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 !"#$" %&'()("!*+#"," -."/01$ 23-"4" "56!+7*#", 8)+6 +( 9:9;<=9>?0@AB0C9>9<D9EFG;EH9>>HIJKLM9BNB<OPQR;S;T9U  ;<=9>?0VL9;<W9B<R9<;S0X9U  0YY A. LÝ THUYẾT E!Z 9,[ F*\"!Z ,[]" -#Z (\"&^5_&7` " /Ba5%\"!"",5/Q%a7" -ba(".$"\" !Z Z c&7"(\"!Z $Z c-7"/ 1. Tỷ hiệu > d -  efghi(ej(k(l(m ∆ h  eh nk oh  pjgej(k(l(mi\"7q"/ [ ] ( ) (///il(k(jg( ig ( k k k k k = − − = − − = + + + + + i xx yy xx xfxf xxf ii ii ii ii ii Brb >rb3Z -fghi/ Bs"at"urb3* -fghiv [ ] [ ] [ ] (///il(k(jg( (( (( l klk lk = − − = + +++ ++ i xx xxfxxf xxxf ii iiii iii B`"a(rb3* -fghiwrb3xk* -fghi.\"! yv [ ] [ ] [ ] ini niinix niniii xx xxfxxf xxxxf − − = + −+++ +−++ kk kk (///((/// ((///(( gek(l(mzej(k(l(mi ;#{q"rba --h!"*a- -/|"5 [ ] [ ] ii ii ii ii ii ii xxf xx yy xx yy xxf (( k k k k k k + + + + + + = − − = − − = 0Z^3a"#{rbvBrb3*Z!77q"q" -zrb 3%s*Z!77q"j/Qrb3k("-"53k(rb3 "-"53(rb3*Z!77q"q" -(53* Z!77q"q" -m// 2. Đa thức nội suy newton: trường hợp nội suy không cách đều ( ) niyxf i (jz ==  > d5}(7~nk"ata*a- -h j (h k( h l (mh   gah  \"a6i7(-% -efghi(•""ats"!"v 7€".(h€"!Z I  ghi(7\"s26bv ( ) niyxP iin (jz ==  B,a*9,[+v [ ] ( ) j j j ( xx yxf xxf − − = B1: tính tỷ hiệu theo công thức: n_b3k ( ) ( ) [ ] jjj ( xxfxxyxf −+=  [ ] [ ] [ ] j kjj kj (( (( xx xxfxxf xxxf − − = nBrb3l Q [ ] [ ] ( ) [ ] kjkkjkj (((( xxxfxxxxfxxf −+= [ ] kj ( xxf  B \"!^rb3lc ( ) ( ) [ ] ( )( ) [ ] kkjkjjj ((( xxxfxxxxxxfxxyxf o −−+−+= BYa 8^rb*- -/ •+\"!  8!&/ ( ) ( ) [ ] ( )( ) [ ] ( )( ) ( ) [ ] nn n xxxfxxxxxx xxxfxxxxxxfxxyxP (///(/// ///((( kjkkj lkjkjkjjj − −−−+ ++−−+−+= Vậy (1) là đa thức nội suy tiến newton của hàm số f(x) ;#{\"!"egho k igho l igho ‚ imgho  i ;ab -^,\"! v V  nk + C n j  -5" V xk og k n l nmmn  i + C n k  -5" V xl ng k  l n k  ‚ nmn xk   i + C n l  -5" V x‚ og k  l  ‚ n k  l  ƒ nmn xl  xk   i + C n ‚  -5" xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx V x gxki  g k  l m/  n k  l m/ nk nm//n xnk m//  i + C i n  -5" xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx V x gxkig k  l mm xk   i + C n n  -5" Q^3*!Z !"-"!Z "",(_a6 ah€"/ah€"7"arb* -fghi(a! &,a#Z #Z (\"5w&-%!Z  "",/ E!gki"!Z h3aw#h j * -fghi/@  ghihat7cv ( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) [ ] nnn n xxxfxxxxxxxxx R (///((/// jkkj −−−−= −  „  -Z / q"as"h€"!Z ,[$h3aw#h  * -fghi gki gli ( ) ( ) [ ] ( )( ) [ ] ( )( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] jkkkk lkkk ((//((//////// ((( xxxxfxxxxxxxx xxxfxxxxxxfxxyxP nninn nnnnnnnnnn −− −−−− −−−−+ +−−+−+= Vậy (2) là đa thức nội suy newton lùi của hàm số f(x). Q!Z ,[$+  -v ( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) [ ] jkkjkk ((///(((/// xxxxxfxxxxxxxxx nnnn n R −− −−−−= Chú ý: • ;\"!!Z ,[bZ "at* -fghi 5ah"&%h j )\"!Z ,[$."