From the real requirement and inheritance of the achievement of the previous studies on the thesis of urban environment, the Ph.D has chosen the title “Studying the impact of the urbaniz
Trang 11 Necessity of the studya
Vinh is a long - standing place which has formed and developed since the end of
19th century During the developing process, Vinh has been the centre of politics,economy, cuture of Nghe An province and the North of the centre In the period ofinnovation, Vinh’s economy has been developing rapidly, the process of urbanizationhas been promoted, especially, Vinh has become grade I city directly under Nghe Anprovince However, the natural environment has been polluted causing a lot of affect
on the development of the city and living quality of the people To ensure Vinh citywith widening its space, population and its basic of economy-technology, socialinfrastructure with sustainable development, the Ph.D finds that it is necessary to doresearch on the environmental effect in the process of urbanization in Vinh
From the real requirement and inheritance of the achievement of the previous
studies on the thesis of urban environment, the Ph.D has chosen the title “Studying the impact of the urbanization process on the natural environment in Vinh city, Nghe An
2.2 Duties
- Have an overview of the theoretic and real problems about the effects on thenational environment in the process of urbanization
- Analyse the actual state and changes of natural environment in Vinh city
- Alnalyse the effects on the natural environment in the process of urbanization
in Vinh city
- Suggest some solutions of managing and overseeing the process ofurbanization and decreasing pollution, protecting natural environment in Vinh city
3 Scope of the study
3.1 The scope of space and time
- The thesis was carried out in the limit of the territory that belongs to theadministrative territory of Vinh city
Trang 2- The research mainly took place from 2000 to 2011.
3.2 The limit of the content
- The thesis focused on rearching, evaluating the effects on natural environment
in process of urbanization It includes:
4.2 Research methodogy
To meet the objectives and duties of the research, the thesis was applied thefollowing research methodologies: investigation, real survey, data collection, statisticalprocess, analysis, general evaluation, methodology physiochemical analysis,methology of maps and system of geographical date
5 Defended arguments
- In recent years, the process of urbanization in the city of Vinh has been quiteslow due to speed of industrialization is not high, mainly from the expansion of urbanspace This urban space expansion process though is not in high level however has led
to transformation in the natural environment, pressure on social - economicdevelopment and urban environmental protection
- Assessing the impact of the urbanization process on the natural environment in
Vinh city is a scientific basis for proposing solution to protect the natural environment,urban development toward sustainability
6 New contributions
Trang 3- The geographical method has been applied in the dissertation to study impact
on the natural environment of the process of urbanization in Vinh city This is thescientific basis to analyze the current situation and changes of natural environment,identify the factors affecting the natural environment of the urbanization process inVinh city
- The dissertation has developed criteria to quantitative assess level of impact onthe natural environment of the urbanization process in Vinh city
- The dissertation has proposed solutions for urban development, protection ofthe natural environment in order to address currently practical problems ofurbanization process in Vinh city in the direction of sustainable development
7 Scientific and practical significance
- The reseach result approved the characteristiccs of the process of urbanization,actual state and the changes of natural environment From these, it contributed toperfect methodology as well as reseach method of the process of urbanization in thetrend of sustainable development
- The thesis has evaluated the negative effects on the natural environment of theprocess of urbanization in Vinh city and has suggested some solutions to control theprocess of the urbanization and protecting the environment in order to develop Vinhcity with the sustainable approach
Apart from Introduction and Conclusion, the thesis includes 4 chapters:
Chapter 1: Theoretical and practical bases of the research on the effects on theeffect on the natural environment of the process of urbanization
Chapter 2: Current status and change of natural environmental in Vinh city inthe period 2000 - 2011
Chapter 3: Assessment on impacts of natural environmental during theurbanization process in Vinh city
Trang 4Chapter 4: Propose solutions to protect natural environment, ensure sustainable
development during urbanization in Vinh city.
Trang 5CHAPTER 1 THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL BASES OF THE RESEARCH ON THE
1.1.2 Natural environment
Natural environment is a synthesis of natural elements, natural condition whichalways have mutual impact, make their changes and always have influence on man’slife, on the existence and development of human beings
Air environment is the air surrounding the earth which consists of atmospherezones, types of substances, organic elements, inorganic elements… Air pollution is thepresence of a strange substance or an important change in the air ingredient whichmakes the air unfresh, smell, dusty, visional lost
Water environment is the water area on the earth, which consists of rivers, lakes,streams, water under the ground, ice and steam, water pollution is the presence of one
or more strange substances in water evenly that substance is harmful or not
Soil environment consists of the inorganic and organic substainces as well as theformation and development of soil environment in certain areas Soil pollution is thephenimenons causing the environmental contamination from pollution
Natural environment is capable of providing human beings and organisms withliving space Besides, it contains and provides natural resoursces Moreover, naturalenvironment can contains and then itself can clean the discarded stuffs caused byhuman beings and organisms which consequently can reduce the nagetive effects onthem It can also save and supply the earth information
Trang 6The environmental pollution level is calculated by basing on the comparisionbetween the concentration of real measurement data and the concentration given by thenational standards.
