SUMMARIZING 1 27 , Report the content accurately You will be evaluated not only on how wen you use language to write a summary but also on how accurately you understand and report the content 01 the original, Read and listen for meaning, When you have finished reading or listening, review the content. Ask yoursetf some basic questions. Include the questions that reporters use in their writing- who, what, when, where, why , how? The content may not include answers to an 01 the ques- tions, but, with practice, you win be able to identify the questions that are important to the content you have read or heard. f'RAcna Acmm 27 Did you unclerstand? Answer the content questions. Then, copy !tie answers to the questions in paragraph lorm to make a summary. The answers and the example summaries are printed in Chapt er 7 on pages 525-526. 1. /ludl", According to the controversial sunspot theory, great storms on the surlace 01 the Sun hurt streams 01 solar particles into space and eventually into the atmosphere of our planet, causing shifts in the weather on the Earth and interlerence with radio and television communications. A typical sunspot consists 01 a dark central umbra, a WOI'd dertved from the Latin word lor shadow , which is surrounded by a lighter penumbra of light and dark threads extending out Irom the center like the spokes 01 a wheel. Actually, the sunspots are oooIer !tIan the rest of the photosphere, which may account lor their apparently darker color. Typically, the temperature in a sunspot umbra is about 4000 K, whereas the temperature in a penumbra registers 5500 K, and the granules outside the spot are 6000 K. Sunspots range in size from tiny grains to complex structures with areas stretChing for bil- lions of square miles. About 5 percent of all sunspots are large enough so that they can be seen from Earth without instruments; consequently, observations of sunspots have been recorded for thousands 01 years. They have been observed in arrangements of one to more than one hundred spots, but they tend to occtJr In pairs. There is also a marked tendency lor the two spots of a pair to have opposite magnetic polarities. Furthermore, !tie strength 01 the magnetic field associated with any given sunspot is closely related to the spot's Size. Sunspots have also been observed to occtJf in cycles, over a period 01 eleven years. At the beginning of a cycle, the storms occur between 20 and 40 degrees north and south of the equator on the Sun. As the cycle continues, some of the storms move closer to the equator. As the cycle diminishes, the number of sunspots decreases to a minimum, and they cluster between 5 and 15 degrees noflh and south latitude. Although !tIere is no theory that completely explains the nature and lunction 01 sunspots, several models show scientists' a"empts to relate !tie phenomenon to magnetic lield lines aloog the Moos olloogitude lrom tile north and sou!tl poles 01 the Sun. IQI bas "61 matenala 128 ACADEMIC SKIlLS 1. What is the author's main purpose in tl'le passage? CD To describe the nature of sunspots (]) To propose a model for cycles in the solar year <P To compare the umbra and the penumbra In sunspots aD To argue for the existence 01 magnetic fields In sunspots 2. Why are solar particles hurled into space? CD Undetermined causes on Earth (]) Disturbances of wind on the Sun <P Small rivers on the surface of the Sun aD Changes in the Earth's atmosphere 3. How can we describe the effect of mailer from the Sun that enters the Earth's atmosphere? CD 1\ causes volcanic eruptions on the surface of the Earth. <I> It aHeets changes In the weatl'ler patterns on Earth. <P It results in shadows across the Earth's surface. aD It produces higher temperatures on the Earth. 4. How would you describe most sunspots? CD A shadow encircled by bright and dark lines extending out like spoIIes in a wheel <I> A bright wheel wilh a dark shadow that covers part of the spokes that extend out <P A wheel with alternating spokes 01 dark shadows and brlghl spaces in between Cl[) A spoIIe of a wheel with a bright trail partially COyered by a dark shadow 5. What does the author mean by the statement "Actually, the sunspots are cooler than the rest of the photosphere, which may account lot their apparently darker oolor"? CD Neither sunspots nor the photosphere is hot. <I> Sunspots in the photosphere do not haye any color. cD The color of sunspots could be affected by their temperature. Cl[) The size 01 a sunspot affects its temperature. 6. In which configuratiOn do sunspots usually occur? CD In one spol of yarying size <I> In a configuration of two spots cD In arrangements of one hundred Of more spots Cl[) In groups of several thousand spots 7. How are sunspots explained? CD Sunspots appear to be related to the pu ll of highly magnetic fields on the Earth. <I> Sunspots may be related to magnetic fields that follow longitudinal tines on the Sun. <P Sunspots are explained by large stOfms that occu r on the surlace 01 the Earth. Cl[) Sunspots haye no theory or model to explain their occurrence Of reappearance. 91 bas yllet matcr<a~ 8. The sunspot theofy is CD not very Important CD widely accepted <D sub;ect to debate CD relatively new 2. La,.,. SUMMARIZING 121 Usten to part of a lecture in an anthropology class. Then answer the questions and use the answers to write a summary . () Activity 27, CD 2, Track 19 t . According to the lecturer, fossils are considered valuable for all of the following r easons EXCEPT CD They suggest how the climate may have been. <D They provide information about migration. <D They document the evolution of the horse . <D They maintain a record of life prior to the Miocene. 2. What does the lecturer mean by the statement, "'Geologists believe that the first hofses appeared on Earth about sixty million years ago as compared with only two million years ago for the appearance of human beings .