Tài liệu này bao gồm các phạm trù ngữ pháp tiếng Anh từ cơ bản như kiến thức về thì, câu chủ động bị động.... đến các kiến thức nâng cao ít hoặc không được đề cập trong SGK như phần thứ tự vị trí tính từ khi bổ nghĩa cho danh từ, các cấu trúc câu đặc biệt, đảo ngữ... Đi kèm với từng chuyên đề là các bài tập thực hành bám sát có đáp án, cả tự luận lẫn trắc nghiệm với mức độ khác nhau, phù hợp với các em học sinh trung bình khá hoặc học sinh mới bắt đầu ôn thi môn tiếng Anh.
Trang 1PHẦN 1: TENSE
A Tenses:
1 The simple present tense: (Thì hiện tại đơn/thường)
#Đối với động từ " to be" : ở thì hiện tại đơn, động từ "to be" được chia làm 3 hình thức là am, is, are Trong đó:
am: chỉ dùng với chủ ngữ là "I"
is: dùng với chủ ngữ là ngôi thứ 3 số ít (He, She, It, 1 người/1 vật, danh từ không đếm được).
are: dùng cho các chủ ngữ còn lại (We, You, They, 2 người/2 vật trở lên).
Cấu trúc:
Câu khẳng định (+): S + am/is/are
Câu phủ định (-): S + am/is/are + not
Câu nghi vấn (?): (Từ hỏi) + am/is/are + S +
Đối với động từ thường:
(+): S + V(s/es) +
(-): S + do/does + not + V(nguyên thể)
(?): (Từ hỏi) + do/does + S + V(nguyên thể)
Dấu hiệu nhận biết (Các trạng từ thường gặp): always, usually, often, sometimes, everyday/week/night…, seldom, rarely…
Diễn tả một hành động thường xuyên xảy ra, thói quen ở hiện tại, một sự thật hiển nhiên, một chân lý
2 The present continuous tense: (Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn)
S + am / is / are + V-ing
Adverbs: now, at the moment, at present, right now
Diễn ta một sự việc đang diễn ra ngay trong lúc nói hoặc một sự việc xảy ra trong một thời gian ngắn xung quanhlúc nói
Cấu trúc be + going to + V diễn tả một dự định trong tương lai, có kế hoạch từ trước
3 The present perfect tense: (Thì hiện tại hoàn thành)
S + have / has + V pp(ed/3)
Adverbs: just, already, not…yet, never, ever, recently, several/many times, up to now, so far, For + khoảng thời gian, Since + mốc thời gian…
Diễn tả một sự việc đã xảy ra nhưng không xác định thời gian
Diễn tả một sự việc xảy ra trong quá khứ và kéo dài đến hiện tại
Diễn tả một sự việc đã xảy ra và kết thúc nhưng kết quả vẫn còn liên quan đến hiện tại
4 The simple past tense: (Thì quá khứ đơn)
S + V(ở dạng quá khứ đơn) (Nếu là “to be”: S + was / were)
Adverbs: yesterday, last, ago, in (2005)
Diễn tả một sự việc đã xảy ra và kết thúc trong quá khứ
5 The past continuous tense: (Thì quá khứ tiếp diễn)
S + was / were + V -ing
Diễn tả một sự việc đang xảy ra tại một thời điểm nhất định trong quá khứ ( at 7:00 last night)
Diễn tả 2 sự việc đang xảy ra song song trong quá khứ hoặc một sự việc đang xảy ra thì có một sự việc khác xen vào (Thường gặp các liên từ: when, while, as)
6 The past perfect tense : (Thì quá khứ hoàn thành)
S + had + Vpp
Diễn tả một hoạt động xảy ra trước một thời điểm hoặc một sự việc khác cũng ở trong quá khứ
Thường được dùng cùng thì quá khứ đơn (trong các câu có liên từ: before, after, until)
Trang 27 The simple future tense: (Thì tương lai đơn)
S + will / shall + V(bare)
Adverbs: tomorrow, in the future, next…, in six days (trong 6 ngày tới)
8 The present perfect continuous : (Thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn)
S + have / has + been + V-ing
Diễn tả hành động xảy ra tỏng quá khứ, kéo dài liên tục đến hiện tại( wait, sleep, study….)
Ex: I have been waiting for her for 3 hours/ since 3 o’clock
9 The future continuous: (Thì tương lai tiếp diễn).
S + will + be + V-ing
Diễn tả một sự việc đang xảy ra tại một thời điểm trong tương lai hoặc xảy ra song song với một sự việc khác trong tương lai
Ex: This time next week we will be lying on the beach
10 The future perfect: (Thì tương lai hoàn thành).
S + will + have + Vpp
Diễn tả một sự việc hoàn thành trước một thời điểm trong tương lai
Ex : We will have left school before this July
| The adverbial clauses of time: (mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian):
Là mệnh đề bắt đầ bằng các liên từ: when, while, as, after, before, as soon as, till, until, since….
Sự phối hợp về thì trong câu có mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian:
Main clause Adverbial clause of time
1 Present tenses ( hiện tại) present tenses
2 Past tenses (quá khứ) past tenses
3 Future tenses (tương lai) present tenses
¬ Notes :
ª Không dùng thì tương lai ( will/shall ) trong mệnh đề chỉ thời gian
ª Đối với liên từ “since”: S + has/have +Ved/3 since S + Ved/2
ª Cả 2 hành động đã xảy ra: S + had +Ved/3 before S + Ved/2
S + Ved/2 after S + had + Ved/3
ª Sau WHILE/AS thường dùng thì tiếp diễn: while/ as S + was/were + V-ing
ª Sau các liên từ không có chủ ngữ, ta dùng Ving: After having finished the exam, I’ll go home
Exercise: Choose the best answer:
1 I - this film twice
A see B saw C will see D have seen
2 After - her performance, she invited the audience to ask questions
A she finishes B finished C finishing D she will finish
3 His father - of cancer last year
A will die B has died C died D had died
4 The train - when we got to the station
A just left B just leaves C has just left D had just left
5 As soon as Martina saw the fire, she - the fire department
A was telephoning B telephoned C had telephoned D has telephoned
6 Before Jennifer won the lottery, she - any kind of contest
A hasn’t entered B doesn’t enter C wasn’t entering D hadn’t entered
7 Every time Parkas sees a movie made in India, he - homesick
A will have left B felt C feels D is feeling
Trang 38 Since I left Venezuela six years ago, I - to visit friends and family several times.
A return B will have returned C am returning D have returned
9 Yesterday while I was attending a sales meeting, Mathew - on the company annual report
A was working B had been working C has worked D works
10 When my parents - for a visit tomorrow, they will see our new baby for the first time
A will arrive B arrived C arrive D will have arrived
11 The last time I - in Athens, the weather was hot and humid
A had been B was C am D will have been
12 After the race -, the celebration began
A had been won B is won C will be won D has been won
13 Andy - out of the restaurant when he - Jenny
A came/saw B is coming /saw C came/was seeing D was coming/had seen
14 While he was washing his car, Mr Brown - a small dint in the rear fender
A has discovered B was discovering C is discovering D discovered
15 Linda has lost her passport again It’s the second time this -
A has happened B happens C happened D had happened
16 At this time tomorrow, we - our final exam
A will have taking B will be taken C would take D will be taking
17 The baby - Don’t make so much noise
A sleep B sleeps C is sleeping D slept
18 Peter said he - a test the following day
A had had B will have C has had D would have
19 It is not so hot today as it - yesterday
A is B was C would be D had been
20 - a party next Saturday We have sent out the invitation
A we had B we have C we’re having D we have had
21 I’m very tired - over four hundred miles to day
A I drive B I’ve driven C I’m driving D I’ve been driving
22 I’m busy at the moment - on the computer
A I work B I’m worked C I’m working D I worked
23 Our friends - meet us at the airport tonight
A are B are going to C go to D will be to
24 I will tell Anna all the news when - her
A I’ll see B I’m going to see C I see D I’m seeing
25 Don’t worry, I - here to help you
A be B will be C am going to be D won’t be
26 When I entered the room, everyone -
A has been dancing B was dancing C had danced D danced
27 Before the invention of the steamboat, there - no way to cross the ocean
A has been B could have been C had been D would be
28 He said that he - his homework since 7 o’clock
A had done B did C has done D was doing
29 Tom said everything - ready when the match -
A will be/starts B would be/started C is/started D will be/started
30 How long - able to drive? - Since 1990
A could you B have you been C were you D are you
31 She won't get married until she - 25 years old
A is B will be C had been D was
32 Look The yard is wet It - last night
A must rain B couldn’t have rained C must have rained D should have rained
33 After Mary - her degree, she intends to work in her father's company
A will finish B is finishing C finishes D will have finished
34 When he - all the letters, he took them to the post office
Trang 4A has written B had written C wrote D had been writing
35 By the end of this month, I - English for 6 years
A have learnt B will have learnt C had learnt D learnt
36 We - in touch with each other for years
A will not keep B are not keeping C did not keep D have not kept
37 She has learnt French - the age of five
A since B for C before D in
38 Tom - before we arrived there
A has left B had left C will leave D leaves
39 Up to now, I - a lot of information about her
A learnt B have learnt C will learn D would learn
40 Wait here until I - you
A am going to call B will call C am calling D call
41 When I came to visit her, she - a bath
A was having B has C is having D had
Mary had to go to New York last week, but she almost -42 - the plane She -43 - in the queue
at the check-in desk when she suddenly 44 - that she 45 - her passport at home Fortunately, she -46 - very far from the airport, so she 47 - time to take a taxi at home to get it.
