tài liệu về relative clauses

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RELATIVE CLAUSE

I/ Relative pronouns:

Who ,whom, which, where, when, whose ,why , what, that

II/Relative clauses:

1/ The Relative pronounis the subject of the relative clause :

Ex : I don't like the man He lives next door

-> I don't like the man who lives next door

I don't like the book It tells about a famous actor

-> I don't like the book which tells about a famous actor

NOTE:"That" can replace " who" and " which"

The relative pronoun can't be omitted

2/ The relative pronoun is the object of the relative clause :

Ex: Have you read the book ? I lent you that book last week

-> Have you read the book which I lent you last week ?

I like the shirt You are wearing it

> I like the shirt which you are wearing

NOTE:

"That" can replace " Who"," whom" and " which"

The relative pronoun can be omitted

3/ The relative clause with preposition:

Ex:I don't like the hotel We are living in that hotel

-> I don't like the hotel which we are living in

(OR) > I don't like the hotel in which we are living

That girl is my sister.You are talking about her

> The girl who/(whom)you are talking about is my sister

(OR) > The girl about whom you are talking is my sister

NOTE:

" That"can replace "who" ," whom" and " which" when the preposition is at the end of the relative clause

In formal English preposition are pled before the relative pronoun

III/There are 3 kinds of relative clause : Defining, non- defining and

connective.A/Defining relative clauses :

1/ A defining relative clause specifies which person or thing we mean It can not be separated from the person or thing it describes

Ex:

The man who told me this refused to give me his name

( "Who told me this " is a defining relative clause If we omit this it is not clear what the man talking about )

Notice that there is no comma between a noun and a defining relative clause.

-Defining relative clause usually follow "the"+ Noun but they can be also be used with " a/an" + noun, plural nouns without "the" and the pronouns : all, none , anybody , somebody and those

-Clauses following " a/an"+ noun , plural nouns without

"the/somebody/someone" sometimes define their noun/ pronoun only

indirectly.The noun/ pronoun in these cases is usually the object of a verb or preposition

Ex:

A doctor is a person/ someone who gives patients medical treatment

I met a person who said he knew you

-Sometimes these clauses are separated from their noun/ pronoun by a word or phrase

Ex:

I saw something in the paper which would interest you

-But normally, relative clauses should be placed directly after their noun

/pronoun

Ex :

Is there anything i can do to help ?

The noise that he made woke everybody up

2/ Relative pronouns used in defining relative clauses :

+/ For persons Subject :who /that

Object : who/whom/that

possesive : whose

a/ Subject : who/ that

"Who" is normally used but "that" is a possible alternative after " all/ everyone/ everybody/noone/ nobody/ those

Ex:

The man who has just come is our headmaster

Only those who had booked in advance were allowed in

b/ Object of a verb :Who/whom/that"Whom" is the Object form of " who"

and is used formally in object clauses

Ex:

He is a person whom you can rely on

-However, this is noun felt to be excessively formal by most speakers and " who" is commonly used instead ( that is more usual than "who").And it is still more common to omit the object pronoun altogether

Ex:

The man whom i saw told me to come back today

(OR) The man who i saw /The man i saw / The man that i saw

c/ With a preposition : Whom/ that

- In formal English " whom" has to be used if it follows a preposition

Ex :

To whom Am I speaking?

-In formal speech , however, it is more usual to move the preposition to the end

of the clause "Whom" then is often replaced by " that", but it's still common to omit the relative altogether

Ex:

The man to whon i spoke

(OR) The man who/ whom i spoke to

(OR) The man that i spoke to/ The man i spoke to

-However , in everyday use, it's usual to avoid this kind of construction

Ex:

Who am i speaking to?

d/Possessive :

- Whose = " of whom" and "whose" is the only possible form

Ex:

Several guests whose rooms had been broken into complained to the manager

For things :

