Toefl ibt internet based test 2006 - 2007 part 48 ppt

324 MORE MOOEL TE S TS 14 . Accordi ng to the passage, it will be diffIcult to predict weather <D unless we learn more about chaotic systems CD because we don't ha ve enough weather stations <t:> without more powerful computers <D unU1 we understand the physical laws 0 1 atoms 15. The word assumed in the passage is closest in meaning to CD agreed CD supposed CD revealed <D expressed 16. The word fundamentallY in the passage is closest In meani ng to CD typically CD historically CO presently <D basically 17. Why does the author mention a car In paragraph 27 CD The car Is an example 01 how conditions are used to make predIctions. CD The author digresses in order to tell a story about a car. <t:> The car Introduces the concept of computer models. <D The mathematical equations lor the car are very simple to understand. Paragraph 21s marXed with an arrow (-t) . 18. Why do the predictions disagree for the computer model described in paragraph 4? CD The condItions at the beginning were very different. CD The model was not accurately programmed. CD Computer models cannot predict weather. <D Over time modets are less reliable. Paragraph 4 is marXed wi th an arrow [ ). t9 . Why is we ather considered a chaotic system? CD Because iI is made up 01 random leatures CD Because il ls not yet very well understood CD Because il ls described by nonlinear equations $ Because it does not have an orderly structure M al chr , 'i pr/P.''i MOOEL TEST 4IREAOING SECTION 32S 20. Based on infonnation in paragraph 6, which of the following best explains the term "butterfly effect"? . a> Slight variatiorls in initial conditions can cause very different results. CD A butterfly's wings can be used to predict different conditions In various locations. tD The weather is as di ffICUlt to predict as the rate of a btrtterfly's wings when it flaps them. a> A butterfly flaps its wings In one location, which automatically produces a result in another place. Paragraph 6 is marked with an arrow ( -+ 1. 21. The phrase in which In the passage refers to (!) the butterfly effect (J) chaotic systems CO simple systems CD> linear equations 22. Why does the author men tion the economy in paragraph 61 (!) To contrast a simple system with a chaotic system (J) To provide an example of another chaotic system CD To compare nontlnear equations with linear equations a> To prove that all nonlinear systems are not chaotic Paragraph 6 is marked with an arrow (-+1 . 23 . The word tealures in the passage Is closest in meaning 10 Cl> problems (J) exceptions CD characteristics CD> benefits 24. In paragraph 7, the author suggests that our knowledge of chaotic systems (!) will never allow us to make accurate predictions (J) has not improved very much OVQf the years CO reveals details that can be predicted quite accurately (D) requires more research by the scientific community Paragraph 7 is merked with an arrow [ 1. 25. Look at the lour squares r _ ] lh at show where the following sentence could be inserted in the passage. For nelrt week's weather, the new model may yield a slightly dlffentnl prediction. Where could the sentence best be added1 Cl i ck on a square [. J to insert the sentence in the passage. '" ,'" 32t1 MORE MOOEL TESTS 26. Directions: An intr~uction for a short summary of the passage appears below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that mention the most Important points in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express Ideas that are not Included In the passage or are minor points Irom the passage. This question Is worth 2 points. Because weather Is a chaotic system, It Is very difficult to pl'$dlct. • • • Answer Choices [AI The accuracy 01 weather prediction will improve as we make progress in the appllcatloo 01 computers to equations. [BJ It is very easy to make predictions about the location 01 a car when you know where it is and how last Ills QQlng. !DI Because weather is chaotic but not ran· dom, it may be de scribed by nonlinear equatioos that provide lor sensitive Inter· acHons. [CJ A slight variation in Initial conditions will cause a very different pred iction for weather over the long term. lEI The economic system demonstrates chaotic behavior, and it must be repre- sented by a nonlinear equation. [E) Weather is predictable only within a time frame of a few weeks because of the nature 01 scientific prediction. Helldlll,3 "BllJldlllf wItIJ ArchtJs" Round Arch and