$"Z "at * -fghitah"&%h  / • K`t^a- -"7""at!…\"`a\" !rb2•"\"!\"+!!Z a6  8 €/ • 9,[$"-"/ 3. Trường hợp đa thức nội suy cách đều /Hiệu hữu hạn > d -efghi%5"7" h h j h k h l m h  h nk   j  k  l m    nk B"+  efgh  i(ej(k(l(ma#a6"uh  eh j n <h nk oh  egq" -†j(ej(k(lmi K+v ∆   e nk o  •  53*Z -fghi5h  / l ∆   e nk o  "•53* -fghi5h  / B`"av n ∆   e ∆ g k− ∆ n   i k− ∆ n  nk x k− ∆ n   "rb•53* -fghi5 h  / €".(t"uab•5$v  e  o xk "b•5$3k* - fghi5h   l   eg  ie  x xk "b•5$3l* -fghi5h  / B`"av    eg xk   ie xk   x xk  xk "b•5$3* -fghi5 h  / >-"rb(b•5+$"^3a"#{ vb•51$3* Z!77q"q" -zb•51$3%s*Z!7 7q"\"/ ‡t"uarb(b•5b•5$(ˆ" •"\"!b  [ ] h y h y xx kj kj ( ∇ = ∆ = ∫  [ ] l l l l j l lkj UlUl (( h y h y xxx ∇ = ∆ = ∫ [ ] n n n n n n hn y hn y xxx UU (///(( j kj ∇ = ∆ = ∫ ga\"!bv‰ca($c‰i/ Bv [ ] [ ] [ ] l j l jk kl kjlk lkj Ull (( (( h y h h y h y xx xxxx xxx ∆ = ∆ − ∆ = − − = ∫ ∫ ∫ ;!"7q"5v" d\"!#"%gxkiv [ ] [ ] [ ] n n n nn n n n n n nn n hn y hn yy hn y hn y xx xx xxxxxx xxx UUiUkgiUkg k (///(((///(( (///(( j k j k k k k j k k k k j jk kkjkj lj ∆ = ∆−∆ =       − ∆ − − ∆ − = = − − = − −− − − − − − ∫ ∫ ∫ b. Đa thức nội suy Newton :trường hợp các nút nội suy cách đều Qa#Z a6_."17b*a#Z a6(++ h€"!Z Newton tiến xuất phát từ nút(NTCD)h j   * -fghi"." a#Zh   a6v ihxx i += j ( noi (= (_&"gƒ/ljiv  [ ] [ ] [ ] nn xxxfxxxxxx xxxfxxxxxxfxxyxP (///((ii///gigg ///((iigg(igig kjkkj lkjkjkjjj − −−−+ ++−−+−+= arb7q"ab•5s"!"*gƒ/lƒi(+v „3 x 0 "-vBây giờ thay biến x bằng biến t, B 1v h xx t j − =⇒ %"a"•a#Z / igig jjj ithihxxihxxxxhtxx i −=−−=+−=−⇒=− ( • it h xx h i −= − (+!9B,7v j j l jjj U iki///gi///gligkg /// Ul ikg igig y n ntitttt y tt ytyhtxpxp n n ∆ +−−−= + ++∆ − +∆+=+=  E+!Z 9,[h3aw#h j * -fghi"s"a#Z ha6/ <s"(\"!của đa thức nội suy Newton lùi (NLCD) xuất phát từ nút x n * -fghi"."a# a6/ n n ni n hn y xxxxxxxx h y xxxx h y xxyxp U ii///gi///gigg /// Ul iiggigig j kkj l l j kj j jj ∆ −−−−+ ++ ∆ −−+ ∆ −+= − htxx += j [ ] [ ] [ ] kjkkk lkkkj ((///((ii///gi///gigg/// ((iigg(igig xxxxfxxxxxxxx xxxfxxxxxxfxxyxp nninn nnnnnnnnn −− −−−− −−−−++ +−−+−+= n n nnnnnn y n ntintttt y tt ytyhtxpxp ∇ −+−+++ + ++∇ + +∆==+= U iki///gi///gligkg /// Ul ikg igig l ‡7` v3 h  "-v ⇒−+=+−=+= igig j nihxihnhxihxx nni SY"\"!