Một số cấu trúc tiếng anh căn bản và bài tập vận dụng

Unit 1 VERBS • Infinitive to be to live • Bare infinitive be be live • Gerund being living • Participle been lived Present Tense Subject simple continuous perfect perfect continuous S V(s) be +V.ing Have/has +P2 Have/has+been+V.ing I live am living have lived have been living you live are living have lived have been living he/she/it lives is living has lived has been living we live are living have lived have been living they live are living have lived have been living Present simple - a general event or activity He always arrives at work on time. (repeated action) Mr. Thomas lives in New York. (a general fact) The sun rises in the east. (timeless fact) cf. He usually gets to work at 8:30 in the morning. (often used with always, usually, every - , etc.) * We use the present tense instead of the future tense in adverb clauses of time or condition. When they will come, we will start the meeting. (X) (will come -> come) By the time the project will be complete, another project will begin. (X) (will be -> is) 1 If the taxi will arrive by 3 o'clock, we'll be able to get to the airport on time. (X) (will arrive -> arrives) Present continuos - a temporary event or activity John is eating lunch. (an activity in progress) Ian is living with his parents. (a temporary situation) cf. John is studying right now. (often used with now, right now, at the moment, etc,) cf. We are having a business lunch tomorrow. (a fixed plan) Present perfect - a past event or activity related to the present time I have worked at Sony since 1998. (a long-term duration) cf. I have taught English for almost ten years. (often used with tor and since) Ben has just come back from his business trip. (a finished action) cf. We have already: reviewed the final report. (often used with just, already, and yet) The oil price has doubled in the last four years. (lasting result) Have you ever visited South America? (experience up to now) cf. I have never met a person from Africa in my entire life. (often used with ever, never, and yet) Present perfect progressive - an extended or repeated event that began in the past and continue to the present time I have been studying English for five hours. (a relatively short- term duration) cf. I have studied English for five years. (a relatively long-term duration) We have been using this store since we moved to this neighborhood. (a repeated action) ct. It has been raining all day (often used with for, since, a/l morning, all day, all week) ct. We have used this store since we moved to this neighborhood. (on one or two occasions) Past Tense Subject simple continuous perfect perfect continuous • I lived was living had lived had been living • you lived were living had lived had been living 2 • he/she/it lived was living had lived had been living • we lived were living had lived had been living • They lived were living had lived had been living Past simple - an event or activity which finished in the past It rained almost every weekend last summer. (a repeated event) Mr. Shaw joined the company in 2003. (a finished event) cf. We received the shipment two weeks ago. (often used with last - , - ago, yesterday, when, etc.) Past progressive - an event or activity which continued for a temporary period in the past The team was working on the project when the manager came in. He was walking down the street at 10:30 yesterday. While Simon was traveling in New York, he ran into an old friend. Past perfect - an event or activity which took place and finished before another in the past Helen had worked at the post office until 2001. * The past perfect is often used with adverb clauses of time. By the time we arrived at the airport, Mr. Lee had already left. Mr. Kao had worked for the company for 10 years when he retired last year. Past perfect progressive - an extended or repeated event which took place before a particular point in the past I had been waiting for Eric for three hours when he finally came back to his office. The Future Future simple - the prediction of a future event S + will / shall + V • Joy will take the test next month. • I will be ten next year 3 * The future simple is often used with next -, soon, following -, in -, etc. • The manager will be back in three days. • The team will meet some time next week. • cf. I am going to take the TOEIC next month. (a planned event) Be going to Actions intended to be performed in the near future S + am/ is/ are + going to +V She’s going to visit her parents tomorrow Future continuous S+ will be + doing +smth Future progressive - an event or activity in progress in the future I will be having a meeting at 10 A.M. tomorrow. Maria will be working on her essay for the next three months. Future perfect An event or activity that will finish before a specific future time S + will / shall + have PII • She will have come back by the end of July • I will have finished this report by 5 p.m. • cf. I will have finished this report by the time you finish yours. Future perfect & perfect progressive - an event or activity that will finish before a specific future time I will have finished this report by 5 p.m. cf. I will have finished this report by the time you finish yours. He'll have been keeping a journal for five years next month. (the continuity of an event) 4 Future perfect continuous Duration of an action up to a certain time in the future S + will / shall + have been Ving • By the end of this year she will have been working here for two years • He'll have been keeping a journal for five years next month. (the continuity of an event) EXERCISE I I. Choose the right verb 1. I saw/was seeing a very good programme on TV last night. 2. While I shopped/was shopping this morning I lost/was losing my money. 