Vault -+ Although the round arch was used by the ancient peoples 01 Mesopotamia several centuries before our common era, it was most fully developed by the Romans, who perlectacl the form in the 2nd century e. C.E . The arch has many virtues. In addition to being an attractive form, it enables the architect to open up la irly large spaces in a wall without risking the building'S structural sound- ness. These spaces admit light, reduce the weight of the walls, and decrease the amount 01 material needed. As utilized by the Romans, the arch Is a perlect semicircle, although it may seem elongated if it rests 00 columns. It Is con· structed from wedge·shaped pieces of stone that meet at an angle always per· pendicular 10 the curve of the arch. Because of tensions and compressions !nhef1iOt: In the form, Ihe arch is stable only when it Is complete, when the top- mo st stone. the keystone . has been set In place. For this reason an arch under conslruction must be supported from below, usually by a wooden framework. Ma1e ehrancnv a ' rro pravv MODEL TEST 4IREAOINQ SECTION 3.27 -+ Among the most elegant and enduring 01 Roman structures based on the arch is the Pont du Gard at Nimes, France, built about 15 C.E. when the empire was nearing its farthest expansion. At this time, industry, commerce, and agri- culture were at their peale Roman engineering was applied to an ambitious system 01 public-works projects , not just in Italy but in the ou tly ing areas as well. The Pont du Gard functioned as an aqueduct, a structure meant to trans- porl water, and its lower level served as a footbridge across the river. That it stands today ~ intact after nearty two Ihousand years ( and is crossed by cyclists on the route of the famous Tour de France bicycle race) testifies to the Romans' brilliant engineering skills. Visually, the Pont du Gard exemplifieS the best qualities of arCh construction. Solid and heavy, obviouSly durable, it is shot through with open spaces that make it seem light and its weight-bearing capa- bilities effortless. -+ When the arch is extended in depth-when it is . in realily, many arches placed nush one behind the ot her-the result is called a barre l ya ult. This vault conslruction makes it possible to create large interior spaces. The Romans made great use of the barrel vault, but for its finest expression we look ma ny hundreds of years later, to the Churches of the Middle Ages. -+ The church of Sainte-Foy, in the French cily 01 Conques, is an example of the style prevalent throughout Western Europe from about 1050 to 1200-a style known as Romanesque. Romanesque builders adopted the old Roman forms of round arch and barrel vault so as to add to their churches. ntIl ' the stone barrel vauft, they could the QaXjl of Sainte-Foy. Poin ted Arch a nd Va u lt , soaring, majestic space we see in -+ Whi le the round arch and vault of the Romanesque era solved many prob· lems and made many things possi ble , they neverlheless had cerlain dra w- backs. For one thing, a round arch. to be stable, must be a semicircle; therefore, the height 01 the arCh is li mited by its width. Two other diffICUlties were weight and darkness. Barrel va ults are both li terally and visually heavy, calling for huge masses 01 stone to maintain 1tiiil structural stability. Also, the builders who constructed them dared not make lighl-admining openin gs in or around them, for fear the arches and vaults would collapse, and so the Interiors of Romanesque buildings tend to be dark. The Got h ic period in Europe. which followed the Romanesque, solved these problems with the pointed arch. [!] The pointed arch, while seemingly not very dilterenllrom the round one, olters many advantages. !Ell Because the sides arc up to a point, weight is channeled down to the ground at a steeper angle, and therefore the arch can be taller. The vault constructed from such an arch also can be much taller than '01 '" ,'" 328 MORE MODEL TESTS a barrel vault. !CJ ArChitec1S 01 the Gothic period found they did not need heavy masses 01 material throughout the curve 01 the vault, as long as the major points ol lnlersection were relnforcsd. !DI Glossary nave: the long central area in a church with aisles on each side 27. Why does the author mention U1e keystone in paragraph I ? <D To explain the engineering 01 an arch a:> To provide historical background on arches CO To point out one of the virtues of arches CD) To suggest an alternative to the arch Paragraph 1 is marked with an arrow 1-+1 . 