Một hành động bắt đầu trong quá khứ nhưng còn tiếp tục đến hiện tại hoặc tương lai.. RELATIVE CLAUSE Mệnh đề quan hệ/ mệnh đề tính từ là mệnh đề phụ trong câu không thể đứng riêng một mì
Trang 1«n tËp tiÕng anh 9 A- THEORY
THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE 1-Form
a Affirmative:
I, you, we, they + have + PP / He, she, it + has +PP
Note: PP = past participle (quá khứ phân từ) ( =V-ed: V có quy tắc, =V3: V bất quy tắc)
b Negative:
I, you, we, the + have not (haven’t) + PP / He, she, it + has not ( hasn’t) + PP
c Interrogative:
Have + I, you, we, they + P.P ? / Has + he, she, it + P.P ?
2-Use
a Một hành động bắt đầu trong quá khứ nhưng còn tiếp tục đến hiện tại hoặc tương lai.
Thường đi với : since (từ khi); for (được bao lâu)
Ex1: She has lived here since 1987
Ex2: They have swum for 1 hour
b Một hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ, không xác định rõ thơi gian
Thường đi với: already, ever ( before), never (before), not, yet, several times, many times Ex1: She’s been to Japan several times
Ex2: I have never worked in that company before
c Một hành động vừa mới xảy ra
Thường đi với : lately, just, recently, in recent weeks/ months / years
Ex1: My uncle has just come back form Americ
Ex2: They have done the assignment in recent weeks
THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE 1-Form
a Affirmative
S + V-ed/ V2 (V có quy tắc: V+ “ed”;V bất quy tắc; lấy cột thứ 2 trong bảng động từ bất quy tắc)
b Negative
S + did not (didn’t) + bare-infinitive
c Interrogative.
Did + S + bare-infinitive ?
Note : The simple past form of ‘to be’
* Affirmative:
You, we, they + were ; / I, he, she, it + was
* Negative
You, we, they + were not (weren’t )/ I, he, she, it + was not (wasn’t)
* Interrogative
Were + you, we, they ? / Was + he, she, it ?
2-Use
a Một hành động đã hoàn tất tại một thời điểm nào đó trong quá khứ
Thường đi với: yesterday, last ( last week, last year ), ago (3 days ago, ), in 1999, in 1987 Ex1: She was here yesterday
Ex2: They didn’t learn Chinese 3 year ago
b Một thói quen ở quá khứ.
Ex1: They often went fishing when they lived in the country
Ex2: Jack always got up at 3:00 am last year
c Một hành động đã hoàn tất trong một khoảng thời gian xác định trong quá khứ ( from to )
Ex: From 1981 to 1983, my older brother worked as a journalist
Trang 2PASSIVE VOICE 1- Active into Passive rule:
Active: S + V + O
Passive: S +to be + PP +( by +O)
Động từ chính của câu chủ động ở thì nào thì tobe phải chia ở thì đó Note: - Động từ ở cõu chủ động ở thỡ (tense) hay thể (form) nào thỡ “be” ở cõu bị động ở thỡ hay thể đú
- Khi ta khụng xem người thực hiện hành động (does) là quan trọng, thỡ “ by object” cú thể bỏ đi
( eg S = personal pronoun: he, she, they, we, people; no-one )
a.The simple present
She cleans the floor everyday
( S + V / Vs / es )
Passive: The floor is cleaned everyday.
(S + am/is/are/ +PP )
b.The present continous.
Mr.Baker is repairing the car
Passive: the car is being repaired by Mr Baker ( S + am/ is/ are + being + PP )
c.The present perfect
Someone has stolen the bicycles ( S+ has/have + P.P )
Passive: The bicycles have been stolen ( S+ has/have + been + PP )
d.The simple past
Where did they find the drugs ? ( S + V2/ V-ed)
Passive: where were the drugs found ? ( S+ was/ were + PP )
e.The past continuous
They were preparing luch when I came there yesterday (S+was/were + V-ing )
Passive: Luch was being prepared when I came there yesterday.( S+ was/ were + being + PP )
f The past perfect
She had written almost ten pages by 3:00 pm ( S+ had + PP )
Passive: Almost ten pages had been written by 3:00 p.m (S+ had been + PP )
g Will/ would, shall/ should, can/ could, may/might must, have to, be going to, used to,
Active: S+ will/would, shall/ should + bare-infinitive + object
Passive: S + will/would, shall/shoul + be + past participle (+ by object).
