Rationale of the intangible a cognitive reading of spatial conception in the story of the stone

RATIONALE OF THE INTANGIBLE A COGNITIVE READING OF SPATIAL CONCEPTION IN THE STORY OF THE STONE YEO KANG SHUA M.Arch., B.A. (Arch. Studies) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY CENTRE FOR ADVANCED STUDIES IN ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2006 This thesis has been approved and certified by Thesis Supervisor Professor LI Xiaodong Chair Professor, Department of Architecture, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China. (Associate Professor, National University of Singapore, 1997 — 2004) Thesis Committee: Thesis Co-Supervisor Associate Professor LI Shiqiao Department of Architecture, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Associate Professor, National University of Singapore, 2000 — 2005) Thesis Committee Member Professor HENG Chye Kiang Head of Department, Department of Architecture National University of Singapore Thesis Committee Member Assistant Professor YANG Pei Ju, Perry Department of Architecture National University of Singapore Copyright © 2006 Yeo Kang Shua. All Rights Reserved. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means — graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems — without the written permission of the owners. YEO KANG SHUA Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Design and Environment Department of Architecture National University of Singapore Rationale of the Intangible A Cognitive Reading of Spatial Conception in The Story of the Stone Abstract This research explores the concepts of space in the Chinese context through the textual analysis of The Story of the Stone, whereby dissonances of cognitive elements are used to depict space, through the change of actions or situation that represent behavioural or environmental cognitive element. The research is particularly interested in the logic of reasoning in the reconstruction of space in the text. The research comes to an understanding of a method to limit the cognitive process of the “where” and the “what”, through the use of precedents under the workings of harmonised dissonance. The significance of The Stone is that it links the reflection on creative design process with the process of establishing a coherent cultural value for designers that essentially follow the long Chinese aesthetic traditions. Attempting further than the simple knowledge base of precedents in late imperial China, The Stone proffers a system of rules for designing with precedents. Keywords: cognitive, harmonised dissonance, knowledge base, precedent, and spatial conception. I Rationale of the Intangible Preface and Acknowledgement The search for the Chinese conception of space, the subject of this thesis, has occupied my thoughts, conversations and correspondences for many years, wherein a large number of friends and mentors have played an important role in its development. This framework was developed with my thesis supervisor, Prof. Li Xiaodong, Chair of Department of Architecture, Tsinghua University, who was then with the Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore, from 1997 — 2004; as well as with thesis advisor Emeritus Prof. Alexander Tzonis, Director of Design Knowledge Systems (DKS) Research Centre, Chair of Architectural Theory and Design Methods, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology (TUDelft). It has been a privilege to work with them. Their guidance and inspirations were essential to my work, and I am foremost deeply indebted to them for their assistances a well as their theoretical and creative insights. My debt to Prof. Li is further beyond his role as my supervisor. I have been working with Prof. Li since 1997 as his student and collaborator, in various stages of my development as an undergraduate, and latter as a graduate as well as a Research Assistant. I owe a separate debt of