!"##$%"##& '()*+,-"&*+./'00/12"##$ +3,*+,-45/'+678+9*+:/' +;,',</-0=#8+>*?@+:/'@A*+;,',</',<BCDE FG HI JK GL/'M3 GL/'7+N 0 " ?B+O*P7+ 7+Q2*+,'+,E !"#$%&' '()*#*'+ G(,0, /- 0/'!1(,& /2 + = + = − + & 3445 ,/+ 3/'!1(,6 /26 7 + + + + )(&8!9:+ = = ∑ , /+ .7+',R, S*T5R ,A2 G(,", /- ;<*8'&=6.9>?@.9># )A&,BCD</+E(!F G .C G?)AH6&, /+ .7+',R, S*T5R ,A2 G(,U, /- 0/6DIJ@&)35D = ∧ = ∧ +.K!AH6 6DIJ '6DIJ@ = ∧ IJ7L5DI7-MD+8AJ)N .ODP6''JP7QP+.K!.'AIP .7+',R, S*T5R ,A2 G(,V, /- D.6RL2F(&8RB 4 7 + )DFD+DFD ?)A+ .7+',R, S*T5R ,A2 G(,=, /- DS)2NSTNH6D(U,B/7,B 3 VBW0/V',B 3 WB V0/8.'AX4Y3Z .7+',R, S*T5R ,A2 G(,W, /- 0/[9:Q B 7Q'BV0@6'8&FD8#',\]Y0/+ DFD.@+,/+ 3/^ 9:BV07L,BW0/, /+ .7+',R, S*T5R ,A2 G(,$, /- 'D(U,B/73B Q WQB 3 V B@._S,/+ 0/;$ 9:$ &$∆,/H6,/A.OD`@'.K B ` 7 V0+ 3/∆)A,/A+.K!.'A`, /+ .7+',R, S*T5R ,A2 G(,&, /- 0/DFDG.a !"##H6 9: B+'BV ,BV'B/7Q 3/^ 9: − V0VQB7)' 3 ,0WbB/,$ !%&' / .7+',R, S*T5R ,A2 G(,X, /- '6DIJ2I,\0YL/J,\3Y\3/,04Y3/.OD[,4Y /+D'A.K .ODcdD8A6DIJ6''.9>N #aI[c66D IJ3 G@!Fd6&+, /+ .7+',R, S*T5R ,A2 G(,0#, /- `K)R 9:@DKDedD8De f.H6DK@ 6D .*&6.EdD8DKDe86.E#6Dg.EdD8DgDe8 ?)AH6@ +DAH6)R 9:$&AH6De.@ )67300D*&6'H6@ )70bLD, /+ .7+',R, S*T5R ,A2 %%%%%%%%%%S*%%%%%%%%% !"##$%"##& '()*+,-"&*+./'00/12"##$ +3,*+,-45/'+678+9*+:/' ;<=> ? @ AB@ C ≈ 0 ≈ " D E ≈ ≈ ≈ F ≈ − ≈ ≈ ≈ ≈ G ≈ ≈ ≈ $ ≈!"# ≈ $%& ≈ $%' & ≈ − + π ≈ + π H ( 0# ≈ ?A ?(,0)- *!"+, / 0123 + = + = − 4 56/! 4 *!"+, / 0123 / + + + + /'7 /89/+:;/8456/!3 ! = = ∑ 4 <2=2 >#??8α07?8β45@82=?!2A?-B3 / ?8/βα4 B ?84βα≈4 <C/3D* E/8'F/!33DG 3**D)H?IJ KA?L=3 ≈ ?(,")- MN0O9/?B"/8!I/!0P/8C/Q):R/8?BS/T):R/8&6/! '7CU/!!I/!0P/8VJ!I/!0N456/!?W +2F/?6!X!Y/ ?P)V/07X!Y/S/'U2Z!I/!0P/8 4 <2=2 <[2'7)\+72U/!!I/!0P/8 2F/?6!]X!Y/?PJ7)V/'73 " π π − − = ⇒ J7)V/ 4 " π − = π − ?B^/8 !I/!0P/8 J7)V/ π π ⇒ # $%& ! ! π − π − = = − π − π ≈ ?(,D)- 5J82CD*T!02'7J '( = ∧ ')* = ∧ 456/!)\+72CU/!Z?J 82CD* *!"?J82CD*T '+ = ∧ DJ*J45B9/U/!D*'_)2HJ -"!"D*456/!)