Ex: Police will destroy these drugs
Passive: the drugs will be destroyed by police.
2-Special cases
a Active: s1+ verb1( say/believe/think ) (that) +S2+verb2
Passive:
Cỏch 1: It + be + PP (verb1) + s2 + verb2
Cỏch 2: S2+ be+ PP (verb1) + to- infinitive (verb2)
Ex: People say that he is crazy
Passive:
It said that he is crazy
He is said to be crazy
b Negatives
Ex1: No-one has cleaned the floor lately
Passive: The floor hasn’ t been cleaned lately
Ex2: We didn’t do anything about it.
Passive: Nothing was done about it
Trang 3c Who + V + object ?
Passive: - By whom ?
- Who by ?
Ex: Who wrote this novel ?
Passive:
- By whom was this novel written ?
- Who was this novel written by ?
d It + be + adjective + to-infinitive + sth
Passive: It + be + adjective + for sth + to be + PP
Ex: It is important to finish this exercise
It is important for this exercise to be finished
e Bare-infinitive + object
Passive:
Let + object + be + PP
S + be + allowed / advised/asked/ supposed/ + to infinitive
Ex1: Please open the door -> Let the door be opened
Ex2: Turn on the light -> You are supposed to turn on the light
f Causative form ( thức mệnh lệnh)
Active: - She + have + sb+ bare-infinitive + st / - S + get + sb + to- infinitive + sth
Passive: - S + have + sth + PP / - S + get + sth + PP
Ex1: She has had someone repaint the car./ She has had the car repainted
Ex2: They got me to do the housework./ They got the housework done
RELATIVE CLAUSE
Mệnh đề quan hệ/ mệnh đề tính từ là mệnh đề phụ trong câu (không thể đứng riêng một mình)
Nó bắt đầu bằng:
a relative pronouns (đại từ quan hệ) : WHO, WHOM, WHICH, WHOSE, THAT.
b relative adverbs (trạng từ liên hệ) : WHERE, WHEN, WHY.
Ex1: A man who dares to do it dares to do anything
Ex2: We talked to the man who was from Beijing
1-WHO
* Thay cho danh từ, đại từ chỉ người, có chức năng của một chủ từ/ tân ngữ.
Ex1: The man has met your boss.He come from Italy
subject
→ The man who comes from Italy has met your boss
relative clause
Ex2: We have met the girl She studies in the shool
→ We have met the girl who studies in the school
relative clause
2-WHOM
* Thay cho danh từ/ đại từ chỉ người, có chức năng của một tân ngữ.
Ex1: We like the man You talked to him yesterday
object
We like the man whom you talked to yesterday
relative clause Ex2: Is that the man ? You have been waiting for him
object
Is that the man whom you have been waiting for ?
relative clause
3-WHOSE
* Thay thế cho sở hữu cách (possessive cases)
* Xuất hiện trong hai cấu trúc
- noun/ pronoun + whose + noun + verb
Trang 4- noun/ pronoun whose + noun + subject + verb
Ex1: The girl looks disappoited Her examination result its so bad
The girl whose examination result is so bad looks disappointed
Ex2: That is the girl I took her hat by mistake yesterday
That is the girl whose hat I took by mistake yesterday
4-WHICH
* Thay thế cho danh từ, đại từ chỉ vật / sự vật/ sự việc
* Có thể làm chủ từ hoặc tân ngữ
Ex1: She show me the table It was made by her father
She shows me the table which was made by her father
Ex2: Do you like this car ? Mr Tan bought it last month
Do you like this car, which Mr.Tan bought last month ?
