nghiên cứu tác động đến môi trường tự nhiên của quá trình đô thị hóa ở thành phố vinh, tỉnh nghệ an bản tóm tắt tiếng anh

- 1 - INTRODUCTION 1. Necessity of the studya Vinh is a long - standing place which has formed and developed since the end of 19 th century. During the developing process, Vinh has been the centre of politics, economy, cuture of Nghe An province and the North of the centre. In the period of innovation, Vinh’s economy has been developing rapidly, the process of urbanization has been promoted, especially, Vinh has become grade I city directly under Nghe An province. However, the natural environment has been polluted causing a lot of affect on the development of the city and living quality of the people. To ensure Vinh city with widening its space, population and its basic of economy-technology, social infrastructure with sustainable development, the Ph.D finds that it is necessary to do research on the environmental effect in the process of urbanization in Vinh. From the real requirement and inheritance of the achievement of the previous studies on the thesis of urban environment, the Ph.D has chosen the title “Studying the impact of the urbanization process on the natural environment in Vinh city, Nghe An province”. 2. Objectives and duties of the study 2.1. Objectives Analyse the effects on the natural environment in the process of urbanization and suggest some solutions to urban development, environmental protection in Vinh city. 2.2. Duties - Have an overview of the theoretic and real problems about the effects on the national environment in the process of urbanization. - Analyse the actual state and changes of natural environment in Vinh city. - Alnalyse the effects on the natural environment in the process of urbanization in Vinh city. - Suggest some solutions of managing and overseeing the process of urbanization and decreasing pollution, protecting natural environment in Vinh city. 3. Scope of the study 3.1. The scope of space and time - The thesis was carried out in the limit of the territory that belongs to the administrative territory of Vinh city. 1 - 2 - - The research mainly took place from 2000 to 2011. 3.2. The limit of the content - The thesis focused on rearching, evaluating the effects on natural environment in process of urbanization. It includes: + Air environment + Water environment + Soil environment - Basing on the result of the rearch, Ph.D suggested the orientation of the urban development and some solutions to protecting environment in Vinh city. - The thesis didn’t focus on the effect of the process of urbanization on economical social enviroinment in Vinh city. 4. Viewpoint and research methods 4.1. Viewpoint The approach of the thesis was based on research viewpoint; systematic viewpoint, territorial viewpoint, historical viewpoint and the viewpoint of sustainable development. 4.2. Research methodogy To meet the objectives and duties of the research, the thesis was applied the following research methodologies: investigation, real survey, data collection, statistical process, analysis, general evaluation, methodology physiochemical analysis, methology of maps and system of geographical date. 5. Defended arguments - In recent years, the process of urbanization in the city of Vinh has been quite slow due to speed of industrialization is not high, mainly from the expansion of urban space. This urban space expansion process though is not in high level however has led to transformation in the natural environment, pressure on social - economic development and urban environmental protection. - Assessing the impact of the urbanization process on the natural environment in Vinh city is a scientific basis for proposing solution to protect the natural environment, urban development toward sustainability. 6. New contributions 2 - 3 - - The geographical method has been applied in the dissertation to study impact on the natural environment of the process of urbanization in Vinh city. This is the scientific basis to analyze the current situation and changes of natural environment, identify the factors affecting the natural environment of the urbanization process in Vinh city. - The dissertation has developed criteria to quantitative assess level of impact on the natural environment of the urbanization process in Vinh city. - The dissertation has proposed solutions for urban development, protection of the natural environment in order to address currently practical problems of urbanization process in Vinh city in the direction of sustainable development. 7. Scientific and practical significance - The reseach result approved the characteristiccs of the process of urbanization, actual state and the changes of natural environment. From these, it contributed to perfect methodology as well as reseach method of the process of urbanization in the trend of sustainable development. - The thesis has evaluated the negative effects on the natural environment of the process of urbanization in Vinh city and has suggested some solutions to control the process of the urbanization and protecting the environment in order to develop Vinh city with the sustainable approach. 8. Database The thesis was finished basing on statistical data of Vinh people’s committee, Center of Monitoring and Environmental Engineering Nghe An. The references were collected during reseaching process and they were the ones bring present in competitions at school level, city level and province level. 