Một số vấn đề tạo nên văn hoá Mỹ những năm cuối thế kỷ XX

CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 03-2010 43 VAN HOA - LiCH SU MOT SO VAN DE TAO IMEN VAN HOA MY • • NHONG NAM CUOI THE KY XX C ho de'n nay, da dufdc 518 nam ke tuf khi Colombo dat chan len My (nam 1492), va vufa trdn 234 nam nufdc My ra ddi (nam 1776). Thdi gian tuy khdng phii la dii so vdi lich suf ciia mdt qud'c gia nhifng d My da cd mdt suf thay ddi ghe gdm tren t&'t ci cic mat trong mdt tien trinh van hda. Sau khi "The he mat mit", "The he bi dinh bai" va cic "Phong trao phin chie'n" (chd'ng chien tranh xam lufdc Viet Nam), "Phong trio Hippies", "Cich mang tinh due" giiia the ky XX la phong trio "Giac md My" ra ddi co vii tang Idp thanh nien My vi nhiing ngufdi lad ddng hufdng tdi mdt tufdng lai diy hy vqng. Dd la chufa tinh de'n trufdng hdp nufdc My ngup lan trong cudc chien tranh xam lufdc Viet Nam, rdi ca khi "Hdi chufng Viet Nam" lam cho My phii nhan thufc lai van hda cua minh. Sau nam 1945, Chie'n tranh the gidi thuf hai ke't thiic, nufdc My tie'p tuc hoan thien bien gidi qud'c gia cua minh. De'n nay la mdt nufdc My difdc the hien d Qud'c ky vdi 13 vach ngang tifdng trufng cho 13 bang khi thanh lap nifdc My va 50 ngdi sao tifdng trifng cho 50 bang hien tai, vdi dien tich 9.692.091 km^ va din so 297 trieu ngufdi. Sau Chie'n tranh the gidi thuf hai, nufdc My trd thanh mdt nufdc cd inh hufdng nha't tren the gidi khdng PGS. TS. Le Dinh Cue Tap chi KHXH Viet Nam chi la kinh te, quan suf, khoa hoc ky thuat mi cdn la van hda. De tim hieu van hda My tif sau Chie'n tranh the gidi thuf hai chiing ta can phii quan tam de'n nufdc My hien nay vdi nhiing van de xa hdi, kinh te cua nd, bdi nhutng van de nay la cd sd, ddng lufc va muc tieu cua van hda My. Cd le van de Idn nha't, tic ddng ldn nha't vao van hda My la hda binh va chien tranh: Chie'n tranh Lanh, ddi dau triic tie'p vdi Lien Xd va phe xa bdi chu nghia; chien tranh Trieu Tien; chie'n tranh Viet Nam; sau chien tranh xam lufdc Viet Nam la chien tranh Iraq, Afghanistan vdi Chu nghia khiing bd' va Bin Laden; va khiing hoang, suy thoii kinh te'(2008). Trufdc he't, ta de cap de'n nhufng van de khic cd tic ddng va tao nen van hda My. Dd la van de thien nhien va mdi trufdng ca the gidi quan tam nhifng My thi thd d, lan tranh mqi trich nhiem. Dac biet Ii thdi gian trifdc ngay 11/9/2001 khi Trung tam Thifdng mai the gidi d New York bi bon khiing bd' tan cdng. Nhiing nam cudi the ky XX, bao, lut, Id'c xoiy, tuyet Id da nhieu lin gay tham hoa cho nufdc My. Thing 4/2001, Id'c xoiy d Mississippi vi Arkansas da gay ra thiet hai Idn. 300 ngdi nha bi phi buy, gan chuc ngufdi che't. Thing 9/1999, cdn bad Floyd do vio Bang Florida 44 SO 03-2010 CHAU MY NGAY NAY lim cho 2 trieu ngufdi din My phii sd tin - cudc sd tin ldn nha't trong lich suf nufdc My. Nhieu ngufdi da thiet mang, nhieu nha cufa va cdng trinh xay dufng da bi phi hiiy, thiet hai len de'n 6 ty USD. " La mdt qud'c gia giau cd va rdng ldn nhifng tai nguyen ciing la van de da dat ra cho nifdc My. Tai nguyen giau cd nhufng khdng phii li vd tan. My da khai thac rat nhieu nhdm, ddng, chi, than da. Ngay ca kim loai ddng My tieu thu rat nhieu, khai thic vdi quy md ldn nhufng d ci khu cdng nghiep ldn la md ddng Bingham Canyon, Utah van khai thic thu cdng. Nifdc My chie'm 5% dan so' the gidi, nhifng dang suf dung 40% sin pham nhien lieu hda thach cua ci the gidi. Cudi the ky XX, nifdc khd kiet, thuy dien d My khdng cd vai trd quan trqng ma phii diing nang lifdng than da (chi sau Trung Qud'c). Vdi 1.800 md than di difdc khai thic va ngay sau khi cic md than Id thien difdc khai thic ngufdi ta da trdng ngay cay xanh de hdi sinh thien nhien. Nang lufdng hat nhan ciing dufdc ngifdi My quan tam. Hdn 20% nang lifdng dien cua My (nam 2005) li do cac Id hat nhan lam ra. Ngoii khi dd't va hat nhan, nang lifdng chii ye'u dufdc suf dung la diu md. Ciing cd them cic ngudn nang lifdng tii sinh khic nhif dia nhiet, sdng, nang lufdng sinh hoc, mat trdi va gid. My li nufdc cd trii lufdng diu md dufng thii 12 tren the gidi, mdi ngay sin xua't ra 5,7 trieu thung diu thd nhifng ciing chi dip ufng 43% nhu cau tieu dung, sd' cdn lai phii nhap tuf nhieu nifdc. 