Subject :which ,that

Object : which , that

Possessive : whose , of which

a/ Subject : Which/ that

-There are alternatives in a defining clause although " which " is felt to be more formal

Ex :

By 9.30 there was only one painting that hadn't been sold This is the

picture which / that caused such a sensation

b/Object of a verb : Which /that ( or no relative at all)

We use " that" instead of "which " because " which " is hardly ever used after

"all , everything , little , much, none, no " and compounds of no or after

superlatives We can use "that" or omit the relative altogether , if it is the object

of a verb

Ex :

She is one of the kindest people ( that) i know

Is there anything (that) he wants to be served ?

c/ Object of a preposition :

The formal construction is preposition + which , but it is more usual to move the preposition to the end of the clause , using " which /that" or omitting the relative

altogether

Ex :

The ladder on which I was standing began to clip

(OR) The ladder which /that I was standing on began to clip

d/ Possessive : "hose+ a clause" is possible but "with + a phrase is more usual

Ex :

A house whose walls were made of glass

(OR) A House with glass walls

3/ Cleft sentences : It+ be + noun/ pronoun+ defining relative clause

-When the subject is a proper noun , "that" is more usual than "who".With all other objects , "that" is the correct form

Ex :

It's the girl that stole my money

It's Anna that i saw

-"That" is usual for non_ personal object

Ex :

It's speed that causes accidents , not bad road

B/Non-Defining R.C :

1/ A non-defining r.c contains extra information :

- In writing it is seperated by comma ,and in speech , if use " at all", is usually indicated by intonation

Ex :

A train , which was already an hour late,broke down again

-Non-defining r.c are placed after nouns which are definitely "already" They do not therefore define the noun, but merely add something to it by giving some more information about it

-Unlike Defining r.c , they are not essential in the sentence and can be omitted without causing confusion The pronoun can never be omitted in a non-defining clause

NoTice that we put a comma between a noun and a non-defining clause and

another comma at the end of this clause if it is not also at the end of the sentence

2/Relative pronouns used in non-defining r.c :

-For Persons :

Subject :Who Object :whom/ who Possesive :Whose

a/ Subject :who-We use "who" as the subject of the clause

Ex:

Peter ,who had been driving all day, suggested stopping at the next turn

Notice that :

Clauses such as these ,which come immediately after the subject of the main verb In spoken English we would be more likely to say :

Peter had been driving all day so he suggested stopping

at the next turn

Clauses following "a preposition +Noun " are also common

Ex:

I passed the letter to Peter ,who was sitting next to me

b/Object :who/whom

-We used "who/whom " as the subject of the main clause although "whom" is more formal and rarely used in spoken English The pronoun can't be omitted

Ex :

Peter , who/whom I admire , is going to visit the university next week

But non-defining clauses , coming later in the sentence , after the object of the main verb or after a preposition+noun , are common in conversation

Ex :

She introduced me to her husband ,whom i hadn't met before

c/ Object of a preposition

-The preposition is normally placed before "whom" and the pronoun can't be omitted

Ex:

Mr Richard , for whom i was working , was vey generous

It is however possible to move the preposition to the end of the clause This is commonly done in conversation and "who" then finally take the place of " whom"

Ex:

Mr Richard , who i was working for , was generous

If the clause contains the expression of time or place , this will remain at the end

Ex:

John , with whom i played tennis last week, was fatter than me

John , who /whom i played tennis with last week , was fatter than me

d/Possesive:whose

Ex :Ann, whose children are at school all day , is trying to get a job

Note:"All , both , most, few , several, some "+of + whom/ which< -This

form can be both used for people and things

-When we want to add information about the whole or the part of a particular number of things or people , we can use the non-defining r.c with " of which/of whom" after words such as :"all,both,each,many,most,neither,none,part,som e , (a number ne ,two thee, ,the first ,the second , ,a half , a third , )and superlatives ( the best , the biggest, )

Ex:

Her sons , both of whom study abroad , ring her up every week

The busses, most of which are already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd