Tìm hiểu thêm về sự kiện Nguyễn Ái Quốc gửi bản yêu sách của nhân dân An Nam đến Hội nghị Véc Xây năm 1919

DIEN DAN TRAO 001 X ^ TIM HIEU THEM VE SU KIEN NGUYEN AL QUOC GOI BAN YEU SACH CUA NHAN DAN AN NAM OEN HOI NGHJ VEC XAY NAM 1919 TS TRAN -VIET NGHIA* N giy 18-1-1919, cae nudc di quic thing tr|n trong chiin tranh thl gidi lin thu nhit (1914-1918) ti chdc Hgi nghi Vdcxiy tgi nudc Phip. Tham dy Hii nghj cd 27 doin dgi biiu cic nudc ttdn thi gidi. Hpi nghi Vecxay diin ra trong khdng khi rit cing thing va kdo dii din t|n cuii nim 1919. NhQng bit ding vl quan diim vi Igi ich gida cic nude di lim cho Hii nghi ba lin dung ttude nguy co di vd. Cuii cung cic nudc dl quic da ci ging din xip vdi nhau di thu hpp nhQng bit ding vi di din ky kit Hiip udc hod binh Vecxdy, Mic du Hipp udc di duge ky kit, nhung nd khing thl giii quyit dugc hit cic mau thuin chit chda trong ngi khii cic nudc tu ban ehu nghla. Din vdi Hii nghi Vicxiy, Tong tiling My Utdcrrao Uynson (Woodrow Wilson) di dua ra bin Tuyen bS 14 diim'. Vdi ban tuyin bo cd nhiiu diim tiin bg niy dudng nhu My muin phan chia Igi quyin lpi cda eic nudc trin thl gidi mgt cich cing bing. * Trudng Dgi hpc quoc gia Hi Ndi Diim mau chdt nhit cua bin tuyin bo nay la vin di "quyin ddn tgc ty quyit". Hgi nghi Vdcxiy cQng ban lu|n siu din van dl thugc dia. Vin dd nay vdn rit nhgy cim vi thudng giy tranh cai kich Upt trong Hii nghi, vi nd lidn quan true tidp den Igi ieh cda eic nudc thyc dan, die biit li Anh vi Phip (cd nhiiu thuic dia nhit). Bi hip din bdi nhihig quan didm tiin bi cua My, dgi dipn cda nhiiu nude thugc dia d Pari da nhan ca hii niy ra cic bin tuydn ngdn ddi quydn ty quydt. Thay m|it cho Hgi nhiing ngudi An Nam yeu nudc tgi Phap, Nguyin Ai Qudc di gdi ban Yiu sdch cua nhdn ddn An Nam ddn Hpi nghi Vdcxiy dd ddi cac quyin ty do cho nhin din Viet Nam. Ban ydu sach gim tim diim^. Bin yeu sich niy tuy li tiing ndi chung eua Hgi nhiing ngudi An Ngm yeu nudc tgi Phip, nhung eung in d|m diu in vai trd cac ci nhan. Phan Vin Trudng li mdt tiln si lugt gidi tiing Phap viit Bin yeu sach bing tiing Phap, Phan Chiu Trinh viit bing chtt Qudc ngtt, cdn Nguyin Ai Quic thi ky tin vao ban yiu sach. Ding chi Vu Ky' TAP CHi L|CH Sir BANG - S6 3/2012 B|£NBAN TRAO Bdl thugt lai ldi Nguydn Ai Quic - Hd Chi Minh kd vd su kien nay nhu sau: "Ban ydu sich 8 didm giii Hoa hpi Vecxay li do hai cy Phan (Phan Chau Trinh vi Phan Vin Trudng) vidt. Hai cu cd hdi minh cd thdm y kiln gi khdng? Khdng phai do minh vidt dau. Lue do minh vidt sao ndi mic diu bin dd ky tdn li Nguydn Ai Quic, sau dd ttd thanh ten hogt dpng cua minh"*- Nguyln Ai Quic di tich eye v|n dpng, tuydn tiTiyIn vi diu ttanh cho Bin ydu sich. Ngudi da gdi Bin ydu sich din cic nhan v|t quan frpng ttong Quic hii Phip vi Tdng thdng Phip. Ngudi di dpc cic hinh lang cua cung didn Vecxiy dl trao yiu sich cho doin dgi biiu cac nudc ldn. Ngudi cdn gdi thu rieng cd kdm theo Bin yeu sich tdi cic doan dgi hidu tham dy Hii nghi. Nguyin Ai Qudc di su dyng bio chi dl tuydn truyen cho Bin ydu sich nhim tiiu hut sy chu y cua cing chung. Ngiy 18-6- 1919, td Nhdn dgo (L'Humaniti) cua Dang Xi hii Phip, ding tii Bin yeu sich niy vdi nhan dl: "Quyin cie din tic". Nguyin Ai Quic di ty bd tiln dl thui in Ban yiu sich dudi dang truyin dan. Tdng hgi cdng nhdn da giup Ngudi in dugc 6.000 bin truyin don. Ngudi phan phit truyen don ttdn dudng phi vi ttong cic cupe mit tinh d Pari. Ngudi edn phit truyin dom cho nhung Viit kilu vi binh linh Viet Nam dang sing d Phip. Tham chi Ngudi cdn ti chuc diin ca Bin yiu saeh bing chtt Quoc ngtt de Viit kieu d{ nhd vi dl hiiu. Nhiing boat dgng tuydn truyin ciia Nguydn Ai Quic di thu hdt duge sy quan tim cua du lugn Phip va quic ti, lim cljo chinh gidi Phip khdng khdi kinh ngge va Ig nggi. Ngiy 23-6-1919, Ting tiling Phipda thdng bio cho Toin quydn Ding Duong ll Anbe Xari (Albert Sarraut) vl vipc da nhjn dugc bin ydu sich cua Nguydn Ai Quic% ydu ciu xic dinh danh tinh tie gii cua bin ydu sich nay. Thing 8-1919, Anbe Xari & thing bio vdi Pari ring bin ydu sich dif- dang lan truyin ttin dudng phi Hi Npi vi bao ehi dang cd nhiing binh lu|n vi bin yiu sach nay. Mit thim Phip dugc tung di dd tim hiiu vd Nguyin Ai Quoc. Ngiy 6- 9-1919, Nguydn Ai Quic hi Bg Thuic dja gpi din dl thim vin. Didu giy ngge nhidn cho chung li Nguyin Ai Quic di cing khai tilt li danh tinh cda minh. Td Yi Che Pdg a Tiin Tsin' (Trung Quic) frong cic si bio ra td ngiy 18 din ngiy 20-9-1919 da ding ban Yeu sdch tdm diim eua Hgi nhiing ngudi An Ngm yeu nudc vk bai phdng vin: "Ngudi dgi difn An Nam - Nguyen Ai Qudc" d!S| mgt nha bio My'. Chinh quyin thugc dia d Dong Duong di cd bin bao cio gui Bg Thuic dja v\ danh tinh vi nguin gic xuit thin cila Nguyin Ai Quic: "Nguyin Ai Quic tiic Nguyin Tit Thanh, ngudi di cd m|t trong vy ching thui d miln Trung frong nim 1908; sau dd di d bin Anh trudc khi den TAP CHl L|CH Sir BANG - S6 3/2012 0|£NBAN TRAO Bdl Phip". Phan cuii cda bin bio cio nay di nhin mgnh: "6 Dong Duong da coi Nguyen Tit Thinh nhu li mit tdn philn logn nguy hiim"'. Dd rit cim tuc nhung thyc din Phap khing thi bit gitt Nguydn Ai Qudc tgi Phip do chdng lo sg W du luan trong nudc vi quoc ti phin dii, sg lim xiu di hinh inh mgt nudc Phip "ty do va binh ding". Tuy nhidn, ehung md m|t trin du luin trdn bio chi di vu cio Ngudi di cung cip nhiing thing tin "sai Ideh" vl tinh hinh Ding Duong, td dd kit Ngudi tpi bja d|t vi vu khong. Ngay sau khi Nguyin Ai Quoc gui bin Yeu sdch cua nhdn ddn An Nam tdi Hgi nghi Vicxay, nhi bao Dgvila di viet bii "Gid phut nghiem trgng" ding trdn bao Tin nic thugc dia (Courrier Colonial), si ra ngiy 27-6-1919, dl