Note: “Which” có thể được sử dụng để thay thế cho một mệnh đề đứng trước nó (= and this/ and that) Ex: Tom is so lazy, and this makes Mrs Green worried
Tom is so lazy, which makes Mrs Green worried
5-WHERE
* Thay cho trạng từ, cụm trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn (place) (eg.here, there, in that place )
* Thường xuất hiện trong cấu trúc:
noun/ pronoun ( = a place) + where + subject + verb
Ex: We visit the hospital We were born there/in that hospital
We visit the hospital where we were born
6-WHEN
* Thay cho trạng từ, cum từ chỉ thời gian (time) (on that day, in the year )
* Thường xuất hiện trong cấu trúc :
noun / pronoun (= time ) + when + subject + verb
Ex: She will never forget the day She first met him on that day
She will never forget the day when she first met him
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 1-Điều kiện có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai (Điều kiện loại I)
If clause : simple present, Main clause : will/shall/can/may + bare-infinitive
Ex1: If it rain, we won’t go for a picnic
Ex2: Our natural resources will disappear if we do not conserve them
Notes : - Ta có thể sử dụng mệnh lệnh ở mệnh đề chính Ex: If you drink, don’t drive
- Ta có thể sử dụng “should” ở mệnh đề điều kiện để tỏ ý nghi ngờ
Ex: If he should call, tell him I will ring back
- Dạng rút gọn ở mệnh đề điều kiện (if possible, if necessary, if so )
Ex: If necessary, I will help you
-Ta có thể sử dụng dạng mệnh lệnh để thay cho mệnh đề chỉ điều kiện
Trong trường hợp này, giữa hai mệnh đề thường có các liên từ như sau: and, or, else, otherwise.
2-Điều kiện không xảy ra ở hiện tại (ĐK II) (present unreal condition )
Main clause: would/could/might + bare-infinitive, If clause: simple past
Ex1: If she had wings, she would fly to an island
Ex2: He would build more houses if he were a king
Note: - ‘If I were you/I were in your position ’được sử dụng để khuyên nhủ
Ex: If I were you, I would accept the invitation ( = You should accept the invitation )
GERUND
The gerund is used as a subject, a complement, an object of a verb or an object of a preposition
(danh động từ được sử dụng như một chủ ngữ, bổ túc từ, túc từ của một động từ, hay túc từ của một giới
từ)
Ex1: Seeing is believing ( S= gerund)
Ex2: Her hobby is listening to music ( complement = gerund)
Trang 5Ex3: They have finished doing exercises ( object = gerund)
Ex4: We are font of playing football (Object of an preposition = gerund)
Note: Danh động từ theo sau các động từ như:
to enjoy, to mind, to avoid, to finish, to practise, to suggest, to postpone, to delay, to imagine, can’t help/stand
Lưu ý cách sử dụng của các động từ :
• Forget + to-infinitive : quên (sẽ/ phải) làm gì
Forget + ing : quên đã làm việc gì.
Ex1: She forgets being taken to the zoo by her father when she was six
Ex2: Don’t forget to shut the door before leaving
• Remember + to-infinitive : nhớ ( sẽ/ phải) làm gì;
Remember + V-ing : nhớ đã làm gì
Ex1: They always remember going to cinema together
Ex2: They remember to have a test on Wendnesday
• Stop + to-infinitive : dừng ( một việc) lại để làm gì;
Stop + V- ing : dừng làm một việc gì
Ex1: This moring , I saw Mr.Pike in the street, so I stopped to greet him
Ex2: The teacher asked us to stop talking
• Need + to- infinitive: cần làm gì ( active);
Need + V-ing: cần được ( passive)
Ex1: We need to repair the car
Ex2: The car needs repairing
- Lưu ý cấu trúc:
S + spend + time + V-ing = It + take + s.b + time + to-inf
CLAUSE OF REASON +Mệnh đề chỉ lý do là mệnh đề phụ bắt đầu bằng các liên từ chỉ lý do như BECAUSE, AS, SINCE Ba
chữ này đều có nghĩa vì, bởi vì nhưng cách dùng khác nhau
Ví dụ: a) Because
- Because he was sleepy, he went to bed – He went to bed because he was sleepy.
