Tư tưởng hồ chí minh với sự nghiệp xây dựng con người việt nam phát triển toàn diện phần 2

Chufafng V TU TUONG HO CHI MINH v £ QUAN NIEM V A GIAI PHAP XAY DUNG CON NGUCH VIET NAM PHAT TRI^N TOAN DI$N Nhan thiic ro ban chat ngiidi noi chung cung nhii ban chat ngiidi mdi xa hoi chu nghia noi rieng la tien de cho viec nhan thiic ve van de xay diing ngiidi mdi xa hoi chu nghia theo tii tiidng Ho Chi Minh Nhii tren da noi, van de hinh va phat trien ngiidi mdi xa hoi chu nghia co sii gan bo hiiu cd vdi sii nghiep cach mang xa hoi chu nghia theo quan diem cua chu nghia Mac - Lenin Cho nen, noi den viec xay diing ngiidi mdi xa hoi chu nghia theo tii tiidng Ho Chi' Minh diidng nhien phai quan triet ca hai binh dien: binh dien ca nhan ngiidi va binh dien xa hoi, noi ngiidi song va hoat dong Ca hai mat do, Ho Chi' Minh deu co nhiing quan diem kha r5 rang Khi noi den Dang, Nha niidc, dan toe va noi chung la nhiing van de xa hoi, Ho Chi Minh khong bao gid xem la bat bien khong bao gid thay doi Ngiidi luon de cao vai trd lanh dao cua Dang, khang dinh Dang ta that la vi dai Dang hoan sii menh each mang giai phong dan toe, nhiing dang vien cua Dang to giidng mau, san sang xa than vi niidc, dam quyet tii cho To quoc quyet sinh Nhiing, dong thdi Ngiidi cung canh bao r&ng: “M ot dan toe, mot dang va moi ngiidi, horn qua la vi dai, co siic hap dan ldn, khong nhat dinh hom va mai van diidc moi ngiidi yeu men va ca ngdi, neu long da khong sang niia, neu sa vao chu nghia ca nhan” Ho Chi' Minh: Sdd, 1.12, tr.557 78 Noi ve ngifdi mdi Ho Chi' Minh cang doi hoi y thUc viidn len khong ngifng Ngiidi luon luon y thiic rang ngiidi mdi khong phai tif nhien ma co, khong phai tii nhien no den Do la ket qua cua ca qua trinh hoc tap, tu diidng suot ddi doi vdi moi ngifdi, dong thdi cung la san pham cua xa hoi, cua tap the, ndi ngiidi g in bo cuoc ddi cua minh vdi sii nghiep cach mang, vdi tii va hanh phuc cua nhan dan Con ngiidi mdi theo tii tiidng Ho Chi' Minh chi co the ddi dieu kien xa hoi doi hoi nhiing nhu cau ma ngiidi co the dap ling diidc thdi dai cua minh Do cung chinh la nhu cau cua ngiidi phat trien toan dien, ngiidi thay minh da du tam tri tue de chinh phuc diidc tii nhien va xa hoi, de xay diing mot xa hoi cong bang, van minh “trong sii phat trien tii cua moi ngiidi la dieu kien cho sii phat trien tii cua tat ca moi ngiidi” nhii Mac, Angghen da tCfng dii bao Van de la lam the nao de co mot xa hoi nhii the, mot xa hoi dam bao cho sii phat trien tii cua moi ngiidi la dieu kien cho sii phat trien tii cua moi ngiidi Do la qua trinh phat trien cua lich sti xa hoi loai ngifdi trai qua cac phifdng thiic san xuat nhii quan diem cd ban cua chu nghia vat lich s\i macxit Do cung la qua trinh ngiidi phat trien tri tue, trai qua cac nen van minh cho tdi hien Hai qua trinh dien song song, tac dong lan nhau, h6 trd cho nhau, tao dieu kien cho ngiidi cang tiep can vdi nhiing bi an khong chi xa hoi nhii Mac da phat hien ra, ma ca nhiing bi an gidi tii nhien hiiu cO va vo cd, khien cho khoa hoc, ky thuat va cong nghe cang phat trien mot cach sau s ic va rong khap Chinh la nhd khoa hoc ky thuat va cong nghe phat trien manh me, nhat la tii phat trien manh cac nganh khoa hoc - ky thuat thong tin 79 dien tii khoa hoc - ky thuat sinh hoc khoa hoc - ky thuat vat lieu va nhieu linh viic khoa hoc - ky thuat quan khac, da khien cho ngiidi day nhanh to'c phat trien kinh te va tien bo xa hoi Sii tien bo cua khoa hoc ky thuat sii gia tang cac gia tri cua kien thiic cung nhii sii toan cau hoa nhieu mat cua ddi song xa hoi dang dat cho ngiidi rat nhieu van de phai giai quyet thdi dai chung ta Do la mot thiic te qua r5 rang khong khong thay Nhiing lam the nao de khac phuc diidc nhiing van de nan giai co tinh toan cau ay lai khong phai de dang, ma nguyen nhan thiidng chinh ngiidi gay nen Cho nen, hdn bao gid het, van de xay diing ngudi mdi phu hdp vdi yeu cau cua thdi dai hien cang ckn phai dat Vay lam the nao de xay diing diidc nhiing ngiidi mdi do? Q u a n n ie m v e v ie c “tr o n g n g iid i” h a y c h ie n ltfofc c o n n g iid i c u a H o C h i M in h Tii cho y thiic diidc vi tri, vai tro quyet dinh cua ngiidi doi vdi sii nghiep cach mang d niidc ta, Ho Chi Minh coi van de xay diing ngiidi mdi nhii mot nhiem vu quan bac nhat, co y nghia quyet dinh cong tac can bo va xay diing Dang ta Ngiidi nghi rat sdm ve chien liidc