gratitude to Emeritus Prof. S.J. Doorman, Faculty of Philosophy and Humanities, TUDelft, for his interest and commitment to my thesis, and for his inspiring seminars held in DKS. Where my research reaches precision in the use of a clear research method, it is due to their guidance; where it does not, the shortcoming is only my own. I would also like to thank my co-supervisor Assoc. Prof. Li Shiqiao, and my thesis committee panel members, Prof. Heng Chye Kiang, and Asst. Prof. Yang Pei Ju, Perry, for patiently reading my work and improving it with their precious suggestions, objections, critical remarks and challenging comments. I am greatly indebted to Adjunct Assoc. Prof. Thiagarajan K Sabapathy and Asst. Prof. Wong Yunn Chii, for our discussions and for giving me extremely useful suggestions. During the course of research and writing, I have incurred substantial intellectual debts, and I wish here to express my gratitude to the scholarships of many sinologists, linguists, psychologists and sociologists, whom I benefited greatly in my pursuit of this project. I also wish to acknowledge those, including anonymous reviewers, who have read the manuscript, either in its entirety or in portions, and who gave me their helpful and valuable comments. My research ran parallel to that of my fellow colleague, Chong Keng Hua. Our frequent discussions contributed substantially to my understanding of our mutual research problems. Keng Hua and I often saw similar things differently, and the divergence of ideas always stimulated new insights. For their contributions in discussions, seminaries and for their companionship, I would like to thank all past and present colleagues from the Centre for Advanced Studies in Architecture (CASA): Messrs. Dharmatilleke NAD Senaka, Cam Chi Nguyen, Simon Yanuar Putra Zhuang, Ho Yenn Giin, Zhang Ji, Md Mizanur Rashid, Tian Yang and Lu Yi; Mses. Archana Sharma, Chen Yu, Tan Kar Lin, Jeanne-Marie Ten Leu-Jiun, Cai Hui, Li II Rationale of the Intangible Suping, Zhang Tianjie and Huang Yan. In addition, to my past colleagues from DKS: Dr. Asaf Friedman, Dr. Jun Wu, and Dr. Sophia Vyzoviti. I would like to extend my gratitude to Mses. Goh Lay Fong, Esther Tan, Jasmine Law, May Yeo, Cheok Yin Peng, Rozita and Ismurnee (NUS) as well as Ms. Janneke Mosterd-Arkesteijn (DKS) for their administrative assistances and especially for their kind support. I would also like to acknowledge the assistances rendered by the libraries whom the project materials is drawn: the architecture library of TUDelft, the library of Institute for Sinology at Leiden University, the library of Tsinghua University and the library of Beijing University; special mention for the libraries of the National University of Singapore where the acquisition librarian promptly and expedited many of my requests. For their love, encouragement and care, I would like to thank my family members: my parents for their untiring care, my sisters, Cortina and Trecia, and my niece, Abery and nephews, Dillion, Max and Ethan for giving me hours of joy. I reserve particular thanks to my friends Alfred Goh, Yan Dah Wea and Dr. Lok Wan Chee for their kind support and companionship, as well as my running group — cutues — for both putting up with and encouraging the final stages of this long labour. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to the Design Knowledge Systems (DKS) Research Centre, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology for providing me with a Guest Research Fellowship in 2004. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to Centre for Advanced Studies in Architecture (CASA), Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore (NUS) that is generously supporting this project through the NUS Research Scholarship, where my work and research are carried out. 箭夐糠壁个, 倡ム稜符鞘! 