42 A missed B was missing C had missed D had been missing
43 A stood B had stood C was standing D had been standing
44 A was realizing B realized C had realized D would realize
45 A was leaving B left C had left D would leave
46 A hadn’t lived B doesn’t live C didn’t live D hasn’t lived
47 A had B had had C has D has had
48 It is an hour since he -, so he should be at office now
A left B has left C had left D was leaving
B Transformation of tenses:
¬ Notes: a It + be + time + since + simple past
b It is the first/ second/ third …… time + present perfect
c The last time + simple past
d Present perfect + since + simple past
Exercise: Rewrite these sentences:
1 The last time she had a swim was ten years ago
Exercise: Choose the best answer:
1 I have never seen such beautiful pictures before
A These pictures are the most beautiful I have never seen
B These pictures are the most beautiful I have ever seen
C This is the first time I see beautiful pictures
D This is the first time I have seen beautiful pictures
2 Jack has stopped writing letters to Jill
A Jack has no longer stopped writing letters to Jill B Jack used to write letters to Jill
C Jack has never written letters to Jill D Jack stopped writing letters to Jill when Jill come
3 Mary has been working in this company for five years
Trang 5A Mary began to work in this company for five years.
B Mary began working in this company for five years ago
C Mary began to work in this company five years ago
D Mary has begun to work in this company five years ago
4 I have never eaten this kind of food before
A I used to eat this kind of food before
B Before I came here I had ever eaten this kind of food
C This is the first time I have ever eaten this kind of food
D This is the most delicious food I have ever eaten
5 She last saw him years ago
A She hasn’t seen him years ago B She hasn’t seen him for years ago
C She didn’t see him for years D It’s years since she last saw him
6 It’s ages since I last saw a Hollywood film
A It’s ages because I last saw a Hollywood film B I haven’t seen any Hollywood film before
C I saw a last Hollywood film since ages ago D I haven’t seen a Hollywood film for a long time
7 He hasn’t smoked a cigarette for a week
A It is for a week that he hasn’t smoked a cigarette B It is a week since he last smoked a cigarette
C It is a cigarette that he smoked a week ago D It is a week ago that he smoked a cigarette
8 It started to rain at 2 o’clock and it is still raining
A It has been raining at 2 o’clock B It has been raining since 2 o’clock
C It has been raining for 2 o’clock D It has been raining in 2 o’clock
9 They had finished their tea and then they left
A They finished their tea after they had left B After they had left, they finished their tea
C They had left before they finished their tea D After they had finished their tea, they left
10 John began playing the piano 10 years ago
A John played the piano 10 years ago B John has played the piano for 10 years
C John used to play the piano 10 years ago D John doesn’t play the piano anymore
SỰ HỒ HỢP GIỮA CHỦ NGỮ VÀ ĐỘNG TỪ (THE AGREEMENT OF A VERB WITH ITS SUBJECT)
[1] : Hai hay nhiều chủ ngữ số ít đựơc nối bởi liên từ AND thì địi hỏi một động từ số nhiều
- The boy and the girl love their parents dearly.
- Tom and Mary were late yesterday.
Tuy nhiên, nếu hai chử từ này diễn tả một người, một vật hay một ý tưởng chung thì động từ vẫn ở số ít
- Bread and butter is my daily breakfast.
- To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness in life.
[2] : Hai chủ ngữ nối với nhau bằng AND mà trước chủ ngữ đầu cĩ EACH, EVERY, MANY A, NO thì động từ phải được chia ở số ít.
- Each boy and girl has a textbook.
- No teacher and student is present.
[3] : Khi hai chủ ngữ được nối bởi OR,NOR, BUT, NOT ONLY… BUT… ALSO ,EITHER… OR, NEITHER…NOR…thì động từ hồ hợp cùng với chủ ngữ gần nĩ nhất
- He or you are the best student in this class.
- Neither Jack nor I am willing to do that.
[4] : Khi hai chủ ngữ được nối bởi AS WELL AS, NO LESS THAN, WITH thì động từ phải được chia theo chủ ngữ đầu tiên.
- John, as well as you, is responsible for this act.
- Tom, with his friends, is in the car.
Trang 6[5] : Một danh từ tập hợp ( collective noun ) cần 1 động từ số nhiều khi ta ngụ ý nói tới từng cá nhân tạo nên tập hợp ấy,nhưng động từ vẫn là số ít nếu ta ngụ ý nói chung chung coi cả tập hợp như một đơn vị
- The family of this dead soldier is noble.
- The family go to the movies every Sunday morning.
Các từ thường gặp như: jury, commitee, crowd, team, group, majoriry
Lưu ý trường hợp: The number of + Danh từ số nhiều + động từ số ít
A number of + Danh từ số nhiều + động từ số nhiều
[6] : Khi chủ ngữ là danh từ có hình thức là số nhiều nhưng nghĩa lại là số ít thì động từ được chia theo số ít.
- No news is good news.
- Physics is more difficult than chemistry.
các danh từ th ường gặp như : news, physics, mathematics, politics, gymnastics, phonetics, measles, mumps, rickets, the United States, the Philippines, billards, dominoes…
[7] : Khi chủ ngữ là danh từ chỉ trọng lượng, đo lường, giá tiền thì được coi là số ít, đi theo sau cũng là động từ chia ở số ít.
- Ten thousand dollars is a big sum of money.
- Five hundred miles is a long distance.
[8] : Khi chủ ngữ là đại từ bất định như : everyone, something, nobody,anything, any body, every thing,
no one…thì động từ theo sau phải ở số ít
- Nobody has opened the door.
- Is everyone present ?
Lưu ý : 1) Khi “ each” theo sau chủ ngữ thì each không còn ảnh hưởng tới động từ nữa Nếu chủ ngữ là danh từ
số nhiều thì động từ chia ở số nhiều , chủ ngữ số ít thì động từ số ít
- Big cities each have their own special problem
2) Các đại từ both, several, few,many, others đòi hỏi động từ đi theo phải ở hình thức số nhiều
- Both were small
- Many of her books are in English
3) Một số đại từ bất định như: all, any, some, none, có thể đi với số nhiều hay số ít tùy thuộc vào ngữ nghĩa mà danh từ nó thay thế
- All of the money is reserved for emergencies
-All of the candidates promise to improve the educational system
[9] : Trong câu bắt đầu bằng "THERE" thì động từ phải chia theo danh từ đi sau nó.
- There stands a pagoda facing the little lake.
- There were a lot of people at the meeting.
[10] : Động từ có chủ từ là đại từ quan hệ thì phải hoà hợp cùng ngôi và số với ti ền vị từ của đại
từ ấy
- He works for the factory which makes cars.
- The man who is living near my house teaches us English.
[11]: Một số từ như paints, trousers, pliers, scissors, shears (kéo lớn), tongs (caí kẹp), shoes, glasses, gloves
là danh từ số nhiều và cần động từ số nhiều đi cùng Tuy nhiên, khi có từ a pair (of) đi trước các danh từ này đứng làm chủ ngữ thì động từ theo sau là số ít.
- The scissors are very sharp
- A pair of scissors was left on the table.
[12] : Khi chủ ngữ là một phân số , phần trăm, hay các từ như: half, part, plenty và rest thì động từ phụ thuộc và danh từ bổ ngữ cho giới từ đi theo sau phân số hay phần trăm đó
Trang 7- Sixty percent of his house is painted blue
-Half of their relatives live abroad
[13]: Khi diễn giải các bài toán đơn giản như cộng trừ nhân chia ta cần lưu ý Khi cộng hay nhân, ta có thể dùng động từ số ít hay số nhiều đều được
-Two and two is/ are four
-Three times three is/ are nine
Nhưng với trừ và chia thì luôn luôn dùng động từ số ít.