ngiidi ma theo cach noi cua Ngiidi la viec “trong ngiidi” The hien mot cach sue tich y tiidng mang tinh chien liidc do, nam 1958, noi chuyen tai 16p hoc chinh tri cua cac giao vien cap II va III toan mien Bac, Ngiidi noi: “Vi ldi l'ch miidi nam thi phai cay, vi ldi Ich tram nam thi phai ngiidi” Ngiidi da dat van de “trong ngiidi” cho toan Dang, toan dan ta nhii mot nhiem vu mang tinh quy luat cua cach mang Nhan thay tam quan cua van de “trong ngiidi” , Ho Chi Minh da noi nhieu, noi ky, ndi di noi lai, noi vdi nhieu doi 80 tiidng khac tii trung lidng den dia phiidng, tif Dang ngoai Dang, tir cac cu gia den cac chau thieu nien va nhi dong hau nhii d dau va luc nao Ngiidi cung nghi va noi den viec xay diing ngiidi, dac biet chu den viec xay diing ngudi mdi xa hoi chu nghia Cho den viet ban Di chuc, Ho Chi Minh van khong quen nhac toan Dang, toan dan ta ve viec boi diidng the he cach mang cho ddi sau Sau n h ic Dang ta cjin phai cham lo giao due dao diic cach mang cho nien, dao tao ho nhiing ngiidi thiia ke xay diing chu nghia xa hoi viia “hong” vifa “chuyen”, Ho Chi Minh noi: “Boi diidng the he cach mang cho ddi sau la mot viec rat quan va rat can thiet” Co the noi, la ldi can dan tam huyet nhat doi vdi Dang ta viec gin giii va phat huy qua cach mang da dat diiOc Van de xay diing ngiidi mdi cung nhii viec boi diidng cac the he cach mang cho ddi sau la nhiing van de dac biet quan va co quan he gan bo vdi Neu khong xay diing diidc ngiidi mdi tile nhiing ngiidi dang co mat va giut vai trd quyet dinh tren cac linh viic cuoc song va cong tac, thi kho ma boi diidng diidc cac the he cach mang cho ddi sau Nhiing tam giidng cua ngiidi mdi la nhiing bai hoc cd siic thuyet phuc nhat doi vdi viec bdi diidng cac the he cach mang cho ddi sau Ngiidc lai, viec cham lo bdi diidng cac the he cach mang cho ddi sau se tao nhiing ngiidi mdi ke tuc sii nghiep cach m ang theo dinh hiidng dung dan Day la nhiing van de cd y nghia chien liidc cua cach mang, no giii vai trd quyet dinh sii cong cua cach mang The he nhiing ngiidi sinh cung thdi vdi Ho Chi Minh, diiOc Ngiidi dao tao, bdi diidng nhiing ngiidi mdi, da hoan sii menh cach mang cua minh mot cach ve 81 vang, dila dat niidc ta tCf mot ntfdc no le mot nildc doc lap, tu do, co vi the tren the gidi NhQng the he cach mang noi tiep thdi dai Ho Chi Minh cung to xUng dang vdi vi tri ngiidi mdi xa hoi chu nghia, da hoan mot cach xuat s ic nhiem vu cua minh va hien ho dang giG vai tro quyet dinh sii nghiep doi mdi toan dien dat nildc, dila nildc ta vao diidng cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa vi muc tieu dan giau, nil6c manh, xa hoi cong bang, dan chu, van minh Cac the he cach mang tiep theo lieu co bao ve va phat huy diidc nhiing qua cach m ang ma cac the he ldp trtfdc de lai hay khong, khong the xem la viec tat nhien hoac chac chan, neu khong tiep tuc sU nghiep cua Ho Chi Minh ve van de “trong ngiidi” hay chien lildc ngiidi, viec boi dudng the he cach mang cho ddi sau chiem vi tri quan R5 rang, giGa cac the he bao gid cung co sU tac dong lan bang sU neu gilOng, sii giao due trile tiep va bang ca nhGng nguyen tac to chGc, bien phap til tiidng va nhat la sU tac dong cua van hoa dao dGc, loi song, tac phong Ho Chi Minh khong chi quan tam den the he cung thdi vdi minh ma Ngiidi quan tam nhieu den cac the he tiep sau Ngiidi chu y den cong tac nien, thieu nien va nhi dong vdi mot thai vGa yeu thiidng, liidng, vGa nghiem tuc va than Ngiidi can dan: Phai uon cay tG luc cay non, diing de tam hon cac chau bi van due vi chu nghia ca nhan NgUdi noi y nghi den mot so" thanh, thieu nien da co dong cd khong dung phan dau vao Doan hay vao Dang, hoac muon trd ngiidi can bo ma lai nghi sai ve yeu cau ddi vdi ngiidi can bo cach mang Dieu chiing to, Ho Chi Minh da sdm thay nhGng bieu hien cua chu nghia ca nhan phat smh til ldp ngiidi rat non tre Do cung la nguyen nhan 82 xuat hien nhiing thieu nien hii hong, chi la mot ty le nho nhiing khong the coi thiidng Triidc day, noi den hien tiidng thanh, thieu nien hii hong chi la viec de phong, nhiing nay, qua trinh phat trien kinh te thi triidng va md cvfa, giao liiu hoi nhap ve van hoa, hien tiidng thanh, thieu nien hii hong da moi lo ngai cho toan xa hoi Cho nen, viec Ho Chi' Minh liiu y toan Dang va xa hoi quan tam den viec uon cay tif luc cay non, giao due tre em tii luc be, that la sang suot