 12 working subcommittees of the Highway Capacity and Quality of Service Committee The subcommittee, including several committee members as well as other active professionals, then provided its recommendations to the full committee The final approval for each chapter of HCM 2000 rested with the Highway Capacity and Quality of Service Committee, composed of 30 members representing the research community, government agencies, and private industry CONTENTS OF HCM 2000 The Highway Capacity Manual 2000 represents a significant revision and expansion of the material provided in previous editions The manual has grown from 14 to 31 chapters These chapters are divided into five parts: I Overview, II Concepts, III Methodologies, IV Corridor and Areawide Analyses, and V Simulation and Other Models Parts I and III contain information that corresponds to the contents of previous editions Part II provides concepts and estimated default values for use in planning-level vii Preface Highway Capacity Manual 2000 analytical work Part IV presents computational techniques and general analysis guidelines for corridor and areawide analyses Part V offers background and information on alternative models that may be appropriate for systemwide or more complex analyses A companion version of the manual is available in CD-ROM, including tutorials and video clips to enhance the communication of the concepts In addition, there are links between the text and the glossary to facilitate understanding of the manual by lessexperienced users SPECIAL ACKNOWLEDGMENTS HCM 2000 incorporates significant advances in the state of knowledge in determining capacity and quality-of-service values for all modes of surface transportation Hundreds of professionals have volunteered their time and energy to the work of the Committee on Highway Capacity and Quality of Service Twice every year, the committee meets to perform a major review of relevant research and to identify new research needs in response to changes in roadway design standards, driver behavior, and vehicle operating characteristics Members of the committee and its subcommittees are listed on pages ii–vii Special recognition is extended to those who have chaired the committee: O.K Normann, Carl C Saal, Robert C Blumenthal, James H Kell, Carlton C Robinson, and Adolf D May In acknowledgment of their sustained contributions to the committee and to the development of HCM 2000, Robinson and May have been designated members emeritus of the committee Complementing the volunteer efforts vital to the work of the committee, TRB staff has provided outstanding support Special thanks are given to Richard Cunard, Engineer of Traffic and Operations, and to B Ray Derr, NCHRP Senior Program Officer, for their contributions The Committee on Highway Capacity and Quality of Service invites comments and suggestions on HCM 2000 while continuing its mission of enhancing and improving the design, operation, and planning of transportation facilities John D Zegeer Chairman, TRB Committee on Highway Capacity and Quality of Service Preface viii Highway Capacity Manual 2000 CONTRIBUTORS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS HCM 2000 is the result of the coordinated efforts of many individuals, groups, research organizations, and government agencies The TRB Committee on Highway Capacity and Quality of Service is responsible for the content of the Highway Capacity Manual; preparation of the volume was accomplished through the efforts of the following groups and individuals: TRB COMMITTEE ON HIGHWAY CAPACITY AND QUALITY OF SERVICE (Members as of January 31, 2000) John Zegeer, Kittelson & Associates, Inc.—Chairman Richard Dowling, Dowling Associates, Inc.—Secretary James Bonneson, Texas A & M University Werner Brilon, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany Robert Bryson, City of Milwaukee Kenneth Courage, University of Florida Alan Danaher, Kittelson & Associates, Inc Rafael DeArazoza, Florida Department of Transportation Lily Elefteriadou, Pennsylvania State University Dan Fambro, Texas A & M University (deceased) Ronald Giguere, Federal Highway Administration Albert Grover, Albert Grover & Associates Mariano Gullón Löw, Centro de Estudios de Carreteras (deceased) Fred L Hall, McMaster University, Canada Douglas Harwood, Midwest Research Institute Chris Hoban, The World Bank Wayne Kittelson, Kittelson & Associates, Inc Michael Kyte, University of Idaho Adolf D May, University of California at Berkeley Douglas McLeod, Florida Department of Transportation Barbara Ostrom, LAW PCS James Powell, Parsons Transportation Group Nagui Rouphail, North Carolina State University Erik Ruehr, Valley Research and Planning Associates Rikke Rysgaard, Danish Road Directorate James Schoen, Catalina Engineering, Inc Alex Sorton, Northwestern University Dennis Strong, Strong Concepts Stan Teply, University of Alberta, Canada Rod Troutbeck, Queensland University of Technology, Australia Richard Cunard, Transportation Research Board Staff Representative Emeritus Members (As of February 1, 2000) Adolf D May, University of California at Berkeley Carlton C Robinson, Consultant Subcommittee on Arterials James Bonneson, Texas A & M University—Chair Janice Daniel, New Jersey Institute of Technology Ronald Giguere, Federal Highway Administration Joel Marcuson, Sverdrup Civil, Inc Doug McLeod, Florida Department of Transportation (continued) ix Contributors and Acknowledgments Highway Capacity Manual 2000 Subcommittee on Arterials (continued) Dennis Strong, Strong Concepts Andrzej Tarko, Purdue University Mark Vandehey, Kittelson & Associates, Inc Subcommittee on Concepts and Definitions Barbara Ostrom, LAW PCS—Chair Fred L Hall, McMaster University, Canada Doug McLeod, Florida Department of Transportation Stan Teply, University of Alberta, Canada Subcommittee on Freeways and Multilane Highways Adolf D May, University of California at Berkeley—Group Leader, Uninterrupted Flow Nagui Rouphail, North Carolina State University—Group Leader, Uninterrupted Flow Lily Elefteriadou, Pennsylvania State University—Leader, Ramp and Weaving Junctions James Schoen, Catalina Engineering, Inc.—Leader, Basic Freeway Segments and Multilane Highways Michael Cassidy, University of California at Berkeley Michael Church, California Department of Transportation Brian Eads, Crawford, Murphy & Tilly, Inc Lily Elefteriadou, Pennsylvania State University Joseph Fazio, Illinois Institute of Technology Fred L Hall, McMaster University, Canada Abdul-Rahman Hamad, H.W Lochner, Inc Lee Han, University of Tennessee Joel Leisch, Consultant John Leonard, Georgia Institute of Technology Barbara Ostrom, LAW PCS Thomas Parlante, Arizona Department of Transportation Ronald Pfefer, Northwestern University William Prosser, Federal Highway Administration William Reilly, Catalina Engineering, Inc Bruce Robinson, Kittelson & Associates, Inc Roger Roess, Polytechnic University Fred Rooney, California Department of Transportation Rikke Rysgaard, Danish Road Directorate James Schoen, Catalina Engineering, Inc Ronald Sonntag, Marquette University Andrzej Tarko, Purdue University Michelle Thomas, Federal Highway Administration Jose Ulerio, Polytechnic University Tom Urbanik, Texas A & M University Subcommittee on Interchange Ramp Terminals James Powell, Parsons Transportation Group—Chair James Bonneson, Texas A & M University Robert Bryson, City