26%) lufdng diu the gidi li do My suf dung. Do dd, van de nang lufdng va nha't la dau md da chi phdi nhieu nhiing chinh sach cua My d tren the gidi. Van de Trung Ddng, Palestine, Israel, van de Iraq, Iran, van de Pakistan, Afghanistan ciing lien quan de'n dau md. Vi tri dia ly cua nufdc My rdng ldn, van hda cua ngufdi My da tao ra tam ly di chuyen, lien tuc di chuyen cila thuyet Bien cufdng (Frontier) ciia Tunner an sau vao ngufdi My. Do dd, d td li phifdng tien giao thdng dufdc Ufa chudng nha't d day. Van de nhien lieu, chat thai cua d td dang dat ra cho chinh phu My nhieu van de. Ngoai ra, giao thdng va van hda giao thdng d My ciing la mdt van de quan trqng trong ddi sd'ng van hda My. De de'n Los Angeles, neu tuf thu dd New York phai qua 4000 km. Nginh giao thdng van tii he't siic quan trqng ddi vdi nifdc My. Hang nam giao thdng van tai My ddng gdp hdn 300 ty USD va GDP va tao cdng an viec lam cho hang chuc van ngufdi. Nganh giao thdng difdng sat cd lich suf lau ddi, khdng cdn giii vi tri quan trqng nha't nhufng vin la nganh giao thdng quan trqng. Tiu hda cao tdc d My chay vdi td'e do 240km/h vdi mang lufdi dufdng sat rdng khip nufdc My, chi rieng hang Union Pacific Railroad da van chuyen toan bd quang sat, than di, gd vi hang hda phuc vu cho 23 bang nufdc My. Nufdc My cd hdn 5000 san bay, mdi nam miy bay My chuyen chd hang chuc trieu lufdt hanh khich bing dufdng hang khdng nhanh va tien ldi hdn nhufng hien nay van de an ninh hang khdng la va'n de khd khan, phufc tap va nguy hiem vi lo sd hi khiing bd'. Giao thdng chu ye'u la dufdng bo. Mdi nam cd gin 150 trieu xe d td va 92 trieu xe van tai chay ngang doc nifdc My. Cd le. My la nufdc cd he thd'ng difdng cao tdc lien bang va lien thanh phd'td't nha't the gidi. Suf dung d td ci nhan qua nhieu lam nay sinh CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 03-2010 45 van de d nhiem khdng khi va urn tic giao thdng, tic nghen difdng phd'. Nhieu thanh phd' d My da suf dung he thd'ng difdng cao td'e tuf ddng hda dufdc kiem soit bang miy tinh, cho phep dieu khien mat do va thdi gian xe chay tren difdng de trinh urn tic. Vdi viec sii dung qua nhieu d td ci nhan, nhieu nha may xi nghiep va phit trien cdng nghiep d at cumg vdi viec ddi sd'ng va mufc sd'ng vao hang cao nha't the gidi, ngifdi My da suf dung mdt khdi lifdng chiem 40% nang lufdng the gidi va ciing thai ra mdt khdi lifdng khdng Id chat thii va ric thai lam cho mdi trifdng bi de doa nghiem trqng. Hdn the nuta, chat thii va khi cacbon cua My gdp phan quye't dinh tao nen hieu ufng nha kinh, khien nhiet do trii da't tang nhanh, bang tan d Nam Cufc, Bac Cufc, mufc nufdc bien dang cao de doa nhan chim nhieu khu vufc luc dia cua trii da't. Cic loai khi ga tif nhieu dd thi ldn da xi vao khdng kbi tao ra nhutng cdn mufa axit, thufc te nhieu sdng hd d My da va dang bi axit hda. Vumg Appalachian va New Jersey la mdt VI du. 0 nhiem khdng khi trd thanh cap bich cua tat ci thanh phd tren nifdc My: Sifdng bui mil trdi xuat hien ngay ci ban ngay d Los Angeles, Grand Canyon. Nhieu khu vufc dang din din can kiet, sinh vat nhieu sdng hd d My da bi giim vdi sd'lufdng Idn cac loai ci, tdm. De khic phuc hau qua cua d nhiem mdi trifdng, nam 1983 chinh phii My da ban hanh hiep ufdc Vinh Chesapeake nhim muc dich phuc hdi ddi sd'ng hoang da cua nhieu vung vi phuc hdi mdi trifdng hi phi buy. Trong dd cd viec cam suf dung nhutng chat tay cd ngudn gd'c tuf phd't-phit vi cam suf dung phan hda hoc qui quy dinh. Ngifdi dan My dufdc giao due van de bao ve mdi trifdng rat chu dio. Chifdng trinh giio due nay dufdc phd cap d he thd'ng giio due tren toan nifdc My, y thufc bio ve mdi trufdng dufdc de cao. Cdng dan My cd y thiic va trach nhiem cao trong viec bio ve va bio tdn cho the he tufdng lai nhutng phong cinh dep d cic cdng vien qud'c gia (xua't hien d My diu tien tren the gidi). Ngoai trach nhiem cua Nha nifdc la cic td chufc phi cbinh phu, tap the va ca nhan tut nguyen. Cd nhieu td chifc bao ve mdi trufdng vdi quy md khac nhau: Qudc gia va dia phufdng. 