Giáo trình luyện thi ĐH môn Anh Văn

chuyện xảy ra trước một thời điểm hay một hành động khác trong quá khứ.before, after, by the time, by + point of time in the past * Had + V3/-ed Tương tự past perfect tense, nhưng để

Preparation course for

TABLE OF CONTENTS



Unit 1 : TENSES 1

Unit 2: SEQUENCES OF TENSES IN ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME 11

Unit 3 : THE PASSIVE 14

Unit 4: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 15

Unit 5 : WISH CLAUSES 18

Unit 6 : REPORTED SPEECH (Câu tường thuật) 20

Unit 7 : RELATIVE CLAUSES (Mệnh đề quan hệ) 28

Unit 8: CLEFT SENTENCES 32

Unit 9 : PHRASAL VERBS 33

Unit 10: MODAL VERBS 36

Unit 11 : PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF RESULT 36

Unit 12: CONNECTORS 38

Unit 13 : STRUCTURES OF “USE” 39

Unit 14: ARTICLES 40

Unit 15: QUESTIONS 41

Unit 16: PREPOSITIONS 42

Unit 17: EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY 49

Unit 18: POSITIVE & NEGATIVE AGREEMENT 50

Unit 19: CLAUSES AFTER AS IF, AS THOUGH, 51

Unit 20: INVERSION (đảo ngữ) 52

Unit 21 : WORD FORM 55

Unit 22: ADJECTIVES 57

Unit 23: SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT 60

Unit 24: NOUN CLAUSES 63

Unit 25: BASIC SENTENCE PATTERNS 64

Unit 26: NON- FINITE VERBS 66

EXERCISES 69

1

Unit 1 : TENSES

Summary of Verb tenses

Simple present Present continuous Present perfect Present

perfect continuous

2 câu mệnh lệnh:

Look! He‟s swimming

3 chuyện sắp xảy ra ở tương lai gần

He‟s going to HCM city tomorrow

* I am He/she /It is +

V-ing

We /You /They are

1 chuyện vừa xảy ra:

JUST

2 chuyện xảy ra

trong quá khứ một hay vài lần, không xác định rõ thời

gian: ever,

never,already,yet, recently, (or) several times…

3 chuyện quá khứ,

biết rõ thời gian, nhưng thời gian đó chưa qua hết lúc

nói: today, this (

week)

4 chuyện từ quá khứ

đến hiện tại : since,

for

* He /she /It has

I /We /You/ They

have + V3/-ed

Tương tự Present Perfect tense, nhưng để nhấn mạnh

sự liên tục của hành động

Simple past Past continuous Past Perfect Past

Perfect continuous

khứ: while, yesterday,

the day before yesterday, last…….,…ago, in 2002…+point or period of time

* I / He/ She/ It was+

1 chuyện xảy ra trước một thời điểm hay một hành động khác trong quá

khứ.before, after, by the

time, by (+ point of time

in the past)

* Had + V3/-ed

Tương tự past perfect tense, nhưng để nhấn mạnh

sự liên tục của hành động

We /You/ They were

Simple future Future Continuous Future Perfect Future

Perfect continuous

Will/ Shall sau

before, after, when,

while, as soon as,

until, since,if

* Will + Vo

1 chuyện đang xảy ra tại một thời điểm hay một khoảng thời gian xác định rõ trong

tương lai: while,

tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next…, in (3 months), later, soon,

in 2010…+ point or period of time

*Will + be + V-ing

1 chuyện đang xảy ra trước một thời điểm hay một hành động khác trong

tương lai: before, after, by

the time, by (+ point of time in the future)

Tương tự future perfect tense, nhưng để nhấn mạnh

sự liên tục của hành động

SOME NOTES :

I PRESENT TIME

BASIC CONTRASTS: PRESENT SIMPLE AND PRESENT CONTINUOUS

1 Present simple generally refers to:

- Facts that are always true Ex: Water boils at 100 degree Celsius

- Habits Ex: British people drink a lot of tea

- States Ex: I don‟t like gangster films

2 Present continuous generally refers to actions which are in progress at the

moment

- These can be temporary

Ex: I‟m staying in a hotel until I find a flat

- They can be actually in progress

Ex: The dog is sleeping on our bed!

- Or they can be generally in progress but not actually happening at the moment Ex: I‟m learning to drive

3 State verbs and event (action or dynamic) verbs

=>describe a continuing state, so do not usually have a continuous form Typical examples are:

Be, depend, feel, have, measure, see, taste, think, weigh

Compare these uses:

Jack is noisy

Deirdre has a Porsche

I think I like you!

This fish tastes awful!

I feel that you are wrong

This bag weighs a ton!

It depends what you mean

Jill‟s being noisy

We‟re having an interesting conversation! David‟s thinking about getting a new job I‟m just tasting the soup

I‟m feeling terrible

We‟re weighing the baby

Bill, I‟m depending on you to win this contract for us

The differences here apply to all tense forms, not just to present tense forms

Other uses of present continuous

1 Temporary situations

Ex: Are you enjoying your stay here?

2 Repeated actions

Ex: My car has broken down, so I am walking to work these days

3 Complaints about annoying habits

Ex: You are always making sarcastic remarks about my cooking!