\+72)"U/ <2=2 ` * , ( , + , - . * , - ( , . + , + + + + ====α `α-2/ $J α-2/ $J D * a b α-2/ $J 5@3 +-/,"+*"+(+*+( +0+*+( +00*(0 ++=⇒+=⇒= ⇒J ?(,E)- 5IJ)?!cd012!F /89//!d/ + '7J/8!2FJ45IJC/8!2FJS/'U2 4 <2=2 + ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ − + + − − + − ⇔ ) ) = + ≈ ≈ − ≈ − ?(,F)- 5IJ82C?Be'1//!_?0782C?Be/!f/!_?Z!7J 3g-2/ "- ?B9/)"U/hi <2=2 `g$"- -2/ g$⇔∨ `g g g g `Md3 ≈ 07 − ≈ ?(,G)- j!:;/8?BI/!3 "-T"/!29/8!2FJ?B9/&!"=/84 5IJC/8!2FJ)T44 <2=2X!:;/8?BI/!3-2/4 <2=2 `kl?g "- g≈mg≈ng≈mg≈n MdX?T/8!2FJ?B9/&!"=/8 `E/8CX!6J3oap5bqMr)H82=207C/8!2FJ'73 ≈ ≈ ≈ `MIgmgngmgn/9/X!:;/8?BI/!T/8!2FJJs2/8!2FJ?!\ J\??B"/8C&!"=/845B9/C&!"=/8S/'U2X?&!P/8T /8!2FJ4 `E/8CX!6J3oap5bqMr)H82=207C/8!2FJ'73 ≈ ≈ ≈ ?(,$)- *!"!7J g T)t?!e*4 M2A?X!:;/8?BI/!?2AX?A/∆Z*?U2)2HJT!"7/!)\ 4 ∆^?'U2*?U2 456/!)\+72)"U/ 4 <2=2 g 07g$ j!:;/8?BI/!?2AX?A/∆Z*?U2'73 `j?!"7/!)\82")2HJZ*07∆'73 ⇔ ⇔ `5"U)\)2HJ 07h!"# + i ⇒ ≈ ) ) + ≈!"# ?(,&)- 5IJ/8!2FJ8Y/)u/8 !"##ZX!:;/8?BI/!3 -2/4"- -2/"- <2=2X!:;/8?BI/!3 , − -2/'"8 -2/$ !%&' <2=2 `>#??-2/"-?∈h i?!I3? -2/"-⇒-2/"- $ − j?⇔ $ − ?⇔? ?⇔? ? ⇔? −− '"U2∨? +− `? ⇔ "-° ⇔"-° ''') ) ''') ''') ''' " − ° = ° + ° = ° + ° − ⇔ ⇔ − ° = − ° + ° = ° + ° >#?? , − $ ≤ ≤ ?!I j?⇔ ? ?'"8 ?⇔?⇔-2/ − ⇔ ≈ − + π ≈ + π ?(,H)- *!"?J82CD*012D*07)2HJj 45IJ?"U)\)2HJ( /vJ?B9/U/!?J82CD*-"!"):R/88_X&!uj(!2?J82CD*?!7/! X!Y/T+2F/?6!v/8/!44 <2=2 `<[2r'7?B/8)2HJD'7?B/8)2HJD*?!Ij/vJ?B"/8∆r0N!I/!?B"/8JX b4 `w9Y72?"C/):x?!"=J,//A(?!\)"U/*073 Dj j* ⇔ ja a( a∩j(⇔ j (j ⇔(]]j `j?):R/8?!y/8D*'73 j?):R/8?!y/8('73 <2=2!FX!:;/8?BI/!07?):x( ?(,0#)- \?!I/!'dXX!:;/8TJ\?J#?/vJ?B9/J#?X!y/8)CZJ\?!I/!!TX?J82C)O !2)W/!/vJ?B9/J\?J#?9/07!2)W/!&2Js2)W/!/vJ?B9/Js2J#?9/S/'U2Z !I/!!TX45IJU/!Z!I/!'dXX!:;/8/AU/!ZJ#?)C!I/!!TX'7J07 !2O"Z!I/!!TX'7!J4 <2=2 `5!2A?+2F/Z!I/!!TX/8"U2?2AXJ#??B9/Z'dXX!:;/8U/!'7?J82C)OU/! 4B `#?&!C?!2A?+2F/S/'7)CZ!I/!!TX)OT!/8)W/!07)t/8+U/8012!I/! !TX),!"/9/ 1 − 4 `5@07-B3 1 1 + + ≈4 2 3 * 3 0 3 4 3 ( 3 + 3 5 3 6 3