歓咄崘坏駅, 桧糸貞奩鵡? (HLM I.1.7) Yeo Kang Shua Oct 2006, Singapore III Rationale of the Intangible Notes on Transliteration Transliteration of Chinese names into English follows the Hanyu pinyin•現區跳冂‚ romanization system in this thesis. All Chinese names, terms, books and articles were transcribed into the Hanyu pinyin romanization system. In most cases, the titles of Chinese sources are translated into English by the author. The Chinese characters are also provided to facilitate the checking of romanization. In the bibliography, if the author used Wade-Giles romanization system, it is included in parentheses after the pinyin name. In places where there existed an English version of the title, the original title is either maintained, or retranslated without further acknowledgement. The order of the Chinese naming system is also retained. That is, the family name (surname) comes first, followed by the given name. IV Rationale of the Intangible Editorial Notes A number of translations have been provided throughout this research. Many of the sources have been translated previously. In the selection and production of the translation for this research, I have chosen to observe a few principles and conventions. Firstly, I have attempted, wherever is possible, to use existing standard translations and the original Chinese text appended alongside. Secondly, if there is no standard translation or for any reason, that the standard translation is not suitable, I will abide by the distinction between normative and flexible translation in my translation. In general, normative translation will serve well for technical terms or everyday objects. However, if one tries to render more complex ideas unalterably with but a single English word, then one is usually restricted to the most literal of translations. Therefore, in this research, I will tend to opt for flexible translation on the principle that one should employ the English word or phrase which modern speakers would use to convey an idea. One should try to be as literal as possible, but not at the expense of intelligibility. Lastly, when working with standard translation, it has sometimes been necessary to introduce minor editorial changes to make the passage read more smoothly or intelligibly. Principal Chinese Edition The main reference text used in this research is published by Beijing: Renmin wenxue chuban she, π蒔: 椴藻滅露甥ヵ矧, 1998. Annotated by Feng Qiyong 去貞刧 based on “Zhiyan zhai zhongping shitou ji [gengchen (1760)] qiuyue dingben”·壓于噎姆鎮伐忘妻 •窟雲 (1760)‚湯咒勧Д . English Translated Edition There are a number of translations available, which are generally pared down versions that omit much of the text. The five volumes “The Story of the Stone” David Hawkes & John Minford’s edition is used in this research and is considered as the Standard English edition. Note: In Hawkes’ translation, Daguan yuan•廻迎吁‚is translated as “Prospect Garden.” And “Garden of Total Vision” in Andrew H. Plaks’ Archetype and Allegory in the Dream of the Red Chamber, following Dore J. Levy, suggesting that the complex allegory of garden as a microcosm of universe (Plaks 1976: 178 — 211; Levy 2001: 175). Although, this study follows Hawkes’ translation; in this specific case, it retains the Hanyu Pinyin romanization without translation — Da-guan Yuan (Ta-guan Yuan — Wades-Giles) Reconstructed Plans of the Ning-Rong Mansions and the Da-guan Yuan•廻迎吁‚ This research does not attempt to reconstruct the plans of the Ning-Rong Mansions and the Da-guan Yuan. The examination of the physical dimensions of the space is not of the interest of this study. What this research seeks is to render a conscious attempt to investigate the stated objectives. Hence, the position of this study is to adopt Guan Huashan’s 頚広農 reconstruction in “Honglou Meng zhong de jianzhu yanjiu”·醐凄叢奩廓捌 嬶腕実 for the purpose of analysis. V Rationale of the Intangible List of Abbreviations HLM – Cao Xueqin, Gao E (Qing) 胃婁党, 金銖 (嶋). “Honglou Meng”·醐凄叢 [Dream of the Red Chamber], annotated by Feng Qiyong 去貞刧 based on “Zhiyan zhai zhongping shitou ji [gengchen (1760)] qiuyue dingben”·壓 于 噎 姆 鎮 伐 忘 妻 • 窟 雲 (1760) ‚ 湯 咒 勧 Д , Beijing: Renmin wenxue chuban she, π蒔: 椴藻滅露甥ヵ矧, 1998. Citations refer only to this edition, unless otherwise stated. SS – Cao Xueqin, Gao E (Qing). (Trans. David Hawkes and John Minford). The Story of the Stone, vols. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, [1979] — 1987. VI Rationale of the Intangible Table of Contents Prelude Abstract Preface and Acknowledgement Notes on Transliteration Editorial Notes List of Abbreviations Table of Contents List of Illustrations Summary I II IV V VI VII IX XI Part I — Frames & Constraints in Reasoning & Framework of Research Introduction 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Chinese construction of Nature Problematique — The notion and conception of space A Philosophical overview of space in the Chinese context Space in architectural history and social context Key Questions and Method of Research Synopsis of thesis A Case: The Story of the Stone 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 The historiographic significance of the case Consumption and commentaries of The Stone Basic structure and style of The Stone Domain specific objects examined from cognitive perspective Socio-spatial relations as a problematique 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Analysing the view of the world through socio-spatial discourse A faculty of social cognition — a reading/perspective Spatial analysis and narratology Data and background sources of/related to The Stone for analysis 24 38 Part II — Socially-institutionalized Design Reasoning: The case of The Story of the Stone Mental Representation, Social and Spatial Cognition 59 4.1 Reading agents and objects in narrated space 4.2 Constructing social space — Socio-cognitive interpretation of relations 4.3 Beyond “cognitive status” — Narrative perspectives and social distance 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 differences between major & minor characters as representatives of social institution & public Physical and social space The sphere of vision as spatial patterns in The Stone Spatial representation in The Stone Spatial representation in the garden — parts, whole and boundaries VII Rationale of the Intangible Part III — The Building of Connections Socio-spatial Organisation 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 The building of connections in a ‘walled’ domain The Fundamental Articulation of Space — Physical Constituents Boundary as arbitrator of parts — nei•苔‚and wai•妹‚ Boundary as control — Door, Men•組‚and Window•桶‚ Interlocutors of boundary Socio-psychological operations in single dwelling unit — house Socio-psychological operations in clusters Landscape and Narratives 96 141 6.1 The Garden in The Stone as a field of tectonics manipulation 6.2 The spatial composition as an aesthetic, experiential & existential problem, in a ‘visual’ and phenomenological sense in nomenclature 6.3 Significance of the Garden in The Stone 6.4 Re-scripting of ideals of Arts and Architecture embodied in The Stone The Understanding of Space Conception 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 Formal understanding of spatial conception through composition Summary of spatial perception in The Stone Harmonisation/Normalization of the conceptual dissonance Active cogitating or post-rationalization of spatial dissonances The harmonising dissonance code of recombination in The Stone The understanding of space conception The value and meaning of spatial conception Selected Glossary Bibliography Appendix I: Characters’ Genealogy in The Stone Appendix II: Subtitles & Tabulation of Spatial Narratives in The Stone Appendix III: Combinatorial Elements of Characters & Architecture Appendix IV: Space in the Western Context – An Overview Appendix V: Design Arguments — Conceptual systems as framework for analysis