- Nine minus four is five hoặc nine minus four leaves five
-Fifteen divided by five is three
[14] Khi chủ ngữ là tựa sách tên các tác phẩm nghệ thuật thì động từ luôn chia ở số ít.
- The Moon and Six Pence is for the Art for Art sake
[15] danh từ riêng có hình thức số nhiề được nhìn nhận như một chỉnh thể chỉ tên ngườ, địa điểm, quốc gia, tổ chức, sách báo thì dùng động từ số ít.
- The United States is in North America.
BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH
Exercise 1: Choose the best answer:
1 No news - good news
A is B are C were D have been
2 Here - some accounts that you must check
A is B are C were D was
3 A lot of homework - me tired
A make B makes C have made D are making
4 Not only Mr Pike but also his sons - tea
A likes B like C has liked D liking
5 Mathematics - us with many aspects
A helps B help C have helped D helping
6 The United States - of about 160 nations
A consists B consist C Consisting D have consisted
7 Coffee contains caffeine, and -
A tea does so B so tea does C so does tea D does tea so
8 Both Tom - Mary are students
A and B nor C or D with
9 Plenty of milk - consumed everyday
A are B is C was D were
10 Neither you nor I - responsible for the bad result
A are B is C am D be
11 Ten thousand dollars - a large sum of money
A are B is C were D being
12 I can not speak Spanish –
-A So can I B Neither can I C Either can I D Neither can’t I
13 Both Jane and Mary, as well as John, - ready for the exam
A is B was C are D has been
14 Working for 12 hours a day - her very tired
A make B makes C making D have made
15 The number of the days in a week - seven
A is B was C are D were
16 What he told you - to be of no importance
A seems B seem C is seeming D has seemed
Trang 817 The army - eliminated this section of the training test.
A has B have C are D is
18 The quality of these recordings - not very good
A is B are C have D were
19 - Julia - her sister are going to the party
A Both /and B Neither / nor C Either /or D Not only / but also
20 My wife had never been to Hue, and - I
A never have B neither have C neither had D neither did
21 Plants and animals in high mountain areas - with freezing temperatures, fierce winds, and thin air
A live B they must live C living D if they live
22 Tom’ family - wondering whether there - anything that they can do
A are/ are B is/ is C are/ is D is /are
23 The couple - in Denver but - to Houston for the winters
A lives/ go B lives/ goes C live/ go D live/ goes
24 Each nation - its own culture, and our nation has - own culture, too
A has/ its B have/ our C have/ its D has/ their
@Exercise 2: Choose the underlined word or phrase (A, B, C or D) that needs correcting
1 Although women in this century faces less discrimination than ever before, they still encounter many obstacles that men do not
2 Every one have to plan a program that fits into the day’s schedule and that allows for good exercise and appropriate rest
3 John is the only one of the hikers who have climbed above fifteen thousand feet
4 Current research on AIDS, in spite of the best efforts of hundreds of scientists, leave serious questions unanswered
5 Neither apple pie nor her faded cat posters nor her neglected guppy collection hold the slightest interest for Dorothy any more
6 Today, many scientists disagree over whether the chimpanzee or the bonobo are more human in its behaviour
7 Along with statistics, strategy, and intelligence, logistics are one of the four main elements of military Science
@Exercise 3: Choose the incorrect sentence in which the verb disagrees with the subject:
1 A The invoice and the purchase order have to be approved by the director.
B A sandwich and a milk shake were all he wanted for breakfast
C Faith, hope, and charity represent virtues to most of us
D Ham and eggs are one of her favorite dishes
2 A Neither has brought the music for the duet
B Where has everybody gone?
C Every city, town, and hamlet has a Main Street
D Every boy and girl in the class do volunteer work
3 A Thirty pounds is a lot to lose in one mouth
B Nine miles were the length of the race
C Five hours of waiting has reduced the kidnapper to bundle of nerves
D Four thousand dollars is the minimum bid for the foreclosed property
4 A Here are the subjects the president will discuss
B There are still several oranges in the baskets
C Here come troubles
D There’s no table or chairs to be found anywhere
5 A Most of the problems have been solved
B All is ready
C All was concerned
D Several have been spotted at the water hole
6 A Not only the students but also the teacher have signed the petition
Trang 9B Not a new machine but new workers are needed for the job
C Not only the Arab states but also Venezuela has major oil reserved
D Not only strength but agility is essential in bicycling
7 A Both of the players were late
B Many books on the best-seller list have little literacy value
C Many a prisoner have tried to escape
D Few of the contestants are here yet
8 A half of the rent is missing
B Two-thirds of her house have been painted
C Forty percent is a big commission
D Half of the apartments in the building are without heat
9 A John is one of the chemists who believe that science is an art
B He is the only one of four candidates who refuse to attend the course
C David is one of the employees who always work overtime
D His grandfather is the only one of his relatives who still goes to church
10 A Either his book or that one contains the information
B Neither the governor nor his top aids were implicated in the scandal
C The records or the stereo has to go
D Neither my roommate nor my sisters plans to move
Sưu tầm, chỉnh sửa và bổ sung
ĐÁP ÁN
Exercise: Choose the best answer:
1 I - this film twice (Trong câu chứa những từ chỉ số lần một hành động nào đó xảy ra thường
được chia ở hiện tại hoàn thành)
A see B saw C will see D have seen
2 After - her performance, she invited the audience to ask questions (Động từ đi liền sau các liên từ
như after, before, while, when thì được chia ở Ving)
A she finishes B finished C finishing D she will finish
3 His father - of cancer last year
A will die B has died C died D had died
4 The train - when we got to the station.(hành động đoàn tàu rời đi đã xảy ra trước hành động chúngtôi đến ga)
A just left B just leaves C has just left D had just left
5 As soon as Martina saw the fire, she - the fire department.(2 hành động xảy ra trong thời gian ngắn, liên tiếp nhau trong quá khứ)
A was telephoning B telephoned C had telephoned D has telephoned
6 Before Jennifer won the lottery, she - any kind of contest
A hasn’t entered B doesn’t enter C wasn’t entering D hadn’t entered
7 Every time Parkas sees a movie made in India, he - homesick.
A will have left B felt C feels D is feeling
8 Since I left Venezuela six years ago, I - to visit friends and family several times.
A return B will have returned C am returning D have returned
9 Yesterday while I was attending a sales meeting, Mathew - on the company annual report (2 hành
động xảy ra song song trong quá khứ)
A was working B had been working C has worked D works
10 When my parents - for a visit tomorrow, they will see our new baby for the first time (mệnh
Trang 10đề chính ở thì tương lai đơn thì mệnh đề phụ trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian được chia ở thì hiện tại đơn)
A will arrive B arrived C arrive D will have arrived
11 The last time I - in Athens, the weather was hot and humid.
A had been B was C am D will have been
12 After the race -, the celebration began (Kết hợp giữa thì quá khứ đơn và quá khứ hoàn
thành Hành động xảy ra trước chia ở qk hoàn thành, hành động xảy ra sau chia ở qk đơn)
A had been won B is won C will be won D has been won
13 Andy - out of the restaurant when he - Jenny (Một hành động đang xảy ra trong quá khứ thì có một hành động khác xen vào)
A came/saw B was coming /saw C came/was seeing D was coming/had seen
14 While he was washing his car, Mr Brown - a small dint in the rear fender
A has discovered B was discovering C is discovering D discovered
Tương tự câu 13
15 Linda has lost her passport again It’s the second time this -.
A has happened B happens C happened D had happened
16 At this time tomorrow, we - our final exam (Hành động đang xảy ra tại một thời điểm
trong tương lai)
A will have taking B will be taken C would take D will be taking
17 The baby - Don’t make so much noise
A sleep B sleeps C is sleeping D slept
18 Peter said he - a test the following day (câu ở thì tương lai đơn ở dạng câu gián tiếp, đổi will -> would)
A had had B will have C has had D would have
19 It is not so hot today as it - yesterday
A is B was C would be D had been
20 - a party next Saturday We have sent out the invitation (Một hành động chắc chắn xảy ra trong tương lai, đã có chuẩn bị từ trước.)