Trong sii nghiep xay diing ngiidi, can liu tien den viec cham lo giao due, dao tao cac chau thieu nien, nhi dong d nha triidng cung nhii d ngoai xa hoi Day la sii bat dau cua viec “trong ngiidi” Uon cay tii luc cay non, giao due tre em tii luc be, khong chi la dieu can thiet doi vdi cac bac cha me ma cung rat quan trong viec thiic hien chien liidc ngiidi va viec xay diing ngiidi mdi Theo nha giao due hoc M akarenco, doi vdi mot ngiidi len tuoi mdi nghi den viec giao due, ong da cho la muon Huong chi day lai la viec uon nan ca mot ldp ngiidi, mot the he, nham tao mot ldp ngiidi co ly tiidng cach mang, co hieu biet chi'nh tri, co kien thiic van hoa, khoa hoc va nhat la dung cam va sang tao chien dau, san xuat, cong tac, lai cang phai co chien liidc tii rat s6m Do la viec cua toan xa hoi, cua Dang va Chinh phu, khong chi the hien chinh sach doi vdi giao due, dao tao, ma co the noi la toan bo chien liidc ngiidi Ho Chi M inh luon to ro tam long liu ai, nang niu, tran nhiing tai nang, du chi m6i nhu len nhii nhiing m am non, song Ngiidi cung rat coi viec giao due dao diic, khong bo qua nhiing thoi hii, tat xau, du chi m6i chdm nd Ngiidi to khoan dung, liidng vdi moi ngiidi, nhiing Ngiidi cung rat nghiem khac vdi nhiing thoi hii tat xau 83 can bo, dang vien Cho den luc sap tu: gia coi ddi Ngiidi van khong quen viec dau tranh chong chu nghia ca nhan Ngiidi da viet bai bao quan N ang cao dao diic cach mang, quet sach chu nghia cd nhan dang tren bao Nhan dan 3-21969, nghia la triidc liic Ngiidi qua ddi vGa tron bay thang Dieu chiing to Ho Chi Minh coi van de dao diic cach mang va viec chong chu nghia ca nhan co tam quan nhii the nao viec “trong ngiidi” Tom lai chien liidc “trong ngiidi” , Ho Chi Minh quan tam den moi mat, chu y tii cac chau thieu nien, nhi dong den nhiing ngiidi cao tuoi, chu sii phat trien ca tai va diic cua moi ngiidi, nhiing quan hdn, Ngiidi dac biet chu y den viec neu giidng cua ngiidi ldn doi vdi cac chau, cua can bo, dang vien doi vdi quan chiing, cua cap tren doi vdi cap diidi, cua bo" me doi vdi cai ma ban than Ngiidi la mot tam giidng sang tuyet vdi khien cho cac the he ngiidi mdi Viet Nam deu co the soi vao Ngiidi de thay minh, lien he vdi minh, hoc d Ngiidi nhiing bai hoc quy gia nhat, thong nhat nhiing cung co the noi la kho nhat, neu long da minh van viidng nhiing tham vong ca nhan V a i trd c u a g ia o d u e, d a o ta o tr o n g v ie c x a y dvfng c o n ngifcfi V ie t N a m p h a t t r ie n to a n d ie n Ban than khai niem “trong ngiidi” , da bao ham y nghia giao due, dao tao Trong chien liidc ngiidi, Ho Chi Minh dac biet chii y den cong tac dao tao ngiidi mdi Ngay tii rdi Pari ve niidc, thii giii cac ban chien dau cua minh, Ho Chi Minh da noi ro y dinh: “Trd ve niidc, di vao quan chung, thiic tinh ho, to chiic ho, doan ket ho, huan luyen ho, diia ho dau tranh gianh tii do, doc lap” Sau do, ca qua trinh chuan bi sii nghiep cach mang, d Lien Xo 84 cung nhu ve den Trung Quoc gan bien gidi To quoc Viet Nam khong luc nao NgUdi khong nghi den viec dao tao ngUdi cach mang bang nhieu hinh thUc khac nhu gUi dao tao d trUdng PhUdng Dong (Lien Xo) to chUc ldp huan luven trUc tiep, viet sach lam tai lieu cho viec truyen ba chu nghia Mac - Lenin Tac ph&m noi tieng Diidng cach menh la tap hdp nhiing bai giang cua NgUdi cac 16p huan luyen nien Viet Nam NgUdi trUc tiep chi dao Ke lai niem tu hao va vui sUdng nhat cua minh viec thUc hien tU tUdng “trong ngudi” co y nghia chien lUdc do, nam 1961, tai Dai hoi lan thU III cua Doan Thanh nien lao dong Viet Nam, NgUdi ke lai rang: “TU nam 1925, m6i lap, Hoi Thanh nien Cach mang dong chf da lo dat vien da dau tien de chuan bi cho to chUc nien sau Luc do, Hoi bat dau nuoi day 10 thieu nien Viet Nam TU cho chi co mot Ly Tu Trong den chung ta co 78 van doan vien Doan Thanh nien Lao dong hang hai sUc giup Dang xay dung chu nghia xa hoi va dau tranh thong nhat To quoc Tien bo lam cho Bac rat vui sUdng va tre lai No lam cho long Bac phdi phdi nhu hoa nd mua xuan” Nhd cham lo sdm den viec giao due, boi dudng va dao tao nhUng ngUdi co y thUc cach mang, Ho Chi Minh da xay dung dUdc ca mot ldp ngUdi tham nhuan chu nghia yeu nUdc tren mot tam cao mdi, thong nhat tinh than dan toe vdi long thUdng veu nhUng ngUdi cung kho, thong nhat chu nghia yeu nUdc truyen thong vdi chu nghia quoc te vo san Do la nhiing mau ngiicfi chien si cach