Appendix VI: Universalism and radical relativism: A cognitive interpretation Appendix VII: Editions of The Story of the Stone Appendix VIII: Reconstructions of the Architecture in The Stone Appendix IX: Chinese Dates and Dynasties 162 195 199 233 234 244 246 248 251 253 256 266 VIII Appendix We can clearly see how such a position can easily be transcribed into indications within the problematic that concerns us here, that of space as mental organiser of process. Accordingly, is this just simply a matter of understanding space through social relations, in the vein of Jackendoff, as opposes to understanding social relations through space, like Lakoff? Alternatively, is it something more fundamental, understanding both space and social relations through cognitive structure? This research understood and accepted the problem of universality and their cultural dependence as a universally shared “grammar” that is shaped with one’s unique cultural peculiarities (Jackendoff 1992 & 1997). The contexts (cultural peculiarities and social realms) must be re-cognised in the universally shared “grammar” of the human’s mind. 252 Rationale of the Intangible Appendix VII: Editions of The Stone Since the appearance of this masterpiece, there are a large number of editions to this novel. Many studies have been carried out on particular editions. It can be divided into the following categories.i 1. Manuscripts antedating the first movable type edition. a. The Jiaxu •菜苓‚ Manuscript. This is a fragmentary Zhi-yan Zhai Re-annotated Story of the Stone•壓于噎姆 鎮伐忘妻‚of sixteen chapters. b. The Jimao•砂善‚Manuscript. This is a 38-chapter version of the Zhi-yan Zhai Re-annotated Story of the Stone held in the Beijing Library Collection. c. The Gengchen•窟雲‚Manuscript. This is a 78-chapter version of the Zhi-yan Zhai Re-annotated Story of the Stone now held in the library of Beijing University Collection. d. The Youzheng•辨塒‚Edition. This is a lithograph edition published by the Shanghai: You Zheng Book Co•拝 研辨塒緋邪‚. There are 80 chapters of text with interlinear annotations and e. commentary before and after chapters. The Wang Fu•迄怯‚Manuscript. This is a 120-chapter version of The Story of the Stone from the collection of a f. Mongolian Prince•嶋遡携迄怯異碓Д伐忘妻‚. The first 80 chapters are almost the same as the Youzheng edition. The Jiachen•菜雲‚Manuscript. g. This is a complete 80-chapter version of the Dream of the Red chamber with a preface by Mengjue zhuren•叢授嫻椴烈Д醐凄叢‚. The Jiyou•砂劑‚Manuscript. h. This was originally and 80 chapter version of the Dream of the Red Chamber with a preface by Shu Yuanwei•皮曼褂烈Д醐凄叢‚. The Red Chamber Draft Manuscript i. This is a 120-chapter version of the Dream of the Red Chamber•哲世碓Дヨ嵶 鉱醐凄叢‚. The Qining Manuscript. This is a Story of the Stone MS. from the Nanjing Library•岱蒔某緋劇異Д伐忘 妻‚. There are 80 chapters on white, unlined paper in excellent calligraphy. i See Steelman, An Introduction to Editions of the Red Chamber. 253 Appendix j. The Jingcang•嫉異‚Manuscript. The manuscript was an 80-chapter version of The Story of the Stone from the k. collection of Jing Yingkun•嫉冱 [嘗沢] 異碓Д伐忘妻‚. The Zhengcang•墹異‚Manuscript. This is a fragment of an 80-chapter version of the Dream of the Red Chamber l. held by Zheng Zhenduo•墹堊躔異碓Д醐凄叢‚. The Leningrad Manuscript. This is an 80-chapter version of The Story of the Stone held in the Leningrad branch of the Soviet Asian People’s Research Institute. 2. Early movable type editions of Cheng-Gao • 穎 務曼 a. 金銖 ‚ vintage. The Chengjia•穎菜‚Edition. This edition is attributed to 1791 vintage. b. The Chengbing•穎я‚Edition This edition is attributed to 1792 vintage. c. The Chengding•穎瓦‚Edition. This edition is attributed to 1793 vintage. 