Mệnh đề phụ có chữ because có thể đứng trước hoặc sau mệnh đề chính Tuy nhiên phải chú ý nếu mệnh
đề phụ đi trước phải có dấu phảy (,) ngăn cách nó với mênh đề chính
b) As
- As she was free , she came to see me
Vì cô ấy rảnh rỗi, cô ấy đến thăm tôi
c) Since
- Since he doesn’t like music he never goes to the concert
Vì anh ấy không thích nhạc, anh ấy không bao giờ đi xem hoà nhạc.
Mệnh đề since và as luôn đứng trước mệnh đề chính.
b) So/ As Long As
- As long as ( So long as) you’re not busy Can you help me ?
Vì bạn không bận rộn, bạn có thể giúp tôi ?
+ Ngoài các liên từ phụ thuộc ( Subordinating Conjuctions) như Because, Since, As, As long as, chúng
ta còn một liên từ kết hợp ( Co-ordinating conjuctions) FOR chỉ lý do.
* Liên từ kết hợp là liên từ nối hai mệnh đề độc lập (independent clauses) và không dùng ở đầu câu
Ví dụ: - I phoned her, for I wanted to tell her about her exam.
Tôi gọi điện cho cô ấy vì tôi muốn nói với cô ấy về kỳ thi của cô ấy
+ Mệnh đề chỉ lý do còn có thể đổi ra cụm từ chỉ lý do ( phrases of reason) với because of hoặc due to
Ví dụ: - Because the weather was cold, we stayed home.
→ Because of the cold weather, we stayed home
→ Due to the cold weather, we stayed home
Vì thời tiết lạnh, chúng tôi ở nhà
Trang 6Because và Because of
Because và Because of đều có nghĩa là bởi vì nhưng chúng được dùng với cẩu trúc khác nhau.
a ) Because là một liên từ (Conjunction), theo sau nó là một mệnh đề (Clause)
Ví dụ: - Because the traffic was heavy, we were late for the meeting.
S V
Vì xe cộ đông đúc, chúng tôi đến buổi họp trễ
b) Because of là nhóm giới từ ( Prepositional phrase), theo sau nó là một cụm danh từ ( noun phrase)
Ví dụ: - Because of the heavy traffic, we were late for the meeting.
B-PRACTICE
Conditional Sentences (VIẾT LẠI CÂU)
1 You got into so much trouble because you didn’t listen to me.
→ If _
2 There are so many bugs in the room because there isn’t a screen on the window.
→ If _
3 He is busy right now So, he can’t help them.
→ If _
4 I can’t make all of my own meals because I am not good at cooking.
→ If _
5 I’m not you, so I can’t tell him the truth.
→ If I
6 She came, so he wasn’t disappointed.
→ If _
7 He is not a good student He didn’t study for the test yesterday.
→ If _
8 I didn’t eat breakfast several hours ago, so I am hungry now.
→ If _
9 Mai is sick because she didn’t follow the doctor’s orders.
→ If _
10 He is tired this morning because he didn’t go to bed early last night.
→ If _
11 They don’t behave themselves so their parents are not happy about that.
→ If _
12 She didn’t say sorry so he was angry.
→ If _
13 I am not a rich businessman and I can’t afford to buy an expensive car.
→ If _
14 It rained last night so I didn’t go to the barbecue
→ If _
15 My parents do not allow me to go, so I have to stay at home.
→ If _
16 She doesn’t pay attention to her cooking so the food is horrible.
→ If _
17 The weather was very nice so we didn’t go camping.
→ If _
18 The computer broke down and I had to stop my work.
→ If _
19 She loves him so she forgives him easily.
→ If _
20 He was angry so I didn’t say anything.
→ If _
Trang 7II) TRẮC NGHIỆM
21 If I ……….a lot of money now, I ………… a new car.
22 If I ………you, I ……….do that.
23 If I were offered the job, I think I ……… it.
24 I would be very surprised if he………
25 Many people would be out of work if that factory……… down.
26 6 If she sold her car, she ………… much money.