(+v i(kg( k +=−=− − thxxhtxx nn i(gi(////(gi(lg kl inthxxinthxxthxx in −+=−−+=−+=− − c. Sai số của đa thức nội suy Newton trong trường hợp các nút nội suy cách đều > d  -efghi+5Y3nk [ ] ba( !3a #Z a6h v ( ) ni (j= / 9&hŠ„"",( 83gƒ/kji  - 3 _9,[(E5 htxx += j ( "u h xx t j − = gƒ/kji\"!6  -*đa thức nội suy Newton tiến xuất phát từ nút x 0 * -fghi"."a#Z  a6v ii///gkg iUkg ig ig ikgk nttt n cfh xR nn n −− + = ++ B"+v"at"""•a#Z h j (h k (m(h  h/ Bs"(5heh  n("u h xx t n − = z"+gƒ/kji\"!6  -* đa thức nội suy Newton lùi xuất phát từ nút x n * -fghi"."a#Z  a6v ii///gkg iUkg ig ig ikgk nttt n cfh xR nn n ++ + = ++ B"+"at"""•a#Z h j (h k (m(h  h/ B"." y n k+ ∆ * -efghi&\"`*7Šgƒ/lƒiB+v  i(g ikg k k j  xf h y n n n h + + + → = ∆ 9+h,v  k j k ikg ig + + + ∆ ≈ n n n h y cf ig inthxx i −+=− ihxx i += j ig ithxx i −=− Qgƒ/l‹i+5"v j k iUkg ii///gkg ig y n nttt xR n n + ∆ + −− ≈ Bs"(gƒ/lŒi+%5"$v n n n y n nttt xR k iUkg ii///gkg ig + ∇ + ++ ≈ B. BÀI TẬP Bài 1:Bw7" -b €2h€"!Z ,[\"a6/ B^"atZ 5hej Giải n Theo phương pháp nội suy newton tiến không cách đều Q+ƒZ Z 3‚(+_b3‚/ SY"\"!^_b+v B_b3kv f}h j (h k ~eg k o j i•gh k oh j iexƒŒ f}h k (h l ~eg l o k i•gh l oh k iej f}h l (h ‚ ~eg ‚ o l i•gh ‚ oh l ieƒŽl  B_b3lv f}h j (h k (h l ~egf}h k (h l ~xf}h j (h k ~i•gh l oh j iekl f}h k (h l (h ‚ ~egf}h l (h ‚ ~xf}h k (h l ~i•gh ‚ oh k ieŒl _b3‚v f}h j (h k (h l (h ‚ ~egf}h k (h l (h ‚ ~xf}h j (h k (h l ~i•gh ‚ oh j iekj `"57" v n x y tỉ hiệu cấp 1 tỉ hiệu cấp 2 tỉ hiệu cấp 3 0 -2 43 1 -1 -5 -48 2 2 -5 0 12 3 5 1471 492 82 10 •^a_b\"! v fghie j nghxh j if}h j (h k ~nghxh j ighxh k if}h j (h k (h l ~nghxh j ighxh k ighxh l if}h j (h k (h l ~ nghxh j ighxh k ighxh l ighxh ‚ if}h j (h k (h l (h ‚ ~ eƒ‚xghnliƒŒnghnlighnkiklnghnlighnkighxlikj ekjh ‚ nllh l o•lhx•Ž  fgjiex•Ž ‘+ dY",h,a!(^ab - v V xl xk l • P ƒ‚ x• x• •kƒ‹k Hệ số bậc 0 Hệ số bậc 1 Hệ số bậc 2 Hệ số bậc 3 Các tỉ hiệu 1 0 0 0 43 2 1 0 0 -48 2 3 1 0 12 -4 -4 1 1 10 -69 -52 22 10 <1+$"^Z 5h j ej 2+a_b •2^a_bh"+7" v n x y tỉ hiệu cấp 1 tỉ hiệu cấp 2 tỉ hiệu cấp 3 0 -2 43 1 -1 -5 -48 2 2 -5 0 12 3 5 1471 492 82 10 @yaY"av >a7&k(j’(&^‡/yb)"1v jvVe’ vkv;e’ veg‡xViv’e’n; -j^Veh  ( -k^;e_bs"!"/ ;-$"’n j  8"atfgh j i-$"&/ SY"^Y+v B"ak(j’(j‡ xlvVe’ vxƒŒv;e’ veg‡xViv’e’n;e xke‚&73kleƒ& le‚&73kjeƒ& ’e’nƒ‚ 8x•Ž nTheo phương pháp nội suy newton lùi không cách đều Q+ƒZ Z 3‚(+_b3‚/ SY"\"!^_b+v B_b3kv f}h ‚ (h l ~eg l o ‚ i•gh l oh ‚ ieƒŽl f}h l (h k ~eg k o l i•gh k oh l iej f}h k (h j ~eg j o k i•gh j oh k iexƒŒ  B_b3lv f}h ‚ (h l (h k ~egf}h ‚ (h l ~xf}h l (h k ~i•gh k oh ‚ ieŒl f}h j (h k (h l ~egf}h l (h k ~xf}h k (h j ~i•gh j oh l iekl B_b3‚v f}h ‚ (h l (h k (h j ~egf}h ƒ (h ‚ (h l ~xf}h ‚ (h l (h k ~i•gh j oh ‚ iekj B`"57" v x y -2 43 -48 12 10

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