Other possible adverbs are: constantly, continually, forever

4 With verbs describing change and development

Ex: - The weather is getting worse!

- More and more people are giving up smoking

Other uses of present simple

1 Making declarations

Verbs describing opinion and feeling tend to be state verbs

Ex: a I hope you‟ll come to my party

b I bet you don‟t know the answer!

c I hereby declare this hospital open!

2 Headlines

These are written in a “telegram” style, and references to the past are usually

simplified to present simple

Ex: Ship sinks in midnight collision

3 Instructions and itineraries

Instructions and recipes can be written in present simple instead of inimperative forms This style is more personal

Ex: First you roll out the pastry

Itineraries are descriptions of travel arrangements

Ex: On day three we visit Stratford-upon-Avon

4 Summaries of events

4

Plots of stories, films etc., and summaries of historical events use present (and

present perfect) verb forms

May 1945: The war in Europe comes to an end

…At the end of the play both families realize that their hatred caused the deaths of the lovers…

5 “Historic present” in narrative and funny stories

In informal speech, it is possible to use what we call the “historic present” to describe past events, especially to make the narration seem more immediate and dramatic Ex:….So then the second man asks the first one why he has a banana in his ear and the first one says…

II FUTURE TIME

Basic contrasts: WILL, GOING TO, PRESENT CONTINUOUS

1 Will : known as the predictive future, and known facts or what we suppose is true I‟ll be late home this evening

The company will make a profit next year

This can also take the form of an assumption

That‟ll be Jim at the door (This means that I suppose it is Jim.)

2 Will : used to express an immediate decision

I‟ll take this one

3 Going to: describe intentions or plans At the moment of speaking the plans have already been made

I‟m going to wait here until Carol gets back

- also used to describe an event whose cause is present or evident

- Look at that tree! It‟s going to fall

- Compare the following with the Will examples above:

- I‟m going to be late this evening I‟ve got lots of paperwork to finish off

- The figures are good I can see the company is going to make a profit this year

- Decisions expressed with going to refer to a more distant point in the future

4 Present Continuous describes fixed arrangments, especially social and travel arrangments A time reference is included Note the strong similarity to the Going

to future I am having a party next week and I am going to have a party next week are communicating the same message

FUTURE CONTINUOUS

1 This describes an event which will be happening at a future point

Come round in the morning I‟ll be painting in the kitchen

2 It can also describe events which are going to happen anyway, rather than events which we choose to make happen

I won‟t bother to fix a time to see you, because I‟ll be calling into the office anyway several times next week

3 In some contexts, future continuous also sounds more polite than Will Will you be going to the shop later? If you go, could you get me some milk?

4 It can also be used to refer to fixed arrangments and plans

The band will be performing live in Paris this summer

5

FUTURE PERFECT

1 This has both simple and continuous forms and refers to time which we look back at from a future point

In two years‟s time I‟ll have finished the book

By the end of the month, I‟ll have been working for this firm for a year

2 It can also be used to express an assumption on the part of the speaker You won‟t have heard the news, of course (I assume you have not hear the news.)

Other ways of referring to the future

1 Is/ are to be

Used to describe formal arrangments

All students are to assemble in the hall at 9:00

2 Be about to, be on the point of, be due to, just/ just about to

Be about to, be on the point of both refer to the next moment

I think the play is about to start now

Be due to refers to scheduled times

Ann‟s flight is due to arrive at 6:20 (or is due at 6:20)

Just can be used to describe something on the point of happening

Hurry up! The train is just leaving/ just about to leave

3 Present simple and present perfect

Present simple is used to refer to future time in future time clauses

When we get there, we‟ll have dinner

Present perfect can also be used instead of present simple when the

completion of the event is emphasized

When we‟ve had a rest, we‟ll go out

4 Prsent simple is also used to describe fixed events which are not simply the wishes of the speaker

Tom retires in three years

Similar;y, calendar references use the present simple

Christmas is on a Tuesday next year

Other future refernces

1 Hope

This can be followed by either present or future verb forms

I hope it doesn‟t rain I hope it won‟t rain

2 Other verbs followed by Will

Most verbs of thinkinh can be followed by will if there is future reference These include: think, believe, expect, doubt

I expect the train will be late I doubt whether United will win

III PAST TIME

Basic constracts: past simple and past continuous

1 Past simple generally refers to:

- Completed actions

I got up, switched off the radio, and sat down again

- Habits

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Every day I went to the park

- States

- In those days, I didn‟t like reading

2 Past continuous generally refers to:

- Actions in progress (often interrupted by events)

I was drinking my coffee at the time

While I was opening the letter, the phone rang

- Background description in narrative

I entered the office and looked around Most people were working at their desks, but Jane was staring out of the window and pretending to write something at the same time

- Chaning states

The car was getting worse all the time One of the headlights was gradually falling off, and the engine was making more and more funny noises

- Repeated actions – criticism

With a frequency adverb, this use is similar to the use of present continuous to express annoyance

When Jane was at school, she was always losing things

3 Past continuous is not used to describe general habitual actions, without the sense

of criticism mentioned above Past simple is used for this meaning

When I lived in London, I walked through the park every day

Past perfect simple and continuous

1 We use the past perfect when we are already talking about the past, and we want

to go back to an earlier past time ( “past in the past”)