3. Annotated editions that post-date the first movable type edition. a. The Jiaqing•済棟‚Edition. This is a second Dongguan Ge edition•堪鯨偶姆讐Д‚published in 1811•済棟 髪頗瀧‚with the addition of commentary. b. The Wang XiLian•迄勇娠‚Annotated Edition. This edition was published in 1832•鈎桁髪毅瀧‚by the Shuangqing Xianguan c. •筆嶋楊劇‚. The Miaofu Studio•荘況簾‚Annotated Edition. This edition was published in 1881•桁漣亭瀧‚by the Hunan Woyun Shanguan •坑岱耗咄農劇‚. d. The Yaoxie•來搶‚Annotated Edition. e. A Key to the Red Chamber•醐凄叢伏冦‚. 254 Rationale of the Intangible 4. Western editions. There are many western languages – translated editions of this novel. Many of them referred to by different titles: 1. 2. 3. Shitouji·伐忘妻 [The Story of the Stone] Qing seng lu·東捻誠 [The Passionate Monk’s Tale] Fengyue baojjian·糾咒ε笹 [A Mirror for the Romantic] 4. 5. Honglou Meng·醐凄叢 [A Dream of Red Chamber/ Mansions] Jinling shi-er chai·雌遂髪毅踞 [Twelve Young Ladies of Jinling] It was the fourth of these titles that the novel is known in the Chinese Communities today and by translations of this title that it is invariably referred to in other parts of the world: 1 The Dream of the Red Chamber (English) Le Rêve dans le Pavilion Rouge (French) 1 Der Traum der Roten Kammer (German) Il Sogno della Camera Rossa (Italian) Son v krasnom teremye, et cetera. 255 Appendix Appendix VIII: Reconstructions of the Architecture in The Stone App. VIII Qing Painting of Garden of Total Vision, “Qing ren hua daguan yuan tu”·嶋椴弘廻 迎吁某 . Source: “Wenwu” ·滅役 , Vol. 6, 1963, p 73. App. VIII.2 Overall Painting of the Garden of Total Vision, “Daguan yuan zongtu” ·廻迎吁妛 某 . Source: “Zengping butu shitou ji” ·啼鎮絢某伐忘妻 域某, Shanghai Library Collection, “Shanghai tushu guan cang” 拝研某緋劇異. 256 Rationale of the Intangible App. VIII.3 Birdseye Drawing of Garden of Total Vision, “Honglou Meng - Daguan yuan niaokan shiyi tu” ·醐凄叢廻迎吁沢贅帆儔某 . Source: Qinghua University 嶋広廻露, reproduced in “Da Guan Yuan yanjiu ziliao huibian”·廻迎吁腕実尨尋号е , Honglou Meng yanjiu ziliao congshu (jiabian), 醐凄叢腕実尨尋苛緋 (菜е). App. VIII.4 “Daguan yuan pingmian shiyi tu”·廻迎吁沈痩帆儔某 pingmian-tu de yanjiu”·廻迎吁沈痩某廓腕実 . . Source: “Da Guan Yuan 257 Appendix App. VIII.5 Overall plan of Ning-guo and Rong-guo Mansion. Source: Guan Huashan 頚広農, Honglou Meng zhong de jianzhu yanjiu·醐凄叢奩廓捌嬶腕実 [Investigation into the Architecture of “Dream of the Red Chamber”], Taipei: Jing yu xiang chuban she, 鮒π: 雫匯蘭 甥ヵ矧, 1984. App. VIII.6 Plan of Da-guan Yuan. Source: Guan Huashan 頚広農, Honglou Meng zhong de jianzhu yanjiu·醐凄叢奩廓捌嬶腕実 [Investigation into the Architecture of “Dream of the Red Chamber”], Taipei: Jing yu xiang chuban she, 鮒π: 雫匯蘭甥ヵ矧, 1984. 258 Rationale of the Intangible App. VIII.7 Plan of Jia Mansions and Da-guan Yuan. Source: Meng Qingtian 倉棟呆, Hongloumeng he Jinpingmei zhong de jianzhu· 醐凄叢 湖 雌賃塑 奩廓捌嬶 [Buildings in The Dream of the Red Chamber and The Golden Lotus], Qingdao: Qingdao chubanshe, 塔浬: 塔浬甥ヵ矧, 2001. 259 Appendix App. VIII.8 Plan of Jia Mansions and Da-guan Yuan. Source: Meng Qingtian 倉棟呆, Hongloumeng he Jinpingmei zhong de jianzhu· 醐凄叢 湖 雌賃塑 奩廓捌嬶 [Buildings in The Dream of the Red Chamber and The Golden Lotus], Qingdao: Qingdao chubanshe, 塔浬: 塔浬甥ヵ矧, 2001. 260 Rationale of the Intangible App. VIII.9 Plan of Jia Mansions. Source: ‘Zhongguo gudian jianzhu de quanxi tuxiang’ ·奩拳 携括捌嬶廓闘優某蘭 , Jianzhu jishu ji sheji·捌嬶鎖尾些萩塞 [Architecture technology and design], Beijing: Zhongguo jianzhu jishu yanjiu yuan, π蒔: 奩拳捌嬶鎖尾腕実呎, Vol. 5. (2005). 261 Appendix App.V.10 Axonometric plan of the Jia Mansions. Source: ‘Zhongguo gudian jianzhu de quanxi tuxiang’ ·奩拳携括捌嬶廓闘優某蘭 , Jianzhu jishu ji sheji·捌嬶鎖尾些萩塞 [Architecture technology and design], Beijing: Zhongguo jianzhu jishu yanjiu yuan, π蒔: 奩拳捌嬶鎖尾腕実 呎, Vol. 5. (2005). App. VIII.11 Axonometric plan of the Jia Mansions with context. Source: ‘Zhongguo gudian jianzhu de quanxi tuxiang’ ·奩拳携括捌嬶廓闘優某蘭 , Jianzhu jishu ji sheji·捌嬶鎖尾些萩 塞 [Architecture technology and design], Beijing: Zhongguo jianzhu jishu yanjiu yuan, π蒔: 奩拳捌嬶鎖尾腕実呎, Vol. 5. (2005). 