of Milwaukee Michael Church, California Department of Transportation Thomas Creasey, Jordan, Jones & Goulding, Inc Janice Daniel, New Jersey Institute of Technology (continued) Contributors and Acknowledgments x Highway Capacity Manual 2000 Subcommittee on Interchange Ramp Terminals (continued) Michael Holling, Transcore B Kent Lall, Portland State University Joel Leisch, Consultant Joel Marcuson, Sverdrup Civil, Inc Scott Parker, Edwards & Kelcey, Inc Fred Rooney, California Department of Transportation Subcommittee on Pedestrians and Bicycles Alex Sorton, Northwestern University—Chair Patrick Allen, California Department of Transportation Hein Botma, Delft University, The Netherlands Jeff Davis, The Citadel Joseph Fazio, Illinois Institute of Technology Chris Hoban, The World Bank Bruce Landis, Sprinkler Associates John LaPlante, TYLin-Bascor Joe Milazzo, North Carolina State University John Morrall, University of Calgary, Canada Virginia Sisiopiku, Michigan State University Mark Virkler, University of Missouri at Columbia Thomas Walsh, Madison Department of Transportation Subcommittee on Planning Applications Douglas McLeod, Florida Department of Transportation—Chair Jim Altenstadter, Arizona Department of Transportation Robert Bryson, City of Milwaukee Thomas Creasey, Jordan, Jones & Goulding, Inc Richard Dowling, Dowling Associates, Inc Kurt Eichin, Florida Department of Transportation Abdul-Rahman Hamad, H.W Lochner, Inc John Karachepone, Kittelson & Associates, Inc Wayne Kittelson, Kittelson & Associates, Inc William McShane, Polytechnic University Barbara Ostrom, LAW PCS Elena Prassas, Polytechnic University Erik Ruehr, VRPA Technologies Paul Ryus, Kittelson & Associates, Inc Terrel Shaw, Reynolds, Smith & Hills, Inc Stan Teply, University of Alberta, Canada Subcommittee on Research Fred L Hall, McMaster University, Canada—Chair Alan Danaher, Kittelson & Associates, Inc Richard Dowling, Dowling Associates, Inc Lily Elefteriadou, Pennsylvania State University John Leonard, Georgia Institute of Technology George List, Rensselaer Polytechnic University Pawan Maini, University of Colorado at Denver James Powell, DeLeuw Cather & Company Larry Sutherland, Ohio Department of Transportation Rod Troutbeck, Queensland University of Technology Davey Warren, Federal Highway Administration xi Contributors and Acknowledgments Highway Capacity Manual 2000 Subcommittee on Signalized Intersections Dennis Strong, Strong Concepts—Chair Rahmi Akcelik, Akcelik & Associates Rahim Benekohal, University of Illinois Robert Bryson, City of Milwaukee Kenneth Courage, University of Florida Glenn Grigg Albert Grover, Albert Grover & Associates David Hook, Hook Engineering John Leonard, Georgia Institute of Technology Feng-Bor Lin, Clarkson University Pawan Maini, University of Colorado at Denver Carroll Messer, Texas A & M University Elena Prassas, Polytechnic University Bruce Robinson, Kittelson & Associates, Inc Roger Roess, Polytechnic University Nagui Rouphail, North Carolina State University Stan Teply, University of Alberta, Canada Robert Wortman, University of Arizona Subcommittee on Transit Systems Alan Danaher, Kittelson & Associates, Inc.—Chair Tara Bartee, Florida Department of Transportation Howard Benn, Montgomery County, MD Transit Joseph Goodman, Federal Transit Administration William Hoey, Consultant Michael Kyte, University of Idaho Herbert Levinson, Consultant David Miller, Parsons Brinckerhoff Rikke Rysgaard, Danish Road Directorate Paul Ryus, Kittelson & Associates, Inc Kevin St Jacques, Wilbur Smith and Associates Joel Volinski, Center for Urban Transportation Research—University of South Florida Subcommittee on Two-Lane Roads Douglas Harwood, Midwest Research Institute—Chair Jan Botha, San Jose State University Hein Botma, Delft University, The Netherlands Albert Grover, Albert Grover & Associates Mariano Gullón Löw, Centro de Estudios de Carreteras (deceased) Christopher Hoban, The World Bank Greg Laragan, Idaho Department of Transportation David Lovell, University of Maryland Adolf D May, University of California at Berkeley Carroll Messer, Texas A & M University John Morrall, University of Calgary, Canada William Prosser, Federal Highway Administration Guido Radelat Alex Sorton, Northwestern University Traffic Institute Davey Warren, Federal Highway Administration Alexander Werner, Reid Crowther Consultants, Ltd Contributors and Acknowledgments xii Highway Capacity Manual 2000 Subcommittee on Unsignalized Intersections Rod Troutbeck, Queensland University of Technology, Australia—Chair Werner Brilon, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany Robert Bryson, City of Milwaukee Joon Byun, Federal Highway Administration Mitzi M Dobersek, Wisconsin Department of Transportation Aimee Flannery, Mitrekek Systems Glenn Grigg Mariano Gullón Löw, Centro de Estudios de Carreteras (deceased) Wayne Haussler, Goodkind & O’Dea, Inc Dane Ismart, Federal Highway Administration R Ian Kingham, GMK Transportation, Ltd., Canada Wayne Kittelson, Kittelson & Associates, Inc Michael Kyte, University of Idaho B Kent Lall, Portland State University George List, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Charles Manning, Creighton Manning, Inc Joseph Marek, Clackamas County Michael O’Rourke, Eng-Wong-Taub & Associates Bruce Robinson, Kittelson & Associates, Inc Lee Rodegerdts, Kittelson & Associates, Inc Erik Ruehr, VRPA Technologies John Sampson, Jeffares & Green, Inc Zong Tian, Kittelson & Associates, Inc Marian Tracz, Cracow Technical University, Poland Kenneth Voigt, HNTB Corporation Andrew Wolfe, Union College Subcommittee on User Liaison Wayne Kittelson, Kittelson & Associates, Inc.—Chair Robert Foyle, ITRE Ronald Giguere, Federal Highway Administration Joel Leisch, Consultant John Leonard, Georgia Institute of Technology William Prosser, Federal Highway Administration Dennis Strong, Strong Concepts Charles Wallace, University of Florida NCHRP 3-55 PANEL Carlton C Robinson, Consultant—Chair Rafael DeArazoza, Florida Department of Transportation Richard Dowling, Dowling Associates, Inc Ronald Giguere, Federal Highway Administration Wayne Kittelson, Kittelson & Associates, Inc Barbara Ostrom, LAW PCS William Prosser, Federal Highway Administration Nagui Rouphail, North Carolina State University Ronald Sonntag, Marquette University Stan Teply, University of Alberta, Canada Edward Thomas, Federal Transit Administration John Zegeer, Kittelson & Associates, Inc B Ray Derr, Transportation Research Board Staff Representative xiii Contributors and Acknowledgments Highway Capacity Manual 2000 RESEARCH TEAM William Reilly, Principal Investigator, Catalina Engineering, Inc Susan Donahue, Catalina Engineering, Inc Michael Ereti, Catalina Engineering, Inc Wei Lien Liang, Catalina Engineering, Inc Khang Nguyen, Catalina Engineering, Inc Andrea Reilly, Catalina Engineering, Inc James Schoen, Catalina Engineering, Inc Roger Roess, Polytechnic University Elena Prassas, Polytechnic University Jose Ulerio, Polytechnic University Rahmi Akcelik, Akcelik & Associates Ronald Pfefer, Maron Engineering, Ltd HCM 2000 was edited and produced under the supervision of Nancy A Ackerman, director of the TRB Office of Reports and Editorial Services; Javy Awan and Norman Solomon edited the manual Contributors and Acknowledgments xiv Highway Capacity Manual 2000 intersections, TWSC (two-way