26. The word inberenl in the passage Is closest In meaning to <D uncertain a:> unsatisfactory CO expansive G) essential 29. The Pont du Gard menti oned in paragraph 2 has all 01 the following characteristics EXCEPT <D It was an aqueduct. a:> It is sti ll being used. CO It was built 2000 years 8g0. CD) It was repaired recently. Paragraph 2 Is marked wi th an arrow I -+ J. 30. According to paragraph 3, what is the advantage 01 a barrel vault? c;p It was used in UIS Middle Ages. a:> Many arches were joined. CO The space was larger. <J) It was a typical Roman look. Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow [-+]. 31 . The word vi rtually in the passage is closest in meaning to c;p obviously a:> accurately CO routinely G) practically M trial chraneny a' sk~ml pravv MODEL TEST 4IREAOING SEcnON 32i 32. What can be inferred from paragraph 4 about Romanesque architecture? Q) Arches and birrel vaults were used in the designs. <D Wood beams characterized the buildings. <D The structures were smaller than those of Roman style. aD The architecture was popular during the Roman occupation. Paragraph 4 is marked with an arrow I~J . 33 . Which of the sentences be fow best expresses the Information in the highlighted statement In the passage? The other choices change the meaning or leave out importa nt Information. ([) Architects wanted to build h ig her ceilings In churches, but they were limited because of the fire hazard caused by wooden beams in the roofs. <D Tho majority of tho churchos prior to th is timo w oro constructed with woodon foofs thaI caused a considerable fire hazard because of their height. <D The wood beams In the roofs of most churches befo re this period were a concern because of fire and the constrainl5 !hey imposed on the height of the ceiling. <lP The limitations on the architecture of the churches were a result of the construction materials al'ld the limi ted vis i on 01 the archltects. 34. The word achiBvB in the passage is closest in meaning to Q) reta in CD accomplish <D decorate (It) finance 35 . Gothic archi tect s eKtended th e height 01 their arches by CD us ing barrel vaults CD designing pointed arches <D including a nave aD adding w indows 36. The word lhI'I.k in the passage refers to Q) masses CD builders CD sto ne aD vaults 37. According to paragraph 5. why are Romanesque churches so dark? ([) It was a characteristic of construction with pointed arches. <D It was 100 difflCtJlt to make windows in Ihe heavy materials. <D Openings for light could have compromised the structure. <lP Re in forcements covered the areas where Ughl could shine in . Paragraph 5 Is marked with an arrow I~]. M Ichr, :1y kvr prtN'v 330 MORE MOOEL TEST S 38. Look at the four squares ,_ ) that show where the lollowing sentence could be inserted in the passage. These reinforcements, called ribs , are visible In the nave celiing of Relms Cathedral. Where could the sentence best be added? Click on a square , _ ) to insert the sentence in the passage. 39. Directions: Complete the table by matching the phrases on the left with the headings on the right. Select the appropriate answer choices and drag them to the type of architecture to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This quttar/on Is worth 4 points. To delete an answer choice, click on it. To see the passage. click on View Text . Answer Choices I!l Allowed architects to create a taller arch IS! Used in fortresses so that the soldiers could see out 1CJ Rapresented the Romanesque style of architecture ~ Similar to arches constructed in the ancient world IE! Popular in many structures 01 the Gothic period IE! Required special blJilding materials for construction !GJ Prevalent in churches during the Middle Ages !8J Associated with structures that inClude barrel vaults rn Permitted openings In or around them lor light Round Arch • • • • Pointed Arch • • • M fir chr, ~y,' k prAY\! . light and its weight-bearing capa- bilities effortless. -+ When the arch is extended in depth-when it is . in realily, many arches placed nush one behind the ot her-the result is called. framework. Ma1e ehrancnv a ' rro pravv MODEL TEST 4IREAOINQ SECTION 3.27 -+ Among the most elegant and enduring 01 Roman structures based on the arch is the Pont du Gard at Nimes,. the Middle Ages. -+ The church of Sainte-Foy, in the French cily 01 Conques, is an example of the style prevalent throughout Western Europe from about 1050 to 1200-a style known as