chi frich bin yeu sich: "Lim sao mit ngudi dan thudc dia igi ed thi dung bin yiu sich cda nhin din dl cing kich Chinh phd Phip. Thgt li qui quit. Cd theo di nay thi bpn din thuic dia sd lin ngang hing vdi ngudi Phdp chung ta vi sdm frd thinh dng chu cda chung ta. Khing dugc, phii kim giQ ehung mai mii frong vdng ni li"* Nguyin Ai Quic di viit bii "Tam dja thyc din" di da kich tu tudng njng dc thyc dan cua Davila, ding thdi thim mgt lin nOa to eao nhttng chinh sich bdp nghpt cic quyin ti; do cda thyc din Phip d Vipt Nam, djc biit li chinh sich mj dfin cua Toin quyin Ding Duong Anbe Xari khi y tuyin bi sd md ra cho ngudi dan An Nam mit ky nguyin eua ty do va cong ly. Td Nhdn dgo (ngiy 2-8-1919) da ding bai "Vin dl dan ban xd" cila Nguyin Ai Quic. Trong bai vidt niy Ngudi mgnh me khing dinh nhiing ydu eau cua nhin din Vidt Nam giii ldn Hgi nghi Vecxay li hoin toin chinh dang: ban thinh ciu cda nhttng ngudi An Nam giii Hgi nghi Hoi binh ddi an xi cho tit ci cic tu chinh tri ngudi bin xu, ddi cii each phip chl d Ddng Duong bing ban hinh nhihig dim bio cho nhiing ngudi bin xu ciing nhu cho ngudi Au, ddi ty do bio chi, tu do hii hgp vi l|p hii, ty do dgy hpc, ddi thay thi chi di sic Ipnh bing chi dp phip lu|t; vi sau cung ddi cd mgt doin dgi biiu thudng tryc cua dan bin xd, dugc bau vao Nghi vipn Phip. Chung tdi ehi cd thl coi cic ydu.sich rit dung din dd ciing li cua ehinh minh, frong thdi dai mi y muon cda nhan dan li nim quyin ty quyit"'- Mue dp phi phin cua Ngudi vl chl dg cai tii ha kliic cua thyc dan Phip d Vipt Nam ttong bai vidt niy cdn gay git hon so vdi bii "Tim dia thyc din". Ngiy 4-9-1919, td Bdn chiing (Le Populaire) ding bii "Ding Duong va Triiu Tiin" cda Nguyin Ai Qudc tidp tyc di phi chinh sich cai tri bdp nghpt quyin ty do, dan ehu cda thyc din Phap d Dong Duong. Trong si 10 vgn ngudi Viit Nam di sang giup nude Phip ching Due, thi co tdi vii van ngudi di hy sinh cho nudc Phip, vi nhttng ngudi cdn Igi dang phii lao dgng eye nhgc d Phip nhu nhiing ngudi ni ii. mtP CHi L|CH Sir BANG - S6 3/2012 43 DI£NBANTRAOB6I Su hy sinh cua ngudi dan Viet Nam cho nudc Phap li qui ldn, nhung didu do cung ching thay ddi chinh sach cai tri cda ngudi Phip d Viet Nam'" Ngay 18-9-1919, Utoray lE kich lidt cdng kich Nguyin Ai Quic tgi Nghi vidn Phip. Sau khi phd phin cic thdng tin sai Idch ciia Nguyin Ai Quic vl tinh hinh Ding Duong, Utcrriy nliin mgnh: "Vdi tu cich dgi biiu Ddng Duong, tdi khdng thl chip nhgn frong Nghj viin nay du luan cho ring xu Ddng Duong bi nudc Phip ngugc dii vi ngudi An Nam khing duge hudng mpi quyin ty do phu hgp vdi sy phit tridn chinh tri cua dgi chdng. Ddng Duong dudi sy che chd cua nudc Phip dang di theo si phfin eua nd frong hoi binh, vi chiing cd hdng hdn nhit ring nd hgnh phdc, thua cic Ngii, cic Ngii di timg chdng kidn qua sy nhiet tinh cua ngudi An Nam sang bio vi nudc Phip frong con nguy bidn"". Ngiy 16-10-1919, td Bdn chiing tiep tuc ding bii "Thu giii ing Utoriy" cda Nguyen Ai Quic. Bii bio khing dinh nhttng cio buic eua Nguydn Ai Quic vl sy vi phgm quydn ty do, dan chu vi binh ding eua thyc din Phip d Viet Nam li hoin toin dung sy that, ring nhQng thong tin <E dua ra li khdng thd choi eii dupc'^. Utoriy ndi trirdc Nghi vien Phip ring Nguydn Ai Quic la tii pham W truy ni d Ddng Duong. Phin ni trudc cio buic do, Ngudi sin sing dinh cugc vdi Utoriy bing danh dy xem ai la ngudi ndi da dung sy th|t diy", ding thdi khing dinh khing sg hi truy ni hay kit in. Niu bj kit an, Ngudi khing thay ho thpn ma coi do la mit vinh dy. Ban in sd la su cing khai td cio bpn thuc dan vd dgo da lira hoen i va tin thuang nghiem trgng ddn danh tiing "c^ thugng" cda nudc Phap tu do vi cing ly dl dugc thl gidi cong nhgn. 'i Thuc din Phap di su dyng diin din bio chi dd phin cing Igi Nguyin J^ Quic. Chdng muin du lugn quic tl vi Phip hiiu ring nhQng cao huge c6r' Nguyin Ai Qudc la bia dit va vd cin cu. Ngudi din Viit Nam vin dugc hudng nhQng quydn tu do vi dugc dii xd binh ding. Mgi vipc d Vipt Nam diu diin ti^ rat tit dpp. Thue chat diy li im muu che diy bin chat xau xa cda thyc din Phip nhim xoa diu du lugn Phap vi liy I9I thanh danh cda nudc Phip trdn trudng quoc td. Nguydn Ai Qudc da dung cim l$t ttin im muu muin dinh bdng du lujn cda thyc dan Phip. Ngudi cung sd dyng bio chi dd tan cong lai. Nhiing bii bio sic nhgn cua Ngudi lim cho bgn thyc dan bi bd mit ban, lam cho dan ehung Phdp hiiu rd hom bin chat xiu xa vi vd nhin dgo cda chung, thiy dugc mit na gii nhin gii nghla vi khai hoa vin minh ciia chung, thiy dugc ngudi dan Viit NaB dang hi chdng dga diy vl tinh thin va thi xic, tii dd thiy duge sy kbit khao dugc tif do cua nhan din Vidt Nam. Tgi Ding Duang, mgt so td bio tiiin Phip da in bin ydu sach nay dl chl nliao NguySi Ai Quic vi kdu ggi din ap. Vide lam niy ciia chdng th|t phin tic dyng, bdi qua bio chi 44 TAP CHi UCH Sir BANG - sO 3/2012 DieNBANTRA0B(5l nhidu ngudi din Viit Nam da biit din ban ydu sich vi tdn tuii nhi ydu nudc Nguyen Ai Quic. Hp ktiim phyc Nguyin Ai Quic dang d noi "nanh hum mieng sdi", da hidn ngang ddng ldn diu ttanh ddi quyin ty do eho ding bao minh. Hg cing in tugng hgn bdi nhiing hogt dgng diu tianh niy diin ra tgi mit hii nghj quic ti Idn, noi tu tap nhdng tin trdm thyc din khdt tiing. Tuy cuic v|n ding dau tranh ddi cie nude tham du Hgi nghi Vecxay ban hinh mit sd quyin ty do eho nhin din Vi$t Nam khing thinh cing, nhung di giy dugc nhiing tieng vang ldn d Viit Nam, d Phip vi frdn trudng quic tl. Diy li lin diu tidn mit bin yiu sich cda ngudi Viet Nam di dugc cing bi d mgt hgi nghi quic ti Idn vi ding tii frin mgt si td bio quic ti. Ding thdi, chinh td thyc tiln ttong