A we had B we have C we’re having D we have had
21 I’m very tired - over four hundred miles to day
A I drive B I’ve driven C I’m driving D I’ve been driving
22 I’m busy at the moment - on the computer
A I work B I’m worked C I’m working D I worked
23 Our friends - meet us at the airport tonight
A are B are going to C go to D will be to
24 I will tell Anna all the news when - her
A I’ll see B I’m going to see C I see D I’m seeing
25 Don’t worry, I - here to help you
A be B will be C am going to be D won’t be
26 When I entered the room, everyone -
A has been dancing B was dancing C had danced D danced
27 Before the invention of the steamboat, there - no way to cross the ocean
A has been B could have been C had been D would be
28 He said that he - his homework since 7 o’clock
A had done B did C has done D was doing
29 Tom said everything - ready when the match -
A will be/starts B would be/started C is/started D will be/started
30 How long - able to drive? - Since 1990
A could you B have you been C were you D are you
31 She won't get married until she - 25 years old
A is B will be C had been D was.
32 Look The yard is wet It - last night
A must rain B couldn’t have rained C must have rained D should have rained
Trang 1133 After Mary - her degree, she intends to work in her father's company.
A will finish B is finishing C finishes D will have finished
34 When he - all the letters, he took them to the post office
A has written B had written C wrote D had been writing
35 By the end of this month, I - English for 6 years
A have learnt B will have learnt C had learnt D learnt
36 We - in touch with each other for years
A will not keep B are not keeping C did not keep D have not kept
(chú ý cấu trúc “keep in touch with sb: giữ liên lạc/liên lạc với sb)
37 She has learnt French - the age of five
A since B for C before D in
38 Tom - before we arrived there
A has left B had left C will leave D leaves
39 Up to now, I - a lot of information about her
A learnt B have learnt C will learn D would learn
40 Wait here until I - you
A am going to call B will call C am calling D call
41 When I came to visit her, she - a bath
A was having B has C is having D had
\Mary had to go to New York last week, but she almost -42 - the plane She -43 - in the queue
at the check-in desk when she suddenly 44 - that she 45 - her passport at home Fortunately, she -46 - very far from the airport, so she 47 - time to take a taxi at home to get it.
42 A missed B was missing C had missed D had been missing
43 A stood B had stood C was standing D had been standing
44 A was realizing B realized C had realized D would realize
45 A was leaving B left C had left D would leave
46 A hadn’t lived B doesn’t live C didn’t live D hasn’t lived
47 A had B had had C has D has had
A left B has left C had left D was leaving
Exercise: Rewrite these sentences:
1 The last time she had a swim was ten years ago
She hasn’t had a swim for ten years.
2 I have never met such a famous person before
It is the first time I’ve met a famous person.
3 I last saw him when I was a student
I haven’t seen him since I was a student.
4 I haven’t come there for two years
I last came there two years ago.
5 I have studied English for seven years
I started studying/to study English seven years ago.
Exercise: Choose the best answer:
1 I have never seen such beautiful pictures before
A These pictures are the most beautiful I have never seen
B These pictures are the most beautiful I have ever seen
C This is the first time I see beautiful pictures
D This is the first time I have seen beautiful pictures.
2 Jack has stopped writing letters to Jill
A Jack has no longer stopped writing letters to Jill B Jack used to write letters to Jill.
C Jack has never written letters to Jill D Jack stopped writing letters to Jill when Jill come
Trang 123 Mary has been working in this company for five years.
A Mary began to work in this company for five years
B Mary began working in this company for five years ago
C Mary began to work in this company five years ago.
D Mary has begun to work in this company five years ago
4 I have never eaten this kind of food before
A I used to eat this kind of food before
B Before I came here I had ever eaten this kind of food
C This is the first time I have ever eaten this kind of food.
D This is the most delicious food I have ever eaten
5 She last saw him years ago
A She hasn’t seen him years ago B She hasn’t seen him for years ago
C She didn’t see him for years D It’s years since she last saw him.
6 It’s ages since I last saw a Hollywood film
A It’s ages because I last saw a Hollywood film B I haven’t seen any Hollywood film before
C I saw a last Hollywood film since ages ago D I haven’t seen a Hollywood film for a long time.
7 He hasn’t smoked a cigarette for a week
A It is for a week that he hasn’t smoked a cigarette B It is a week since he last smoked a cigarette.
C It is a cigarette that he smoked a week ago D It is a week ago that he smoked a cigarette
8 It started to rain at 2 o’clock and it is still raining
A It has been raining at 2 o’clock B It has been raining since 2 o’clock.
C It has been raining for 2 o’clock D It has been raining in 2 o’clock
9 They had finished their tea and then they left
A They finished their tea after they had left B After they had left, they finished their tea
C They had left before they finished their tea D After they had finished their tea, they left.
10 John began playing the piano 10 years ago
A John played the piano 10 years ago B John has played the piano for 10 years.
C John used to play the piano 10 years ago D John doesn’t play the piano anymore
Trang 13SỰ HOÀ HỢP GIỮA CHỦ NGỮ VÀ ĐỘNG TỪ (THE AGREEMENT OF A VERB WITH ITS SUBJECT)
BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH
Exercise 1: Choose the best answer:
1 No news - good news
A is B are C were D have been
2 Here - some accounts that you must check
A is B are C were D was
3 A lot of homework - me tired
A make B makes C have made D are making
4 Not only Mr Pike but also his sons - tea
A likes B like C has liked D liking
5 Mathematics - us with many aspects
A helps B help C have helped D helping
6 The United States - of about 160 nations
A consists B consist C consisting D have consisted
7 Coffee contains caffeine, and -
A tea does so B so tea does C so does tea D does tea so
8 Both Tom - Mary are students
A and B nor C or D with
9 Plenty of milk - consumed everyday
A are B is C was D were
10 Neither you nor I - responsible for the bad result
A are B is C am D be
11 Ten thousand dollars - a large sum of money
A are B is C were D being
12 I can not speak Spanish –
-A So can I B Neither can I C Either can I D Neither can’t I
13 Both Jane and Mary, as well as John, - ready for the exam
A is B was C are D has been
14 Working for 12 hours a day - her very tired
A make B makes C making D have made
15 The number of the days in a week - seven
A is B was C are D were
16 What he told you - to be of no importance
A seems B seem C is seeming D has seemed
17 The army - eliminated this section of the training test
A has B have C are D is
(The army: quân đội – chỉ chung cả một tổ chức)
18 The quality of these recordings - not very good
A is B are C have D were
19 - Julia - her sister are going to the party
A Both /and B Neither / nor C Either /or D Not only / but also
20 My wife had never been to Hue, and - I
A never have B neither have C neither had D neither did
21 Plants and animals in high mountain areas - with freezing temperatures, fierce winds, and thin air
A live B they must live C living D if they live
22 Tom’ family - wondering whether there - anything that they can do
A are/ are B is/ is C are/ is D is /are
23 The couple - in Denver but - to Houston for the winters
A lives/ go B lives/ goes C live/ go D live/ goes
-A couple + động từ chia ở số ít : A couple is walking on the street
Trang 14-The couple + động từ chia ở số nhiều: The couple are walking on the street
-A number of động từ chia ở số nhiều (một số những…)
-The number of động từ chia ở số ít (Số lượng những …)
24 Each nation - its own culture, and our nation has - own culture, too
A has/ its B have/ our C have/ its D has/ their
Exercise 2: Choose the underlined word or phrase (A, B, C or D) that needs correcting
1 Although women in this century faces less discrimination than ever before, they still encounter many
obstacles that men do not
2 Every one have to plan a program that fits into the day’s schedule and that allows for good exercise and
appropriate rest
3 John is the only one of the hikers who have climbed above fifteen thousand feet.
4 Current research on AIDS, in spite of the best efforts of hundreds of scientists, leave serious questions
unanswered
5 Neither apple pie nor her faded cat posters nor her neglected guppy collection hold the slightest interest
for Dorothy any more
6 Today, many scientists disagree over whether the chimpanzee or the bonobo are more human in its
behaviour
7 Along with statistics, strategy, and intelligence, logistics are one of the four main elements of military
Science
@Exercise 3: Choose the incorrect sentence in which the verb disagrees with the subject:
1 A The invoice and the purchase order have to be approved by the director.
B A sandwich and a milk shake were all he wanted for breakfast
C Faith, hope, and charity represent virtues to most of us
D Ham and eggs are one of her favorite dishes
2 A Neither has brought the music for the duet
B Where has everybody gone?
C Every city, town, and hamlet has a Main Street
D Every boy and girl in the class do volunteer work
3 A Thirty pounds is a lot to lose in one mouth
B Nine miles were the length of the race
C Five hours of waiting has reduced the kidnapper to bundle of nerves
D Four thousand dollars is the minimum bid for the foreclosed property
4 A Here are the subjects the president will discuss
B There are still several oranges in the baskets
C Here come trouble.