1.1.3 Natural environment of the urban area
Natural environment of the urban area consists of natural components whichexist, move and change together with the existance and development of each city
1.2 URBANIZATION AND ITS EFFECTS ON NATURAL ENVIRONMENT 1.2.1 The nature of urbanization
1.2.1.1 The definition of city and orbanization
The city definition has change over time and space According to the
Vietnamese encyclopedia: “City is the resident in space which people live and work in
an non-agricultural economic area”
Mr Dam Trung Phuong, in “Vietnamese cities”, defined uranization as a process
of labor transition, from primary activities which exploit available resources such asagricutural - forestry, fishery and mining which distribute in a large area to moreconcentrated activities such as processing industry, producing, basic building,reparation of transports, service, trade, finance, scientific technology and so on Wecan also say that urbanization is the movement from agricultural activities toconcentrated non-agricultural activities in some suitable areas
1.2.1.2 Characteristics of urbanization process
Urbanization is a social and historical process In each developing period, there
is an respectively developed urban system because urban honestly reflect thedevelopment level of productive forces and the social organization of that time
This is a complex transformation and movement process with economic - social,cultural, spacial and environmental rules The rules of urbanization are shown in theurban population growth, population distribution change, career transfer, urbaneconomic development, urban expansion and changes in the landscape architecture andurban space frame Urbanization is the process of economic restructuring transferringand urban ecosystem changing These two processes overlap, depend on one anotherand have a close organic, causal relationship Urbanization associates with theindustrialization and modernization process Nowadays, urbanization has become aninevitable and global process
1.2.2 Urbanization process’ impacts to the natural environment
Trang 7- Urbanization’s positive impacts to the natural environment
Urbanization process associates with the expansion and development of urbanspace, creates potentials for urban development and modernization of buildings,facilities and technical infrastructure, the quality improvement of urban environmentand the living space of the community
- Urbanization’s positive impacts to the natural environment
On the one hand, land resource is exploited for urban construction leads to thereduction of green area and water, causing flooding, together with the increase of waterneed for life, services and production leading to the degradation of water resource Onthe other hand, the expansion of urban space leads to misappropriation of farm land,affecting national food safety issues and lives of suburban population Industrialmanufacturing thrives giving rise to a large amount of waste, including hazardouswaste; motorized traffic explosion causes serious air pollution and noises Urbanizationincreases the flow of migrants from rural to urban areas, causing significant pressure
on employment, housing and sanitation, forming "slums" and the poor urban areas Allresonate and degrade the quality of the urban environment, affect health and life of thepeople, threaten the stable, long-term and sustainable development of urban areas
1.2.3 Factors impact on the natural environment from urbanization process
- The development of economic activities
In urbanization and industrialization process, the production and businessactivities, especially the production of industrial activity is the main cause ofenvironmental change The urbanization process has been promoted, the scale ofproduction increased, leading to the volume of natural materials should be exploitedand used for the needs of production also increase proportionally Along with theincrease in the scale of production, the type of waste generated not only increase in thenumber but its components is also increasingly complex, especially the increase ofharmful ingredients that dangerous for the environment
Inaddition, the impact of the transport sector (mainly from emissions of motorvehicles), the impact of agricultural production (primarily through the use of fertilizersand chemicals of plant protection) is also should be mentioned
- The increase in urban population
The more urbanization process has been promoted, the higher concentration ofurban population, the more urban population is increasing, and the volume of domesticwaste also increases correspondingly In the condition of the management and
Trang 8controllability is not tight, urban infrastructure system does not grow up, residentialenvironmental protection consciousness is limited, so the rapid increase of urbanpopulation with increasing rapidly in volume and complex of household waste has beenone of the main reasons causing serious environmental pollution in urban areas.
- The management policy and urban development.
Urbanization process and its impact on the socio-economic environment aregoing quickly and become challenging of administrative capacity of municipalities Ifdevelopment policy and urban management is suite, it will create a positive impact tothe natural environment, incontrast; it will increase pressure and change the naturalenvironment into the worse trend
1.2.4 The criteria for assessing the impact of the urbanization process on the natural environment in Vinh city.
Based on the results of research and consultation with experts, author hasselected five main criteria to evaluate the impact on the natural environment (air, land,water) of the urbanization process in Vinh city
▪ Water and waste production over time (K1)
▪ The amount of municipal solid waste over time (K2)
▪ Polluting emissions due to transportation activities over time (K3)
▪ The amount of fertilizer for farmland trong/1ha trees over time (K4)
▪ The ratio of land producing non-agricultural business/natural land area of thewhole study area (K5)