9. Table of content Apart from Introduction and Conclusion, the thesis includes 4 chapters: Chapter 1: Theoretical and practical bases of the research on the effects on the effect on the natural environment of the process of urbanization. Chapter 2: Current status and change of natural environmental in Vinh city in the period 2000 - 2011. Chapter 3: Assessment on impacts of natural environmental during the urbanization process in Vinh city. 3 - 4 - Chapter 4: Propose solutions to protect natural environment, ensure sustainable development during urbanization in Vinh city. 4 - 5 - CHAPTER 1 THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL BASES OF THE RESEARCH ON THE EFFECTS ON THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE PROCESS OF URBANIZATION 1.1. NATURAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE URBAN AREA 1.1.1. Environment The law of environment in Vietnam defined: “Environment consists of natural elements, artifical subtance elements which have a close relation around human and have influence on the life, production, existence and development of human and nature”. 1.1.2. Natural environment Natural environment is a synthesis of natural elements, natural condition which always have mutual impact, make their changes and always have influence on man’s life, on the existence and development of human beings. Air environment is the air surrounding the earth which consists of atmosphere zones, types of substances, organic elements, inorganic elements… Air pollution is the presence of a strange substance or an important change in the air ingredient which makes the air unfresh, smell, dusty, visional lost. Water environment is the water area on the earth, which consists of rivers, lakes, streams, water under the ground, ice and steam, water pollution is the presence of one or more strange substances in water evenly that substance is harmful or not. Soil environment consists of the inorganic and organic substainces as well as the formation and development of soil environment in certain areas. Soil pollution is the phenimenons causing the environmental contamination from pollution. Natural environment is capable of providing human beings and organisms with living space. Besides, it contains and provides natural resoursces. Moreover, natural environment can contains and then itself can clean the discarded stuffs caused by human beings and organisms which consequently can reduce the nagetive effects on them. It can also save and supply the earth information. 5 - 6 - The environmental pollution level is calculated by basing on the comparision between the concentration of real measurement data and the concentration given by the national standards. 1.1.3. Natural environment of the urban area Natural environment of the urban area consists of natural components which exist, move and change together with the existance and development of each city. 1.2. URBANIZATION AND ITS EFFECTS ON NATURAL ENVIRONMENT 1.2.1. The nature of urbanization 1.2.1.1. The definition of city and orbanization The city definition has change over time and space. According to the Vietnamese encyclopedia: “City is the resident in space which people live and work in an non-agricultural economic area”. Mr Dam Trung Phuong, in “Vietnamese cities”, defined uranization as a process of labor transition, from primary activities which exploit available resources such as agricutural - forestry, fishery and mining which distribute in a large area to more concentrated activities such as processing industry, producing, basic building, reparation of transports, service, trade, finance, scientific technology and so on. We can also say that urbanization is the movement from agricultural activities to concentrated non-agricultural activities in some suitable areas. 1.2.1.2. Characteristics of urbanization process Urbanization is a social and historical process. In each developing period, there is an respectively developed urban system because urban honestly reflect the development level of productive forces and the social organization of that time. This is a complex transformation and movement process with economic - social, cultural, spacial and environmental rules. The rules of urbanization are shown in the urban population growth, population distribution change, career transfer, urban economic development, urban expansion and changes in the landscape architecture and urban space frame. Urbanization is the process of economic restructuring transferring and urban ecosystem changing. These two processes overlap, depend on one another and have a close organic, causal relationship. Urbanization associates with the industrialization and modernization process. Nowadays, urbanization has become an inevitable and global process. 1.2.2. Urbanization process’ impacts to the natural environment 6 - 7 - - Urbanization’s positive impacts to the natural environment Urbanization process associates with the expansion and development of urban space, creates potentials for urban development and modernization of buildings, facilities and technical infrastructure, the quality improvement of urban environment and the living space of the community. - Urbanization’s positive impacts to the natural environment On the one hand, land resource is exploited for urban construction leads to the reduction of green area and water, causing flooding, together with the increase of water need for life, services and production leading to the degradation of water resource. On the other hand, the expansion of urban space leads to misappropriation of farm land, affecting national food safety issues and lives of suburban population. Industrial manufacturing thrives giving rise to a large amount of waste, including hazardous waste; motorized traffic explosion causes serious air pollution and noises. Urbanization increases the flow of migrants from rural to urban areas, causing significant pressure on employment, housing and sanitation, forming "slums" and the poor urban areas. All resonate and degrade the quality of the urban environment, affect health and life of the people, threaten the stable, long-term and sustainable development of urban areas. 1.2.3. Factors impact on the natural environment from urbanization process - The development of economic activities In urbanization and industrialization process, the production and business activities, especially the production of industrial activity is the main cause of environmental change. The urbanization process has been promoted, the scale of production increased, leading to the volume of natural materials should be exploited and used for the needs of production also increase proportionally. Along with the increase in the scale of production, the type of waste generated not only increase in the number but its components is also increasingly complex, especially the increase of harmful ingredients that dangerous for the environment. Inaddition, the impact of the transport sector (mainly from emissions of motor vehicles), the impact of agricultural production (primarily through the use of fertilizers and chemicals of plant protection) is also should be mentioned. - The increase in urban population The more urbanization process has been promoted, the higher concentration of urban population, the more urban population is increasing, and the volume of domestic waste also increases correspondingly. In the condition of the management and 7 - 8 - controllability is not tight, urban infrastructure system does not grow up, residential environmental protection consciousness is limited, so the rapid increase of urban population with increasing rapidly in volume and complex of household waste has been one of the main reasons causing serious environmental pollution in urban areas. - The management policy and urban development. Urbanization process and its impact on the socio-economic environment are going quickly and become challenging of administrative capacity of municipalities. If development policy and urban management is suite, it will create a positive impact to the natural environment, incontrast; it will increase pressure and change the natural environment into the worse trend. 1.2.4. The criteria for assessing the impact of the urbanization process on the natural environment in Vinh city. Based on the results of research and consultation with experts, author has selected five main criteria to evaluate the impact on the natural environment (air, land, water) of the urbanization process in Vinh city. ▪ Water and waste production over time (K 1 ). ▪ The amount of municipal solid waste over time (K 2 ). ▪ Polluting emissions due to transportation activities over time (K 3 ). ▪ The amount of fertilizer for farmland trong/1ha trees over time (K 4 ). ▪ The ratio of land producing non-agricultural business/natural land area of the whole study area (K 5 ). 1.3. OVERVIEW RESEARCH ON IMPACTS OF URBANIZATION ON NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL. 1.3.1. The international study Many scientists around the world have in depth studied on the issue of urbanization and urban environmental protection, especially scientists in the country, the region has developed industry sector as the U.S., Europe, the Soviet Union (former name of Russia) Urban sustainable development have been interested and researched by many scientific organizations. From the 30s of XX century, the international seminar discussed on the formation and development of the urban system, urban environmental protection around the world, especially the UN Summits on Sustainable Development. 1.3.2. The national study 8 - 9 - Urbanization and environmental protection issues have been focused research, especially in recent years. Many research works in this field have been published, notably the reseach on Municipality of Dam Trung Phuong, Truong Quang Thao, Nguyen Huu Thai, Do Thi Minh Duc The research on urban environmental protection of Le Van Khoa, Luu Duc Hai, Le Huy Ba, Hoang Xuan Co, Nguyen Dinh Hoe, Dao Hoang Tuan In Nghe An, there are some research on the urban environment of Mai Trong Thong and other authors. Inheriting the research work of the national and international authors, PhD candidate has selected to study the effects of the natural environment urbanization process in Vinh city. This is a problem that practice setting for the current Urbanization process in Vinh city toward sustainable way. 9 - 10 - CHAPTER 2. CURRENT STATUS AND CHANGE OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL IN VINH CITY IN THE PERIOD 2000 – 2011 2.1. NATURAL ENVIRONMENT IN VINH CITY 2.1.1. Current status of air environment Air pollution is a pressing issue for the urban environment. The sources of urban air pollution, mainly due to transportation activities, industrial production, construction, residential activities and waste treatment - including air pollution caused by transportation activities accounted for about 70%. Table 2.1. Ambient air quality in Vinh city in 2011 No Places SO 2 (mg/m 3 ) CO (mg/m 3 ) NO 2 (mg/m 3 ) Dust (mg/m 3 ) Noise (dBA) Total 1 Vinh market intersection 0,146 15,408 0,317 0,439 80 2 2 Quan Banh intersection 0,065 20,060 0,526 0,201 78 3 3 Ben Thuy intersection 0,159 19,770 0,082 0,189 72 1 4 Ho Chi Minh square 0,048 2,290 0,039 0,096 68 0 5 Bac Vinh industrial zone 0,040 6,870 0,092 0,295 66 0 6 Dong Vinh industrial group 0,060 11,450 0,205 0,110 68 1 7 Nghi Phu industrial group 0,051 13,740 