stop-controlled) (continued) movement capacity shared-lane capacity 17-12–13 upstream signals 17-13–21 peak-hour factor 10-33 pedestrians 17-4, 17-5 impedance 17-10, 17-11–12 performance measures 10-31 planning and design 17-31–32 platoon analysis 17-14–18 queue clearance 17-14–15 queue lengths 10-31 estimation 17-22–23 right-of-way ranking 10-27–28 stream priority 17-3–4 service volume tables 10-34–35 shared-lane capacity 17-12–13, 17-26 computing 17-31 traffic conflicts 17-4–5, 17-6E traffic signals 17-13–19 computing effects 17-30 traffic signs 2-5, 7-8–9 turning movements 10-33 two-way left-turn lanes 10-29 upstream signal effects 17-13–19 computing 17-30 v/c ratio 10-31 vehicle impedance 17-9–11 volumes 10-33 worksheets 17-103 intersections, unsignalized 10-27–35, 17-1 see also intersections, AWSC; intersections, TWSC; roundabouts AWSC intersections 10-30–31, 17-32–44 bicycles 19-6–7 modeling application 31-16E pedestrians 11-13, 18-13–15 problems 17-29–101 roundabouts 10-31, 10-34, 17-45–48 service volume tables 10-34–35 TWSC intersections 10-27–29, 7-1–31 interstate highways see highways, multilane ITS see intelligent transportation systems intersections, TWSC (two-way stop-controlled) (continued) capacity movement 17-8–21 potential 17-7–8, 17-9E shared lane 17-12–13 computational steps 17-28–31 conflicting flows 10-28, 17-4, 17-6E computations 17-18–19 control delay 10-31 computation 17-23–24 estimation procedure 30-34–35 control determination 17-27 criteria 17-27 critical gap 17-5, 17-7 computing 17-30 delay estimates 17-25–26 flared approaches 17-21–22 computing 17-31 flow conflicts 10-28, 17-4, 17-6E computations 17-18–19 follow-up time 10-28 computing 17-30 gap acceptance models 10-28–29 two-stage 17-19–20, 17-31 gap, critical 17-5, 17-7 computing 17-30 gaps and right-of-ways, 7-8–9 geometry 10-32 impedance effects 17-9–12 computing 17-30 input data and values 10-32 requirements 17-3 LOS criteria 17-1, 17-2 LOS F 17-26 major-street approaches 10-27–28 conflicts 17-4–5, 17-6E shared-lane capacity 17-13 stream priorities 17-3–4 medians 10-29, 17-3 methodology 17-1–28 applications 17-28–31 flowchart 17-29E input parameters 10-32 problems 17-45–80 worksheets 17-103 minor-street approaches 10-27–28 conflicts 17-4–5, 17-6E flared 17-21–22, 17-31 shared-lane capacity 17-12 stream priorities 17-3–4 modeling application 31-16E movement capacity 17-8 impedance effects 17-9–12 K K-factors 9-8–9 directional distribution 8-11 peak volume 8-9–10 values (typical) 8-9 L lagging green phasing 16-95E, 16-96–97, 16-128–131 17 * Defined in Chapter 5, “Glossary.” Index “E” after a page number indicates an exhibit Highway Capacity Manual 2000 leading green phasing 16-95E, 16-96–97, 16-128–131 left lanes and turns adjustment factors 16-11E, 16-13, 16-122E method 16-122–135 bicycles and vehicles 16-135–139 complex phasing 16-23, 16-128–131 critical lane groups 16-15–17 dual-ring phases 16-97 exclusive lanes 10-18, 10-42, 16-6–7 green time 16-128–131 lane grouping 16-6, 16-7E lane volume 10-40E, 10-42 estimating 10-43E left-lane equivalence 10-42–43 multilane approaches 6-124–126 permitted turn phasing 16-23 procedure 16-122–134 phasing types 16-13 protected phasing 10-22, 16-16E protected-plus-permitted phasing 16-23–24 critical lane groups 16-17E lane volumes 10-42–43 procedure 16-140–142 signal phasing 10-22 single lane approaches 16-126–128 sneakers 10-42, 16-102, 16-124 turning movements 10-15 two-lane highways 20-46 two-way left-turn lanes (TWLTL) 10-29, 12-1 two-lane highways 20-47–48 uniform delay 16-140–142 worksheets 10-47, 16-132E, 16-133E level of service* see LOS light rail transit* (LRT) 8-2, 14-1, 14-3, 14-19, 27-26 capacity 14-20–22 calculating 27-31–32 door availability 27-27 dwell time 27-26–28 minimum headways 27-28–31 on-street operation 27-29–30 operating margins 27-28 passenger flows 27-27E, 27-28 person capacities 14-22E, 27-31–32 priority treatments 14-22 problem 27-44–45 signal priorities 14-22 speed 27-31–32 signals and 27-30 single track sections 27-30–31 travel times 14-20, 14-22E volumes 8-29 peak 27-27 wheelchair accessibility 27-28 links and link analysis see areawide analysis lanes see also exclusive turn lanes; left lanes and turns; right lanes and turns acceleration lanes* 13-22, 13-24, 25-1 bicycle lanes* 11-14, 19-1, 19-4–5, 19-7 bus lanes* 14-3, 14-11 exclusive 14-14–15, 14-16E, 14-19E mixed-traffic 14-15, 14-16E, 27-25 reserved 14-18 vehicle capacity 14-12E deceleration lanes* 13-22, 13-24, 25-1 exclusive turn lanes* 10-17–18, 16-6–7 freeway segments 13-5, 13-11 FFS adjustments 23-5–6 freeway weaving 13-13–20 freeways 13-5–6 HOV* lanes 13-26 alternatives 13-28 intersection turn lanes 20-46–47 lane changing 13-13, 13-14 see also freeway weaving segments lane control signals 13-28 lane distribution* 2-5, 8-12–13 ramp areas 13-22 lane grouping* 16-6, 16-7E analytic parameters 16-3E capacity 10-15 equalizing 16-98 lane utilization* 10-26 adjustment factor 16-11E, 16-12 freeway weaving 13-17, 13-18–20 interchanges 26-6 lane volume 10-41–43 worksheet 10-47 lane widening 20-45–46 left-turn lanes (two-way*; TWLTL) multilane highways 12-1 signalized intersections 10-29 two-lane highways 20-47–48 multilane highways 12-4–5, 12-10, 21-5–7 numbering conventions 13-21 passing lanes* see passing lanes signalized intersections 10-24–25, 16-10, 16-11E two-lane highways 12-13, 12-18 adjustment 20-5–6 weaving configurations 13-14–18 weaving lanes 13-18–20 lateral clearance* freeway segments 13-5, 13-11 FFS adjustment 23-5–6 multilane highways 12-4–5 FFS adjustments 21-5–7 values 12-10 ramps and ramp junctions 13-22 Index “E” after a page number indicates an exhibit 18 * Defined in Chapter 5, “Glossary.” Highway Capacity Manual 2000 LOS (level of service) (continued) transit facilities intercity transit 27-4E paratransit 27-4E passenger load 27-6E reliability 27-8E service frequency 27-2 two-lane highways 12-12, 12-15–17, 20-2, 20-29 directional segments 20-22 passing lanes 20-27 two-way segments 20-3, 20-4E, 20-10–11 uninterrupted-flow facilities 20-29–30 urban streets 10-4–5 determining 15-2–3, 15-27–28 weaving segments 24-2–3 lost time* 7-10–11, 10-12–14 change interval* lost time 8-26 clearance lost time* 10-12–13 estimation 10-45 example 7-8 signal timing 16-101 signalized intersections 8-26–28 start-up lost time* 8-26, 8-28, 10-12–13 total lost time 10-14 unsignalized intersections 8-28 values 10-22–23 LRT see light rail transit loading areas* (buses) 14-7–8, 14-9E bus stops 14-10–11 capacity 14-13, 27-13 productivity 8-29 vehicle capacity 14-12E volume 14-10 loading areas (transit) 14-3 local streets 10-1 see also urban streets LOS (level of service)* 2-2–4, 4-3, 28-1 see also performance measures; quality of service analysis hour and 8-8 AWSC intersections 17-32, 17-44 bicycles (criteria) 11-6 exclusive paths 19-3E shared paths 19-4E urban streets 19-7E Class I/II highways 12-13 control delays urban 10-15–16 factors affecting 2-3–6 freeway segments 23-2–4, 23-12 freeway weaving segments 24-2–3 freeways 13-8–11 HCM methods 4-1–4 interchanges 26-8–9 levels 2-3 measurements 4-2–5 MOE and 4-3 multilane highways 12-7–8 criteria 21-2–4 determining 21-11 pedestrians 18-1 criteria 11-7 cross flows 18-5E queuing areas 11-10E, 18-6E shared paths 18-7E signalized intersections 18-8E stairways 18-5E unsignalized intersections 18-15E urban streets 18-16E walkways 11-9E, 18-4E ramp areas 13-23–24, 