0 quy md dia phufdng, tai Hdi nghi Thufdng dinh Rio 1992 vdi khau hieu "Suy nghi toan cau, hanh ddng dia phifdng" cd nhieu nhdm td chufc thu gom rac thii, dqn ve sinh dufdng phd', de lam sach mdi trufdng. Vi du d Califdrnia cd tdi 6000 nhdm lam nhiem vu trdng nom, thu nhat, quet sach bio ve 9000 km difdng khdi nan ric thii. Viec tii che ric thii ciing difdc chii y dac biet, thung ric cd khap mqi ndi, nhieu vumg dan cuf phan loai ric de tii che, suf dung lai. Ciing chinh nhutng viec lam dd tao cho ngufdi My ning cao van hda trong ddi sd'ng xa hdi My vi tif dd Ian tda ra nhieu nufdc. De bio ve mdi trufdng, chd'ng khi thii ddc hai, ngifdi My khdng ngin ngai ban che viec suf dung d td ca nhan, vd'n la mdt phin ddi sd'ng cua hq tif nhieu the he. Difdng phd va difdng cao td'e d My da trd nen chat chdi vi d td ca nhan qua nhieu, thii ra khi ddc hai qui nhieu. Hien tai, d My ngifdi ta da ban che' viec nay bing cich phan loai ludng difdng chd xe chay. Cic cen dufdng d td cd mdt lin danh rieng cho xe chd hai ngifdi trd len, de khuye'n khich ngufdi di chung tren mdt xe ddng hdn, ban che xe chd mdt ngifdi. Thufc te cho tha'y, lan difdng nay It hi un tic hdn, di nhanh 46 SO 03-2010 CHAU MY NGAY NAY hdn, sd' xe d td It hdn va giim d nhiem mdi trufdng. Ngufdi dan My rat chii y de'n mdi trufdng trii da't nhufng chinh phu My thi vin thd d. Nam 1998 My da ky Nghi dinh thuf Kyoto va ddng y giim thii lUdng khi gay hieu iing nhi kinh 5% vao nam 2010, nhufng thing 6/2001, Tdng thd'ng Bush riit khdi Nghi dinh nay vi dng cho rang se inh hifdng de'n kinh te My. De'n Hdi nghi Qud'c te d Cdpenhagen (Dan Mach) nam 2009, chinh phu My van khdng tich cufc tham gia vdi cdng ddng Qud'c te trong viec chd'ng bie'n ddi khi hau toan ciu, ngay ca khi da xay ra vu khiing bd' ngay 11/9/2001 d Trung tam thufdng mai The gidi va Lau Nam gdc. My da phii keu goi va dufa vio Lien minh Qud'c te de chd'ng lai bqn khiing bd' qud'c te khdng chi d nufdc My ma d khap ndi tren the gidi. Tren ta't ci nhutng van de da neu, ddi tufdng cbinh tad nen nen van hda My li ngufdi My, cdng dan My thdi ky sau Chie'n tranh the gidi thuf hai. Vdi nhieu ddt di dan tii nhieu qud'c gia de'n My, dan so' nufdc My thufdng xuyen thay ddi, theo chieu hifdng tang nhanh. Din sd' My, tinh de'n nam 2004 la 279 trieu ngufdi va la ngudn tai nguyen vd gii cua nufdc My. Dd li ngudn nhin lufc to ldn xay dufng nifdc My. Theo dieu tra dan sd' nam 2000, nufdc My cd 75% la ngufdi da tring, 12% la ngufdi da den, ngufdi My bin dia chie'm 1%, ngufdi da ving chau A li 4%, cic chiing tdc khic la 6%. Nifdc My la "Mdt qud'c gia ciia din nhap cif" (Ldi ciia John Kenedy). Ta dufng lai d dan nhap cuf Mexice se tha'y,-nufdc My la "Thien difdng" cua ngufdi dan ling gieng Mexicd nen hq tran sang My de tim cudc sd'ng kha gii sung tiic hdn. Nam 2003, thu nhap GNI cua Mexico la 6.230 USD thi d My la 37.610 USD. Con sd' that nghiep d My khoang 5% (va cd lifdng tha't nghiep) thi d Mexico la 40%. Di cif sang My, ngufdi Mexico difdc thue lam cdng nhan ndng nghiep theo miia vu rdi hq d lai dinh cuf va thanh ngifdi My. Den nam 2000, cd khoang 21 trieu ngufdi Mexico sd'ng d My, chie'm 8% dan so' nufdc My. Dd la chifa ke hang nam cd de'n 4 trieu ngufdi Mexico vao My bat hdp phap. Con sdng bien gidi ciia My va Mexico nam d giuta bang Texas va Mexico la Rio Grande Iiic nio ciing cd ngifdi Mexico bdi qua de vao My, tim viec lam, de dufdc cham sdc sufc khde va giio due, hq lam mqi viec nang nhqc va it lufdng hdn ngifdi My. Hq sd'ng d My nhufng van glut ban sac van hda cua hq, hq ndi tie'ng Mexico, tufc la tie'ng Tay Ban Nha. Nam 2000, d nhiing bang California va Texas sd' ngufdi ndi tie'ng Tay Ban Nha nhieu hdn ngufdi ndi tie'ng Anh. Tuf day ngufdi Mexico Ian tda khip cic bang nifdc My, tim cd hdi viec lam, It canh tranh nghe nghiep. Hq len ca Alaska de khai khoang va danh ca, anh hifdng van hda cua hq thay d khip cac dufdng phd' My. Le hdi, trang phuc, cufa hang thufc pham theo phong each Tay Ban Nha vdi cic dieu miia, lan dan ca Mexico van hang ngay truyen di tren cic lan sdng dien. Dan nhap cuf lam cho van hda My phong phii va da dang hdn, nhieu mau sac hdn la van de quan trqng nha't ciia nifdc My trong lich suf ciing nhuf tif sau Chie'n tranh the gidi thuf hai. Tuf do nhap cif, chqn Iqc dan nhap cuf nhufng khdng mau