By the time I got to the station, the train had left

Compare this with:

The train left five minutes before I got to the station

When we talk about a sequence of past events in the order that they happened, we more commonly use the past simple, especially with quick, short actions

2 past perfect continuous

the same contrasts between past simple and past continuous (see previous section) can

be made in past perfect verb forms for events further back in the past

I had been living in a bed-sitter up to then

While I had been talking on the phone, Jimmy had escaped

The whole place was deserted, but it was obvious that someone had been living there They‟d been cooking in the kitchen for a start, and they hadn‟t bothered to clear up the mess

Used to and would

1 used to

this often contrasts with the present The contrast may be stated or understood There

is no present tense form “use to”

I used to go swimming a lot.( but I don‟t now)

The negative form is either: I didn‟t use to or I used not to (rare for some speakers)

2 would

This describes repeated actions, not states It describes a habitual activity which was typical of a person or a time period

7

Every week he‟d buy has mother a bunch of flowers (habitual activity)

I used to like cowboy films

Where we use would to describe a habitual activity, used to is also possible

Every week he used to buy his mother a bunch of flowers

Unfulfilled past events

1 these describe events intended to take place, but which did not happen

I was going to phone you, but I forgot

I was thinking of going to Italy this year, but I haven‟t decided

I was about to do it, but I started doing something else

Jack was to have taken part, but he fell ill

2 the contrasting past event is often understood, but not stated

How are you? I was going to phone you….(but I didn‟t)

IV PRESENT PERFECT

PPESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

1 present perfect simple refers to:

recent events, without a definite time given The recentness may be indicated by just We‟ve missed the turning I‟ve just seen a ghost!

Indefinite events, which happened at an unknown time in the past No definite time is given

Jim has had three car accidents (up to the present)

Indefinite events which may have an obviuos result in the present

I‟ve twisted my ankle (that‟s why I‟m limping)

With state verbs, a state which lasts up to the present

I‟ve been jogging every morning for the last month

2 Contrast with past simple

Past simple is used with time expressions which refer to definite times The time may

be stated or understood Compare:

I‟ve bought a new car (indefinite time)

I bought a new car last week (definite time)

I bought the car after all (implied definite: the car we talked about)

Choice between past simple and present perfect for recent events may depend on the attitude of the speaker This in turn may depend on whether the speaker feels distant

in time or place from the event

I‟ve left my wallet in the car I „m going back to get it

Here the speaker may be about to return, and feels that the event is connected with the present

I left my wallet in the car I „m going back to get it

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

1 Present perfect continuous can refer to a range of meanings, depending on the time expression used and the context

- a state which lasts up to the present moment

I „ ve been wating for you for three hours!

- an incomplete activity

I‟ ve been cleaning the house but I still haven‟t finished

- to emphasize duration

8

I „ve been writing letters all morning

- a recently finished activity

I‟ ve been running That „s why I look hot

- a repeated activity

- I‟ ve been taking French lessons this year

2 contrast with present perfect simple

there may be little contrast when some state verbs are used

How long have you lived here?

How long have you been living here?

Some verbs (especially sit, lie, wait and stay) prefer the continuous form

There may be a contrast between completion and incompletion, especially if the number of items completed is mentioned

Completed: emphasis on achievement

I‟ve ironed five shirts

Incomplete, or recently completed: emphasis on duration

I‟ve been ironing my shirts

3 time expressions with present perfect

Meaning with present perfect verb forms is often associated with certain time

expressions

Contrast with past simple may depend on the choice of time expression

Past simple: referring to a specific finished time

Yesterday, last week, on Sunday

Present perfect: with “indefinite” time expressions meaning “up to now”, since 1968, already

Many time expressions are not associated with a specific verb form, since they refer both to finished time or time up to the present, depending on the speaker‟s

perspective

I haven‟t seen Helen recently

I saw Jim recently

Other examples:

Sue lived in France for two years Finished

Jim has been working here for three months Unfinished

What did you do today? Finished

What have you done so far today? Unfinished

Peter never knew his father Finished

I‟ve never eaten Japanese food Unfinished

V PASSIVE 1

1 Verbs with two objects:

Verbs which have two objects can be made passive in two ways

I was handed a note A note was handed to me

Other common verbs of this type are bring, give , lend, pass, pay, promise, sell, send,

show, tell

2 Verbs with object and complement

Some verbs have a noun or adjective which describes their object

We elected Jim class representative

9

Everyone considered him a failure

When these are made passive, the complement goes directly after the verb

Jim was elected class representative

He was considered a failure

3 Verbs which canot be passive

Most verbs with an object (transitive verbs) can be made passive, e.g drive is

transitive because one can drive something (a car)

However, a few transitive verbs may not be used in the passive These include

become, fit, get, have, lack, let, like, resemble, suit

Verbs with no object (intransitive) cannot be passive, e.g sleep is intransitive; you cannot „sleep something‟

Therefore it is not possible to say “The baby was slept” Instead the sentence must be active: The baby slept

Using and not mentioning the agent

1 change of focus

The passive can change the emphasis of a sentence

Jack won the prize (focus on Jack)