D There’s no table or chairs to be found anywhere
5 A Most of the problems have been solved
B All is ready
C All was concerned
D Several have been spotted at the water hole
6 A Not only the students but also the teacher have signed the petition
B Not a new machine but new workers are needed for the job
C Not only the Arab states but also Venezuela has major oil reserved
D Not only strength but agility is essential in bicycling
7 A Both of the players were late
B Many books on the best-seller list have little literacy value
C Many a prisoner have tried to escape
D Few of the contestants are here yet
8 A half of the rent is missing
B Two-thirds of her house have been painted
C Forty percent is a big commission
D Half of the apartments in the building are without heat
Trang 159 A John is one of the chemists who believe that science is an art
B He is the only one of four candidates who refuse to attend the course
C David is one of the employees who always work overtime
D His grandfather is the only one of his relatives who still goes to church
10 A Either his book or that one contains the information
B Neither the governor nor his top aids were implicated in the scandal
C The records or the stereo has to go
D Neither my roommate nor my sisters plans to move
Trang 161 Qui tắc cơ bản của việc phát âm các từ tận cùng với ‘s’, 'es; ə
Đuôi ‘s’, 'es; có 3 cách phát âm /s/, /z/, /iz/
I ‘s’ được phát âm là /z/ khi đi sau các âm hữu thanh (trừ 3 âm /z/, /ʒ/,/ʤ/)
Ex: bags/bœgz/, kids/kidz/, days/deiz/
Hữu thanh: /b, d, g, v, ð, z,ʒ,ʤ, m,n, ,l,r,,j,w/ + toàn bộ các nguyên âm.
II ’s’ được phát âm là /s/ khi đi sau các âm vô thanh (trừ 3 âm / s,∫,t∫ /
Vô thanh: /p,t,k,f,θ,s,∫,t∫,h/
Ex: bats/bœts/, kits/kits/, dates/deits/
III ‘s’ được phát âm là /iz/ khi đi sau các âm: /s/, /z/, /∫ / /t∫ /dʒ / ʒ /
Ex: washes/ /, kisses/kisiz/, oranges/
2 Qui tắc cơ bản của việc phát âm các từ tận cùng với ’ed’
1) Động từ tận cùng bằng ‘ed’ được phát âm là /d/ khi đi sau các âm hữu thanh (trừ âm d ) Ví dụ: rained /reind/, arrived , explained,
2) Động từ tận cùng bằng ‘ed’ được phát âm là/t/ khi đi sau các âm vô thanh (trừ âm t )
Ví dụ: walked, jumped, missed
3) Động từ tận cùng bằng ‘ed’ được phát âm là /id/ khi đi sau các âm d và t
Ví dụ: wanted, mended
Hữu thanh : b,d,g,v,m,n,l,r,w……+ toàn bộ nguyên âm
Vô thanh: p,t,k,f,s,ƒ,tƒ, h….
Futher practice
Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from others.
1 a village b dangerous c gossip d passenger
2 a which b changeable c each d characteristic
3 a pasture b acquaintancec constant d talkative
4 a uncertain b tell c pursuit d picture
7 a generous b gene c generally d giving
8 a cheese b children c chemical d teacher
9 a machinery b march c cheerfully d merchant
10 a page b message c danger d ringer
11 a language b happen c experience d know
15 a around b hand c nothing d autumn
17 a iron b celebrate c parents d restaurant
19 a friend b anniversary c birthday d cream
20 a children b divorce c married d present
22 a bring b every c remember d party
25 a rhyme b behind c hundred d here
26 a invited b attended c celebrated d displayed
27 a neighbors b friends c relatives d photographs
29 a childless b watching c machine d choose
Trang 1732 a use b umbrella c under d utter
33 a winter b answer c award d towards
35 a student b education c united d truck
38 a summer b club c computer d but
41 a campaign b people c population d pneumonia
42 a number b able c climber d about
43 a psychology b prepare c problem d promote
44 a comb b combine c combat d combust
47 a competition b competitor c contest d question
48 a twinkle b twelve c twin d twofold
49 a sponsored b answered c enjoyed d competed
50 a smoothly b three c enthusiasm d think
Các quy tắc đánh trọng âm trong tiếng Anh
A Quy tắc chung:
Bảng ngữ âm Tiếng Anh
1 Trọng âm không rơi vào âm tiết /ə/
2.Luôn nhấn trọng âm vào các âm tiết có dạng viết như sau:
- ee (n): refug’ee, interview’ee, thir’teen ( ngoại lệ coffee, committee)
- eer: volun’teer, mountai’neer
- ese: Chi’nese, Japa’nese
- ette: ciga’rette, laude’rette, nove’lette
- ique: u’nique, tech’nique
- oo(n): bam’boo, ba’lloon
- ade: melon’ade (ngoại lệ: a ‘comrade, ‘marmalade
- self; him’self, her’self
3 Trong một từ có nhiều chữ “e” thì chữ “e” nào được phát âm là /e/ thì nhấn trọng âm vào âm đó E.g Re‘member inde‘fendence ‘sentence
4 Các từ có chứa các đuôi , - ety, - ity, - ion ,- sion, - cial,- ically, - ious, -eous, - ian, - ior, - iar, iasm, - ience, - iency, - ient, -
ier, - ic, - ics, -ial, -ical, -ible, -uous, -ics*, ium, - logy, - sophy,- graphy - ular, - ulum, ish
thì trọng âm nhấn vào âm tiết ngay trước nó :
de‘cision dic‘tation lib‘rarian ex‘perience ‘premier so‘ciety arti‘ficial su‘perior ef‘ficiency re’public mathe‘matics cou‘rageous fa‘miliar con‘venient ‘finish
Ngoại lệ : ‘cathonic (thiên chúa giáo), ‘lunatic (âm lịch) , ‘arabic (ả rập) , ‘politics (chính trị học) a’rithmetic (số học)
5 Các từ có tận cùng là - ate, - ise/ize, fy thì trọng âm nhấn vào âm tiết thứ 3 từ cuối lên kể từ nó.
com‘municate ‘regulate con‘gratulate ‘concentrate
a‘pologize ‘beautify ‘simplify
* Nếu từ có 2 âm tiết thì nhấn vào âm tiết ngay trước nó.
Trang 18Ngoại trừ: ‘Accuracy
7 Các từ kết thúc bằng các đuôi how, what, where, thì trọng âm chính rơi vào âm tiết thứ 1
‘anywhere ‘somehow ‘somewhere
8 Các tiền tố (prefix) và hậu tố (suffix) không nhận trọng âm:
a) Tiền tố:
OVER- ‘populated over’populated
Ngoại lệ: ‘Understatement (n)
b) Hậu tố
-ER/OR/ANT work, act ‘worker / ‘actor
B Quy tắc riêng:
Cứ theo quy tắc chung mà xác định trọng âm, nếu không theo một quy tắc chung nào thì theo các quy tắc riêng sau:
(Có nhiều cách để xác định trọng âm của từ Khi làm bài, nên kết hợp các quy tắc để tìm ra đáp án đúng nhất.)
1 Với các từ có 2 âm tiết:
Quy tắc 1:
1.1 Đa số các động từ có 2 âm tiết thì trọng âm chính rơi vào âm tiết thứ 2, trừ khi âm tiết thứ 2 chứa âm /ə/ :
en’joy co’llect es’ape de’stroy
re’peat a’llow a’ssist a’ccept
1.2 Đa số các tính từ và danh từ có 2 âm tiết thì trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết thứ nhất
‘mountain ‘motor ‘butcher ‘carpet
‘busy ‘village ‘summer ‘table
Quy tắc 2:
- Quy tắc cho động từ, tính từ, trạng từ, giới từ:
+ Nếu âm tiết thứ 2 có nguyên âm dài hay nguyên âm đôi (trừ /əʊ/ e.g ‘follow) hoặc kết thúc với 2 hay nhiều phụ
âm thì trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết thứ 2:
E.g: ap‘ply arrive inside (â.tiết thứ 2 có n.âm đôi)
Attract assist correct (k.thúc từ 2 p.âm trở lên)
Ngoại lệ: be’low
+ Đối với một số từ có âm tiết 1 là / ə / và âm tiết 2 là / əʊ / thì âm tiết 2 nhận trọng âm vì / ə / không bao giờ
nhận trọng âm của từ.
+ Nếu â.tiết cuối có n.âm ngắn hoặc n.âm đôi / / và có một hoặc không có phụ âm cuối thì chúng ta nhấn trọng
âm vào âm tiết thứ 1.