25-4–5 diverge 25-14–15 merge 25-8 service flow rates 2-3 service measures and 4-3 signalized intersections 10-15–17, 16-2 control delay 10-15–16, 16-23–24 methodology 16-2–24 worksheet 16-32E transit facilities 14-23 hours-of-service 27-6E M mainlines* (freeways) 22-16–17 calculation 22-56–59 major-street* approaches (TWSC) 10-27–28 conflicts 17-4–5, 17-6E shared-lane capacity 17-13 stream priorities 17-3–4 measures of effectiveness* (MOE) 2-3, 3-2 see also service measures computation 22-50–63 LOS and 4-3 procedures 22-49–63 oversaturated 22-50–63 undersaturated 22-49–50 uses 4-2 medians multilane highways 12-1, 12-5, 12-9, 21-6 TWSC intersections 10-29, 17-3 merge* influence areas see ramps and ramp junctions minor arterials* 10-6, 10-7 minor-street* approaches (TWSC) 10-27–28 conflicts 17-4–5, 17-6E flared 17-21–22, 17-31 shared-lane capacity 17-12 stream priorities 17-3–4 19 * Defined in Chapter 5, “Glossary.” Index “E” after a page number indicates an exhibit Highway Capacity Manual 2000 on- and off-ramps (freeways) (continued) variables 22-44–45 weaving 13-13 operational analysis 3-5, 3-6E, 4-1 bicycles (problems) 19-11 corridor analysis 29-1 freeway segments (problems) 23-17 freeway weaving segments 24-20 problems 24-22 models 31-1 multilane highways 21-13 problems 21-15 pedestrians (problems) 18-19 ramps and ramp junctions 25-20 problems 25-23 signalized intersections 16-1–24, 16-27 problems 16-37 two-lane highways (problems) 20-32 oversaturation* conditions (freeways) 13-3, 22-15 analytical procedure 22-52–55 flows 22-15–16, 22-50–1 mainline factors 22-16–17, 22-56–59 MOE computation 22-50–63 problems 22-23 queue discharge 13-5 ramp flows 22-17, 22-59–61 segment factors 22-18, 22-61–62 mixed-traffic bus facilities* 27-24–26 problems 27-38–41 modeling see simulation and modeling MOE see measures of effectiveness motorcycles 8-14E motor vehicles see also buses; passenger cars; recreational vehicles; vans driver characteristics 8-1 numbers registered 8-13–14 operating characteristics 8-2 multilane highways see highways, multilane multiple facility assessment 28-1 see also areawide analysis; corridor analysis areawide analysis 30-1–2 corridor analysis 29-1–2 system LOS 28-5–6 system performance 28-1–3 traveler satisfaction 28-1, 28-4–6 utility models 28-1, 28-4–5 N node delay estimation 30-27 adaptive control 30-27–29 all-way stop 30-35–36 two-way stop 30-34–35 signal delay 30-29–34 nodes* 22-15, 30-27 variables 22-44 no-passing zones* (two-lane highways) 12-13, 12-17–18 see also passing lanes speed effects 20-9, 20-10E time-spent-following 20-23E values 12-17-12-18 P paratransit* 27-3–4 parclos (partial cloverleaf interchanges*) 26-2–3 turning movements 26-4E parking maneuvers (urban) 10-25 park-and-ride lots 14-24E, 14-27 transit flow restrictions 14-18, 14-19E passenger cars see automobiles passenger demand, loads, perceptions, etc see transit facilities passing lanes* (two-lane highways) 12-15 alternatives 20-44–46 analysis 20-25–28 climbing lanes 20-28–29 directional segments 20-22, 20-24–28 lengths 12-18, 20-24E LOS 20-27–28 opposing traffic 20-28 time-spent-following 20-24, 20-26–27 travel speed 20-27, 20-28E turnouts 20-45 peak-hour factors* (PHF) 9-8–9 bicycles 11-18 buses 14-11 freeway segments 13-12, 23-7 O occurrences see events and occurrences on- and off-ramps (freeways) 13-21–22 capacity 22-6, 22-48 example 22-5 flow (oversaturated) 22-15E, 22-17 influence areas 13-23 interchanges 26-1 off-ramps capacity 25-4 left-hand 25-17 other 25-17 two-lane 25-4, 25-15–16 weaving 13-13 on-ramps 13-21–22 capacity 25-4 left-hand 25-11 other 25-10–11 two-lane 25-4, 25-8–9 Index “E” after a page number indicates an exhibit 20 * Defined in Chapter 5, “Glossary.” Highway Capacity Manual 2000 pedestrians (continued) interrupted-flow facilities 18-7 signalized 18-7–18-13 unsignalized 18-13–15 levels of service (LOS) 18-1 criteria 11-7 cross flows 18-5E queuing areas 11-10E, 18-6E shared paths 18-7E signalized intersections 18-8E stairways 18-5E unsignalized intersections 18-15E urban streets 18-16E walkways 11-9E, 18-4E major-street crossing 18-8–10 methodology 18-1–15 applications 18-16 computations 18-16, 18-17–18 problems 18-19–31 worksheets 16-161, 18-32 minor-street crossing 18-8, 18-9 modeling application 31-16E off-street paths 18-1 pedestrian space* 11-1 calculating 18-11–12 display convention 9-7 requirements 11-4, 11-5E performance measures 11-7–8 platoons 11-1, 11-8, 11-11 calculation 11-13, 18-14 effects 18-4–5 numbers in 11-13 queuing areas 18-1 determining 18-5–6 LOS 11-10E service volume table 11-14E shared-use facilities 18-1, 18-6–7 sidewalks and walkways 18-1 analysis 18-3–4 lengths 11-12 LOS criteria 18-4 urban 18-15 widths 11-6, 11-12 signalized intersections adjustment factor 16-11E, 16-13, 16-135–139 facilities 18-7–18-13 platoon size 11-13 turning movements 10-15 speed see below walking speed speed-density relations 11-2 speed-flow relations 11-3 speed-space relations 11-4 stairways 18-5 peak-hour factors (PHF) (continued) multilane highways 12-10, 21-7 ramp-freeway junctions 13-25 roundabouts 10-34 signalized intersections 10-33 subhourly flow variations 8-9 transit facilities 14-4 two-lane highways 12-18, 20-7, 20-13 unsignalized intersections 10-19, 10-33 urban streets 10-8 peak-hour volume 8-6–9 AADT and DDHV 8-11, 23-16–17 K-factors 8-9E, 8-11–12 transit trips 14-2E pedestrians* 11-1, 18-1 adjustment factor 16-11E, 16-13 computation 16-138E formula 16-11E procedure 16-135–139 bicycle interactions 11-16 shared facilities 18-6–7 body ellipse 11-4, 11-5E capacity 11-4–5 circulation time 18-8, 18-11–12 clear walkway width 11-6 conflicts 11-7, 18-5 zones 6-135, 6-136E cross-flows 11-7 determining 18-5 crosswalks evaluating 11-4 lengths 11-13 street corners 18-8, 18-10E time-space 18-12–13 zebra-striped 18-13 delays 11-13, 18-7 density 11-1 flow-density 11-2–3 speed-density 11-2 effective green time 18-13 effective walkway width 11-6, 11-12 determining 18-2–3 environmental factors 11-1 facility types 18-1 flow 2-1 flow-density relationships 11-2 flow rate 11-1, 11-10E cross-flows 11-17 flow-speed relations 11-3 flow values (urban) 10-26 holding areas 18-8, 18-10–11 impedance 17-10, 17-11–12 input data and values 11-12–13 21 * Defined in Chapter 5, “Glossary.” Index “E” after a page number indicates an exhibit Highway Capacity Manual 2000 person capacity (continued) buses calculating 14-6 influences 14-5E mixed-traffic 27-25 problem 27-42 urban bus lanes 27-20 rail transit 14-22E, 27-31–32 transit facilities 14-3, 14-4–5 calculating 14-6E person delay (transit facilities) 14-18 person flow 2-2 see also pedestrian flow PHF see peak-hour factor planning analysis 3-6, 4-2 freeway segments (problems) 23-17 freeway weaving segments 24-20 problems 24-22 models 31-1 pedestrians (problem) 18-30 performance-based planning 28-2 ramps and ramp junctions signalized intersections 16-26, 16-27E problems 16-37, 16-79 platoons* and platoon analysis arrival types 15-5–6, 16-4–5 buses 14-11 gap distribution 7-9 interchanges 26-6–7 pedestrian 11-1, 11-8, 11-11 calculation 11-13 effects 18-4–5 platoon ratio* 15-6, 16-20 TWSC intersections 17-14–18 progression adjustment factor* (PF) 15-6–7, 16-19–20 pedestrians (continued) standing areas 11-4, 11-5E start-up time 11-4, 11-13 street corners areas 18-8, 18-9–10 radius 11-12 time-space 11-10–13 terminology 11-1 traffic