thuin vdi dieu khoan tuf do cua Hien phip My. Tif sau nam 1945 de'n nay, cd nhieu ddt dan cuf d at de'n My. Ngifdi ta den My vdi nhieu ly do. Ly do kie'm sd'ng, ly do chlnh tri, y thufc he va tdn giao. Binh thufdng hang nam van cd hang nghin CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 03-2010 47 ngufdi khip the gidi do ve nufdc My tao nen suf tang trufdng dan sd' My. Nam 1940, dan so My la 131.669.275 ngifdi, de'n nam 2009 len den gin 300.000.000 ngudi. '• ' Nam 1940 1960 ;, 1980 • '' 1990 2009 Dan so' 131.669.275 179.323.175 226.504.825 250.000.000 Gan 300.000.000 Nguon: J. McGregor Burns, J.W. Peltason and T.E. Coronin "Government by the People" De tim kie'm cd hdi (sd'ng, giio due, lam giau ) hang nam cd de'n 18% dan My chuyen nha va 25% dan My chuyen de'n cic bang khic sinh sd'ng. Vdi bin tinh nang ddng, giau nghi lufc vi y chi, hien nay ngifdi My vin cd xu hifdng xdng pha vao nhutng khu vufc cdn xa la. Nufa dau the ky XX, dan sd mien Tay nufdc My (gdm cic bang California, Oregon, Washington, Arizona) da tang len 500%. Tuf nam 1980 de'n 1985, dan sd' My tang 12 trieu ngufdi, thi cac bang vung Sunbelt tang 90% ciia con sd'nay. Ty le tang dan sd' khi ldn d bang Alaska - ndi thdi tie't khic nghiet bang gia quanh nam la 29,7%, Arizona (17,2%), Nevada (16,9%), Texas (15%), Utah (12,6%), Colorado (11,8%). Nhieu bang khic bi giam vdi sd lifdng ldn, nhuf Michigan, Ohid, Iowa, Pennsylvania, Virgina Sii linh ddng dd ve dan so', keo theo nhieu sii thay ddi ve van hda va xa hdi nufdc My. Chiing ta thuf tap trung nghien cufu ve chiing tdc - ngufdi^ da den hoac ngifdi da miu d My de tha'y suf thay ddi de'n ngac nhien. Ngifdi da den chie'm 12% dan sd' My. Nhutng the he trifdc ciia hq tren da't My la nhiing ngufdi nd le, bi mua tif chau Phi ve tuf the ky XVII. Hq bi ddi xuf tan te, bi bdc lot va khdng difdc cif xii nhif vdi con ngifdi. Hq bi mua, bin nhU do vat, nhuf siic vat. "Tiip leu cua Bac Tdm" cua H.B. Stove, "Ngufdi yeu da'u" cua Toni Morison, thd ciia Langston Hugher la nhutng bang chufng cho sd' phan bi thim ciia ngifdi nd le. Che' do chie'm hutu nd le d ci thdi hien dai tif the ky XIX de'n giuta the ky XX, nhim khdng cho ngifdi da den cd cd hdi tham gia vao ddi sd'ng chinh tri va xa hdi d My. Hq cuf la nd le sudt tif the he nay sang the he khic, dii tifdng thin Nut than Tuf do d New York cuf gid cad ngqn dude chdi Iqi tuf do sit ngay bd Dai Tay Dufdng. The nhufng sau Chie'n tranh the gidi thuf hai, vi tri va vai trd ciia ngufdi da den da khic, rat khic, de'n bat ngd vi la liing, vi ciing chi cd the xiy ra d nufdc My. Cudc dau tranh giinh quyen sd'ng va tuf do cua ngufdi da den da keo dai 200 nam nay nhuf tudi ciia nifdc My nhifng chufa bao gid hq cd cd hdi dat dufdc. Cii md'c 1980, nam diu tien d My cd nhieu ngufdi dufdc bau vad cic vi tri trong bd miy chinh quyen My va tif dd tang dan. De'n nam 1991, da cd 7445 ngifdi da den giii vai trd khic nhau trong bd miy nha nufdc My. Trufdc dd nam 1970 cd 1474 ngufdi, 1980 cd 4963 ngifdi, nam 1984 cd 6056 ngufdi. Rd rang cang ve sau vi tri va vai trd cua ngifdi da den d My cang difdc khing dinh. Trong cudc chay dua vao ghe cic thdng dd'c bang thing 11/1989, lin dau tien trong lich suf cd mdt ngifdi da den triing cuf. Dd Ii Douglas Wilden, vd'n cd ngudn gd'c la nd le da den da trd thanh Thd'ng dd'c bang Virginia. 48 SO 03-2010 CHAU MY NGAY NAY De'n nam 1992 trong ky hop Qud'c hdi lan thuf 103 da cd 38 ha nghi si la ngifdi da den. Ba Carol Mosoley Brown la ngifdi phu nut da den diu tien trd thanh thufdng nghi si. Dd li chufa ke den ra't nhieu thi trufdng thinh phd' li ngufdi da den. Thi trifdng da den diu tien li dng David Dinkins da dinh bai nghi si Ed Koch, ngifdi ciia ding Dan chu de trd thinh thi trifdng New York nam 1989 difdc cdi nbq sii kien lich sii liic dd. Nhifng, ddi sd'ng nifdc My cdn cho tha'y nhiing nhan vat lich suf ngifdi da den (va da mau) xuat hien ngay cang nhieu. Nhutng Theodore Dreiser (Nha van), Richard Wright (Nha van), Langston Hugher (Nhi thd), Du Boire, Luther King (Nhi cbinh tri, boat ddng tdn giio), Toni Morison (Nha van), Michael Jackson (Vua nhac Pop) de'n cac chlnh khich nhif C. Rice (Ngoai trufdng), Powel (Bd trufdng Qud'c phdng). Va ngiy 20/1/2009, Barack Hussein Obama, mdt ngufdi da mau, sinh ngay 4 thing 8 nam 1961 tai Honolulu, da trd thanh Tong thd'ng thuf 44 cua Hdp chiing qud'c Hoa Ky. Ong ddng dac doc Dien van nham chiic vao ngay 21/1/2009: "Tinh tdi thdi diem hien tai, 44 ngifdi My da dqc ldi tuyen the nham chufc. Cic ldi le da difdc xadng len trong nhiing ddt thuy trieu dang trao cua sut thinh vufdng vi mat nufdc tinh lang hao binh. Tuy nhien, thufdng thi ldi tuyen the nham chiic dufdc thufc hien trong Iiic nhiing dim may quin tu va cac cdn bao dien cudng. Vao nhiing giay phiit nay, nufdc My dang tie'n bufdc khdng chi bdi vi ki nang va tim nhin cua nhufng ngufdi cim quyen cad nha't ma vi chiing ta, ngufdi dan, vin trung thanh vdi cac tuf tufdng cua cic bac tien bdi va tdn trqng cic van bin da ban hinh cua chiing ta. Mqi viec da diin ra nhuf vay. Va chiing se phai nhuf vay trong the he nay cua ngufdi dan My. Chiing ta van la mdt dat nifdc non tre, nhufng theo Kinh thanh, thdi gian da tdi de loai bd nhutng thuf ngay ngd. Thdi gian da tdi de tai xac nhan mdt lin nuta tinh thin nhan nai cua chiing ta; de lufa chqn cho chiing ta lich suf td't dep hdn; chuyen giao mdn qua quy gii dd, y tufdng ding khim phuc dd, vd'n dufdc truyen lai tif the he niy sang the he khic: Ldi cam ket ciia Chiia rang tat ca deu binh dang, tat ca deu tuf do va ta't ca deu xufng ding cd cd hdi dufdc thee dudi tieu chuan toan dien cua hq ve hanh phiic". Nhin lai nhutng nam tuf sau Chien tranh the gidi thuf hai de'n nay, qua thdi gian cua Chie'n tranh Lanh, 10 nam diu the ky XXI diy bie'n ddng ngufdi da mau d My da tao nen mdt bufc tranh van hda dac sic cua hq. Trufdc suf phan biet va ddi xii chiing tdc do lich suf de lai, bang mqi cich ngan chan va han che quyen tham gia xa hdi ciia ngufdi da mau, nam 1965 Dad luat ve quyen biu cuf ra ddi da tao dieu kien cho hang trieu ngufdi da den tham gia bau cuf va tao dieu kien viec tranh cuf Tdng thd'ng. Quyen ldi chinh tri ciia ngufdi da den dufdc bao dim. Sd' lufdng cic nha quan ly, nghe si, chuyen gia ky thuat va tri thufc da den da tang len 52%. Thu nhap thufc te ciia ngufdi da den tang len dang ke. Ke't thiic the ky XX, khi Chie'n tranh Lanh ke't thiic, thu nhap cua ngifdi da den trung lifu d My da len den 35.000 USD/nam, tuy van cdn tdn tai te nan nghien hiit ma tiiy, that nghiep, bao lufc, vi pham phip luat, nan nhan AIDS phin ldn tap trung vao 1/4 dan so' da den d cic gia dinh song d ngoai d cac thanh phd'. Cumg vdi ngifdi da den, cac nhdm ngufdi thieu so' khac d My ciing cd CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 03-2010 49 nhutng thay ddi dang ke trong vdng 60 nam qua. Vdi hdn 3 trieu ngifdi Hispanic (ngifdi My gd'c Mexico, Cuba, Puerto Rico va Dominica), khoing 42% trong sd' nay la nhap cuf khdng hdp phip nhifng la liic lufdng lad ddng ding ke d My. Tudi trung binh chi la 23, hq chie'm tdi 12%) tdng so' dan cif My. De lufc lufdng dan cuf nay cd dieu kien tham gia vao ddi sd'ng xa hdi My, luat va quyen bau cuf My cho phep sii dung phie'u biu khdng chi bang tieng Anh ma bang nhieu thif tieng khac. Cd ndi suf dung den biy thuf ngdn ngii khic nhau tren phieu biu cii. Nhd vay, nam 1993 da cd 4.000 ngifdi Hispanic dufdc bau vao cic vi tri khic nhau trong bd miy cbinh quyen nha nifdc va cd 19 ngufdi la nghi si qud'c hdi khda 103. Ve mat khdng gian sinh sd'ng ciia ngifdi My tuf sau Chie'n tranh the gidi thif hai van tie'p tuc suf van ddng va thay ddi theo da cua nd nhif lich suf hdn 200 nam ciia nufdc My. Nhutng nam diu the ky XXI sii thay ddi ve cd ca'u dan cuf la suf di chuyen tif khu viic ndng thdn de'n thanh phd' vi thanh thi hda ndng thdn. Cic trung tam dd thi d nufdc My nhanh chdng md rdng pham vi va dan cif chuyen din tif trung tam ra vimg ngoai d sinh sd'ng. Ne'u diu the ky XX (nam 1900) dan cif d ndng thdn My chie'm 60% va thanh thi chie'm 40%, tbi cudi the' ky XX (nam 1980) cd de'n 75% dan cif sd'ng d thanh thi va 25% sd'ng d ndng thdn. Ndng thdn da difdc thanh thi hda, khdng cdn ndng din nuta mi la cdng nhan ndng nghiep. Dd thi nufdc My nhutng nam gin day chii y phit trien nhanh chdng d mien Nam va mien Tay, dd la chufa ke nhutng dd