E.g: enter envy -(n.âm cuối là n.âm ngắn và k có p.âm cuối).
Ngoại lệ: ‘honest ‘perfect…-có tận cùng là 2 p.âm nhưng trọng âm lại rơi vào âm tiết đầu.
- Quy tắc cho danh từ:
+ Nếu âm tiết thứ 2 có nguyên âm ngắn thì trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết đầu
Trang 19+ Nếu âm tiết thứ 2 là nguyên âm đôi hoặc nguyên âm dài thì trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết thứ 2.
2 Với những từ có 3 âm tiết:
Quy tắc 1:
2.1 Danh từ và tính từ có chứa 3 âm tiết ngắn thì trọng âm nhấn vào âm tiết số 1
‘animal ‘hospital ‘violent ‘architect
‘chemistry ‘mineral ‘family ‘cinema
2.2 Động từ có tận cùng là 2 phụ âm thì trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết số 3.
under’tand repre’sent
2.3 Động từ có 3 âm tiết ngắn thì trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết số 2
Re’member dis’cover con’sider
Quy tắc 2:
- Quy tắc đối với động từ và tính từ:
+ Nếu âm tiết cuối là nguyên âm dài, nguyên âm đôi hoặc có tận cùng từ hai phụ âm trở lên thì trọng âm chính rơi vào âm tiết cuối.
+ Nếu âm tiết cuối là nguyên âm ngắn thì nhấn vào âm tiết giữa, nếu âm tiết giữa cũng là nguyên âm ngắn thì trọng âm chính rơi vào âm tiết thứ nhất.
- Quy tắc đối với danh từ:
Chúng ta phải xét từ âm tiết cuối trở về trước.
+ Nếu âm thứ 3 là nguyên âm ngắn hoặc là nguyên âm đôi / / và âm thứ 2 là nguyên âm dài hay nguyên âm đôi thì nhấn vào âm tiết thứ 2.
+ Nếu âm tiết thứ 3 là nguyên âm dài hoặc nguyên âm đôi, hoặc kết thúc bằng nhiều hơn 1 phụ âm thì nhấn vào âm tiết thứ 1.
+ Nếu âm tiết thứ 2 và thứ 3 không có nguyên âm dài và nguyên âm đôi thì trọng âm chính rơi vào âm tiết đầu.
Như vậy, đối với các danh từ 3 âm tiết trở lên thì trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ 1.
3 Với các từ ghép:
3.1 Danh từ ghép thường có trọng âm chính rơi vào âm tiết thứ 1 :
‘raincoat ‘tea- cup ‘film- maker ‘shorthand ‘bookshop ‘footpath
‘hortlist ‘airline
‘bedroom ‘typewriter ‘snowstorm ‘suitcase
3.2 Tính từ ghép thường có trọng âm chính rơi vào âm tiết thứ 1,
‘home - sick ‘air- sick ‘praise-worthy
‘trustworthy ‘ghting- fast ‘water- proof
Nhưng nếu tính từ ghép mà từ đầu tiên là tính từ hay trạng từ (Adjective or adverb) hoặc kết thúc bằng đuôi - ED thì trọng âm chính được nhấn ở từ thứ 2
Tương tự, động từ ghép và trạng từ ghép có trọng âm chính nhấn vào từ thứ 2:
bad- ‘temper short- ‘sighted well- in’formed up’stairs
well – done short- ‘handed north- ‘east down- ‘tream
well – ‘dressed ill – ‘treated down’stairs north – ‘west
II Luyện tập:
D¹ng 1: §¸nh träng ©m cho c¸c tõ
Trang 20D¹ng 2: T×m tõ cã träng ©m ë vÞ trÝ kh¸c víi c¸c tõ cßn l¹i
Exercise 1: Two-syllable words
1 A study B reply C apply D rely
2 A tenant B.common C rubbish D machine
3 A.writer B.teacher C builder D career
4 A decide B defend C desert D demand
5 A.service B.decade C.server D.begin
8 A although B.bracket C.knowledge D neighbor
19 A recently B conduct C attitude D marriage
20 A banquet B schedule C enjoy D blessing
21 A farewell B thoughtful C toward D approach
22 A birthday B cowboy C enjoy D pleasure
24 A ashtray B music C severe D temper
25 A persuade B reduce C offer D apply
26 A farmer B farewell C factory D fairy
27 A cattle B country C canal D cover
28 A money B machine C many D mother
29 A borrow B agree C await D prepare
30 A paper B tonight C lecture D story
Exercise 2: Three-syllable words
2 A acquaintance B unselfish C attraction D humorous
4 A carefully B correctly C seriously D personally
7 A refreshment B horrible C exciting D intention
9 A difficult B relevant C volunteer D interesting 10.A a confidence B supportive C solution D obedient
11 A whenever B mischievous C hospital D separate
13 A develop B conduction C partnership D majority
14 A counterpart B measurement C romantic D attractive
17 A construction B suggestion C accurate D hi-jacket
21 A domestic B investment C substantial D undergo
22 A confiden t B influence C computer D contrary
24 A government B destruction C contribute D depression
25 A institute B consumption C specific d encounter
D¹ng 3: T×m tõ cã träng ©m ë vÞ trÝ kh¸c víi c¸c tõ cßn l¹i
Exercise 1
4) A republic B collector C situation D inscription
7) A intelligent B direct C satisfactory D desire 8) A relationship B command C vocabulary D island
Exercise 2
1) A individual B reputation C experience D scientific
10) A operation B official C community D efficiency
Trang 21Exercise 3:
1) A redundant B harmony C grammatical D essential
4) A unemployed B necessity C generosity D represent
10) A aesthetic B particular C acceptability D disease
Exercise 4
Exercise 5:
Trang 22A philosopher B patriot C atmosphere D habit
Trang 23A periodic B electric C suspicious D contagious
Reported speech – Câu tường thuật/Câu gián tiếp
A Cách chuyển đổi từ lời nói trực tiếp sang lời nói gián tiếp:
A.1 CÁC BIẾN ĐỔI CHUNG:
Để chuyển đổi, cần tuân theo 3 quy tắc:
a Đổi ngôi.
+ Ngôi thứ nhất => ngôi của chủ ngữ trong mệnh đề tường thuật
+ Ngôi thứ 2: thông thường => ngôi thứ 3 hoặc theo ngôi của tân ngữ trong mệnh đề tường thuật
+ Ngôi thứ 3: Không đổi
Chú ý: Ở câu trực tiếp giữ chức năng ngữ pháp gì thì câu gián tiếp vẫn phải như thế Vd câu trực tiếp là chủ ngữ thì khi chuyển ngôi thì chức năng vẫn là chủ ngữ, câu trực tiếp là tính từ sở hữu thì câu gián tiếp vẫn là tính từ sởhữu Chỉ đổi ngôi, không đổi chức năng ngữ pháp
Hoặc các em có thể nhớ cách đổi ngôi một cách tương đối máy móc như sau:
Thông thường, câu trực tiếp sẽ có dạng: A says/said to B: “S + V + ”
+ Nếu trong dấu ngoặc kép có chứa “I, me, my, mine” thì chúng ta sẽ chuyển thành ngôi tương ứng với A Vd: Lan said: “I will visit my parents next week.”
Ở đây chúng ta thấy trong dấu ngoặc kép là đại từ nhân xưng làm chủ ngữ “I”, như thế sẽ tương ứng với yếu tố Achính là Lan, vậy “I” sẽ phải đổi thành đại từ nhân xưng làm tân ngữ là “She”.Tiếp đó là tính từ sở hữu “my” cũng tương ứng với Lan nhưng tính từ sở hữu của Lan phải là “her” Vậy câu này sẽ được viết thành:
Lan said that she would visit her parents next week
+ Nếu trong dấu ngoặc kép có chứa “You, your, yours” thì chúng sẽ được chuyển thành ngôi tương ứng với B – nếu có, hoặc chúng ta có thể lấy một ngôi thứ 3 khác để thay thế
Vd: Minh said to me: “You can use your room tomorrow”
Phân tích tương tự vd ở trên chúng ta sẽ có You => I, your => my
Vậy câu này sẽ được chuyển thành: Minh told me that I could use my room tomorrow
+ Nếu trong dấu ngoặc kép là “We, our, us, ours” thì sẽ được giữ nguyên nếu người nghe cũng nằm trong số được nói đến Nếu người nghe không nằm trong số được nói đến thì sẽ chuyển thành ngôi thứ 3 số nhiều là
“they, their, them, theirs”
Vd: He said to me: “We will have a day off tomorrow.” (We: Chúng tôi, bao gồm cả “tôi” là người nghe Có thể dịch là “Anh ta nói với tôi rằng ngày mai chúng tôi sẽ được nghỉ”)
=> He told me that we would have a day off the next day
He said to me: “We will move to London.” (We: Chúng tôi, không bao gồm tôi Có thể ý nói là cả gia đình anh
ấy sẽ chuyển đến LD)
=> He told me that they would move to London
Khi gặp trường hợp này cần phải xem xét ý nghĩa của câu rồi chuyển
b Đổi các đại từ chỉ định, trạng từ chỉ địa điểm và thời gian:
Trang 24Yesterday => the day before/the previous day
Tomorrow => the next day/the following day
Ago => before
Next + danh từ chỉ thời gian => the following/next + danh từ chỉ thời gian
Last + danh từ chỉ thời gian => the previous + + danh từ chỉ thời gian/the + danh từ chỉ thời gian + before.The day after tomorrow => In two days’ time
Chú ý:
- Nếu lời nói và hành động xảy ra cùng một ngày thì không cần phải đổi thời gian
Vd: At breakfast this morning he said: “I will be busy today.”