characteristics 8-2 traffic control 11-1 pedestrian delay 11-13 trip purpose 11-6 TWSC intersections 17-4, 17-5 impedance 17-10, 17-11–12 types 11-6 uninterrupted-flow facilities 18-3–7 unsignalized intersections 1-13 facilities 18-13–15 urban street facilities 18-1 default flows 10-26 v/c ratios 18-4 vehicle-pedestrian interactions 17-11–12 waiting times 18-10–11 walking space see above pedestrian space walking speed 11-1, 11-2, 11-4–5, 11-6E determining 18-1 speed-density 11-2 speed-space 11-4 values 11-13 walkways see above sidewalks and walkways worksheets 16-161, 18-32 performance measures* 2-3, 28-1 accuracy and precision 9-2, 9-3 areawide analysis 30-2 congestion 30-38 highways 30-8–11 transit 30-13–14 average values 9-8 bicycle facilities 11-4–5 corridor analysis 29-7–9, 29-20 economic analyses and 3-7, 3-8E environmental analyses and 3-6, 3-8E freeways 13-29, 22-3, 22-18 models and 31-18 multiple facilities 28-1–3 pedestrian facilities 11-7–8 presentation of 4-3–4 roles and uses of 4-1–3 selection 4-3 transit facilities 14-23, 14-24E person capacity* buses 14-3, 14-4E busways 14-14E Index “E” after a page number indicates an exhibit Q quality of service* 2-2, 28-1 see also LOS (levels of service); performance measures multiple facilities 28-4–6 transit facilities 14-23, 14-24E availability 14-30–31 comfort and convenience 14-31 factors 14-26–29 framework 14-29–31 measures 27-2 traveler perceptions 28-4–6 quantity of service* 28-3 queue accumulation polygons (QAPs) 16-23 application 16-106–107, 16-112–114 uniform delay 16-140–141 queues and queuing* 7-11 see also headway 22 * Defined in Chapter 5, “Glossary.” Highway Capacity Manual 2000 ramps and ramp junctions (continued) diverge influence areas LOS 13-23–24, 25-4–5, 25-14–15 major diverges 25-16 off-ramp cases 25-15–17 weaving 13-13, 13-26 driver population factor 13-22, 13-25 entrance ramps see below on-ramps exit ramps see below off-ramps free-flow speed (FFS) 13-22 values 13-24 freeway-to-freeway ramps 13-21 heavy vehicles 13-22, 13-25 input data and values 13-24–25 lane distribution 13-22 lane numbering 13-21 lateral clearances 13-22 levels of service (LOS) 13-23–24, 25-4–5 diverge areas 25-14–15 merge areas 25-8 merge influence areas 13-21–23 analysis 25-5–11 capacity 13-22, 25-7–8 flow prediction 25-5–7 lane additions 25-9 LOS 13-23–24, 25-4–5, 25-8 major merges 25-9–10 on-ramp cases 25-8–11 ramp control/meters 25-11 weaving 13-13, 13-26 methodology 25-1–19 applications 25-19–22 computational steps 25-20 flowchart 25-3E problems 22-23–40 worksheet 25-40 modeling application 31-16E off-ramps 13-21–22 capacity 25-4 left-hand 25-17 other 25-17 two-lane 25-4, 25-15–16 weaving 13-13 on-ramps 13-21–22 capacity 25-4 left-hand 25-11 other 25-10–11 two-lane 25-4, 25-8–9 weaving 13-13 operational analysis 25-20 problems 25-23 operational characteristics 13-21–22 parameters 13-22 peak-hour factor (PHF) 13-25 queues and queuing (continued) back of queue* 10-16, 16-151 average 16-152–155 determining 16-151–158 percentile 16-155–156 queue storage rate* 16-156 worksheet 16-157E bicycles 19-7 buses bypass/jump 14-17, 14-18, 14-19E formation 14-10 queue failure 27-11–12 initial queue delay* 15-5, 16-22, 16-33 examples 16-145–148 method 16-142–150 multiple time periods 16-146 worksheet 16-150E interchange characteristics 26-5–6 lengths 7-12 TWSC 10-31, 17-22–23 pedestrians 18-1, 18-5–6 LOS 11-10E queue carryover* 16-7 queue clearance* (TWSC) 17-14–15 queue discharge flows* freeways 13-3, 13-5 headways 8-27 queue size 16-112–114, 16-140–141 queue storage ratio* 16-156 saturation conditions 13-5, 7-11–12 service time 16-107–108 R rail transit see light rail transit ramp-freeway junctions 13-21–22, 25-1 see also ramps and ramp junctions ramps and ramp junctions* 13-20, 25-1 see also interchange ramp terminals acceleration and deceleration lanes capacity 25-1 length 13-22, 13-24 analysis period 13-24 capacity 22-8 diverge 13-22, 25-14 merge 13-22, 25-7–8 components 13-20–21 corridor analysis 29-3–9 design analysis 25-20 diverge influence areas 13-21–23 analysis 25-11–17 capacity 13-22, 25-14 flow prediction 25-12–13 lane drops 25-16 23 * Defined in Chapter 5, “Glossary.” Index “E” after a page number indicates an exhibit Highway Capacity Manual 2000 roundabouts (continued) critical gap 17-46 gap acceptance 7-9, 17-45 geometry 10-32E headways 17-45 input data and values 10-34 methodology 17-45–48 multilane limits 17-48 volumes 10-33 worksheets 17-103 RTOR (right turn on red) 16-9, 16-12 running speed* 7-3, 10-3 RVs see recreational vehicles ramps and ramp junctions (continued) planning analysis 25-20 ramp closure 13-28 ramp-freeway junctions 13-20–21, 25-1 ramp influence areas 25-1–3 capacity 13-23 diverge 13-21–23, 25-11–17 merge 13-21–23, 25-5–11 overlapping 25-17 speed 25-18–19 ramp lanes 13-21–22 values 13-24 ramp metering* 13-28, 22-3, 22-6 ramp roadways* 25-3–4 ramp-street junctions 13-20, 13-21 ramp terminals 25-3 ramp-weave 13-14, 13-15E service-volume table 13-25–26 signalized intersections 25-2 speed 25-18–19 variables 25-2E, 25-3 worksheet 25-40 recreational facilities and routes 8-6, 8-7, 8-8 recreational vehicles* (RVs) freeway segments 23-7–8 freeways 13-12 multilane highways 12-7, 12-10 adjustments 21-7–8 grades 21-10–12 traffic condition impacts 2-4–5 two-lane highways 12-7, 12-19 directional segments 20-13–14, 20-18–19 two-way segments 20-7–9 red time* 10-11, 10-12E see also traffic signals right lanes and turns adjustment factor 16-11E, 16-12 bicycles 19-6 buses 27-17–18 exclusive lanes 10-18 right turn on red (RTOR) 16-9, 16-12 right-of-ways bicycles 19-6 TWSC intersections gaps 7-8–9 ranking 10-27–28 stream priority 17-3–4 roadway conditions 2-4 see also exclusive turn lanes; lanes; lateral clearance; shoulders roundabouts* 10-31, 17-45 applications 17-48 approach capacity 17-47E capacity model 17-46–48 Index “E” after a page number indicates an exhibit S saturation* conditions (freeways) oversaturated conditions 13-3, 22-15 analytical procedure 22-52–55 flows 22-15–16, 22-50–1 mainline factors 22-16–17, 22-56–59 MOE computation 22-50–63 problems 22-23 ramp flows 22-17, 22-59–61 segment factors 22-18, 22-61–62 undersaturated conditions 13-3, 22-14–15 MOE computation 22-49–50 problem 22-23 saturation flow rate* adjustment factors 16-10–13 gaps and headway 7-9 interchanges 26-9 lost time and 7-8, 7-10–11 signalized intersections 8-26–28, 10-15, 10-24 determining 16-9–13, 16-30, 16-31E measurement 16-158–160 signal timing 16-99 values 10-24 unsignalized intersections 8-28 service flow rates* 2-3 service measures* 2-3, 28-1 see also LOS (levels of service); quality of service LOS and 4-3 uses 4-2–3 service volume* tables bicycle facilities 11-18–20 freeway ramps 13-25–26 freeway segments 13-13 freeway weaving 13-20 multilane highways 12-10, 12-11E pedestrian facilities 11-14E ramps and ramp junctions 13-25–26 signalized intersections 10-26–27 table preparation 9-7, 9-9, 9-11–12 two-lane highways 12-19 24 * Defined in Chapter 5, “Glossary.” Highway Capacity Manual 2000 simulation and modeling (continued) performance measures in 31-18 problems 31-15–31 project scope 31-18 examples 31-26, 31-28, 31-30 randomness elements 31-4 real-time models* 31-6 resource requirements 31-21–22 selection of model 31-19–22 examples 31-26, 31-28, 31-30 state variables 31-3 stochastic models* 31-4 exercises 31-7–10, 31-12–16 time-based models* 31-4 