The prize was won by Jack (focus on the prize)

2 unknown agent

The agent is not mentioned if unknown

Two windows have been broken

3 Generalized agent

If the subject is „ people in general‟ or „you‟, the agent is not mentioned

Bicycles are widely used in the city instead of public transport

4 obvious agent

linda has been arrested! (we assume by the police)

5 unimportant agent

If the agent is not important to the meaning of the sentence, it is not mentioned

I was advised to obtain a visa in advance

6 Impersonality

Using the passive is a way of avoiding the naming of a specific person who is

responsible for an action

It has been decided to reduce all salaries by 10%

In descriptions of processes, there is emphasis on the actions performed rather than on the people who perform them

Then the boxes are packed into crates

VI PASSIVE 2

Have and get something done, need doing

1 have/ get something done

This typically describes a service performed for us by someone else

I‟ve just had/got my car serviced I have / get it done every winter

It can also describe something unfortunate that happen to someone

We had / got our car broken into last month

Get is more likely to be used than have when:

a there is a feeling that something must be done

10

I really must get / have my hair cut

b The is a feeling of eventually managing to do something

I eventually got / had the car fixed at the Fast Service garage

c In orders and imperatives

Get your hair cut!

Note that get should not be used in the present perfect passive, where it would be confused with have got

I‟ve just had my hair cut (possible)

I‟ve just got my hair cut (not possible)

2 the need to have a service done can be described with need doing

Your hair needs cutting

Passive get

Get can be used instead of be to form the passive in spoken language

Martin got arrested at a football match

Reporting verbs

1 present reference

with verbs such as believe, know, say, think, which report people‟s opinions, a passive construction is often used to avoid a weak subject, and to give a generalized opinions With present reference, the passive is followed by the present infinitive The criminal is thought to be in hiding in the London area

Vitamin C is known to be good for treating colds

2 Past reference

With past reference, the passive is followed by the past infinitive

Smith is believed to have left England last week

Past reporting verb

People thought Sue had paid too much

Sue was thought to have paid too much

The police thought that the thief was still in the house

The thief was thought to still be in the house

3 past reference with two objects

Everyone knows the portrait was paited by an Italian

The portrait is known to have been painted by an Italian

4 Continuous infinitive

Past and present continuous infinitives are also used

Mary is thought to be living in Scotland

The driver is thought to have been doing a U-turn

11

Unit 2: SEQUENCES OF TENSES IN ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF

TIME

 When=as: khi

 Whenever: bất cứ khi nào

 While: trong khi

 Before: trước khi

 After: sau khi

 As soon as: ngay sau khi

 Till=until : cho đến khi

 Just as: ngay khi

nào)

HTĐ

We always take our umbrellas when it rains

We are singing as she comes

HTĐ

HTTD

WHILE =AS (khi; trong khi) HTTD

I usually read a newspaper while I am waiting for the bus

I’m writing while they are talking

HTĐ AFTER(sau khi) HTHT He goes home after he has finished his work

She greets me as soon as she sees me

He continues his journey as soon as he has finished his meal

12 (mãi cho đến khi ) CHẤM

DỨT)

I sat near the window whenever I took a bus

It was raining hard when I got there

QKĐ & QKTD WHILE =AS QKTD I met him while I was walking down the street

I was writing while he was reading

QKĐ AFTER QKHT He smoked after he had finished his meal

He left as soon as I told him

He left as soon as he had finished his job

III CÁC THÌ TƯƠNG LAI

Notes

Không dùng thì tương lai trong mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian  thay bằng thì đơn

(hiện tại đơn, quá khứ đơn…) trong câu có từ nối Since

S + V (present perfect) + Since S + V2/ed

E.g She has played the piano since she was ten years old

E.g He has studied English since 2004/he came here

HTĐ HTHT (HOÀN TẤT)

We’ll go when we want

I’m going to wait until you have finished your homework

15

Unit 4: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

A There are three main types of conditional These are usually described as the first,

second and third conditionals

e.g If you phone me, I'll pick you up at the park

If I were Tom, I would help you

If she had come here last night, she would have known this news

Types If – clause Main clause

 Possible Conditions If + S + V(s/es) S + will/can/ may + V0

 Present - Unreal conditions If + S + Ved/2

(Be -> were)

S + would/could/might + V0

 Past Unreal If + S + Had + Ved/3 S + would/could/might have + Ved/3

Notes: A Usage

 The first conditional refers to the future It is used when there is a possibility that

the if-event might happen

e.g If it rains, we'll go to the cinema (= It might rain OR it might not)

If the sun shines, we'll go to the beach (= The sun might shine OR it might not)

 The second conditional refers to the present The if-event is hypothetical, not

true in the present time The 'past' here is actually the subjunctive, which is the same as

the past simple

e.g If I were you, I'd change my job

If I worked in that factory, I'd soon change thing (But I don't work in that

factory)

If I spoke French, my job would be a lot easier (fbut I don't speak French)

 The third conditional is used to (1) talk about things in the past happening

differently from the way they really happened

e.g If you'd been a bit more careful, you wouldn't have cut yourself

If Matthew had set his alarm clock, he wouldn't have

overslept

(2) to express regret about

the past

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e.g I f I hadn't fallen ill and missed the interview, I might have got the job