thi sieu dai (megalepohs) nhuf khu vufc dd thi khdng id tuf Boston xud'ng Washington DC (tufc la khu Boswash) gdm 5 thanh phd' ldn ndi lien nhau la Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore va Washington DC. Trong suf van ddng vi thay ddi cd ca'u khdng gian sinh sd'ng cua dan cuf My ta tha'y suf dd thi hda d My la dang kinh ngac. Trifdng hdp thanh phd' Los Angeles li mdt vi du, khdi diu la mdt viing ndng thdn, dan cuf ndng nghiep phin ldn, cac cinh ddng trang trai ngiit ngan la chanh, cam, bifdi va cac rau qui. The ky XX vdi sii phat trien cua cdng nghiep va dich vu, Los Angeles cd ngudn thu nhap rat ldn tif cdng. nghiep diu lufa va vii tru, cimg vdi cdng nghiep giii tri, nha't la dien inh, ngifdi khap ndi dd ve. Va dan sd' la 3.789.981 ngifdi'" "Thanh phd' cd bac" Las Vegas ciing la thanh phd' thay ddi ghe gdm vao nam 1990 theky trifdc, thanh phd'nay mdi cd 285.000 ngifdi, 10 nam sau dan sd'da len de'n 517.000 ngifdi. Nhieu nha nghien cufu van hda My da de cap den tinh nang ddng cua van hda My. Tinh nang ddng la mdt trong nhiing dac diem ndi trdi cua van hda My ben canh chu nghia ca nhin la cdt ldi va chu nghia thufc dung la dien hinh cua van hda My. Hqn bao gid he't, nufa cudi the ky XX nufdc My nhif ta da bie't cung vdi suf van ddng va thay ddi ldn lao, he't sufc nhanh chdng cua the gidi tren ta't ci cac mat cua ddi sd'ng chinh tri, van hda, kinh te, khoa hqc ky thuat va xa hdi ciia the gidi. Van hda My vdi tinh nang ddng da tao dieu kien dufa nufdc My nhanh chdng thich nghi, phit trien de giQ vutng vai trd la mdt qud'c gia dufng diu the gidi. Tien trinh van hda My cho thay, suf ra ddi cua dan tdc My va nxidc My la mdt phin ufng vdi ip bufc bdc lot cua cifdng quyen vi bao liic tif chau Au 50 SO 03-2010 CHAU MY NGAY NAY gia cdi, tif phong kie'n quy tdc ldi thdi, tuf tdn giio kbit khe, khd cufng thdi Trung cd ciia chau Au. Suf phin khing cua nhutng the he tie'p thee, xa lia que hufdng ban quin di tim da't mdi cua nhiing ngufdi giau nghi lufc, giiu quye't tim va cd chiit phieu lufu, mao hiem da bun diic ren luyen va tao nen tinh cich nang ddng cua ngufdi My, lao vao cudc sd'ng mdi d ndi mdi, each xa mqi rang budc va cdi re ciia cic quan he truyen thd'ng ci trong thdi gian va khdng gian, mdi ci nhan phii tuf minh khang dinh minh, phii ddc lap va tuf lam nen. Dac tinh nang ddng ciia dan tdc My la mdt tdng the cua mdi ci nhan tif mqi phifdng trdi tap hdp lai vdi nhau, vifa diia vao nhau, chum vao nhau mdi tdn tai dufdc d ndi xa la nhifng lai phai canh tranh vdi nhau mdi vufdn len dufdc. Rd rang, dan tdc My la ke't qua cua suf chay trd'n lich sii, chay trd'n chau Au va sau nay la nhieu ngufdi chay trd'n khdi ngheo ddi, xung dot xa hdi, tdn giio, y thufc he, chinh tri Viec hufdng tdi tifdng lai bing nghe thuat linh boat, de thich nghi va ludn ludn thay ddi theo yeu ciu van ddng khich quan cua chu nghia thufc diing da dufa nufdc My ludn trong tuf the vufdn len. Xet ve lich suf, de de'n nam 1776 nufdc My ddc lap thi trifdc dd khi nhiing ngufdi chau Au diu tien de'n sinh cd lap nghiep d minh da't nay van li nhutng nhdm ngufdi tif nhieu qud'c gia khic nhau nhufng cd mdt diem chung la kie'm sd'ng tren mdt minh da't chifa khai phi, cdn hoang sd. De'n nam 1776, tiic sau ba the ky ke tif khi Colombo dat chan de'n chau My (nam 1492), ngufdi My mdi thoat ly khdi suf bio trd, trong dd la bao trd van hda ciia chau Au va ldn nha't la suf bio trd cua ngifdi Anh. Ngifdi nhap cU de'n nufdc My tuyet dai da sd' la bit budc, la trd'n chay khdi que hufdng cho nen chang may ai quyen luyen qui khuf vi lich suf ngan ddi cua que cha da't td. Hq phai ddi mat vdi gian khd, thich thufc cua mien da't mdi hoang sd, hq khdng cd thdi gian de nhd ve qui khuf ma hq da trd'n chay. Do dd, hq hi bit budc chap nhan hien tai va nghi de'n tufdng lai. Vdi chu nghia thufc dung hq ciing chi can tufdng lai gin. Bdi ndi cho cumg, tufdng lai la cai gi mdng lung huf io khdng phai la thufc te thi nghi tdi nd lam gi. Chinh vi vay, ciing rat cd ly khi cd ngufdi cho ring "Nifdc My bifdc tif nguyen thuy thang de'n hien dai khdng qua van minh ". Lich suf lam gi cd d nufdc My. Tien suf, sd suf vdi nhutng dd di, do ddng, dd