The roles of a global ph sensor protein chvg in homologous recombination and mutation of agrobacterium tumefaciens

The Roles of a Global pH Sensor Protein ChvG in Homologous Recombination and Mutation of Agrobacterium tumefaciens Li Xiaobo (B Sc.，Nanjing University) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2006 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, my deepest gratitude goes to my supervisor, Associate Professor Pan Shen Quan, not only for giving me the opportunity to undertake this interesting project but also for his patience, encouragement, practical and professional guidance throughout my Ph D candidature Secondly, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Professor Wong Sek Man, for his patient guidance on my research project I also appreciate A/P Hong Yunhan, A/P Ge Ruowen, Assistant Professor Low Boon Chuan and Assistant Professor Yu Hao for giving me instructions during my study I would also like to thank the following friends and members in my laboratory who have helped me in one way or another: Alan John Lowton, Chang Limei, Guo Minliang, Hou Qingming, Jia Yonghui, Li Luoping, Lin Su, Qian Zhuolei, Tan Lu Wee, Sun Deying, Tang Hock Chun, Tu Haitao, Wang Long, and Yang Kun Special thanks are given to Alan and Hock Chun for proofreading this thesis I want to thank the friends from other laboratories who have assisted me in many ways too Finally, I thank the National University of Singapore for awarding me a research scholarship to carry out this interesting project i TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements i Table of Contents ii Summary vii List of Tables ix List of Figures x List of Abbreviations Chapter Literature Review 1.1 Overview of homologous recombination xii 1.1.1 Biochemical models of homologous recombination: (i) DNA strand invasion mechanism 1.1.2 Biochemical models of homologous recombination: (ii) DNA strandannealing mechanism 1.2 Overview of premutagenic damage causes 12 1.2.1 Replication errors made during normal DNA synthesis 13 1.2.2 Spontaneous DNA lesion 16 1.3 Overview of adaptive mutation 20 1.3.1 The beginning of modern adaptive mutation study 20 1.3.2 Classical lac reversion model of adaptive mutation in E coli 22 1.3.3 Features of adaptive point mutation in the classical lac system in E 24 1.3.4 Adaptive point mutation requires homologous recombination proteins 24 1.3.5 Adaptive mutation in FC40 requires conjugal function but not actual conjugation 26 1.3.6 Adaptive mutation produces mostly −1 deletion in small nucleotide repeats 28 1.3.7 SOS response regulates adaptive mutation 30 1.3.8 Mismatch repair is limited transiently during adaptive mutation 32 coli ii 1.3.8.1 Overview of mismatch directed repair 32 1.3.8.2 MutL becomes limiting during stationary-phase mutation 33 1.3.8.3 Study of mismatch repair in stationary phase in other assay 36 system 1.3.9 Hypermutation sub-population 38 1.3.10 Features of adaptive amplification in classical lac system in E coli 41 1.3.10.1 Hypothesis that adaptive amplification is the intermediate of point mutation 43 1.3.10.2 Evidence showing that adaptive amplification is a separate strategy 44 1.4 Overview of two-component system 45 1.4.1 General overview of two-component systems in prokaryotic cells 46 1.4.2 Structure and activities of sensor histidine protein kinase (HPK) 51 1.4.2.1 The kinase core module 51 1.4.2.2 Sensing domain 53 1.4.3 Linker domain 53 1.4.4 Structure and activities of response regulator proteins (RRs) 54 1.4.5 Two-component systems identified in A tumefaciens 55 1.4.5.1 VirA/VirG is the first two-component system identified in A tumefaciens 56 1.4.5.2 ChvG/ChvI is the second two-component system detected in A tumefaciens 57 1.5 Objectives of this study Chapter General Materials and Methods 61 63 2.1 Bacterial strains, plasmids, media and antibiotics 63 2.2 DNA manipulations 69 iii 2.2.1 Plasmid DNA preparation 69 2.2.2 Genomic DNA preparation from Agrobacterium 69 2.2.3 DNA digestion 70 2.2.4 Polymerase chain reaction 70 2.2.5 DNA gel electrophoresis and purification 72 2.2.6 Preparation of competent E coli cells 73 2.2.7 Transformation of E coli 74 2.2.8 Sequencing 74 Chapter ChvG can affect homologous recombination 75 3.1 Introduction 75 3.2 Materials and methods 76 3.2.1 Tri-parental mating 76 3.2.2 Preparation of electrocompetent A tumefaciens cells 76 3.2.3 Transformation of electrocompetent A tumefaciens cells with plasmid DNA or total DNA by electroporation 77 3.3 Results 78 3.3.1 ChvG can affect of RecA-dependent homologous recombination 78 3.3.2 ChvG can also affect RecA-independent DNA recombination 83 3.3.3 ChvG does not affect recombination-independent conjugation process 84 3.4 Discussion Chapter ChvG can regulate mutation both in rapid growth phase and in starvation 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Overview about transposition 86 90 90 91 iv 4.1.2 Three classes of transposable elements 92 4.1.3 Regulation mechanisms of transposition in bacteria 93 4.1.4 Host factors that affect the transposition 98 4.2 Materials and methods 101 4.2.1 Mutation assay and calculation of mutation frequency 101 4.2.2 Calculation of mutation rate (µ) 101 4.2.3 Random mutagenesis of Agrobacterium tumefaciens with mini-Tn5 transposon 102 4.2.4 Selection of mini-Tn5-inserted mutants with changed mutation phenotype to tetracycline 103 4.2.5 Stationary-phase mutation assay 104 4.2.5.1 Stationary-phase mutation assay 104 4.2.5.2 Estimation of the viable cell number during stationary-phase mutation assay 105 4.2.6 Norfloxacin resistance mutation assay 106 4.2.7 Semi-quantitative RT-PCR 106 4.2.7.1 RNA fixation for Agrobacterium tumefaciens cells 106 4.2.7.2 RNA isolation from Agrobacterium tumefaciens cells 107 4.2.7.3 cDNA synthesis 108 4.2.7.4 PCR amplification using synthesized cDNA as the substrate and the comparison of the transcription