 Zero conditional  If + present simple, present simple

There is another conditional which is often called zero conditional

e.g.If you press the button, the machine switches off

The zero conditional is used (1) for instructions

e.g If you select reverse gear, the car goes backwards If the camera is on, a red

light appears

(2) for general truths

e.g If he's got no money, he doesn't go out

Tom always says hello if he sees you

b If and unless (Unless = If …not)

e.g I can't see if I don't wear glasses.( I can't see unless I wear glasses.)

e.g If you don‟t study hard, you‟ll fail the exam  Unless you study hard,

you‟ll fail the exam

B Inversion: Boỷ IF trong 3 loaùi caõu ủieàu kieọn (phaỷi coự ủaỷo ngửừ

vụựi SHOULD/WERE/HAD):

E.g - If it should be necessary, I will go

 Should it be necessary, I will go

E.g - If I were rich, I would buy a new car

 Were I rich, I would buy a new car

E.g - If you had asked me, I would have told you the answer

 Had you asked me, I would have told you the answer

C Command ( câu mệnh lệnh, yêu cầu)

If + S + V (simple present) + command form

E.g Please buy me some fruits if you go to market

D When (khi):  hành động chắc chắn xảy ra hơn

E.g I’ll phone you when I go to bed tonight

E Moọt soỏ tửứ/cuùm tửứ coự theồ thay cho IF vụựi nghúa tửụng ủửụng:

provided that; so (as) long as (mieón laứ); in case (trong trửụứng hụùp);

on condition that (vụựi ủieàu kieọn)

17 E.g You can borrow my book provided that you bring it back

18

Unit 5 : WISH CLAUSES WISHES and IF ONLY

Wish/If only  express a wish for something to happen, or to stop happening

e.g I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework (= I don‟t have enough time

now)

He wishes he was rich (= He is not rich.)

I wish that I had gone to the cinema last night (= I didn‟t go to the cinema.)

She wishes she had been here yesterday (= She wasn‟t here yesterday.)

We wish you could come to the party tonight (= You can‟t come.)

I wish (that) I would get good results this year

He wishes his parents were here to help him now

If only I were taller, I might be better at basketball

I wish I could have been at the wedding, but I was in New York

Present wishes S + wish + S + V2/ed

(if only) be (were)

E.g I am poor now

 I wish I were not poor now

Past wishes S + wish + S + had (not) + V3/ed

(if only) Could + have + V3/ed

E.g she was not in class yesterday

 She wishes she had been in class yesterday

E.g she couldn‟t come to the party

 She wishes she could have come to the party

Future wishes

S + wish + S + would / could(not) + Vo

E.g I cannot come to the party tonight

 I wish I could go to the

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party tonight Khẳng định  phủ định và ngược lại

20

Unit 6 : REPORTED SPEECH (Câu tường thuật)

STATEMENTS

e.g - She said, “I will come tomorrow” (Direct speech)

 She said (that) she would come the ne.g.t day (Indirect speech)

- He said to me: “I saw you here yesterday.”

 He told me (that) he had seen me there the day before

NOTES: 5 bước khi đổi câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp

1 Lập lại động từ tường thuật say hoặc say to => tell

2 Bỏ dấu “:” hoặc “,” và cả dấu ngoặc kép  that ( có thể bỏ that)

3 Đổi các đại từ (chủ từ, túc từ, tính từ sở hữu, đại từ sở hữu, đại từ phản thân) theo nguyên tắc:

I/ We => Subject

You => Object

He/ She /It/They => Unchanged

4 Đổi thì động từ (Verb tenses) theo qui tắc => Lùi 1 bước về quá khứ

- Simple present  Simple past

- Present continuous  Past continuous

- Present perfect  Past perfect

- Simple past  Past perfect

- Past continuous  Past perfect continuous

- Present perfect continuous  Past perfect continuous

- Simple future  Simple conditional

- Will, may, can, must + V 0  Would, might, could, had to + V 0

- Would/ should + V0  Would/ should +have + V3/ed

But - Past perfect / Past perfect continuous -> Unchanged

- Present- unreal condition / Past- unreal condition -> Unchanged

S + told + O + (that) + S + V said

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5 Đổi các đại từ/ tính từ chỉ định, trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn

Bảng đổi các đại từ chỉ định, trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn

This These Here Now Ago Today Tonight Yesterday The day before yesterday

Last night Tomorrow

The day after tomorrow

Ne.g.t + Time

Last + Time

Time + ago

That Those There Then Before ( Earlier) That day That night The day before/ The previous day

Two days before The night before/ The previous night The next day/ the following day/ The day after

In two days' time The following + Time The previous + Time Time + before

Some special cases

A. 1 Must -> had to

-> would have to (Future)

1 Must not = mustn‟t -> Unchanged ( ngăn cấm)

2 Need not = needn‟t -> didn‟t have to

-> would not have to (future) e.g - He said to me, “You must do this now.”

 He told me that I had to do that then

- He said to me: “You must do this tomorrow.”