=> At breakfast this morning he said that he would be busy today.
c Thay đổi về thì:
Theo nguyên tắc, động từ sẽ được lùi lại một thì
1 Thì hiện tại đơn => Thì quá khứ đơn
2 Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn => Thì quá khứ tiếp diễn
3 Thì hiện tại hoàn thành /Thì quá khứ đơn / Thì quá khứ hoàn thành => Thì quá khứ hoàn thành
4 Thì quá khứ tiếp diễn/Thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn => Thì quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn
5 will/shall => would/should
6 am/is/are => was/were
7 can => could / may => might
Những trường hợp không cần đổi thì:
+ Một số động từ khuyết thiếu: should, had better, ought to, must
+ Khi mệnh đề trực tiếp diễn tả một chân lý, một sự thật hiển nhiên, một định luật khoa học
+ Nội dung trong mệnh đề trực tieps diễn tả sự việc vừa xảy ra, vừa mới nói hay đã nói trong quá khứ nhưng vẫn đúng ở hiện tại
Vd: he said that he still loves her (Hiện tại anh ấy vẫn yêu cô ấy.)
+ Khi động từ tường thuật (say, tell, say to ) ở thì hiện tại đơn, hiện tại hoàn thành, tương lai đơn
Vd: The farmer says: “I hope it will rain tomorrow.”
=>The farmer says that he hopes it will rain tomorrow
A.2 CÁC LOẠI CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT CƠ BẢN:
Có 3 loại câu tường thuật cơ bản:
1.Reported statements(tường thuật dạng câu kể)
S+say(s)/said+(that)+S+V
*says/say to+Otells/tell+O said to+Otold+O
Eg:He said to me”I haven’t finished my work”He told me he hadn’t finished his work
2.Reported questions:(Tường thuật dạng câu hỏi)
a.Yes/No questions:
S+asked/wanted to know/wondered+if/whether+S+V
Eg ”Are you angry?”he askedHe asked if/whether I was angry
(Chuyển câu hỏi ở câu trực tiếp sang dạng khẳng định rồi thực hiện thay đổi thì,trạng từ chỉ thời gian,nơi
Eg.”What are you talking about?”said the teacher
The teacher asked us what we were talking about
3 Tường thuật câu ở các dạng đặc biệt
3.1 Câu tường thuật với động từ theo sau là một “to V”
Trang 25+ Tường thuật mệnh lệnh: tell sb (not) to V – Yêu cầu ai đó làm (không làm) việc gì đó.
Vd: “Put your books away,” said the teacher => The teacher told us to put our books away
+ Tường thuật lời yêu cầu: ask sb (not) to V – Yêu cầu ai đó làm (không làm) việc gì đó
Vd: “Please, don’t smoke in this room.” => The clerk asked him not to smoke in that room
+ Tường thuật lời khuyên: advise sb (not) to V – Khuyên ai đó làm (không nên làm) một việc gì đó
Vd: “If I were you, I wouldn’t drink so much wine,” he said to me => He advised me not to drink so much wine
+ Tường thuật lời hứa: promise (not) to V st – Hứa làm (không làm) gì
Vd: “I’ll give you a hand, if you like,” said Daisy => Daisy promised to give me a hand, if I liked
+ Tường thuật lời đe doạ: threaten (not) to V st – Doạ sẽ làm (không làm) gì
Vd: “Get out or I’ll call the police,” said the woman => The woman threatened to call the police if he didn’t get out
+ Tường thuật lời cảnh báo: warn sb (not) to V st:
Vd: “Don’t touch that wire,” he said => He warned me not to touch that wire
+ Trường thuật lời mời: invite sb to V st – Mời ai đó làm gì
Vd: “Come for dinner with us tonight, will you?” Bill said => Bill invited me to come for dinner with them that night
+ Tường thuật lời nhắc nhở: remind sb (not) to V st: nhắc nhở ai làm (không làm) gì
Vd: “Remember to post my letter on your way,” Wendy said => Wendy reminded me to post her letter on my way
+ Tường thuật lời động viên: encourage sb to V st _- Cổ vũ, động viên ai đó làm gì
Vd: go ahead, you must enter for the contest, Jill!” said Pam => Pam encouraged Jill to enter for the contest.+ Tường thuật lời cầu khẩn: beg/implore sb (not) to V st
Vd: “Please, do me a favour,” said the beggar to Carol => The beggar begged/implored Carol to do him a favour
+ Tường thuật lời gợi ý tự nguyện làm/giúp làm gì đó: offer to V st
Vd: “Shall I help you with the housework?” said Tim to his wife => Tim offered to help his wife with the house work
+ Tường thuật sự đồng ý: agree (not) to V
Vd: “Ok, I’ll take you to work in my car, Sue” said Card => Card agreed to take Sue to work in his car
3.2 Câu tường thuật với động từ theo sau bằng “Gerund – Ving”:
+ Tường thuật lời buộc tội: accused sb of (not) Ving/having p2 st – Buộc tội ai đó đã làm việc gì đó
Vd: “You damaged my new laptop, Dan” said Susan => Susan accused Dan of damaging her new laptop
+ Tường thuật lời thú nhận, thừa nhận đã làm gì: admit (not) Ving/having p2 st – Thừa nhận đã làm việc gì.Vd: “I didn’t tell you the truth, Ron” said Kim =>Kim admitted not telling/not having told Ron the truth
+ Tường thuật lời phủ nhận, chối đã làm việc gì: deny Ving/having p2 st
Vd: “I didn’t break that vase,” said Tom => Tom denied breaking/having broken that vase
+ Tường thuật lời xin lỗi: apologize (to sb) for (not) Ving/having p2 st
Vd: “I’m sorry I’ve kept you waiting.” Said Ann => Ann apologized for having kept me waiting
Trang 26+ Tường thuật lời chúc mừng: congratulate sb on Ving/having p2 st – Chúc mừng ai về việc gì.
Vd: “Congratulations! You won the game!” said the principal => The principal congratulated the students on winning the game
+ Tường thuật lời nài nỉ: insist on Ving st – Khăng khăng làm việc gì đó
Vd: “I must pay for this damage,” the man said => The man insisted on paying for that damage
+ Tường thuật lời đề nghị: suggest Ving st
Vd: Let’s have a picnic this weeken,” Mike said => Mike suggested having a picnic that weekend
+ Tường thuật lời cảm ơn: thanked sb for st/Ving st
Vd: “Thank you very much for your advice,” he said => He thanked me for my advice
“Thank you very much for giving me advice,” he said => He thanked me for giving him advice
+ Tường thuật lời cảnh báo: warn sb against st/Ving st – Cảnh báo ai đừng làm việc gì đó
Vd: “Don’t invest in that business,” said my lawyer,” => My lawyer warned me against investing in that business
+ Tường thuật lời đổ lỗi: blame sb for Ving/having p2 st – Đổ lỗi cho ai về việc gì
Vd: “You are responsible for this falure,” said the director => The director blamed his deputy for that falure
+ Tường thuật lời thú nhận: confess to Ving st – Thú nhận đã làm việc gì
Vd: “It was me who stole the money,” said Jack => Jack confessed to stealing/having stolen the money
3.3 Trường hợp câu trực tiếp là câu điều kiện:
Đối với câu điều kiện, khi tường thuật chúng ta chỉ lùi thì ở câu điều kiện loại 1, câu điều kiện loại 2 và loại 3 không có sự biến đổi về thì
Vd: He said: “If it is sunny tomorrow, we will go swimming.”