sat dan tdc My lam gi cd. Thdi Trung Co, Phuc Hifng la cua cic nufdc khic. Ngufdi My cd thdi bao tap vi each mang nhufng chi la mat van hda ciia the ky XVII chif dau phii la lich suf. Vi vay, hq khdng cd dieu gi de ma quan tam de'n lich suf. Hq chi cd hien tai va ao at tie'n len bing suf nang ddng ciia dan tdc va tufng ci the tao nen. Chinh vi dac diem dan tdc la suf pha trdn, lai ghep giuta cic ddng miu khic nhau, que hufdng khac nhau nen huyet thd'ng cua ngifdi My la hdn hdp. Cdn cai bie't va gan bd vdi cha me nhifng vdi dng ba thi Idng leo va vdi cu ki thi da xa xdi lam. Va tham chi lam gi bie't cac cu ddi thuf tuf trd ve trufdc la ai, ngifdi d xuf nao khi me li ngufdi My bang Kansas cha la ngufdi Kenya chau Phi lai sinh ra d Hawai, tudi thd qua tan ben Indonesia (chau A) nhif Tdng thd'ng Obama. Hq hang than thie't ciing khdng cd, khdng bie't la ai. Vay thi lam gi cd qua khuf, cd que hifdng, cd que cha da't td ma nhd. Moi lien he mau mu, ddng tdc la Idng leo de'n mufc khdng cdn de rang budc niu glut. Hoan canh ay dat ra cho ngufdi My la tuf bin CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 03-2010 51 than ci nhan phii tdn tai ddc lap, phii vifdn tdi mdi tdn tai dufdc. Ngudn gd'c xua't than la sang hay la hen khdng quan trqng, quy tdc hay nd le la cila chau Au, con vua, con quan la ciia cac qud'c gia phong kie'n, de "con vua thi lai lam vua, con sai d chua thi quet li da". Khdng ai quan tam de'n Sir hay De, de'n cdng, hiu, bi, tii, nam hay dng hoang ba chiia ma chi quan tam den suf thanh dat cua bin than minh. Vdi van hda My, mdi ci nhan ngufdi My, nhif nha van Mark Twain viet "Khdng ai quan tam den ngudn gd'c xua't than cua anh ma chi quan tam de'n anh cd bao nhieu tien". Ngufdi My chi cd the trd nen thinh dat bing viec tuf minh vufdn len nhuf Ford, Carnegie, Mark Twain, Theodore Dreiser (Nha van), Reagan, Barack Obama, Buffet, Bill Gate, Rockefeller vi ai ciing tin minh lam difdc vi cd nhieu cd hdi. Nhuf ta tha'y, nufdc My, ngufdi My khdng cd lich suf lai dufdc dat ngay vao the gidi hien dai, the gidi thay ddi chdng miat, the gidi ciia khoa hqc va cdng nghe, cua kinh te tri thufc va toan ciu hda. De dip ufng tam ly hang hut ay ngifdi My ciing cd liic, cd ngufdi mud'n td ra cd day du mqi thuf cua van hda nen cd' tao ra lich sii nhufng hq da that bai, tuf dd hq quye't tam vufdn tdi tufdng lai. Vi vay, de ndi de'n tifdng lai, sich bio, phim anh vien tifdng la sin pham chu ye'u tuf My. Nhutng "King Kong", "Chie'n tranh giufa cac vi sao", "Ngufdi ddi", "Cdng vien Ky Zura", "Cufdp bien vimg Caribbean" va mdi nha't la "Avatar" la nhutng tac pham dien anh ndi tieng, an khich va doat nhieu giai Oscar. Va ngufdi My tuf do hanh ddng, ngay trong tam ly va tinh cam, khdng cd gi niu keo, glut hq difdc. Ngay ca nghe nghiep de kie'm sd'ng, ai thich gi lam nay, khdng cd nghe sang hen. Mdt ngufdi cd the lam rat nhieu nghe khac nhau. Thay thud'c, viet van, luat sif, chan nudi, lim vufdn trong mdt ci nhan deu dufdc, mien la lam td't cdng viec cua minh de nhan ddng tien xufng ding. Chinh ngifdi gia dinh John Kenedy da tuyen bd' "Neu lam nghe mdc cdng thi gia dinh Kenedy ciing la nhutng ngifdi mdc cd'ng td't nha't nifdc My". Nhieu dien vien, ca si (xufdng ca vd loai) da trd thanh tdng thd'ng, thd'ng dd'c bang d My. Edison, nha khoa hqc nhufng ciing biet nhieu nghe. Emerson, nha triet hqc, nha budn cd tai, kinh doanh sich bao. Hemingway vufa la nha van, nha bio, van ddng vien the thao. Harry Truman, Tdng thd'ng thuf 33 cua My ciing da tufng la nhan vien bin hang, cdng chufc ngan hang, thd ciy, di linh rdi trd thanh sy quan, lam nhac cdng va tham phin. Ciing bdi ngifdi My de'n viing da't nay vdi hai ban tay trang. Ta't ci bat diu tuf bit diu, phii dap ufng nhu cau cudc sd'ng bing tuf cung tuf cap. Thie'u gi phai tuf nghi ra va lam lay. Din din ve sau mdi cd suf phan cdng va chuyen mdn hda (ngay cang sau). Do dd, ngufdi My cd y thufc tuf lufc, tut minh lam mqi viec khi tie'n ve phia Tay khai phi lanh thd. Thd san, thd xe (lam nha mi d), ndng dan trdng trqt, chan nudi, lii may kee deu tii mdt ngifdi lam. Va hq da truyen cho the he ke tie'p khi nang nay. Khi nang van ddng va thich nghi trong mqi hoan cinh Chinh nhutng dac tinh dd quy dinh, ngay ci thdi dufdng dai, cd It ngufdi ci ddi chi lam mdt nghe du chuyen mdn hda ddi hdi nang lufc cao, sin xuat day chuyen ddi hdi ky nang cao. Nhufng, Taylor - nha ly luan ve quin ly cho bie't, mdi mdt ngifdi My, it nha't 3 lin chuyen dd'i nghe nghiep 52 SO 03-2010 CHAU MY NGAY NAY trong ddi. Cd ngifdi chuyen nghe de'n 9-10 lin. Chd d thi phin trufdc ta da ndi, ngay ca nhiing ngifdi cd chuyen mdn, nghe nghiep dn dinh, d thanh phd' ldn thi ciing cd den 25% chuyen ndi d, hang nam cd hang chuc trieu cdng dan My di ra nifdc ngoai. Khdng phii the ky trifdc ma ngay biy gid cii d td tii cd rd-mooc van la ndi trii ngu quen thudc cua cic gia dinh My. O td tai cd rd-mooc de di chuyen khap ndi tren da't nufdc bao la vdi mang dufdng bd cao tdc hoan hao nha't the gidi. Dufdng mdt chieu, khdng cd chd re cat ngang, khdng cd nga ba, nga tuf, nga nam de re ma chi cd vdng khuyen chdng cheo de tranh nhau la sin pham ciia ngufdi My. Difdng sit xuyen luc dia, van tdc 240 km/h la sin pham ciia ngufdi My Hinh inh ngdi nhi di ddng - Nhutng chie'c d td tai chiia ci gia dinh di dqc ngang nifdc My tuf lau da la hinh anh quen thudc va rat dep trong phim anh va van hqc My. Chum nho uat ban ciia John Steinbeck (Giai thufdng Nobel van hqc 1962) la mdt trong sd' dd. Nufdc My rdng menh mdng, nhutng nam sau Chie'n tranh the gidi thuf hai ket thiic, khdng gian cua ngifdi My cang rdng hdn bao gid bet. Ngifdi My cd mat rat ddng d ta't ci mqi ndi tren the gidi. Khdng chi lam cdng tic ngoai giao, budn bin ma hang chuc, hang tram nghin ngufdi My cd mat d cac dia diem ddng quan ciia My va cic can cii quan sii cua My. Cd nhutng thdi diem nhuf chie'n tranh Trieu Tien (1950- 1953) hay chie'n tranh xam lufdc Viet Nam liic cao diem (1966-1973) da cd ci trieu ngufdi My d chau A. Sau suf kien 11/9/2001, ngudi My cd mat d Iraq va Afghanistan len de'n 30- 40 van ngifdi, dd la chufa ke de'n cic tau sin bay, tau chie'n rii rac khip cac dai dufdng. Ngifdi My di chuyen lien tuc, khip ndi tuf ca nhan de'n cdng ddng tao nen tinh linh hoat lien tuc trong ddi sd'ng. Tinh van ddng khdng chi the hien d khdng gian sinh sd'ng, di chuyen ndi d, ndi cdng tie, nghe nghiep ma ngay ca d tuf the ngdi, dufng, an, ngu ciia mdi ci nhan. Dd an nhanh, do ud'ng ddng hop la dap ufng nhu ciu vufa an udng, viia lam viec, vufa di, ci khi ngii ngufdi My ciing van ddng. Ghe xich du, giifdng ga'p la san pham cua ngufdi My. Ipod, Iphone, MP3, Walkman - miy nghe nhac du kieu ciing do ngufdi My nghi ra. Vufa di, vifa an, vufa nghe nhac ci liic ngii van lac luf tren dem bdm khi va bat dau tuf linh hoat dia ly, tinh linh boat, cd ddng tham sau vao cd che chinh tri va boat ddng xa hdi. Ngufdi My dat muc tieu hoat ddng cua minh trong tinh than ciia chu nghia thufc dung va ludn ludn la'y thiic te de kiem nghiem. Hq linh boat va ngay lap tufc dieu chinh cho phii hdp vdi suf van ddng khich quan tuy theo tufng thdi diem vi hoan canh cu the. Nen tang boat ddng xa hdi ciia mdt da't nifdc la Hien phip. Nhufng ca van kien nay ciing dufdc bd sung va sufa ddi cho phu hdp "Hien phip Hdp chiing qud'c Hoa Ky" Dieu V ghi rd: "Qud'c hdi, trong trufdng hdp khi hai phin ba sd' thanh vien ciia ca hai vien cho la cin thie't se de nghi cac tu chinh an cho ban Hien phap nay, hoac theo ldi yeu ciu cua cic cd quan lap phap cua hai phin ba cac tieu bang, se trieu tap mdt hdi nghi cac tu cbinh in dd. Trong trufdng hdp nid ciing vay, cac tu chinh an dd se cd hieu lufc ve mqi phifdng dien, nhuf la mdt phin ciia Hien phip nay " Va thufc te tuf khi ra ddi de'n ngay 15/12/1791, Hien phap Hoa Ky da dufdc sufa ddi de'n 10 lin. Tuf ngay 7/2/1795 de'n ngay 7/5/1992, da thay . sinh sd'ng. Ne'u diu the ky XX (nam 1900) dan cif d ndng thdn My chie'm 60% va thanh thi chie'm 40%, tbi cudi the' ky XX (nam 1980) cd de'n 75% dan cif. lufdc Viet Nam), "Phong trio Hippies", "Cich mang tinh due" giiia the ky XX la phong trio "Giac md My" ra ddi co vii tang Idp thanh nien My vi nhiing ngufdi . tam Thifdng mai the gidi d New York bi bon khiing bd' tan cdng. Nhiing nam cudi the ky XX, bao, lut, Id'c xoiy, tuyet Id da nhieu lin gay tham hoa cho nufdc My. Thing 4/2001,