 He told me that I would have to do that the next day

- He said: “You must not smoke here”

 He said I mustn‟t smoke there

B Simple past

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Chỉ 1 sự kiện, sự việc ở quá khứ

-> vẫn cịn tồn tại trong tường thuật

-> trong mệnh đề thời gian When, While, As soon as, Since, Because…

Unchanged

e.g - Tom said, “I have known her since I came here.”

 Tom said that he had known her since he came there

C Simple present -> True events  Unchanged

e.g - He said: “The earth goes around the sun”

 He said that the earth goes around the sun

D Khi động từ tường thuật ở thì hiện tại đơn

 Đổi ngơi đại từ

 Khơng đổi thì và các từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn

e.g He says, “ You have to stay here now.”

 He says that I have to stay here now

Notes: Conditional sentences (câu điều kiện)

 Đối với câu điều kiện loại 1 ta đổi 4 thành phần

E.g “If you visit me, I will give you a gift.”

 She said to me that if I visited her, she would give me a gift then

 Đối với câu điều kiện loại 2 và 3 thì không lùi thì của động từ

E.g “if you were my student, I would punish you”

 He told me if I was his student, he would punish me

2 QUESTIONS

e.g - He said, “Are you tired?”

 He asked (me) if/ whether I was tired

- He said, “How are you?”

 He asked (me) how I was

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 WH- questions

NOTE: - Đổi verb tường thuật say  ask/ inquire/ wonder/ want to know

- Thêm túc từ vào động từ ask nếu cần

- Yes/ No questions -> If/ Whether

- Wh- questions -> Unchanged (Wh- questions)

- Đảo chủ từ ra trước động từ

BUT: * Would you + Vo….? (Yêu cầu/ đề nghị)  Unchanged

e g He said, “Would you help me?”

 He asked me if I would help him

- The teacher said : “Go to the blackboard, John.”

 The teacher told John to go to the blackboard

- He said to them : “Don‟t be late tomorrow.”

 He told them not to be late the next day

S + told advised + O + (not) + to V asked

S + asked + (O)

wanted to know + WH-word + S + V

wondered

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* Khi câu trực tiếp biểu thị một tập quán, một sự thật hay một chân lý thì khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp thì của động từ không thay đổi

- The lecturer said : “The earth moves round the sun.”

 The lecturer said that the earth moves round the sun

* Khi câu động từ giới thiệu ở hiện tại đơn, thì của động từ trong câu gián tiếp không đổi và các từ chỉ thời gian hoặc nơi chốn vẫn giữ nguyên

- The doctor says to her : “You will have to stay here until tomorrow.”

 The doctor tells her that she will have to stay here until tomorrow

- Mary says, “I am beautiful”

- He told me (that) he would come there soon

- Mary says (that) she is beautiful

- Tom asked Mary if (whether) she understood him

- She asked me if (whether) he would leave

- She asked me what time it was

- They asked me when the meeting would end

- The teacher told us to sit down

- She told me not to put my book on her table

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Loại Trực tiếp Gián tiếp Các động từ

thường gặp Ví dụ

o Ordered: ra lệnh

o Reminded:

nhắc nhở

o Asked

o Told

E.g “(Don’t) open the door”

 She reminded me (not) to open the door

 Asked

 Told

 Requested: yêu cầu

 Invited: mời

 Wanted: muốn

 Offered: đề nghị

E.g Would you like to watch films?

 He invited me to watch films

o Advised:

khuyên

o Encouraged : khuyến khích

E.g you should practice your listening skill

 She advised me to practice my listening skill

 Promised:

hứa

E.g I will visit you

 She promised to visit

me

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Section c: REPORTED SPEECH WITH GERUND

Loại Trực tiếp Gián tiếp Ví dụ

Xin lỗi “I’m sorry…” S + apologized+ (O) for + V-ing …

E.g I’m sorry, I couldn’t come

 She apologized for not coming

Đề nghị “Let’s + Vo …” S + suggested + (O) + V-ing…

 She dreamed of becoming a doctor Chấp

nhận I do something S + admitted + V-ing

I steal this car

 he admitted stealing that car

Phủ

nhận

I don’t do

something S + deny + V-ing

I don’t steal this car

 he denied stealing that car

Cương

quyết,

khăng

khăng

I will do something S + insisted on + V-ing …

I will help you now

 He insisted on helping

me then

Tất cả các động từ trên điều đi theo sau là các động từ thêm “ing” hay “gerund”

Cảm ơn Thank you/ it is

kind/nice of … S + thanked + O + for + V-ing …

It is nice of you to listen

to my song

 She thanked me for listening to her song Chúc

mừng Congratulation

S + congratulated + O + on + ing…

V-You have won lottery Congratulation!