m ang mang the gidi quan va nhan sinh quan mdi ma sau Ho Chi Minh goi ho la Ho Chi Minh: Sdd, t.10, tr.304-305 85 nhiing ngiidi mdi xa hoi chu nghia Ho la nhiing dang vien cong san, nhiing doan vien nien lao dong, nhiing chien si quan doi va cong an nhan dan, nhiing cong nhan, nong dan giidng mau san xuat va chien dau Ho da lam nong cot dan dkt quan chung dau tranh gianh thang ldi Cach mang Thang Tam nam 1945 va tien hanh cong hai cuoc khang chien trUdng ky gian kho chong thUc dan Phap va de quoc My, gianh doc lap va thong nhat cho To quoc Ho la nhUng ngUdi binh thudng tU nhan dan ma ra, nhUng da thUc sU giac ngo cach mang, kien cUdng dau tranh, san sang hy sinh tat ca ke ca tinh mang cua minh cho To quoc, cho nhan dan Sau cach mang cong, dat nUdc da co doc lap, tu do, Ho Chi Minh van tiep tuc sU nghiep “trong ngUdi” bang nhGng hinh thUc va bien phap khac NgUdi dac biet chu y den viec dao tao can bo, dang vien cGng nhu viec xay diing ngUdi mdi noi chung hoat dong thUc tien n h im ren luyen ho thUc te chien dau va san xuat Ho Chi Minh rat coi tac dung cua giao due va moi trUdng xa hoi doi vdi ngUdi viec hinh nhan cach Trong thUc te, NgUdi da danh nhieu thdi gian va tam huyet cho su nghiep giao due, dao tao ngUdi mdi xa hoi chu nghia Song, d day cung can phai hieu cho dung quan diem giao due, dao tao cua Ho Chi Minh Xuat than tG mot gia dinh nha Nho, Ho Chi M inh hieu rang nhGng quan niem ve tinh ngUdi cung nhu ve giao due cua Khong giao, co mat tich cUc nhu tin r in g ngUdi co the va can phai dUdc day va tu than mdi nen ngudi tot, nhung cGng co nhGng mat lac hau, tham chi phan dong, nhu chia ngUdi hai loai: ngUdi hien, ke dG, dang quan tG, ke tieu nhan, doi vdi phu nG thi cho la loai ngUdi kho 86 day (phu nhan nan hoa) Ho Chi Minh cung cho r in g “hien, dijf phai dau la tinh san, phan nhieu giao due ma nen” Nhung, khac vdi quan niem cua Khong giao Ho Chi Minh khong nhiing khong chia ngiidi hai loai theo d in g cap ma cung khong tuyet doi hoa giao due theo quan niem cua chu nghia vat may moc nhii Mac da tiing phe phan luan diem giao due cua Phoidbac nhii da noi d tren Ho Chi Minh bao gid cung gan lien viec giao due, dao tao ngUdi vdi hoat dong thiic tien va lay ket qua hoat dong thUc tien lam thiidc tac dung cua giao due, dao tao ngiidi Theo Ngiidi, ngiidi chi co tham gia vao hoat dong thiic tien, gop phan cai tao xa hoi mdi dong thdi tii cai tao dufdc minh Ngiidi can dan can bo: “Noi tom lai, cach lam viec, cach to chUc, noi chuyen, tuyen truyen, khau hieu, viet bao, v.v cua chung ta, deu phai lay cau lam khuon phep: “Tii quan chung Ve sau quan chung" Ve quan niem giiia vi tri ca nhan va vai trd quan chung, Ho Chi M inh co quan diem r5 rang, diit khoat r in g “bat ky viec to viec nho, he them diiu ldi, trii dieu hai cho quan chung, giup quan chung gidi quyet van d i kho khan, tang ket qua cua viec lam, tang siic san xuat cua xa hoi, danh siic dp biic cua quan thu, deu la sang kien"1 Ngiidi khong quan niem sang kien la cai gi qua cao xa den miic quan chung khong hieu, khong lam theo diidc, doi hoi ngiidi co tai gioi dac biet mdi co sang kien Ngiidi cho r in g “ddn chu, sang kien, hang hdi, ba dieu co quan he vdi nhau” Bdi le, bat cii ngiidi nao cung tii nhan dan ma ra, khong co loai ngiidi nao diing cao hdn nhan dan, nhan dan la tuyet doi, co siic manh Ho Chi Minh: Sdd, t.5, tr.244 87 dung cac tUu khoa hoc, cong nghe, giao due va dao tao cho moi linh vUc chung ta co cach til doc lap, co cach vtia lam hien dai vtia mang s ic thai Viet Nam Di vao kinh te thi trUdng, md rong giao lUu quoc te, cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat ntidc, tiep thu nhutng tinh hoa cua nhan loai, song phai luon luon coi nhiing gia tri truyen thong va ban sac dan toe, quyet khong dUdc ttf danh mat minh, trd bong md hoac ban chep cua ngUdi khac’” Dang ta k h in g dinh: Phat trien giao due - dao tao la mot nhiing dong luc quan thuc day sU nghiep cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa, la dieu kien de phat huy nguon luc ngUdi - yeu to cd ban de phat trien xa hoi, tang trUdng kinh te nhanh va ben vting Trong phan noi ve van hoa, Nghi quyet Dai hoi VIII cua Dang nhan manh: ‘Tiep thu tinh hoa cua cac dan toe tren the gidi, lam giau dep them van hoa Viet N am , dau tranh chong sU tham nhap cua cac loai van hoa doc hai, nhiing khuynh hudng sung ngoai, lai cang, mat