cuic diu tranh niy cing nung niu thdm y chi ching thyc dan giii phdng din tic cda Ngudi. Bdi chinh td trai nghiim niy, Ngudi hiiu rd ban vl bin chit eua thyc din, vl eon dudng dl di din dgc l|p, ty do thyc sy cho nhan din Vi$t Nam: "Dugc nhihig sy thgt ay rdn luyin, ing Nguyjn hiiu ring nhQng ldi tuyin bi ty do eua cic nhi chinh ttj tu bin ttong luc chiin tranh th|t ra chi li nhQng ldi dudng mgt dl Ida bip cic dan tgc. Vi muon dugc giii phdng, cic dan tic chi cd thi fring c|y vao minh, tting c|y vao lyc lugng cua bin than minh"'* Nhttng hogt dgng dau ttanh sii nii eua Nguyin Ai Quic frong nim 1919 tgi Phip da nhgn dugc sy min md va cam phuc cua nhOng ngudi Viet Nam ydu nude. Nhidu ngudi Vipt Nam 6& biet den tin tudi eua nhi yiu nudc Nguyin Ai Qudc. Hp dit nidra tin vao Nguyen Ai Quic: "Tin tudi cua Nguyin Ai Quic dugc frong nudc biit den li cd thi vio dip niy. Mac diu bin Ydu cau tara diim ehua ddi hdi gi nhidu hon ragt each ding kd so vdi nhihig dilu mi Phan Chau Trinh di ddi hdi td tiudc. Nhung vipc dua mit bin Ydu ciu nhu thl ra ti-udc mgt hii nghi quic ti dd dinh thdc sy chd y cua the gidi ddi vdi vin di Viit Nam, la mgt vipc lim hdt sdc khin kheo. Nhan dan frong nudc dinh gii eao hinh thdc diu ttanh mdi rai niy. Tdn Nguyin Ai Quic nhu mit inh sing, mgt niim hy vpng chgt le Idi ttong bau ttdi den thim"'^ 1. Tuyen tro 14 diim g6m: I. Hoa udc ky cong khai; 2. Hoin toin di l&i ty- do trgn m§t bien; 3. Huy bd nhihig hang rao kinh tl; 4. Giam vu khf cac nudc din mdc toi thilu; 5. Giai quyit cong tam nhOng vin dl thu$c dia, chieu Co cic dan tgc bin xii vii cac chinh phii; 6. Rut quan khoi Nga, de Nga tu chpn liy chfnh phu; 7. Rut quin khdi Bi, khong ban chl chu quyen; 8. Rut quan khoi Phap va hoan Andat va Loren l^i cbo Phip; 9. Dilu chinh bien gidi Italia theo nguyen tic din tOc; 10. Dam bao quy€n phat trien tu lap cua cic dan tpc Ao- Hung; 11. Rut quan khOi Rumani, Mongtenegro, md dircmg cho Sdcbi ra bien; 12. Bao dam quyen phat bien ty lap cua cac dan tQC Tho, t^r do qudc tl dimg eo biin; 13. Phyc hung Ba Lan dpc l§p, cd duong ra bien; 14. -Thinh l$p mot Tong hdi cdc ddn tgc TAP CHi L|CH Sir BANG • S6 3/2012 45 DICNBAN TRAO Bdl 1 2. Bao g6m: 1. An xa toan thS chinh tri ph^m Vi?t Nam; 2. Cai each nen tu phap D6ng Dircmg de cho mpi ngirdi Vi?t Nam cung dugc dam bao ve mat phap ly nhu ngucri Au, bo hJn toa an d$c bi?t vi do 1^ cdng cv de khung bd va dan ap nhChig ngiriri Vi?l Nam lucmg thi?n; 3. T^r do ngon lu|ui va bao chi; 4. Tg do h^i hpp va lap h^i; 5. Ty do cu tni 6 nu6c ngoai va t\r do ra nudc ngoai; 6. Tg do hpc tgp va mo cac tru&ng ky thugt vi chuyen nghi?p cho ngudi ban xii; 7. Thay th£ che dd sic l^nh bing ch£ d$ lu$t phdp; 8. Bau ra dgi dl$n thudng ttvc ciia ngudi Vi§t Nam d bfin cgnh Qu6c h§i Phip, dl trinh biy nguyf n vpng ciia ngudi Vi?t Nam. 3. D6ng chi Vu Ky lii Thu ky cOa Chii tjch H6 Chi Minh 4. Din theo Thu Trang: Nhimg hogt dgng cOa Phan Chau Trinh tgi Phdp 1911- 1925, Nxb VSn ngh$ Thinh pho Hd Chi Minh, 2000, tr. 125 5. Thu Trang: Nhimg hogt d0ng ciia Phan Chdu Trinh tgi Phdp 1911- 1925, Nxb VSn Ngh? thanh pho H6 Chi Minh, 2000, tr. 138 6. 