exercise 31-14–16 traffic inputs to models 31-5 traffic simulation models 31-2–3 types of models 31-4–5 utility models 28-4 vehicle simulation models 31-3 exercise 31-14–16 skip-stop bus service* 14-11, 27-13 example 14-15, 14-16E problems 27-41, 27-43 speed adjustment 27-22–23 urban bus lanes 27-18–19 space mean speed* 7-3 spacing between vehicles see gaps; headway speed* 7-2–4, 7-9, 8-21–23 bicycles 11-18, 19-3E, 19-5, 19-7E buses 27-8 busways 27-14, 27-16 HOV lanes 27-15E, 27-16 mixed-traffic 27-26 problem 27-43 skip-stop 27-22–23 urban bus lanes 27-20–24 density-speed relations 7-5–6 freeway segments 13-3–4 multilane highways 12-3, 12-4E flow-speed relations 7-5–6 bicycles 19-5 freeway segments 13-3–4, 23-4E multilane highways 12-3, 12-4E signalized intersections 15-9–12 two-lane highways 12-14 urban streets 15-9–12 free-flow speed (FFS) 7-3 freeway segments 23-4–7 freeways 13-2, 13-5–6, 13-12 multilane highways 12-2–7, 12-10 ramps and ramp junctions 13-22, 13-23 two-lane highways 12-14, 12-18 urban streets 10-3, 10-7–8 service-volume tables (continued) TWSC intersections 17-12–13, 17-26, 17-31 unsignalized intersections 10-34–35 urban streets 10-9, 10-10 shoulders* bicycle lanes 19-4 two-lane highway use 20-45 turnouts 20-44–45 widths on highways multilane two-lane 12-13, 12-18, 20-5–6 side streets see minor-street approaches sidewalks and walkways pedestrians 18-1 analysis 18-3–4 lengths 11-12 LOS criteria 11-9E, 18-4E urban 18-15 walkways 11-6, 11-12 transit facilities 14-24E, 14-26, 14-27 signals see traffic signals signs 2-5, 7-8–9 see also intersections, AWSC; intersections, TWSC simulation* and modeling 31-1–3 alternatives analysis 31-24 examples 31-27, 31-29, 31-31 applications 31-16–24 calibration* and validation* 31-22 examples 31-27, 31-29, 31-31 data assembly and input 31-22, 31-23 examples 31-27, 31-29, 31-31 data availability 31-20–21 descriptive models* 31-5–6 descriptors 31-3 deterministic models* 31-4 exercises 31-10–14 ease of use 31-21 event-based models* 31-4 exercise 31-7 events 31-3 HCM assessment 31-9 examples 31-26, 31-28, 31-30 input parameters 31-3E logic types 31-3–4 normative models* 31-5–6 numerical exercises 31-6–16 car following 31-14–16 gap acceptance 31-7–10 pretimed signal 31-10–12 toll booth 31-12–14 off-line models* 31-6 output analysis 31-23–24 examples 31-27, 31-29, 31-31 output parameters 31-3E 25 * Defined in Chapter 5, “Glossary.” Index “E” after a page number indicates an exhibit Highway Capacity Manual 2000 time-spent-following (continued) directional segments 20-22, 20-23–24 two-way segments 20-9–10 toll booth (modeling example) 31-12–14 toll roads 13-1 topography see grades and terrain traffic-actuated signal controls see traffic signals traffic characteristics demand and volume 8-2–13 values (measured and observed) 8-13–29 vehicle and human factors 8-1–2 traffic conditions* 2-4–5 see also directional distribution and split signalized intersections 16-3–5 traffic control systems see traffic signal phasing; traffic signals traffic signal phasing 10-14–15, 10-22 see also traffic signals critical lanes 16-16E, 16-7E interchanges 26-7, 26-12–14 leading/lagging 16-95E, 16-96–97, 16-128–131 multiphase 16-18E, 16-96–98, 16-112–120 overlapping phases 16-15 parameters 6-104–105 permitted 16-23, 16-122–134 phase plans 10-43–44, 16-95 pretimed signal controls 10-14, 16-94 k-values 16-22E timing plan 16-98–100 protected 10-22, 16-16E protected-plus-permitted 16-23–24, 16-128 procedure 16-140–143 two-phase 16-96E, 16-100, 16-109–110 types 16-13 traffic signals see also traffic signal phasing actuated signal controls 10-14, 16-94–95 control delay see control delay controllers 16-94–95 settings 16-105–106 cycle failure 10-16 cycle length 10-12E, 10-19, 10-21–22 estimation 10-45 effective green 10-11–13 ratios 10-19, 10-23 effective red 10-11, 10-12E freeways 13-28 fully actuated 10-14 green extension time 16-108 green phasing 16-95E, 16-96–97 green time 10-11–13 allocation 16-98 estimation 10-45–46 computation 16-108 speed (continued) freeway weaving segments 24-5–8 freeways 13-6, 22-15 interrupted flow 7-9 as LOS measure 2-2 multilane highways 12-3, 12-6–7 parameters 7-3 pedestrians 11-1, 11-2, 11-6E determining 18-1 factors 11-4–5 ramps and ramp junctions 25-18–19 running speed* 10-3 space-speed relations 11-4 speed limits (highways) 12-6–7 travel speed* 7-2, 7-3 urban 10-4 trends 8-21–23 two-lane highways 12-12, 20-9–10 directional 20-20–21 grade adjustment 20-7 no-passing 20-9, 20-10E two-way 20-5, 20-10E types 7-3 uninterrupted flow 7-2–4 urban streets 10-3–4 FFS 10-7–8 sensitivities 15-9–12 value conventions for 9-7 variations per volume 8-21, 8-23, 8-24E, 8-25E speed limits multilane highways 12-6–7 urban streets 10-6 start-up lost time* 8-26, 8-28, 10-12–13 see also lost time stop signs 2-5, 7-8–9 see also intersections, AWSC; intersections, TWSC streetcars* 14-19–20, 27-26 capacities 27-31–32 dwell time 27-26–28 minimum headways 27-28–30 travel times 14-20, 14-22E volumes 8-29 peak 27-27 streets see sidewalks and walkways; urban streets suburban streets* 10-6E, 10-7 symbols see Chapter system analysis 3-2–4 T terrain see grades and terrain time mean speed* 7-3 time-spent-following 12-13, 12-14E, 12-15E determining 20-9–10 directional distribution 20-9, 20-11E Index “E” after a page number indicates an exhibit 26 * Defined in Chapter 5, “Glossary.” Highway Capacity Manual 2000 traffic signals (continued) signal timing semiactuated 16-115–116 timing plans 16-98–112 traffic-actuated 16-101–115 signalization conditions 16-3E, 16-5–6 timing plans minimum phase time 16-111 pretimed 16-98–100 problem 31-26–27 traffic-actuated 16-102–115 traffic-actuated controls 16-94–95 control settings 16-105–106 estimation limits 16-120–121 model 16-101–104 multiphase example 16-116–120 timing computations 16-115E timing plan 16-101–115 worksheet 16-103 two-phase control 16-96, 16-100, 16-109–110 types 10-14 upstream signal effects (TWSC) 17-13–19 computing 17-30 traffic signs 2-5, 7-8–9 see also intersections, AWSC; intersections, TWSC transit facilities 14-1–3, 27-1–2 see also areawide analysis; buses and bus facilities; corridor analysis; light rail transit; street cars accessibility* to stops 14-10, 27-4–5 amenities 14-27, 27-6–7 areawide analysis 30-11–16 problems 30-23–26 availability see below transit availability automobiles accessibility 27-4–5 travel time 14-31, 27-3 bicycles 14-6, 14-27 accessibility 27-4–5 bus facilities 14-3, 14-7–18 bus priorities 14-15–19 parameters 27-9–26 signal timing 14-11 capacity 14-3–6 estimation 27-1 comfort and convenience 14-24E, 14-26, 14-31 measures 27-6–8 perceptions 14-29 corridor analysis 29-10–12 problem 29-12–26 costs to passengers 14-28 delays see below dwell time dwell time 14-3, 14-5–6 variability 14-8 fare payment 14-6 traffic signals (continued) green time model 16-106–107 signal timing 16-100 ratio (g/C) 10-12E, 10-19, 10-23, 16-25 interrupted-flow facilities 2-5 lagging/leading green phasing 16-95E, 16-96–97, 16-128–131 light-rail trains 14-22 multilane highways 12-1 multiphase control 16-96–98, 16-112–120 critical lanes 16-18E pedestrians 11-1 delay 11-13 permitted phasing 16-23 left turns 16-122–134 phase control plans 10-43–44, 16-95–98 dual-ring 16-96E, 16-97, 16-103–104 multiphase 16-96–98, 16-112–120 two-phase 16-96E, 16-100, 16-109–110 pretimed signal controls 10-14, 16-94 k-values 16-22E modeling