goc Khac phuc tam ly sung bai dong tien, bat chap dao ly, coi thUdng cac gia tri nhan van” Kinh nghiem cho thay moi yeu to ngoai sinh nhu von, ky thuat, cong nghe va ca nhiing kinh nghiem dieu hanh va quan ly tti nu6c ngoai chi co the bien yeu to noi sinh, dong luc cho cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa, mot chung dUdc van dung sang tao, phu hdp vdi yeu cau phat trien nUdc Con ngifdi Viet N am mang truyen thong van hoa dan toe, tham nhuan dao ly, tam ly dan toe, loi song Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Van kien Dai hdi dai bieu toan quoc lan thii VIII, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia, Ha Noi, 1996, tr.29-30 122 va ca y thtic cong dong, niem tu hao va tu ton dan toe, mdi thUc sii la trung tam cua yeu to noi sinh Va, chi co nhting ngUdi mdi thuc sU la chu the cua cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat nUdc ta Cho nen, viec cham soc den viec xay dUng ngUdi mdi phat trien toan dien ve moi mat mdi thUc sU la bi quyet cong sU nghiep cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa d nUdc ta Khac vdi nhieu nUdc da qua giai doan cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa, nUdc ta tien hanh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa nhat thiet phai theo dinh hudng xa hoi chu nghia Co the xem day la mot dac diem ldn nhat, dong thdi cting la mot thach thtic ldn nhat, quyet liet nhat doi vdi nUdc ta budc vao cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa Bdi le, muon dat nUdc phat trien theo dting muc tieu da chon la xay dUng cong chu nghia xa hoi, nUdc ta khong co dudng nao khac la phai tien hanh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa, phat trien kinh te, dam bao an ninh quoc phong, nhUng khong the tti bo dUdng da chon Con dudng xay dUng cong chu nghia xa hoi la dUdng phu hdp vdi thdi dai Cho nen, noi den viec hinh va phat trien ngUdi mdi m ang he gia tri va chuan mUc xa hoi mdi phu hdp vdi thdi dai, can hieu la thdi dai cua chu nghia xa hoi Viec y thtic cho dtidc dac diem ndi tren, de tren cd sd dd hinh he gia tri xa hoi va chuan mUc xa hoi mdi theo dinh hudng xa hoi chu nghia la mot viec rat he trong cong tac ly -luan ndi chung, hoat dong van hoa nghe thuat noi rieng Hdn bao gid het, chinh luc phai bao ve nhting quan diem chinh thong cua Dang ta theo noi dung cd ban cua chu nghia Mac - Lenin va tu tudng Ho Chi Minh Viec xay dUng ngUdi mdi theo dung noi ham tu tUdng Ho Chi M inh cung chi cd the co dUdc boi canh giti 123 vting dUdc nhting quan diem cd ban ve ngUdi cting nhii ve xa hoi theo lap trUdng chu nghia Mac - Lenin va til tUdng Ho Chi Minh Cting nhu trUdc day, Ho Chi Minh va Dang ta da van dung mot cach sang tao chu nghia Mac - Lenin vao hoan canh cach mang giai phong dan toe dong thdi xay dUng chu nghia xa hoi d nUdc ta, nay, dat nUdc da chuyen sang thdi ky mdi thiic hien muc tieu dan giau, nUdc manh, xa hoi cong b in g , dan chu, van minh, chung ta cung can co sU van dung sang tao khong chi chu nghia Mac - Lenin, tu tUdng Ho Chi Minh ma noi chung ca tinh hoa van hoa nhan loai vao sti nghiep cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa d nUdc ta Van de xay dUng ngUdi Viet Nam phat trien toan dien theo tU tUdng Ho Chi Minh la mot nhting van de cot loi he thong tu tUdng cua NgUdi Hdn ntia, day cung la mot van de ldn co quan he den dudng loi cach m ang nUdc ta Trong thiic te, van de xay dUng ngUdi bao gid cung la van de phtic tap, phong phu nhat va thudng co nhieu y kien khac C) day, chi trinh bay mot cach khai quat may van de cd ban neu tren n h im muc dich on lai tUdng doi co he thong nhting tu tUdng cd ban cua Ho Chi Minh viec “trong ngUdi” va xay dung ngUdi Viet Nam phat trien toan dien cung nhu chien lUdc ngUdi noi chung ma Dang ta de boi canh hien Chac chan nhieu van de can phai di sau hdn ntia ca ve ly luan va thtic tien ve van de xay dUng ngUdi Viet Nam phat trien toan dien boi canh hien 124 KET LUAN Chung ta dang song mot thdi dai ma d nen kinh te - xa hoi cua bat cii quoc gia nao cung chi co the phat trien vting chac tren cd sd phat trien cua tri tue, cang dUa vao “chat xam ” cua doi ngu nhiing ngUdi co tri thiic NgUdi ta da noi den sii xuat hien xa hoi gia tri tri thiic tudng lai kh on g xa Gia tri tri thiic noi d day co nghia la nhiing san pham hang hoa cua xa hoi chu yeu phai dung gia tri tri thiic tao nen, doi