level of target genes 108 4.2.8 Tetracycline accumulation assay 110 4.2.8.1 Standard absorbance curve of tetracycline solution 110 4.2.8.2 Determination of tetracycline internal accumulation 110 4.3 Results 4.3.1 Mutation at chvG locus severely lowers the tetracycline-resistance mutation frequency in MG/L rich media but not in AB minimal media 111 111 v 4.3.2 Calculation of the mutation rate of the chvG− strain and the wild type strain 117 4.3.3 Mutagenesis of A tumefaciens with mini-Tn5 transposon 119 4.3.4 chvG+ and chvG− strains show different mutation spectra 124 4.3.5 Sequence analysis of the tetracycline-resistant mutants of chvG+ and chvG− strains 132 4.3.6 No significant difference in the transcription level of Tc-resistant mutation-related genes between chvG+ and chvG− strains 135 4.3.7 No significant difference in the transcription level of two IS426 putative transposases between chvG+ and chvG− strains 138 4.3.8 Comparison of the capacity of point mutation using norfloxacin as the 142 selection force 4.3.9 ChvG can regulate stationary-phase mutation too 4.4 Discussion 147 155 4.4.1 The implication that a similar mutation level occurs at a specific locus via different mutation mechanisms in different strains 155 4.4.2 Tentative explanation for the difference in point mutation level 158 4.4.3 The potential coupling of hypermutation and transposition 162 4.4.4 Membrane permeability assay is the important control experiment in our mutation assay 165 Chapter General conclusions and future perspective 170 5.1 General conclusions 170 5.2 Future perspective 172 Reference 173 vi Summary The process of homologous recombination is essential to all organisms Yet despite the extreme importance of homologous recombination, relatively less is known about its biological regulation In the current research project, we studied the effect of ChvG, the sensor protein of ChvG-ChvI two-component system of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, on the regulation of homologous gene recombination Gene recombination efficiency was compared between chvG+ and chvG− strains, exploiting general recombination (RecA-dependent) and intramolecular recombinogenic recombination (IRR) (RecA-independent) as well chvG+ strain was found to possess a much higher DNA recombination capacity These results suggest that loss of a functional ChvG may interfere with one or more key steps of homologous recombination process Mutation is also a fundamental biological process and it drives the evolution forward However, mutation is also a complicated biological process In the current study, we took the advantage of tetR-tetA operon to explore the potential role played by ChvG protein in the regulation of mutation process occurring in A tumefaciens Our mutation assay system is superior to some conventional reverse mutation assay systems This is because that most of reversion mutation systems are not satisfactory for determining mutational spectra in that for a given mutation, there are a very limited sites and/or kinds of mutations that can produce a reversion Some important sources of mutation, such as insertion of transposable element, are usually thoroughly excluded from the study that employs the reversion system In our experiments, firstly, the mutation phenotype was compared between chvG+ strain A6007 and chvG− derivative strain A6340 It is found that if selection vii was conducted on a rich medium (MG/L), the wild type strain showed a much higher mutation frequency However on simple selective media (AB), a comparable mutation level was obtained This suggests that the fitness under selection makes the substantial contribution to the final mutation result In order to analyze the molecular basis of mutation, PCR and sequencing were utilized For wild type strain A6007, more than 90% mutants were point mutants; while for chvG− strain A6340, more than 90% mutants accorded to insertion of transposons This different mutation pattern implies that bacteria strains could have evolved to be capable to invoke to various mutation mechanisms to keep a constant mutation rate at a specific genome locus Mutation assay was further extended to the stationary-phase because there may be fundamental difference in terms of origin of mutation arising at these two growth phases To this, wild type strain and chvG− strain were starved on agar plates without readily-usable carbon source and the time course of mutation frequency and mutation spectra were tracked continuously Loss of functional ChvG was found to be able to render bacterial cells a hypermutation state during starvation In addition, at stationary phase, most of mutation occurring in chvG wild type strain was insertion-mediated, just like the situation observed in chvG− strain during exponential growth Our finding bears on the evolutionary significance because bacterial population usually spends most of its time in kinds of stress in its natural niches viii LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Recombination components Table 2.1 Bacterial strains and plasmids 64 Table 2.2 Media preparation 66 Table 2.3 Antibiotics and other stock solutions used in this study 68 Table 3.1 The efficiency or frequency of homologous 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Adenine is deaminated to hypoxanthine in DNA at only 2-3% of the rate of cytosine deamination and the deamination of guanine to xanthine is even smaller than that for adenine (Karran and Lindahl, 1980)... tetracycline and 143 x norfloxacin Fig 4.13 Starvation mutation assay 149 Fig 4.14 Mutation pattern at stationary phase 152 Fig 4.15 Growth curve of the chvG+ strain A6 007 and the chvG? ?? strain A6 340... description in 1991 (Cairns and Foster, 1991), FC40 has become the most popular strain in the study of adaptive mutation The reason is clear: the abundance of adaptive lac+ mutations that appear makes the