example 31-10–12 timing plan 16-98–100 protected phasing 10-15, 10-22, 16-16E protected-plus-permitted phasing 16-23–24, 16-128 procedure 16-140–143 rail transit priorities 14-22 red time 10-11, 10-12E semiactuated signals 10-14 signal controls 16-94–95 flow rate and 7-7–8 fully actuated 10-14 semiactuated 10-14 traffic-actuated 16-101–120 signal controllers 16-94–95 k-values 15-8E, 16-22E settings 16-105–106 signal coordination 15-9 signal delay see control delay signal density (urban) 10-8 speed and 15-9–12 signal phasing 10-14–15 signal progression 15-6–7, 16-19–20 signal timing design method 16-93–120 estimation 10-43–46, 16-99–101 estimation limits 16-120–121 example 16-116–120 interchanges 26-7 left-turn flows 10-37, 10-42 lost time 16-101 phase plans 16-95–98 pretimed 16-98–101 27 * Defined in Chapter 5, “Glossary.” Index “E” after a page number indicates an exhibit Highway Capacity Manual 2000 transit facilities (continued) routes and route segments comfort and convenience 14-31 hours of service 27-5 reliability 27-7–8 safety and security 14-28 scheduling 14-27 seating availability 14-29 service coverage 14-25E, 14-26–27 areawide analysis 30-13–16 availability 14-30–31 service frequency 14-24E, 14-30 determining 27-2–4 LOS 27-3E service information 14-25E, 14-28 service measures 14-23 quality-of-service 14-30E threshold levels 14-31 sidewalk conditions 14-24E, 14-26, 14-27 speed 14-24E, 27-8 areawide 30-12 corridor 29-11 streetcars 14-3, 14-20, 14-22E parameters 27-26–31 transit availability* 14-25E, 14-26 measures 27-2–5 transit reliability* 14-24E, 14-29, 14-31 determining 27-7–8 transit stations 14-3 amenities 14-27 spacing 14-6 transit stops* 14-3 accessibility 27-4 amenities 14-6, 27-6–7 availability 14-30 comfort and convenience 14-31 passenger loads 27-6 service frequency 27-2 spacing 14-6 travel time 14-31, 29-11–12 trip decision making 14-23–24, 14-25E, 14-26E trip times 14-28 trolleybuses 14-2 unscheduled service 27-3–4 urban scheduled service 27-3 vehicle capacity 14-3, 14-24E calculating 14-5E vehicle operation 14-23, 14-24E waiting areas see above transit stations; transit stops wheelchair accessibility 14-6 transit facilities (continued) GIS analysis 30-14–16 headway adherence 27-3, 27-7, 27-8 hours of service 14-24E determining 27-5–6 intercity scheduled service 27-3, 27-4 level of service (LOS) 14-23 hours of service 27-6E intercity transit 27-4E paratransit 27-4E passenger load 27-6E reliability 27-8E service frequency 27-2 light rail 14-3, 14-19–22 parameters 27-26–31 priority treatments 14-22 loading areas 14-3 modeling application 31-16E operator point of view 14-23, 14-24E paratransit 27-3–4 park-and-ride lots 14-24E, 14-27 passenger demand 14-4 dwell time 14-6 passenger loads 14-24E, 14-29, 14-31 determining 27-5 passenger perceptions appearance and comfort 14-29 point of view 14-23, 14-24E safety and security 14-28 peak-hour factor (PHF) 14-4 peak-hour trips 14-2E pedestrians 14-26, 14-27 accessibility 27-4–5 performance measures 14-23, 14-24E areawide 30-13–14 corridor 29-10–12 person capacity 14-3, 14-4–5 calculating 14-6E priority treatments buses 14-15–19 rail 14-22 quality of service 14-23, 14-24E availability 14-30–31 comfort and convenience 14-31 factors 14-26–29 framework 14-29–31 measures 27-2 trip decision making 14-23, 14-25 rail transit 14-3, 14-19–22 parameters 27-26–31 priority treatments 14-22 reliability see below transit reliability routes and route segments availability 14-30 Index “E” after a page number indicates an exhibit 28 * Defined in Chapter 5, “Glossary.” Highway Capacity Manual 2000 upgrades (continued) two-lane highways 20-14, 20-15–19 urban streets 10-1–2, 15-1 see also interchange ramp terminals; intersections; pedestrians; urban bus facilities analysis period 10-8–9 analytical example 3-3E, 3-4E arrival types 10-23, 15-5–6 arterials 10-1, 10-6–7 AWSC intersections 10-30–31 back of queue 10-16 bicycles 10-25, 19-1, 19-7 buses (local) 10-25 bus facilities 27-16 adjacent lanes 27-19E, 27-20 lane speed 27-20–24 person capacity 27-20 vehicle capacity 27-17–19 busways (CBD) 14-13–14 capacity 27-14–16 reserved 14-18 volumes 8-28 capacity 15-9 estimation 10-36–47 classification system 10-5–7, 10-8E classifications 10-1–3 collector streets 10-1 control delay 10-15–16, 15-2 computation 10-46–47 determination 15-3–8 corridor analysis 29-3–9 cycle length 10-19, 10-21–22, 15-9 estimation 10-45 design categories 10-6E, 10-7 effective green 10-11–13 ratios 10-19, 10-23 exclusive turn lanes 10-17–18 free-flow speeds (FFS) 10-3 speed-flow curves 15-9–12 values 10-7–8, 15-3E functional classes 10-1 green time estimation 10-45–46 green time ratio (g/C) 10-19, 10-23 heavy vehicle factors 10-25 highways compared 10-11 incremental delay 15-4, 15-5, 15-7–8 input data and values 10-7–9 signalized intersections 10-17–27 unsignalized intersections 10-32–34 lengths 10-7, 15-13 level of service (LOS) 10-4–5 applications 15-5 computations 15-13 control delay 10-15–16 transportation facilities 3-1E, 3-3E, 9-1–2 see also bicycles; freeways; highways; interruptedflow facilities; intersections; multiple facility assessment; pedestrians; transit facilities; uninterrupted-flow facilities; urban streets travel speed* 7-2, 7-3, 10-4 see also speed traveler satisfaction* and utility 28-1, 28-4–5 trolleybuses* 14-2 trucks* freeways 13-12 freeway segments 23-7–8 multilane highways 12-7 adjustments 21-7–8 grades 21-10–12 registered (1986–1996) 8-14E values 12-10 rural interstate travel by 8-15E traffic condition impacts 2-4–5 two-lane highways 12-7, 12-19 directional segments 20-13–14, 20-17–20 two-way segments 20-7–9 volume variations (daily) 8-5E weight/power ratios 8-1E turning movements 10-1, 10-15 estimation 10-19–20 values 10-19, 10-33 interchanges 26-1, 26-3–4 turnouts* 20-44–45 two-lane highways see highways, two-lane two-way left-turn lanes* (TWLTL) 12-1 gap acceptance 10-29 two-lane highways 20-47–48 TWSC (two-way stop-controlled) intersections see intersections, TWSC U undersaturated conditions (freeways) 13-3, 22-14–15 MOE computation 22-49–50 problem 22-23 uninterrupted-flow facilities 2-1, see also freeways; highways density 7-4 flow rate 7-1–2 headway and spacing 7-4–5 parameter relationships 7-5–6 parameters for 7-1–6 spacing and headway 7-4–5 speed 7-2–4 upgrades see also grades and terrain climbing lanes 20-28–29 freeway segments 23-9–11 multilane highways 21-9, 21-10E 29 * Defined in Chapter 5, “Glossary.” Index “E” after a page number indicates an exhibit Highway Capacity Manual 2000 urban streets (continued) travel time 15-27–28 TWSC intersections 10-27–29 uniform delay 15-4, 15-5 unsignalized intersections 10-27–35 values 10-32–35 upstream signals 15-8 variables 10-12E volumes 8-21, 8-22E weaving 13-14 worksheets 10-47, 15-28 utility* and traveler perception 28-1, 28-4–5 urban streets (continued) level of service (LOS) determining 15-2–3, 15-9, 15-27–28 methodology 15-1–3 pedestrians 18-16E problems 15-15–24 local streets 10-1 methodology 15-1–12 applications 15-12–15 flow chart 15-2E input parameters 10-7–9 problems 15-15–24 worksheets 10-47, 15-28 peak-hour factor (PHF) 10-8 pedestrians 11-1, 18-1 default flows 10-26 street corners 11-10–13, 18-8, 18-9–10 planning applications 15-15 computations 15-25–26 platoon ratio 15-6 progression adjustment factor (PF) 15-6–7 queue delay (initial) 15-5 determining 16-22, 16-142–148 roundabouts 