hoi xa hoi phai dac biet chu den nhan to' ngUdi va yeu to' van hoa phat trien ChUa bao gid van de van hoa lai dUdc dat mot cach cap thiet va gan no v6i ngUdi co tri thiic va doi ngu tri thiic nhu hien Tii cho de cao gia tri tri thiic cung nhu nhan to' ngUdi co tri thiic va van hoa phat trien, ngUdi ta da noi den viec hinh va phat trien nen kinh te tri thiic Theo sU phan tich tinh hinh chi'nh tri quoc te thdi dai kinh te tri thiic cua To chiic hdp tac va phat trien kinh te (O EC D ), thi nen kinh te tri thiic co nhiing bieu hien sau day: N im c h ic nhan tai, tri thiic va co chien lUdc phat trien quo'c gia tUdng ling se trd tieu diem canh tranh cua siic m anh tong hdp quo'c gia the ky XXI Nen kinh te tri thiic yeu cau thong nhat giiia tri thiic va nhan tai Nhan tai la vat dan cua tri thiic, khong co nhan tai thi khong co tri thiic va cong nghe Ai cung da r5, cuoc canh tranh cua kinh te the gidi tUdng lai, nhan tai chac chan se trd tai nguyen chien lUdc mang ti'nh then cho't, trd dong liic thuc day chu yeu sii tang trUdng kinh te 125 Nen kinh te tri thiic ve ban chat la chu nghia nhan van, no phan doi chi coi vat chat, lay viec phat trien ngUdi lam muc tieu trUc tiep, co sU ket hdp hai hoa giiia ngUdi vdi thien nhien, ngUdi vdi xa hoi va chi'nh tri, la sU k h in g dinh doi vdi tien trinh dan chu hoa Dieu chung ta quan tam d day khong chi la van de phat trien kinh te ma chu yeu la vai tro cua ngUdi co tri thtic cung ttic la ngUdi phat trien toan dien thdi dai xuat hien va phat trien nen kinh te tri thtic la hien tiidng hoan toan co that Nen kinh te tri thtic dUdng nhien doi hoi sU phat trien cao ve van hoa va ngiidi mdi mang nhan cach van hoa Qua sU cong ky dieu cua Nhat Ban trUdc day, ca the gi6i deu thay chinh sach doi vdi ngUdi co tri thtic cua Nhat Ban da tao nen stic bat ky la cua nen kinh te Chi'nh sach da phat huy manh me tiem nang tri tue cua dan toe Nhat Ban cho viec phuc dat nu6c, hinh ban linh kien cUdng cua ngUdi Nhat Ban tren mat tran kinh te Nu6c ta di vao cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa qua trinh hoi nhap vdi the gi6i theo xu the' toan cau hoa Tren the gidi dang hinh va phat trien nen kinh te tri thtic, do, chung ta khong cd sU lua chon nao khac la tap trung moi no luc cho viec xay dung ngUdi V iet Nam phat trien toan dien, ttic ngUdi co tri thtic trUdc het la mot doi ngu tri thtic du tam va du m anh thdi dai loai ngUdi da budc sang nen van minh mdi, van minh tri tue Phat huy ndi luc triidc het la phat huy yeu to' ngUdi V iet Nam, phat huy tri tue cua ca dan toe V iet Nam Nhu vay mdi that sU lam tang len nhan to' noi lUc cho phat trien 126 dat nude noi chung cho sii nghiep cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa noi rieng Day khong the la qua trinh phat trien tu nhien ma phai bat dau b in g nhutng chinh sach dau tu dung d in va manh me cho nguon luc ngUdi, nguon lUc tri tue Chi'nh boi canh xa hoi dat cho nUdc ta phai coi sU nghiep phat trien giao due dao tao va khoa hoc, cong nghe Chung ta da budc vao thien nien ky mdi, thdi cd rat sang sua, nhutng thach thiic cung rat quyet liet Do la thdi cd phat trien m anh me va nhanh chong cuoc cach mang khoa hoc va cong nghe, se tao dieu kien cho dat niidc ta di vao cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa vdi toe nhanh hdn, nhung cung la nhutng thach thiic chua tiing thay d niidc ta tren diidng tiep nhan nhutng tUu khoa hoc va cong nghe mdi, dUdng phat huy tiem nang tri tue da budc sang ky nguyen phat trien xa lo thong tin, cong nghiep tri tue nhan tao Trong do, trinh dan tri cua nhan dan ta chua the tiep can het dUdc nhutng van de dat tren nhieu linh vUc kinh te, xa hoi, van hoa dang dat tren the gidi hien nay, vdi nhutng moi quan he rat da dang va phiic tap T rong boi canh do, ro rang viec “trong ngUdi” , xay dUng ngiidi Viet Nam phat trien toan dien cung nhii doi ngu tri thufc niidc ta cang co vi tri, vai tro rat quan trong sti nghiep phat trien van hoa dan toe, neu khong noi la vai tro quyet dinh viec quy tu tri tue dan toe va tri thiic nhan loai liic liidng hat nhan co y nghia xuc tac den toan bo ddi song tinh than va ddi song van hoa xa hoi, diidi sti lanh dao sang suot cua D ang ta va sU quan ly co hieu qua cua Nha nUdc ta Coi ngUdi co tri thiic va hien tai khong co nghia la coi mot so" ngUdi hoac co tii tUdng biet lap, dat ngUdi 127 tri thiic d vi tri