7, 15. Thu Trang: NhOng hogt dgng cua Phan Chau Trinh igi Phdp 1911- 1925, Nxb VSn Ngh? thinh pho H6 Chi Minh,. tr. 137,137-138,139 8. 9. 10, 11. H6 Chi Minh Toan tgp CTQG, H, 2002,T.ltr.487,6,13,17 12,13.XemjA/,T.l,tr. 15,16 14. Tran Dan Tien: Nhimg mdu chuyen ve den hogt dgng cua Ho Chit tich, Nxb Vin hpc, H, 1970, tr.30. TIM HIEU VE PHAT TRIEN KINH TE HANG HAI (Tiep theo trang 52) Tren m^t tran h\kn, dao, vin 6k phat trien kinh t6 gin vai qu6c phong, an ninh la van de c6 y nghia dac biet quan trgng, vira nham phat huy. khai thac tot mpi tiem nang to Ion cua vung bien, dao dai nuac. vira dap ung >eu cau bao ve chu quyen, lai ich quoc gia. dan toe tren bien Hien nay. the tran "ket hop kinh te v6i quoc phong, an ninh" tren bien. nam trong the tran \a\ dung nen quoc phong toan dan va an ninh nhan dan tren ca nirac. Ve khong gian the tran "ket hgp kinh te vai quoc phong, an ninh" tren bien phai gan ket chat che giira bien. dao va lanh tho ven bien. Tren co so do "ket hap kinh te vai quoc phong, an ninh" tren bien phai dua vao cac viing kinh te, trudc !iet la cac vung kinh te trong diem da duoc quy hoach, de thuc hien ket hi;q) kinh te voi quoc phong, an ninh va quoc phong, an ninh vai kinh te trong cac ke hoach phat trien viing ciia dat nucrc, f i. 2. Dang Cong san Viel Nam: Van Ici^nl hoi dai hieu toan quoc ldn ilnr VIU, CTQG. H, 1996,tr.211, 186 3, Dang Cong san Viet Nam' Van kien Dai lioi dai hieu loan quoc ldn (hi'r IX, CTQG, H. 2001. tr. 181-182 4. Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Van kien Dai hot tint bieu loan qudc ldn ihi'rX, CTQG, H, 2006, tr. 225 5. Dang Cpng san Viet Nam: Van kien Dai hqi dai bieu loan qudc tdn ihu XI, CTQG. H, 2011. tr. 203 6, Tong Cong t>- Hang hai Viet Nam: Bao m Km^ kel linh hinh time hien nhiem vu. ke hoach i nam (2001'2005) va Phuang hirdng. nhiem vu. ki hoach 5 ndm (2006-2010 1. Ban To chirc - ("tic Hang hai Viet Nam. 46 TAP CHi LICH Sir DANG • SO 3/201! . phong, an ninh" tren bien. nam trong the tran a dung nen quoc phong toan dan va an ninh nhan dan tren ca nirac. Ve khong gian the tran "ket hgp kinh te vai quoc phong, an. DIEN DAN TRAO 001 X ^ TIM HIEU THEM VE SU KIEN NGUYEN AL QUOC GOI BAN YEU SACH CUA NHAN DAN AN NAM OEN HOI NGHJ VEC XAY NAM 1919 TS TRAN -VIET NGHIA* N giy 18-1 -1919, cae. 3, Dang Cong san Viet Nam& apos; Van kien Dai lioi dai hieu loan quoc ldn (hi'r IX, CTQG, H. 2001. tr. 181-182 4. Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Van kien Dai hot tint bieu loan qudc