 They congratulated

27

me on winning the lottery

Tố cáo Nghĩa của câu S + accused + O + of + V-ing…

You took my money

 She accused me of taking her money cảnh

báo Don’t + Vo… S + warned + O + against / of +

V-ing

Don’t go this way

 She warned me against going that way Tất cả các động từ trên điều theo sau là tân ngữ (người nghe) + giói từ +

gerund

o Apologized ( O) + for + V-ing: xin lỗi

o Suggested: đề nghị, yêu cầu

o Dreamed of: mơ về

o Admitted: thừa nhận

o Deny: phư nhận

o Insisted on : khăng khăng

 Thanked + O + for + V-ing : cảm ơn

 congratulated + O + on + V-ing : chúc mừng

 prevented + O + from + V-ing: ngăn chặn

 accused + O + of + V-ing: buộc tội

 warned + O + against + V-ing: cảnh báo

Unit 7 : RELATIVE CLAUSES (Mệnh đề quan hệ)

I/ Use

1/ Relative Pronouns (Đại từ quan hệ)

 WHO : thay thế cho danh từ, đại từ chỉ người (làm chủ từ), sau WHO là động từ

E.g I thanked the woman She helped me

I thanked the woman who helped me

 WHOM : thay thế cho danh từ, đại từ chỉ người (làm túc từ), sau WHOM là chủ từ

E.g The man was Mr Jones I saw him

The man whom I saw was Mr Jones

 WHICH : thay thế cho danh từ, đại từ chỉ vật

E.g The book is mine It is on the table

The book which is on the table is mine

 THAT : thay cho who, whom, which trong mệnh đề hạn định (restrictive clause)

E.g a/ I thanked the woman She helped me

I thanked the woman that helped me

b/ The man was Mr Jones I saw him

The man that I saw was Mr Jones

c/ The book is mine It is on the table

The book that is on the table is mine

 WHOSE (của…) : thay thế cho tính từ sở hữu, danh từ sở hữu, sau nĩ là danh từ E.g I know the man His bicycle was stolen

I know the man whose bicycle was stolen

2/ Relative Adverbs (Trạng từ quan hệ)

 When : thay thế cho các trạng từ chỉ thời gian (then, in that year, at that time,

on that day)

 Where: thay thế cho trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn (there, at the place, in the place)

 Why : thay thế cho nhóm từ chỉ nguyên nhân (for the reason)

II/ Types

1/ Restrictive Clauses (Mệnh đề hạn định )

 Mệnh đề hạn định cần thiết để bổ nghĩa cho tiền từ (Antecedent)- từ đứng trước nó,

không thể bỏ được

E.g The professor is an excellent lecturer He teaches Chemistry

The professor who teaches Chemistry is an excellent lecturer

2/ Non-resttrictive Clauses (mệnh đề không hạn định)

* Mệnh đề không hạn định có tính chất bổ sung, không cần thiết nên có thể bỏ đươc

* Mệnh đề không hạn định được ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng một hoặc hai dấu phẩy

* Không được thay Who, Whom, Which bằng THAT trong mệnh đề không hạn định

* Trước các danh từ được theo sau bởi mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định thường có:

- Các từ xác định (this, that, these, those……….)

- Các tính từ sở hữu (my, his, her, their …………)

- Danh từ là tên riêng (Mr Wilson, Lan…… )

E.g Professor Wilson is an excellent lecturer He teaches Chemistry

 Professor Wilson, who teaches Chemistry, is an excellent lecturer

* RELATIVE CLAUSE FOLLOWING A PREPOSITION

E.g 1/ The man is angry The woman is talking to him

 The man whom the woman is talking to is angry (formal)

 The man to whom the woman is talking is angry

2/ The meeting was interesting I went to it

The meeting which I went to was interesting The meeting to which I went was interesting

III/ DẠNG RÚT GỌN CỦA MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ (Reduced forms of relative clauses)

E.g English is an important language which we have to master

=> English is an important language to master

2 Participle phrases

* Present participle phrases:

E.g The man who is sitting next to you is my uncle

=> The man sitting next to you is my uncle

* Past participle phrases:

E.g The books which were written by To Hoai are interesting

 The books written by To Hoai are interesting

E.g she loves the dogs They are walking with them

 She loves the dogs which they

are walking with

 She loves the dogs with which they are walking

E.g the students study English You are looking

for them  The students whom you are looking

for study English

N + WHOM/WHICH+ S + phrasal verbs

Khi giới từ theo sau động từ làm cho động từ đổi nghĩa thì không được phép

đem ra trước ĐTQH

Giới từ chỉ có thể đứng trước các đại từ quan hệ “WHOM và WHICH” khi làm

tân ngữ

2 Reduction of relative clause (Rút gọn MĐ quan hệ)

1 Dùng V-ing (hiện tại

phân từ)

e.g.1: I need to meet the

boy who is my friend’s son

 I need to meet the boy

being my friends

e.g.2: I want to know cats

which are listening to you

 I want to know the girls

listening to you

Nếu động từ trong MĐQH là chủ độngta bỏ ĐTQH và trợ động từ rồi lấy động từ chính trở về nguyên mẫu và thêm “ing”

N + WHO/WHICH+ V (active)…

 N + V-ING

2 Dùng V3/ed (quá khứ

phân từ )

E.g they love the students

who are punished

 They love the students

punished

e.g The students cleaned

the house which was

N + WHO/WHICH+ Be + V3/ed

 N + V3/ed

3 Infinitive (To-V0)

E.g she is the first girl

who/that is talking to you

 She is the first girl to be

TO vào trước động từ nguyên mâu

…the first/ the second/the last/ the only/ the best/the most+ N + WHO/WHICH/THAT + V

… The first/ the second/the

last/ the only/ the best/the most+ N + to + Vo… (Chủ động)