27 They would be disappointed if we……….
28 Would John be angry if I …… ……his bicycle without asking?
29 She ……….terrible upset if I lost this ring.
30 If someone…………in here with a gun, I would be very frightened.
31 What would happen if you ……… to work tomorrow?
32 We ‘ll get wet if we ………….out.
33 If I go shopping, I ………some food.
34 If I find it, I ………you.
35 What would you do if you………a million dollars?
36 They ‘d be hurt if I ……….
37 If we took the 6: 30 train, we…………too early.
a would have arrived b arrived c will arrived d would arrive.
38 If I had known you were in hospital, I …………to see you.
39 If I …………., I would have said hello.
40 I………… out if I hadn’t been so tired.
41 If I ……… a camera, I would have taken some pictures.
42 You won’t pass the examination………you study more.
43 If only I …………you wanted to invest money in business.
44 If I were to leave my country , I ………disappointed.
45 If he hadn’t wasted too much time, he……….in his examination.
a would fail b wouldn’t fail c wouldn’t have failed d won’t fail.
46 If I had taken that English course, I ……… much progress.
47 If I were in your place, I ……….a trip to England.
48 If I ………… you , I’d save some of your lottery winning.
Trang 8a be b were c am d was
49 If the car ……… larger, we would have bought it.
50 If I had enough money, I ……… abroad to improve my English.
51 If it …… convenient, let’s go out for a drink tonight.
52 If you …… time, please write to me.
53 If you had the chance, ………… you go finishing?
54 Trees won’t grow ……… there is enough water.
55 If you ……… to my advice in the first place, you wouldn’t be in this mess right now.
56 I wish I …… you some money for your rent, but I’m broke myself.
57 If someone ……… into the store, smile and say, “ May I help you?”
58 If you stay up late the previous night, you ……… sleepy the next morning
59 If Peter ……, Sarah will be sad because she wants to meet him very much
60 If his teeth still …… , he will have to go to the dentist’s again.
61 If you…………Tom , tell him I have a message for him.
62 If you …………too hot during the night , turn down the central heating.
63 If you …………with your dictionary, I ‘d like to borrow it.
64 If I lived nearer the centre , I …………always late.
65 What would Lan do if she ………… the Miss world.
66 If I ………….her , I would have said “ hello”
67 If she had read the passage more slowly , the candidate………….
68 If it………, they will not go out.
69 James will not complete the work if she is ………… rarely enough.
70 Betty will not go to the party unless John ……….too.
71 Miss An does not want to go on the trip if nobody………… with her.
72 If you ………….to go shopping, please go with your aunt this weekend.
73 Mr Smith has to work on weekends if his manager………….him to.
74 Unless they ………her to work hard, she would not.
75 If I ……….a king, I would give money to the poor
76 If we had left this country , we would have………….to Australia.
77 If I had to the party last night, I …………her.
a will have met b would meet c would have met d will meet.
78 Unless the pupils pay attention, the teacher ……….be angry.
79 Please do not go out if it……….
Trang 9a rain b rains c rained d raining.
80 If you …………me with this exercise, I will do the same for you one day.
81 If you listen to music, you can’t ………your study.
a concentrate on b interested in c care about d read about.
82 ………you study harder, you won’t pass the final exam.