=> He said that if it was sunny the next day, we would go swimming
“If I had enough money, I would buy this car,” said Peter => Peter said that if he had enough money, he would buy that car
3.4 Chuyển câu cảm thán từ trực tiếp sang gián tiếp:
Câu cảm thán bắt đầu bằng “What hoặc How ” – Thật là
Có thể được chuyển sang câu gián tiếp bằng 3 cách:
a Dùng exclaim/say that: thốt ra/nói rằng
Vd: “What a lovely garden they have!” => He exclaimed what a lovely garden they had
“How hot it is!” => He said (that) how hot it was
b Dùng “give an exclamation of + delight-vui sướng/disgust-ghê tởm/horror-ghê rợn/relief-nhẹ ngạc nhiên
nhõm/surprise-Vd: “Good!” he exclaimed => He gave an exclamation of satisfaction/pleasure
c Dùng “with an exclamation of + delight/disgust/horror/relief/surprise + S + V ”
Vd: “Ugh!” She exclaimed, and turned the programme off => With an exclamation of disgust she turned the
programme off
LUYỆN TẬP Exercise 1:
Chuyển các câu sau sang câu tường thuật:
1 “What did you do before working for this company, John?” asked Lan
=> Lan asked
2 “I’ll come to see you next Sunday,” Bill said to me
=> Bill promised
Trang 273 “I’m sorry I didn’t ring you earlier,” Tom said to her
=> Tom apologized
4 “It was nice of you to give me the present Thank you,” Miss White said to Peter
=> Miss White thanked
Exercise 2: Choose the best answer:
1: She told him up late.
A not to staying B that he not stayed
2 She said she that film years before.
A saw B has seen C had seen D would see
3: The doctor advised me
A smoke B not smoking C not to smoke D not to smoking
4.Jim……anybody what happened
A.said me not to tell B.said me don’t to tell
C.asked me don’t tell D asked me not to tell
5 My father asked me _ of the film
A what do you think B what I think
C what did you think D what I thought
6 She said that she …….here for six years
A has lived B had lived C would lived D visited
7 “You ought to slow down a bit,” the doctor told him.
A The doctor advised him to slow down
B The doctor made him slow down
C The doctor begged him to slow down
D The doctor threatened him to slow down
8 She said, “I’ll call the police if you don’t leave immediately!”
A She threatened to call the police if he didn’t leave immediately
B she frightened to call the police if he didn’t leave immediately
C She scared to call the police if he didn’t leave immediately
D She said to call the police if he didn’t leave immediately
9 “You stole my best cassatte, Bob!” said Willy
A Willy accused Bob for having stolen his best cassatte
B Willy accused Bob of having stolen his best cassatte
C Willy accused Bob on having stolen his best cassatte
D Willy accused Bob to have stolen his best cassatte
10 “Don’t forget to feed the chicken twice a week,” he said
A He said don’t forget to feed the chicken twice a week
B He told not to forget to feed the chicken twice a week
C He reminded me to feed the chicken twice a week
D He suggested me to feed the chicken twice a week
11 “Well done, Jerry, you’ve passed the driving test!”
A I congratulated Jerry on passing her driving test
B I told that Jerry had passed her driving test
C I told Jerry that she had done well in her driving test
D I congratulated Jerry for passing her driving test
12 “What’s your job?, said the doctor to Mr Thomas.
A The doctor asked Mr Thomas what his job was
B The doctor asked Mr Thomas what his job is
C The doctor asked Mr Thomas what was his job
D The doctor asked Mr Thomas what is his job
13."Hello, Mary!" Peter said '
A Peter said hello Mary B Peter said Mary hello
Trang 28C Peter told Mary hello D Peter greeted Mary
14 "Why don't you ask the teacher for help?" Peter asked me.
A Peter advised me to ask the teacher for help
B Peter recommended me not to ask the teacher for help ,
C Peter told me the reason why I did not ask the teacher for help
D Peter suggested that he should ask the teacher for help
15."How beautiful is the dress you have just bought!" Peter said to Mary.
A Peter promised to buy Mary a beautiful dress
B Peter said thanks to Mary for her beautiful dress
C Peter complimented Mary on her beautiful dress
D Peter asked Mary how she had just bought her beautiful dress
16 Melia said she had learned Vietnamese before she came to Hanoi.
A Melia said, “she has learned Vietnamese before she came to Hanoi”
B Melia said, “I have learned Vietnamese before I came to Hanoi”
C Melia Said, “I have learned Vietnamese before I come to Hanoi”
D Melia said, “ She has learned Vietnamese before she comes to Hanoi”
17 'Don't be so disappointed, Bill You can take the driving test again,' said Helen.
A Helen told Bill not to be disappointed and not to take the driving test again
B Helen told Bill to be disappointed because of the driving test again
C Helen said Bill not to be disappointed in order to take the driving test again
D Helen encouraged Bill to take the driving test again
18 Could you please open the window?
A Would you mind open the window?
B Would you mind to open the window?
C Would you mind opens the window?
D Would you mind opening the window?
19 'No, I didn't steal anything from her,' said Henry.
A Henry confirmed that he had stolen things from her
B Henry refused to steal things from her
C Henry denied stealing things from her
D Henry said no to stealing things from her
20 "Why didn't I get a computer before?" thought Jane
A Jane wondered why she didn't get a computer in the previous time
B Jane wondered why she haven't got a computer in the previous time
C Jane wondered why not she got a computer in the previous time
D Jane wondered why she hadn't got a computer in the previous time
21 He knew that he will be able to pass the exam
Exercise 3: Choose the sentence that is closest in meaning to the one provided:
1 “Don’t play videogames all the time”, he said
A He told the boy not to play video games all the time B He said to the boy not play video games allthe time
C He told to the boy not to play video games all the time D He said the boy not play video games all the time
2 He said “I bought these books last week”.
A He said he bought these books last week B He said he had bought these books last week
Trang 29C He said he had bought those books the week before D He said he bought those books the week before.
3 “Did they tell you when they left?” she said to me.
A She asked me if they told me when they left B She asked me if they told me when they had left
C She asked me if they had told me when they left D She asked me if they had told me when theyhad left
4 “Be careful The water is hot,” she shouted
A She said to be careful because the water is hot B She asked me to be careful because the water was hot
C She told me to be careful because the water is hot D She shouted be careful because the water was hot
5 The teacher ordered not to make so much noise.
A The teacher said us “Not make so much noise” B The teacher told us “Didn’t make so much noise”
C The teacher ordered us “Not to make so much noise” D The teacher said to us “Don’t make so much noise”
6 She asked me if it would rain that night.
A She asked “Would it rain that night?” B She said “It would rain that night”
C She asked “Will it rain tonight?” D She said to me “It will rain tonight?”
7 He asked me where I was going on my vacation that year.
A He asked me “Where I was going on my vacation that year?”
B He asked me “Where was I going on my vacation that year?”
C He asked me “Where you are going on your vacation that year?”
D He asked me “Where are you going on your vacation this year?”
8 “No, it is not true, I didn’t steal the money”
Jean (denied, refused, promised not, confess) stealing the money
9 “Why don’t we go to the cinema this evening?”
Peter (asked for, insisted, suggested, offered) going to the cinema
10 “I’ve broken your pen I’m awfully sorry Jack”
David (doubted, admitted, confessed, apologized) for breaking Jack’s pen
11 “Don’t forget to post my letter, will you, Sue?”
Diana (reminded, suggested, remembered, ordered) Sue to post her letter
12 “Let me carry your suitcase, Mary”
Harry (offered, asked, suggested, decided) to carry Mary’s suitcase
13 “Don’t worry, Martin, I’ll bring your books back
Leslie (agree, said, promise, remembered) to bring Martin’s books back
14.“You have not done your homework well,” said the teacher to me.
A The teacher told me I hadn’t done my homework well
B The teacher told me I haven’t done my homework well
C the teacher told me I hadn’t done your homework well
D The teacher told me I hadn’t done his homework well
15.“This man spoke to me on the road,” said the woman.
A The woman said that man had spoken to me on the road
B The woman said that man has spoken to her on the road
C The woman said that man spoke to her on the road
D The woman said that man had spoken to her on the road
16.“I can’t explain this rule to you,” said my classmate to me.
A My classmate told me he/she can’t explain that rule to me
B My classmate told me he/she couldn’t explain that rule to me
C My classmate told me he/she couldn’t explain that rule to you
D My classmate said me he/she couldn’t explain that rule to me