1.3 OVERVIEW RESEARCH ON IMPACTS OF URBANIZATION ON NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL.
1.3.1 The international study
Many scientists around the world have in depth studied on the issue ofurbanization and urban environmental protection, especially scientists in the country,the region has developed industry sector as the U.S., Europe, the Soviet Union (formername of Russia) Urban sustainable development have been interested and researched
by many scientific organizations From the 30s of XX century, the internationalseminar discussed on the formation and development of the urban system, urbanenvironmental protection around the world, especially the UN Summits on SustainableDevelopment
1.3.2 The national study
Trang 9Urbanization and environmental protection issues have been focused research,especially in recent years Many research works in this field have been published,notably the reseach on Municipality of Dam Trung Phuong, Truong Quang Thao,Nguyen Huu Thai, Do Thi Minh Duc The research on urban environmentalprotection of Le Van Khoa, Luu Duc Hai, Le Huy Ba, Hoang Xuan Co, Nguyen DinhHoe, Dao Hoang Tuan
In Nghe An, there are some research on the urban environment of Mai TrongThong and other authors Inheriting the research work of the national and internationalauthors, PhD candidate has selected to study the effects of the natural environmenturbanization process in Vinh city
This is a problem that practice setting for the current Urbanization process inVinh city toward sustainable way
Trang 10CHAPTER 2.
CURRENT STATUS AND CHANGE OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL IN
VINH CITY IN THE PERIOD 2000 – 2011
2.1 NATURAL ENVIRONMENT IN VINH CITY
2.1.1 Current status of air environment
Air pollution is a pressing issue for the urban environment The sources of urbanair pollution, mainly due to transportation activities, industrial production, construction,residential activities and waste treatment - including air pollution caused bytransportation activities accounted for about 70%
Table 2.1 Ambient air quality in Vinh city in 2011
1 Vinh market intersection 0,146 15,408 0,317 0,439 80 2
2 Quan Banh intersection 0,065 20,060 0,526 0,201 78 3
5 Bac Vinh industrial zone 0,040 6,870 0,092 0,295 66 0
6 Dong Vinh industrial group 0,060 11,450 0,205 0,110 68 1
7 Nghi Phu industrial group 0,051 13,740 0,110 0,169 66 0
8 Hung Loc industrial group 0,065 9,160 0,060 0,127 64 0
9 Cau Duoc cement plant 0,399 18,132 0,257 0,480 53,2 3
10 Nghe Tinh Coal factory 0,033 0,810 0,016 1,117 67 3
11 Sai Gon–Nghe An JSC beer
13 Nghe An General hospital 0,342 1,270 0,304 0,067 60 2
Source: Center of Monitoring and Environmental Engineering Nghe An
Based on the current regulations and measurements at the measuring point, Ph.Dcandidate has conducted hierarchical assessment of air pollution level for eachcriterion To assess the air quality synthesis of Vinh city, algorithm for the pollution
Trang 11levels of each factor was used, then aggregate score of each environment componentand classify levels of air pollution
Based on the results of the assessment of the current status of the air environment
in Vinh city in 2011, Ph.D candidate has established air pollution status map of Vinhcity On the map showing assessment results of air pollution in points of monitoringsites through four levels: non-pollution, low pollution, medium pollution and highpollution
Evaluation results shown that Cau Duoc Cement Plant, Nghe Tinh CoalCompany, Nghe An Automobile Engineering Company, Nghe An General Hospital,Vinh Market Intersection, Quan Banh Intersection, Ben Thuy ward, Le Loi ward,Quang Trung ward and southwest edge of Cua Nam ward area has low pollution level.Causes of pollution in these areas are mainly due to high dust concentration and SO2
content This is place where gather of factories in building material production,engineering, business and transportation operations The area has an average level ofpollution is Truong Thi ward, where Sai Gon - Nghe An Beer JSC located Unpollutedair environment covered major of the city area This is place where there are fewindustries or new industrial zones with modern production technology so the emissionlevel is not high
2.1.2 Current status of water environment.
The water environment in Vinh city has been contaminated by the production andliving activities of human
2.1.2.1 Current status of surface water environment
a) River water, lake water
Vinh city is the downstream of the Ca River (Lam River); therefore, it received theentire waste disposal from many drainage structures There was sign of water pollution,most significant is an increase in a typical indicators as well as the organic matter in thewater compared to the upstream flow BOD5 concentrations exceeding 2.67 timescompared to Vietnam standard, COD 1.47 times, NO2-3 3.3 times; Fe 1.49 times; NH4+ 8.2times, CN-3 3.7 times Currently, most of the lakes, ponds, canals and rivers in urban areasare contaminated in excess of the allowable limits; some of them have become a channel
of waste water
Table 2.3 Surface water quality of Lam river and lakes in Vinh city in 2011
No Parameter Unit
Lam river (Ben Thuy
Goon
g lake
Cua Nam
Bay Mau
VN Standard
Trang 12s bridge) lake lake 08:2008/
Source: Project "Investigation and evaluation of factors affecting on natural
resources, soil and water environment in Vinh city"
Surface water quality was also assessed according to the method of scoring eachcriteria pollutant composition and hierarchy of 4 levels (no pollution, low pollution,medium pollution and high pollution)
b) Water in wastewater canals
Results of the evaluation of the indicators show that water quality in the canal ofVinh city is generally contaminated with medium to high pollution
Table 2.6 Water quality of the canals, channels in Vinh, 2011
Unit: mg/l
No Parameters Unit
Bac canal
N 3 canal
Hong Bang channel
Nguyen Viet Xuan channel
Thong bridge
VN Standard 08:2008/ MONRE (B 2 collum)