262 Rationale of the Intangible App. VIII. 12 Plan of the Jia Mansions. Source: ‘Zhongguo gudian jianzhu de quanxi tuxiang’ · 奩 拳 携 括 捌 嬶 廓 闘 優 某 蘭 , Jianzhu jishu ji sheji · 捌 嬶 鎖 尾 些 萩 塞 [Architecture technology and design], Beijing: Zhongguo jianzhu jishu yanjiu yuan, π蒔: 奩拳捌嬶鎖尾腕実 呎, Vol. 5. (2005). 263 Appendix App. VIII. 13 Plan of Da-guan Yuan. Source: ‘Zhongguo gudian jianzhu de quanxi tuxiang’ ·奩 拳携括捌嬶廓闘優某蘭 , Jianzhu jishu ji sheji·捌嬶鎖尾些萩塞 [Architecture technology and design], Beijing: Zhongguo jianzhu jishu yanjiu yuan, π蒔: 奩拳捌嬶鎖尾腕実呎, Vol. 5. (2005). 264 Rationale of the Intangible App. VIII.14 Axonometric plan of Da-guan Yuan. Source: ‘Zhongguo gudian jianzhu de quanxi tuxiang’ ·奩拳携括捌嬶廓闘優某蘭 , Jianzhu jishu ji sheji·捌嬶鎖尾些萩塞 [Architecture technology and design], Beijing: Zhongguo jianzhu jishu yanjiu yuan, π蒔: 奩拳捌嬶鎖尾腕実 呎, Vol. 5. (2005). 265 Appendix Appendix IX: Chinese Dates and Dynasties The following are generally accepted dates for the more important dynasties and feudal states. The earlier dates of Chinese dynasties are not based on definite historical evidence: the historical existence of the Xia dynasty is notwithstanding controversial, and the precise dates of the Shang, the founding of the Zhou, and the origins of many of the feudal states of the Zhou. Dates cited here, is adapted from Strassberg, Richard E. (2002). Dates trad. circa 1900 K 1500 B.C. circa 1900 – 1350 B.C. circa 1600 K 1045 B.C. circa 1045 – 256 B.C. circa 1045 – 771 B.C. 770 K 256 B.C. 770 K 476 B.C 475 K 221 B.C. ? – 206 B.C. 445 – 225 B.C. 424 – 230 B.C. 475 – 222 B.C. circa 1000 – 223 B.C. circa 1000 – 222 B.C. circa 1000 – 379 B.C. 410 – 221 B.C. ? – 369 B.C. 221 K 206 B.C. 206 B.C. – A.D. 220 206 B.C. K A.D. K 23 25 K 220 220 K 280 220 K 265 221 K 263 222 K 280 265 K 316 317 K 420 222 – 589 304 – 439 420 K 589 420 K 589 420 K 479 479 K 502 502 K 557 557 K 589 398 K 581 Dynasty Xia 庸 Erlitou period 毅条忘 Shang 馬 Zhou 姙 Western Zhou 鑓姙 Eastern Zhou 堪姙 Spring and Autumn period 化湯抜拐 Warring States period 嚥拳抜拐 Qin 奴 Wei 冥 Han 軒 Zhao 圓 Chu 横 Yan 舒 Jiang Qi 鮫廷 Tian Qi 呆廷 Jin 持 Qin 奴 Han 現 Western Han 鑓現 Xin (Wang Mang interregnum) 療 Eastern Han 堪現 Three Kingdoms 尿拳 Wei 冥 Shu-Han 飛現 Wu 悶 Western Jin 鑓持 Eastern Jin 堪持 Six Dynasties 頗渦 Sixteen Kingdoms 髪頗拳 Southern and Northern Dynasties 岱π渦 Southern Dynasties 岱渦 (Liu) Song 頻 Southern Qi 岱廷 Liang 申 Chen 嬰 Northern Dynasties π渦 266 Rationale of the Intangible 386 534 535 550 557 K K K K K 534 550 556 577 581 581 K 618 618 K 907 907 K 960 907 K 923 923 K 936 936 K 946 947 K 950 951 K 960 907 K 979 902 – 937 903 – 925 907 – 978 927 – 951 909 – 945 917 – 971 924 – 963 933 – 965 937 – 975 951 – 979 960 K 1279 960 K 1126 1127 K 1279 907 K 1125 1122 – 1123 1124 – 1211 1032 K 1227 1115 K 1234 1279 K 1368 1368 K 1644 1644 K 1911 Northern Wei (tuoba) π冥 Eastern Wei 堪冥 Western Wei 鑓冥 Northern Qi π廷 Northern Zhou π姙 Sui 譜 Tang 壁 Five Dynasties 匁拐 Latter Liang 倖申 Latter Tang 倖壁 Latter Jin 倖持 Latter Han 倖現 Latter Zhou 倖姙 Ten Kingdoms髪拳 Wu 悶 Former Shu 迭飛 Wu-Yue 悶咎 Chu 横 Min 鎗 Southern Han 岱現 Jinnan 痔岱 Latter Shu 倖飛 Southern Tang 岱壁 Northern Han π現 Song 頻 Northern Song π頻 Southern Song 岱頻 Liao (Qidan/ Khitan) 震 Northern Liao π震 Western Liao 鑓震 Western Xia (Dangxiang/ Tangut) 鑓庸 Jin (Nüzhen/ Jirchen) 雌 Yuan (Menggu/ Mongol) 曼 Ming 霜 Qing (Manzhou/ Manchu) 嶋 267 [...]... mountains also offered respite in times of difficulty as the spiritual symbol of stability The geographical formation of China was typically continental with a large land mass Hence, agriculture formed the main economic activity of the Chinese 3 Land, the measure of affluence in an agrarian country, was greatly treasured The Chinese emulated the way of sowing and reaping of their ancestors by following... institutionalized design reasoning in the case of The Story of the Stone is discussed in terms of the way space is represented versus the way space that is described is made The relations between space and words are also sketched The spatial patterns in The Stone: Spatial representation of the “state” — the mansion — and spatial