* CD Geologists claim that horses appeared on Earth millions of years belore human beings. CD Both horses and human beings appeared several million years ago, if we believe geologists. <D The geological records lor the appearance 01 horses and human beings are not very accurate. <D Horses and human beings cannot be compared by geologists because they appeared too long ago. 3. According to the lecture, the anchitheres CD never lived in the North American continent <D had migrated to Europe in the Miocene Period from North America <D developed larger bodies than the hippafion from North America <D were only about the size of a small dog when they invaded North America 4. Which 01 the fot lowing conclusions may be made on the basis of i nformation in the lecture? CD Following the same route, the hlpparion migrated to Europe In the Pliocene. CD There are no fossil remains of either the anchitheres or the hipparion in Europe. CD Both horses were in North America when the first European colonists arrived. <D Very little is conclusively known about the evolution of the horse in Europe. 1 30 AC AOEMIC SK I LLS 5, What happened to the anchilheres when the hipparion invaded Europe? <J) They interbred with the hippariOn, cD They migrated into ASia. CD They did no t survive. at> They evolved into large horses . 6. What do we know about horses in Nooh America during the Pleistocene? <J) They were very large and strong. CD They were already extinct. CD They lived in the Bering Straits. at> T hey migrated south from Alaska. 7. What happened to the hipparion in Europe? <J) They developed into a sturdy animal, like modem bfeeds of horses. <%'> They wore replaced by othor largor, stronger animalS. <D T hey evolved into modern ponies instead of modem horses. at> They disappeared because they were hunted into extinctioo. a. H ow was the domesticated horse Introduced in North America? <J) Early hunting tribes from Europe herCSed them across the Bering Straits. cD They were used as transportation by immigrants who used a land route. CD Europeans returned the horse to the American colonies 00 ships. at> T hey migrated to find better grasslands than they had in Europe and Asia. Retain the original emphasis The emphasis should be the same in both the original and the summary. F or example, a pas- sage about the three different types. ollaaves may i nclude all three types, but ~ may dedicate hall of the passage 10 ooe type- palmate leaves. In this case, your summary shoold retain the same emphasis by dedicating hall of the summary to palmate leaves. PucrICAl ST1U.TEGiY When you read, think in terms 01 space. How much space does the author devote to each point? When you listen, th i nk in terms 01 time. How much time does Ihe speaker devote to each point? When you do this, you are determining the emphasis lor each point in the original, and you will know how much emphasis to give to these points in your summary. Did you understand? T ry to identify Ihe emphasis for each part 01 the original and assign per- centages. Then write a su mmary thaI retains the original emphasis. The answers and example summaries are printed in Chapter 7 on pages 526-527. igt b$skyllel matenale SUMMARIZING 131 1.1Iud"" The Federal Reserve System, commonly called the Fed, is an indepeodent agency 01 the United States govemment charged with overseeing the national banking system. Since 1913, the Federal Reserve System has served as the central bank lor the Urited States. The Fed's primary function is to control monetary policy by influencing the cost and availability 01 money and credit through the purchase and saie 01 government securities. II the Federal Reserve pr0- vides too little money, interest rates tend to be high, borrowing is expeosive, business activity slows down, unemployment goes up , and the danger 01 a recession is augmented. On the other hand, if there is too mlJC h money, interest rates decline, and borrowing can lead to excess demand, pushing up prices and lueling inflation. In addition to oontrolling the money supply, the Fad has S&Vef8 i other responsibilities. In collaboration with the U.S. Department of the Treasury. the Fed puts new coins and paper currency into circulation by issuing them to banks. It also supervises the activities 01 member banks abroad and regulates certain aspects 01 international finance. The Federal Reserve System consists of twefve district reserve banks and their branch offi ces along with several comm ittees and councils . All national commerc ial bank s are required by law to be members 01 the Fed, and aN deposit-taking institutions like credit unions are subject to regulation by the F ed regarding the amount of deposited funds that must be hek:l in resefVe and that, by definition, therefore, are not available lor loans . The most powerful body is the seven-membef board of governors In Washington, appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. Although it Is tNe that the Federal Reserve does not depend on Congress lor budget allocations, and !herefofe is free from !he partisan politics that inlluence most of the other governmental bodies, it is still responsible lor frequent reports to the C0n- gress on the conduct of monetary policies. In many ways, the Federal Reserve is like a foorth branch of the Un ited States government because it Is composed of national policy makers. However, in practice, the F ed does not stray lrom the linancial policies established by the executive branch 01 the government. MaJM Points • The I1Jnction and responsibilities 01 the Fed • The composition 01 the Fed • A comparison of the Fed to a fourth branch 01 government 2. 