3. Last week the police stopped/were stopping Alan in his car because he travelled/were travelling at over 80 miles an hour. 4. How did you cut /were cutting your finger? 5. I cooked/was cooking and I dropped the knife. 6. I paid/was paying for my things when I heard/was hearing someone call my name. 7. We decided/were deciding to have a cup of coffee. 8. While We had/were having a drink, a waiter dropped/was dropping a pile of plates. 9. We left/were leaving the cafe and said/were saying goodbye. 10. I finished/was finishing my shopping and went/was going home. II. Đúng hay sai: I. Who has written the play Hamlet? 2. Aristotle has been a Greek philosopher 3. Ow! I have cut my finger. It is bleeding 4. Look at George! He had a haircut. 5. My grandparent got married in London. 5 6. Einstein was the physicist who has developed the theory of relativity III Will and to be going to 1. “Why are you wearing your old clothes?” “ Because I wash the car” A. ’ll B. ‘d like C. am going to D. like to 2. “Why are you making sandwiches” “Because we a picnic on the beach” A. ’ll have B. ’ll go C. are going to have D. are going 3. “Who do you think win the next election?” “The Labour Party win, definitely” A. will/ will B. will /is going to C. both A and B D. is going / will 4. “I ’ve got a headache. Have you got any aspirin?” “ Yes, I it for you” A. ’ll get B. am going to get C. ’ll buy D. am going to 5. “Would you like a game of tennis next Thursday?” “ I can’t, I’m afraid. I to Bristol” A. ’ll go B. am going C. have been D. both A and B 6. I hear you and John married! Congratulations! A. will get B. are going to get C. get D. will be 7. “Tony’s back from holiday” “ Is he? I him a ring” A. will give B. am going to give C. want give D. will to give Mary’s been working hard for the exams. I’m sure she pass the exams easily” A. will B. is going to C. won’t D. going to EXERCISE II: Circle the best answer 1. Jim was cooking diner in the kitchen while Jo ……… the dog. A. is feeding B. has been feeding C. was feeding D. had been feeding 2. I …………diner with James tomorrow. A. am having B. have been having C. have had D. had had 6 3. You can’t leave the table until you…………your diner. A. finished B. finish C. are going to finish D. will finish 4. Dane… in Manchester for several years before he decided to move to London. A. will work B. has worked C. had been working D. works 5. Those cakes…………. delicious! Can I have one more? A. tastes B. are tasting C. tasting D. taste 6. They……… Paris twice this month. A. have gone in B. had gone to C. have been to D. had been in 7. Mary is a good girl. She……… her mother with the housework. A. is helping B. always helps C. had always helped D. always helped 8. He………. as a waiter for ten years, then he opened his own restaurant. A. works B. has worked C. worked D. has been working 9. He’s a famous singer. He …… ……a lot of concerts so far. A. is giving B. has given C. gives D. had been giving 10. They haven’t seen us……………two weeks. A. before B. until C. for D. since 11. They have written four novels……………. A. so far B. last week C. one year ago D. one year 12. He……………….in this factory for 2 years. A. worked B. was C. has worked D. have been 13. Have you done your homework……… ? A. Just B. already C. yet D. still 14. Have you ever…………. to New York? Yes, two times. A. been B. gone C. visited D. come 15. He…………me every Sunday. 7 A. came to see B. comes to see C. is coming to see D. has come to see 16. I ………….them since I left school. A. didn’t see B. don’t see C. haven’t seen D. hadn’t seen 17. The police………… the people not to come home. A. has warned B. have warned C. warn D. had warned 18. It …………… everyday so far this week. A. has rained B. is raining C. rained D. rains 19. We……………. here for 2 years. A. have living B. had lived C. live D. have lived 20. How long ago………….you come here? A. have B. did C. had D. do 21. The sky is getting dark. It…………… A. has rained B. rained C. rains D. is going to rain 22. The police………… the people not to come home. A. has warned B. have warned C. warn D. had warned 23. We……………. here for 2 years. A. have living B. had lived C. live D. have lived 24. How long ago………….you come here? 8 A. have B. did C. had D. do Transformation 1. It is ages since Alan visited his parents Alan ………………………………………… 2. She hasn’t written to me for a long time. It’s … 3. Six years ago since we started writing to each other We have 4. He has also been collecting stamps for five years. He ………………………………………………. 5. My sister has studied French for two years My sister began 6. She began learning English five years ago. She has ………. 7. When did you start working here? How long… ………………………? 8. I haven’t seen that man before It’s ……………………………………………. 9. He has never eaten such a kind of terrible food before This is 10.We have never read such an interesting novel like this This is the 11. She has never been to the club before. It’s the…. 9 12. My brother hasn’t smoked a pipe before. This is the first time… 12. It is the first time he has won the school prize. He has 13. You’re late again. You’ve already been late once this week. It’s the second this week. 14. It hasn’t snowed for a month. It last…………………………………… 15. I haven’t gone to the theatre for two years. The last time ……………………… 16. I haven’t been to the cinema for months. The last… 17. The last time it rained was a fortnight ago. It hasn’t … 18.The last time it rained was two years ago. It last……… 19.The last time they visited me was a long time ago. We haven’t… 20. I last saw him when I was a student. I haven’t 21.How long it is since you saw Mary? When ……………………………………? S have done smth for 2 years. • S did smth 2 years ago. Bought=have had; became= have been; got married=have been married; first met=have known; moved/went=have lived; got engaged=have been engaged 22. I bought this car 2 years ago I have 23. Minh became a student last year. 10