10-31 running time 10-3 determining 15-3, 15-4E segments 15-13 service volume table 10-9, 10-10 signal coordination 15-9 signal density 10-8 speed and 15-9–12 signal progression 15-6–7 signalized intersections 10-9–27 estimation method 10-36–46 flow 10-9, 10-11 LOS 10-15–17 values 10-17–27 variables 10-12E speed-flow curves 15-9–12 speed profiles 10-4 speeds 10-3–4 street classes 10-5–7, 10-8E determining 15-3, 15-4E speed and 15-9–12 street corners areas 18-8, 18-9–10 radius 11-12 time-space 11-10–13 transit facilities busways 14-13–14, 27-14–16 scheduled service 27-3 travel speed 10-4 sensitivities 15-9–12 Index “E” after a page number indicates an exhibit V variability* of congestion 28-3 highway facilities 29-9, 30-11 transit facilities 30-13 v/c see volume-to-capacity ratios vehicle capacity* buses 14-3, 14-4E, 14-5 bus stops 14-13 busways 14-14E dwell time 14-14–15 influences 14-12E loading areas 14-7–11 mixed-traffic 27-25 urban bus lanes 27-17–19 transit facilities 14-3, 14-24E calculating 14-5E vehicle types 8-1 see also automobiles; buses; recreational vehicles; trucks lane distribution by 8-13E rural interstate travel by 8-15E vertical alignments of roadways see grades and terrain volume* 8-13–16, 8-17E see also service-volume tables analysis hour and peak hour 8-7 average values 9-8 buses 8-28–29, 14-10 daily–hourly equivalencies 9-8–9 demand and volume 2-2, 8-2 directional distribution 8-11, 8-12E equivalency factors 9-8–9 flow rate and volume 7-1–2, 8-16 forecasts 8-9 freeways 8-3, 8-17, 8-18–20 lane distribution 8-12–13 multilane highways 8-17, 8-20E peak-hour volume 8-6–9 rail transit 8-29, 27-7 signalized intersections 10-33, 16-3–5 adjustment 16-30, 16-31E spatial distributions 8-10–13 30 * Defined in Chapter 5, “Glossary.” Highway Capacity Manual 2000 W walkways see pedestrians; sidewalks weaving* and weaving segments* see freeway weaving wheelchair accessibility buses 27-10 rail transit 27-28 transit facilities 14-6 volume (continued) speed relationships 8-21, 8-23, 8-24E, 8-25E temporal distributions 8-9–10 two-lane highways 8-20–21 variations daily 8-4, 8-5E hourly 8-4, 8-6, 8-7E seasonal and monthly 8-3–4 subhourly 8-9, 8-10E volume-to-capacity (v/c) ratios* freeways 13-29 pedestrians 18-4 signalized intersections 10-16, 16-14 application 15-9–12 computation 10-46 critical lanes 16-14–15 equalizing 16-98 two-lane highways 20-11–12 value conventions for 9-7 Y yield signs 2-5, 7-8–9 see also intersections, AWSC; intersections, TWSC 31 * Defined in Chapter 5, “Glossary.” Index “E” after a page number indicates an exhibit [...]... 1-6 IV RESEARCH BASIS FOR HCM 2000 1-6 V REFERENCE 1-6 EXHIBITS Exhibit 1-1 Exhibit 1-2 Exhibit 1-3 HCM 1985 Edition: Organization and Updates 1-3 HCM 2000 Organization 1-4 Related Research Projects 1-7 1-i Chapter 1 - Introduction Highway Capacity Manual 2000 I INTRODUCTION PURPOSE OF THE MANUAL The Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) provides transportation... principal concepts of this manual capacity and level of service—are defined in the following sections 2-1 Uninterrupted-flow facility defined Interrupted-flow facility defined Capacity analysis defined Chapter 2 - Capacity and Level-of-Service Concepts Introduction Highway Capacity Manual 2000 II CAPACITY Capacity defined Capacity is defined on the basis of reasonable expectancy The capacity of a facility... system for HCM 2000 Develop extended planning techniques for estimating measures of effectiveness (MOEs) Develop draft chapters related to planning for HCM 2000 Improve methods to determine capacity and quality of service of two-lane highways Recommend MOEs and additional performance measures Capacity Manual Improved methods for capacity and quality of service analyses of weaving areas Complete HCM 2000. .. http://www4.nationalacademies.org/trb/crp.nsf/all+projects/tcrp+a15 Chapter 1 - Introduction What’s New in HCM 2000 1-6 Highway Capacity Manual 2000 EXHIBIT 1-3 RELATED RESEARCH PROJECTS Research NCHRP 3-33 NCHRP 3-37 NCHRP 3-37(2) NCHRP 3-45 Research Title Capacity and Level-of-Service Procedures for Multilane Rural and Suburban Highways Capacity and Level of Service at RampFreeway Junctions Capacity and Level of Service at RampFreeway Junctions (Phase... Applications Highway Capacity Manual 2000 I INTRODUCTION This chapter provides an overview of the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) analyses and describes how to apply them to a range of facilities The scope of the manual and the framework for its application is followed by a description of the levels at which an analyst can apply the methods The chapter concludes with an outline of how to use HCM analyses... the HCM From an authoritative source of traditional road user benefit and cost analysis, the following excerpt indicates the degree to which such analyses depend on the HCM: Chapter 3 - Applications Analysis Objectives 3-6 Highway Capacity Manual 2000 Many of the highway user cost factors in this manual are shown as a function of either traffic speed or of the ratio of traffic volume to highway capacity. . .Highway Capacity Manual 2000 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION CONTENTS I INTRODUCTION 1-1 Purpose of the Manual 1-1 Scope of the Manual 1-1 Use of the Manual 1-1 Results from the Metric and U.S Customary Versions 1-1 North American and International Applications 1-2 Online Manual 1-2 Calculation Software 1-2 II HISTORY OF THE MANUAL. .. traffic signals in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices NCHRP 3-55(2) NCHRP 3-55(2)A Planning Applications for the Year 2000 NCHRP 3-55(3) Capacity and Quality of Service for TwoLane Highways NCHRP 3-55(4) Performance Measures and Levels of Service in the Year 2000 Highway NCHRP 3-55(5) Capacity and Quality of Service of Weaving Areas NCHRP 3-55(6) Production of the Year 2000 Highway TCRP A-07... methodology is presented, based on research conducted for TRB’s Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual (1) 1-5 Chapter 1 - Introduction What’s New in HCM 2000 Highway Capacity Manual 2000 PART IV: CORRIDOR AND AREAWIDE ANALYSES Part IV: Chapters 28–30 The methodologies for corridor and areawide analyses are new additions to the HCM The chapters show how to aggregate results from the Part III chapters... Cost-Effectiveness Graph 4-5 4-i Chapter 4 - Decision Making Highway Capacity Manual 2000 I INTRODUCTION This chapter explains how to use the results of the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) analyses in making decisions for planning, designing, and operating transportation facilities It begins with the types of decisions to which the HCM usually is applied; discusses the role of measures of effectiveness ... 31-1 Highway Capacity Manual 2000 PREFACE The Transportation Research Board’s (TRB’s) Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) provides a collection of state-of-the-art techniques for estimating the capacity. .. Projects 1-7 1-i Chapter - Introduction Highway Capacity Manual 2000 I INTRODUCTION PURPOSE OF THE MANUAL The Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) provides transportation practitioners and researchers... D Zegeer Chairman, TRB Committee on Highway Capacity and Quality of Service Preface viii Highway Capacity Manual 2000 CONTRIBUTORS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS HCM 2000 is the result of the coordinated