1M,., Uslen to part 01 a lecture in a psychology Class . Then assign a percentage to each 01 the foI · lowing points from the lecture and write a summary using the percentages to determine how mucfl to write on each point. o Act J vlty 28, CD 2, Track 20 Major POints • The level 01 sophistication for human memory • The memory tr ace • Working memory 132 ACADEMIC SKIUS , Maintain an objective point 01 ,lew An objective point of view is a neutral positiOn, A summary is not an analysis or a commentary. A summary does not invite an opinion. In your summary, you should not agree or disagree with the author's or Ihe speaker's ideas. Don1 make judgmenlS. Don' acid in formation, When you report, you should not include your opinions or comments. The conclusion should be the author's or the speaker's conclu siOn, no t yours. Did you understand? Try to find the opinions in the summary and delete them. Use the original reading to compare the conlent. The answers are printed In Chapter 7 on pages 526-529 . 1. ""'" Charles Ives, who is now acclaimed as the first greal AmerICan composer o llne twentietn century, had to wail many years l or the public recognition he deserved. 80m 10 music as the son of a bandmaster, Ives played drums in his lather's community band and organ at the local church. He entered Yale University al twenty \0 study musical oomposition with H or atio Pan<er, but alter graQuation he chose nolto pursue a ca reer in musiC. He suspected correctly Ihat the public would not accept the music he wrote because Ives did not follow the musical fashion of his times. 'Nhile his contemporaries wrote lyrical songs. Ives transfigured music and musical form. He quoted, combined, insinuated, and distorted familiar hymns, marches, and battle songs, while e)(perimenting with the effects of polytonality. or the Simu ltaneous use of keys with conflicting rhythms and time, Even when he could convince some musicians to show some interest in his compositions. after assessing them conductors and performers said that they were essentlaJly unplayable. !vas turned his altention to business. He became a successful insurance e)(ecutive, build- ing his company i nlO the largest agency in the country in only two decades. Although he occa- sionally hired musicians to play one of his won<s privately lor him, he usuaJly heard his music only in his imagination. After he reoovered from a serious heart altack, he became reconciled to the fact that his ideas, especially the use of dissonance and special effects, were just tOO dif- ferent for the musical mainstream to accept. Determined to sh are his music with the few pe0- ple who mig ht appreciate it, he published his won< privately and distributed il free. In 1939 , when Ives was si)(ty-five, American pianist JOh n Kirkpatr iC k played Concord Sana/a in Town Hall. The reviews were laudatory, One review er proclaimed it "the 9reatest music composed by an American By 1947, Ives was famous. His Second Symphony was presented to the public In a perlonnance by the New Yorl< Philharmonic. fifty years alter it had been wrilten. The same year, Ives received the Pulitzer Prize. He was seventy-three. S r ", Charles Ives started his musical career as a member of his father'S band and received a degree from Yale University in music, but he became a businessman instead because he was alraid that his music would not be well accepted, His music was very different fr om Ihe popu- SUMMARIZING 133 lar songS of his era because he used small phrases from well-known music with unusual rhythms and tones. Fifty years after he wrote his Second Symphony , it was performed by the New YorI!. Philharmonic, and he as a arded the Pulitzer Prize. I th i nk that Charles 1V8$ as rong not to pursue his musical career from ~ beginning. It he had continued writing music instead 01 selling insurance, we ould have more pieces now . 2. LKtM. Listen to part 01 a lectura in a geology dass . Tl1en delete the opinions from the summary. () Actlvtty 29, CD 3, Track 1 In my opinion, geysers are interesting. They happen when underground at8f gets hot and pressure from above causes the water to get hotter and lighter.so it goes up to the surlace and e:w:pIodes out. Tl1en . the waler runs back into ItIe ground and starts aU over again. GeyseB have to have heat. a place to store ater. an opening where the ater can shoot up , and cradts in the ground for the ater to go back down into a pool. Geysers are in New Zealand. Iceland. and the United States. Old Faithful in Yellowstone is ItIe most famous geyser. but the best place to see geysers Is In New Zealand. I sa the Pohutu Geyser there on my vacation two years ago, and it as awesome. , Check the su ry If you know how your summary wilt be evaluated. you can use the same criteria to check it before you submit it. Pu.cncM. STu.THY Save some time at the end of your written summary to rHead it and check it. Keep a short checklist In mind as you review your content and organization. I'IAcTa "11" SII Did you understand ? Try to find the problems in the following summaries. Use the orig inal reading to compare the content and the short checklist to Identify which problems to correct. The ans ers are printed in Chapter 7 on page 529. ",." Clwckllst fit Sal , ,. '" Be brief '" Use the same organization as the original '" II'ICIude the major points '" Report the content accurately ." Retain the origi nal emphasls '" Paraphrase using your own ords '" Maintain an objective point of view . the questions that reporters use in their writing- who, what, when, where, why , how? The content may not include answers to an 01 the ques- tions, but, with practice, you win be able. in Chapt er 7 on pages 52 5-5 26. 1. /ludl", According to the controversial sunspot theory, great storms on the surlace 01 the Sun hurt streams 01 solar particles into space and eventually. that covers part of the spokes that extend out <P A wheel with alternating spokes 01 dark shadows and brlghl spaces in between Cl[) A spoIIe of a wheel with a bright trail partially COyered