 The first/ the second/the

last/ the only/ the best/the most+ N + TO BE + V3/ED (Bị động)

NOTES

 TA CHỈ CÓ THỂ RÚT GON MĐQH KHI ĐTQH LÀM CHỦ TỪ TRONG

MĐQH

 KHI ĐTQH LÀM TÂN NGỮ TRONG MĐQH, TA CỎ THỂ BỎ NHƯNG

TRONG CÂU KHÔNG THAY ĐỔI GÌ

E.g I love the dogs (which) you walking with

NOTE

Function (chức năng)

For people (người)

For things (vật)

Both (cả hai) Subject(chủ ngữ) Who which That Object (tân ngữ) Whom Which That Prep Object (giới từ trước tân

ngữ) Pre + whom Pre + which Khơng Possessive (sở hữu) Whose Of which Khơng

Unit 8: CLEFT SENTENCES Form

It Be Noun/ pronoun/ adverbial phrase Defining relative clause

1 Subject focus

It is

was

S who (for persons) + V _ (present tense)

that (for things) _ (past tense) e.g 1 The man teaches me English

-> It‟s the man who teaches me English

2 The dog bit me yesterday

-> It was the dog that bit me yesterday

-> It was the man who(m) I met on the train

2 She is learning English

-> It is English that she is learning

3 Adverbial focus

It + is/ was + adverbial + that + S + V _ (present tense)

_ (past tense)

E.g 1 Uncle Ho left his country in 1911

-> It was in 1911 that Uncle Ho left his country

2 I‟m learning at Le Quy Don high school

-> It‟s at Le Quy Don high school that I‟m learning

* Note: Không đƣợc dùng “Which” trong loại câu này

SOME COMMON PHRASAL VERBS

Fill in Điền vào

Put off Cởi ra

Look after Chăn sóc

Look up Tra từ điển

Lie down Nằm xuống

Take after Giống

Turn round Quay ra sau

Take off Khởi hành, cởi ra

Try out Kiểm tra

Wash up Rửa

Some more phrasal verbs:

Phrasal vebrs Meaning + apply to sb for sth: nộp đơn đến ai … xin … + ask sb for sth: yêu cầu, hỏi ai điều gì + discuss sth with sb: bàn về

+ e.g.plain sth to sb: giải thích

+ glance at sb/sth: liếc nhìn

+ invite sb to/for sth: mời

+ laugh at sb/sth: cười, chế nhạo

+ leave … for …: rời … đến

+ point at/to sb/sth: chỉ

+ search sb/sth for sb/sth: khám, xét, tìm

+ speak to/with sb about/of sb/sth: nói

+ talk to/with sb about/of sb/sth: bàn, thảo luận

+ throw sth at sb/sth: ném, chọi

+ throw sth to sb: chuyền

+ wait for sb/sth: chờ, đợi

+ write to sb: viết thư gởi ai

Unit 10: MODAL VERBS

S + CAN/COULD/MIGHT/MAY/MUST/HAVE TO/NEED + (NOT)+Vo

MODAL VERBS MEANING AND

+ Mustn’t (không được): thể hiện sự cấm đoán, không được phép làm điều gì đó

+Needn’t (khôngcần phải): chỉ sự việc không cần thiết phải làm

* “May/ might”: (có lẽ, có thể )được dùng để chỉ hành động, sự việc có thể hoặc có khả năng xảy ra ở tương lai

E.g We haven’t got much time We must hurry

E.g Jim gave me a letter to post I mustn’t forget to post it

E.g We’ve got plenty of time We needn’t leave yet

E.g There are many dark clouds in the sky It may rain

E.g There are some dark clouds in the sky It might rain

Unit 11 : PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF RESULT

(Cụm từ và mệnh đề chỉ kết quả)

E.g This case is very heavy She can‟t carry it

 This case is so heavy that she can‟t carry it

 This is such a heavy case that she can‟t carry it

 This case is too heavy for her to carry

 This case isn‟t light enough for her to carry

* PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF RESULT AND PURPOSE

I Of Result: chỉ kết quả

1….So +Adj/Adv+That ….:quá … đến

nổi

2……Such+ (A/An) + Adj/Adv +N +That …:

quá ……đến nổi

1 S+V+TOO + Adj/Adv+(FOR +O)+To V : quá… đến nổi mà không thể

2 .S+V+ Adj / Adv + ENOUGH + (for O) + to V: đủ …để

II Of Purpose: Chỉ mục đích

S+ V+ SO THAT +Clause … (để )

IV Of Concession : Chỉ sự nhương bộ

Although

Though + S+ V: Mặc dù,dù

Even though

In Spite Of Despite + Phrase

* Notes: SO MANY/ SO MUCH + NOUN + THAT

E.g There are so many stars in the sky that we can‟t count them

Unit 12: CONNECTORS

BECAUSE

S + V + because + S + V Because of + N/ V-ing, S+ V

He didn‟t go to school because he is sick

They couldn‟t come here because it

rained hevily

Because of his sickness, he didn‟t go to school They couldn‟t come here because of heavy rain

ALTHOUGH = THOUGH = EVEN THOUGH

S + V + THOUGH + S + V In spite of = despite + N/V-ing, S+V