cao hdn cac tang ldp xa hoi khac ma chi'nh la xac dinh vi tri tri thiic tri tue cua ngudi noi chung cua dan toe ta noi neng Vdi y nghia coi tri thiic cung co nghia la coi ngudi Viet Nam phat trien toan dien co mat moi tang ldp xa hoi trudc het giai cap cong nhan va nong dan la nhung giai cap cd ban cua xa hoi Sd di can nhan manh vai tro cua ngudi co tri thiic cung nhu doi ngu tri thiic sii nghiep sang tao van hoa Viet Nam vdi y nghia van hoa dude hieu theo nghia rong nhu da dUdc k h in g dinh Nghi quvet Hoi nghi lan thii nam Ban Chap hanh Trung udng Dang (khoa VIII) la vi thdi dai m6i hien dang dat cho doi ngu tri thiic nhiing trach nhiem nang ne tren rat nhieu linh viic ma hau nhii thieu ho se khong the tien hanh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dUdc Doi vdi nude ta sii nghiep cong nghiep hoa hien dai hoa chi mdi bat dau san xuat nong nghiep va nong thon chiem vi tri quan thi co the chung ta chua thay het va thay ro tac dung cua nen van hoa “chat xam ” hay goi la “van hoa tri nang” ma d ngudi tri thiic dude xem la chu the sang tao Nhiing dudng net phat trien “van hoa tri nang" chua ro lam nhiing dan dan chung ta cung thav sii ddi “van hoa may tinh" o' ta Nhiing hinh thiic xii ly thong tin b in g cong cu may tinh va nhung cd quan tU van mang tinh chat thudng mai tren linh vuc tri thiic cang phat trien O cac nha may xi nghiep ap dung nhung day chuyen khoa hoc cong nghe co trinh cao tu dong hoa san xuat hiem nhung cung da thay d ta Do du m uon hay khong tri thiic cung phai tham nhap vao san xuat tao luc ludng san xuat true tiep cong nhan thi nhat dinh 128 phai dUdc tri thtic hoa, neu khong thi ho khong the ton tai nhu chu the cua xa hoi cong nghiep Neu len vai tro lanh dao cua giai cap cong nhan dieu kien xa hoi da budc vao thdi dai phat trien cong nghiep, chinh A ngghen da viet: “Sti nghiep giai phong giai cap cong nhan can phai co nhting bac si, ky sU, nha hoa hoc, nong hoc va cac chuyen gia khac, vi van de la phai nam lay viec quan ly khong phai chi bo may chm h tri, ma ca toan bo nen san xuat xa hoi ntia, va d day can den nhting kien thtic vting c h ic chti khong phai la nhting cau xuong xao oang oan g” N hu vay la, noi den viec xay dUng ngUdi Viet N am phat trien toan dien, can thay d day co hai mat: M ot mat, la viec tri thtic hoa cong nong, tao nhting ngUdi mdi phat trien toan dien long giai cap cong nhan va giai cap nong dan la hai giai cap cd ban cua xa hoi Trong boi canh mdi cua thdi dai cach m ang khoa hoc va cong nghe phat trien nhanh chong va m anh me nhu hien nay, van de tri thtic hoa cong nong khong chi co y nghia nhu viec nang cao dan tri mot cach ddn thuan ma co y nghia chi'nh tri d cho mot cong nong dUdc tri thtic hoa ho khong chi m ang lai nhting san pham co gia tri cao ma cung co vi tri cua ho nhti nhting giai cap cd ban that stf cua thdi dai m6i Chu tich Ho Chi' M inh cting da tting noi: “Chu nghia xa hoi cong vdi khoa hoc, chac c h in se dua loai ngUdi den hanh phuc vo ta n ”2 Dieu cung co nghia la giai cap cong nhan dai dien cho chu nghia xa hoi dUdc tri thtic C.Mac va Ph.Angghen: Sdd, t.22, tr.613-614 Ho Chi Minh: Sdd, t.9, tr.131 129 hoa n im vting khoa hoc va cong nghe thi chac chan se dila loai ngUdi den hanh phuc vo tan Cho nen, van de tri thtic hoa cong nong co the xem nhu mot dieu kien de xay diing ngiidi Viet Nam phat trien toan dien ma d doi ngti tri thtic co trach nhiem nha vdi chinh ban than minh moi quan he lien minh chien lUdc gitia cong nhan, nong dan va tang ldp tri thtic Song, mat khac, viec xay diing ngUdi Viet Nam phat trien toan dien co y nghia rong hdn bao trum ca toan xa hoi ma d doi ngu tri thtic co vai tro quan tren nhieu phUdng dien co y nghia sang tao van hoa Day la viec tao ca ldp ngUdi mdi phat trien toan dien b it nguon tti tang ldp thanh, thieu nien va nhi dong, nhting ngUdi ngoi tren ghe nha trUdng c h u in bi cho the he tUdng lai nam bat vting vang khoa hoc va cong nghe hien dai cua the gidi de trd nhting ngUdi V iet Nam phat trien toan dien theo dung nghia ngUdi mdi thdi dai van minh tri tue Khi ndi den viec xay dUng doi ngu tri thtic mdi thii gtii Dai hoi Quoc te cac sinh vien xa hoi chu nghia, Angghen da the hien ro quan diem ma co le khong chi cd gia tri ddi vdi cac nUdc cd nen kinh te phat trien d phUdng Tay ma la quan diem chung can dUdc quan triet doi vdi nhting nUdc phat trien theo dinh