0,110 0,169 66 0 8 Hung Loc industrial group 0,065 9,160 0,060 0,127 64 0 9 Cau Duoc cement plant 0,399 18,132 0,257 0,480 53,2 3 10 Nghe Tinh Coal factory 0,033 0,810 0,016 1,117 67 3 11 Sai Gon–Nghe An JSC beer company 0,514 7,460 0,582 0,218 68 5 12 Nghe An JSC automobile engineering company 0,017 1,001 0,016 0,435 74 2 13 Nghe An General hospital 0,342 1,270 0,304 0,067 60 2 14 Vinh General hospital 0,05 2,886 0,01 0,123 62 0 VN Standard 05:2009/MONRE, VN Standard 26:2010/MONRE 0,350 30,0 0,200 0,300 70 Source: Center of Monitoring and Environmental Engineering Nghe An Based on the current regulations and measurements at the measuring point, Ph.D candidate has conducted hierarchical assessment of air pollution level for each criterion. To assess the air quality synthesis of Vinh city, algorithm for the pollution levels of each factor was used, then aggregate score of each environment component and classify levels of air pollution. 10 [...]... Solutions for urban development, management of urbanization process in Vinh city - Improving the quality of planning, implementation and management of urban planning Upgrade, improve and develop a comprehensive system of technical infrastructure in urban area - Urbaniation management process: Develop the urban economics, increase the attractiveness of city, speed up the mechanical population, focuse on... measures in Vinh city Among the solutions of urban development, management of urbanization process has proposed specific measures related to improving the quality of planning, implementation and management of urban planning, process of urbanization management; upgrade, improvement and development of a comprehensive system of technical infrastructure in urban areas Among solutions proposed the specific... of urban development process and its impact on the natural environment of urbanization process in Vinh city - Views, guidelines and policies of the Party and State on urban development and environmental protection - Objectives and orientations of socio-economic development in Vinh city 4.2 SOLUTIONS FOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN VINH CITY AND NATURAL 4.2.1 Solutions for urban development,... canals Results of the evaluation of the indicators show that water quality in the canal of Vinh city is generally contaminated with medium to high pollution Table 2.6 Water quality of the canals, channels in Vinh, 2011 Unit: mg/l No Parameters Unit Bac N3 canal canal Hong Nguyen Thong Bang Viet bridge channel Xuan channel VN Standard 08:2008/ MONRE (B2 collum) 25 50 0,05 1 0,5 0,05 0,1 10.000 1 BOD5 mg/l... pretty badly, and target, concentration of pollution has been increased day by 15 - 16 - day Urban areas, groundwater is less polluted, and the concentration of pollutants changes slower 3.2.3 Change of soil environment in Vinh City Agricultural land is gradually reduced due to the urbanization process which has taken a part of agricultural land Agricultural production has transformed the land environment,... in Vinh city still has many inadequacies, adverse impacts to the natural environment It is the lack of effective in planning and implementation of urban planning, employment policies for 18 - 19 - farmers after acquisition of agricultural land; management policy, pollution control during building urban works missing closely; policy of technical infrastructure development and urban social infrastructure... many areas during the rainy season, even after a and short days and little rainfall 3.2.2.2 The change of groundwater environment Monitoring results of Nghe An Natural Resources and Environment Department in the past few years has shown that contents of Cl -, Mn and Coliform of groundwater has exceeded QCCP, especially Cl- and Coliform The other components of ground water has got a litter change and... waste canals of Vinh city contaminated from moderate to severe level Serious pollution is happening in Bac canal and N3 canal, these are two major sewage canals of the city, the wastewater is dumped into Lam river 2.1.2.2 Environmental status of groundwater The analytical results show that most of aquifer near the ground is a sign of contamination by iron, organic compounds, inorganic and microorganisms... communities - Application of environmental management systems - Development of industrial ecology 4.2.2.3 Measures of environmental protection ■ For handling waste water and surface water - Long-term solutions to ensure water quality and ecology of rivers and lakes in the area is to clean water flowing into rivers and lakes - Plan a complete and comprehensive drainage and wastewater treatment system to improve... highlights for the urban landscape Public space is built and expanded Green space is invested properly The area of green land per capita is higher than in urban areas throughout the country and is growing Garbage collection rate is increasing day by day The contaminated lakes have been rehabilitated and returned a blue water color (Goong lake, Ben Thuy lake, Cua Nam lake ), many artificial lakes were . urban population growth, population distribution change, career transfer, urban economic development, urban expansion and changes in the landscape architecture and urban space frame. Urbanization. infrastructure and urban management. The expansion of existing urban areas and scale is based on the formation of new urban areas, wards and communes which are a salient feature of urbanization. consists of atmosphere zones, types of substances, organic elements, inorganic elements… Air pollution is the presence of a strange substance or an important change in the air ingredient which makes