83 If the weather………….fine, we will go on a picnic.
84 If he……….harder, the results will be better.
85 If Americans ate fewer foods with sugar and salt, their general health better
86 If she hadn’t overslept, she ……… late for the interview.
87 I’d have told you if I ………… the book.
88 If we had known your new address, we………… to see you.
89 If I found a wallet in the street, I ………….take it to police.
90 I ………….that coat if I were you.
Passive and Active voice
91 A group of students have met their friend at the railway station.
92 They didn’t allow Tom to take these books home.
93 The teacher won’t correct exercises tomorrow.
94 How many trees did they cut down to build that fence?
95 This well-known library attracts many people.
96 All students attended the meeting.
97 People say that he is intelligent.
98 He can’t repair my bike.
99 Mary has operated Tom since 10 o’clock.
100 This is the second time they have written to us about this.
101 Mr Smith has taught us French for 2 years.
102 They didn’t look after the children properly.
103 Nobody swept this street last week.
104 People drink a great deal of tea in England.
105 People speak English all over the world.
106 Tom was writing 2 poems.
107 She often takes her dog for a walk.
108 How many lessons are you going to learn next month?
109 She didn’t introduce me to her mother.
110 Someone had invented electric lights before I was born.
111 Farmers usually milk cows twice a day.
112 He likes people to call him “sir”.
113 People know that Japan produces a wide range of cars.
114 Our teacher used to bid us talk in class.
115 Don’t let other see you.
116 Workers were digging a large hole in the ground.
117 Before they took exams they had revised their lessons.
118 The car knocked a woman down in the street.
119 When he came home his father was reading a newspaper.
120 Cows were eating grass on the meadow.
121 My cousin will meet you at the station.
122 She is running her own company.
123 Visitors must leave umbrellas and raincoats in the cloakroom.
Trang 10124 My mother used to make us clean the house.
RELATIVE CLAUSE
COMBINE THESE SENTENCES BY USING RELATIVE PRONOUN
1 Chinese people have a very special kind of soup This kind of soup is made from shark’s fin
2 A lot of fish died everyday They live in the polluted sea
3 We have a new teacher I really like her
4 Many people get sick or die every year These people eat puffer fish, a very poisonous species
5 She ‘ll tell you the story That story will surprise you
6 The Nile is the home of a great variety of fish The Nile is in Egypt
7 Yesterday, I visited Tri Nguyen aquarium It has various species of fish
8 The movie Harry Potter is coming soon I’m longing to see it
9 Then he was caught in the mouth of a while shark.It is one of the most dangerous sea creatures
10 The most beautiful park is opposite my house It has a lot of big trees
11 The girl was injured in the accident She is now in hospital
12 A man anwered the phone He told me you were away
13 A waitress served us She was very impolite and impatient
14 A building was destroyed in the fire It has now been rebuilt
15 Some people were arrested They have now been released
16 A bus goes to the airport It runs every half an hour
17 Petr is studying French and German He has been abroad
18 You’ve all met Michael Wood He is visiting us for a couple of days
19 We are moving to Manchester.Manchester is the north west
20 I’ll stay with Adrian His brother is one of my closet friends
21 John Bridge is one of my oldest friends He has just gone to live in Canada
22 The Earth is a planet It can support life
23 The book is about the girl She runs away from home
24 A dictionary is a book It gives you the meaning of words
25 The man was very kind I talk to him yesterday
26 She is the woman I told you about her
27 The man works in the hospital I told you about him
28 The picture was very beautiful She was looking at it
29 I’ll give you the address You should write to it
30 The movie is very fantastic They are talking about it
Liên từ và Giới từ Chọn từ/ cụm từ thích hợp (ứng với A, B, C hoặc D) để hoàn thành câu sau:
1 _it was raining heavily he went out without a raincoat
A In spite B In spite of C However D Although
2 of the committee, I’d like to thank you for your generous donation
A According B On behalf C Together D In addition
3 _he wasn’t feeling very well, Mr Graham went to visit his aunt as usual
A Although B However C Therefore D Still
4. he had no money for a bus, he had to walk all the way home
5 _to an accident in the High Street, traffic is moving very slowly on the London Road
6 Of course I’m a Christian I expect everyone who works here to be a Christian too
7 The the disaster was engine failure, not human error
A reason by B reason on C reason why D reason for
8 We have to start early we won’t be late
9 She came in quietly not to wake the baby
10 He was offered the job his qualifications were poor
A despite B in spite of C even though D Whereas