hudng xa hoi chu nghia nhu nUdc ta Ong viet: “Cac ban hay co' g in g lam cho nien y thtic diidc r in g giai cap vo san lao dong tri oc phai dUdc hinh tti hang ngu sinh vien, giai cap dd cd sti menh phai ke vai sat canh va cting dting mot doi ngti vdi nhting ngUdi anh em cua ho, nhting ngUdi cong nhan lao dong chan tay dong vai tro quan trong cuoc cach mang sap tdi day” 1 C.Mac va Ph.Angghen: Sdd, t.22, tr.613 130 Tu: nhiing ly noi tren chung ta co cd sd de khang dinh tieu chi' ngUdi Viet Nam tudng lai cua xa hoi cong nghiep se la ngUdi mang ly tUdng cua giai cap cong nhan theo quan diem chu nghia Mac - Lenin va tu tudng Ho Chi Minh, nhung phai dUdc tri thiic hoa, co du tai nang tri tue, tri liic va tri thiic nhii mot tri thiic thiic thu Ho co the la ngUdi tri thiic nhung la tri thiic cua giai cap cong nhan, co nang liic va hoai bao giai phong khong chi cho minh ma cho ca cac giai cap khac va cho toan dan toe, cho dai da so" nhiing ngUdi von ngheo nan, lac hau Nhu vay, noi den ngUdi Viet Nam phat trien toan dien can phai hieu la san ph&m cua thdi dai van minh mdi doi hoi ngUdi co nang liic tri tue cang cao dap ling dUdc yeu cau cua thdi dai cach m ang khoa hoc va cong nghe, dong thdi phai co pham chat dao diic va loi song tham nhuan chu nghia nhan dao macxit cung nhu chu nghia nhan van Ho Chi Minh Neu ngUdi phat trien toan dien la san pham cua thdi dai mdi, thdi dai cach m ang vo san thi dieu quan la phai tao hoan canh “trong sii phat trien tii cua moi ngUdi la dieu kien cho sii phat trien tii cua tat ca moi ngiidi” nhii Mac, A ngghen doi hoi Tuyen ngon cua D ang cong san Trong boi canh do, ngUdi tri thiic co vai tro xuc tac khong chi den giai cap cong nhan va nong dan ma co the noi den toan xa hoi, co ban than doi ngu tri thiic Neu noi van hoa la nen tang tinh than cua xa hoi, viia la dong liic viia la muc tieu cua phat trien thi d day cung co the noi tri thiic cun g viia la dong liic vu!a la muc tieu cua phat trien Van de xay diing ngiidi V iet Nam phat trien toan dien chUa bao gid dat cap bach nhu hien dat 131 nude ta dang qua trinh day manh su nghiep eong nghiep hoa hien dai hoa boi canh the gidi da budc vao nen van minh mdi Do viec nghien ciiu nhiing quan diem cd ban ve sii nghiep “trong ngiidi" va xav diing ngudi Viet Xam phat trien toan dien cua Ho Chi' Minh luc la cap thiet hdn bao gid het 132 M U C LU C Trang Ldi Nhd xuat ban Ldi ndi dau Chitang I Moi quan he gitia van hoa va viec xay dung ngu'di Viet Nam phat trien toan dien phu hdp vdi thdi ky day manh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat nUdc 11 Chitang II Tuf quan diem cua chu nghia Mac - Lenin den tu tUdng Ho Chi M inh ve ban chat ngUdi 21 Chitang III Tu tUdng Ho Chi M inh va qua trinh hinh ngUdi Viet Nam phat trien toan dien 37 Chitang IV Tu tUdng Ho Chi Minh ve ban chat ngUdi Viet Nam phat trien toan dien 54 Chitang V Tu tUdng Ho Chi Minh ve quan niem va giai phap xay dung ngUdi Viet Nam phat trien toan dien boi canh hien 78 133 Chiiang VI Tu ttfdng Ho Chi' Minh ve van de xay dUng ngiidi Viet Nam phat trien toan dien hoi canh hien 100 Ket luan 134 125 NHA XUAT BAN KHOA HOC XA HOI 36 Hang Chuoi - Hai Ba Trung - Ha Noi DT: 04.39719073 - Fax: 04.39719071 Website: http://www.vass.gov.vn/nhaxuatban_khxh Email: nxbkhxh@gmail.com TIT THONG HO CHI MINH VOl SIT NGHIEP XAY DUNG CON NGI/CJI VIET NAM PHAT TRIEN TOAN DIEN ★ ★ ★ Chiu trach nhiem xuat ban: TS N G U Y E N X U A N D U N G Bien tap noi dung: N gu yen Thi Phiidng Ky thuat vi tinh: Q u an g N guyen Siia ban in: N gu yen Thi PhUdng Trinh bay bia: N g o T ron g H ien 135 In 1.000 cuon kho 14.5 x 20.5 cm lai Cong T\ In Van Hoa Sai Gon DKKH xuat ban so : 156-2010/CXB/ 12 -19/KHXH In xong va nop lull chieu Quy II nam 2010 ... Quoc2, ndi dao tao can bo trung cao cap cho Dang, Ho Chi Minh ghi d trang dau So vang truyen thong cua trUdng nhu sau: Ho Chi'' Minh: Sdd, t .2, tr .26 0 Nay la Hoc vien Chi''nh tri quoc gia Ho Chi'' Minh. .. Doi vdi giai cap cong nhan, Ho Chi Minh ndi: ‘T om lai, ve dao dUc vo san, cong nhan phai hieu minh la chu xi nghiep, chu nUdc nha, hieu lao dong la ve vang, phai giU gin cua cong, chong tham... nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa nhu the nao Ho Chi Minh: Sdd , t. 12, tr.558-559 99 Chitfcfng VI TU TUONG HO CHI MINH v £ VAN d £ X AY DUNG CON NGUCJI V I$ T NAM PHAT TRIEN TOAN DIEN TRONG BOI CANH HI$N