representation of the “other” — the garden The structure of space is the mode of. .. diversity in spatial conceptions and the investigation specific to the Chinese context in the conceptual systems of narrative representation to reveal the 5 1 Introduction/Research Background underlying patterns of spatial reasoning in late imperial China 5 The research begins with the goal of using evidence from a classic text (language) to provide insight into the nature of spatial cognition, in particular... thinking that affects social relations: interested in the localisation relationship of space to the individual/groups/et cetera are nested in the social context? What are the constraints formed in the socio-economic structure in pre-modern China? Part III — The Building of Connections, in chapter 5, the complex spatial organisation, operating as an apparatus of control, and the seeming lack of it, asserting... construction of Nature This work begins by asking ourselves our assumptions about the Chinese The first step is to ask, “Who are the Chinese?” Linguistically speaking, the Chinese share a language — Mandarin — and a written script More importantly, they share the same geographical landscape The Chinese live in a continental country known as China today To the ancient Chinese, China stood at the centre of the. .. Chapter 3: Spatial analysis and narratology) This research will also examine in detail the relationships between the design object(s) by which design reasoning was construed in the process of designing them and these include both non-animate as well as animate objects (characters) The research will examine and analyse in detail space and its arrangement in the case The research will seek to explain... analytical focus upon space and spatial arrangement The work concerns The Story of the Stone, (Dream of the Red Chamber; Honglou Meng, HLM · 醐 凄 叢 thereafter The Stone) by Cao Xueqin•胃婁党 in many important areas (social, tradition, and existential), wherein for each instance, questions of spatial conception — design, arrangement and usage — are raised and explored More specifically, the search for spatial. .. that taught or reminded people what the space they occupied signified) in the construction and diffusion of Chinese Architecture are described The harmonisation of the conceptual dissonance of space, I will argue, is a key element in the standardization of social practices and values, hereby informing/shaping/forming their conception of space, through examining the garden in The Stone as a field of. .. the dissertation The question of space is also addressed here The introduction describes the background of research The work combines a comprehensive coverage of areas with an analytical focus upon space and spatial 21 1 Introduction/Research Background arrangement The work concerns The Stone in many important areas, social, tradition, and existential, wherein for each instance, questions of spatial. .. is that there is an apparent and a unique way in which Chinese conceives space in the late imperial Chinese period More specifically, the research examines the mechanisms and processes that effected the conception of space Pertinent to the research are these questions14: 1 What are the processes and mechanisms affecting the conception of space that were unique to Chinese in the late imperial china? 2 . Design and Environment Department of Architecture National University of Singapore Rationale of the Intangible A Cognitive Reading of Spatial Conception in The Story of the Stone Abstract. same geographical landscape. The Chinese live in a continental country known as China today. To the ancient Chinese, China stood at the centre of the world, with fascinating terrain and a. post-rationalization of spatial dissonances 7.5 The harmonising dissonance code of recombination in The Stone 7.6 The understanding of space conception 7.7 The value and meaning of spatial conception