CONTENTS 6-1 Pronunciation of final 4-es 6-10 Personal pronouns: subjects and objects 6-2 Plural forms of nouns 6-1 1 Possessive nouns 6-3 Subjects, verbs, and objects 6-12 Possessive pronouns and adjectives 6-4 Objects of prepositions 6- 13 Reflexive pronouns 6-5 Prepositions of time 6-14 Singular forms of other: another vs. 6-6 Word order: place and time the other 6-7 Subject-verb agreement 6-15 Plural forms of other: other(s) vs. the 6-8 Using adjectives to describe nouns other(s) 6-9 Using nouns as adjectives 6-1 6 Summary of forms of other ., z, ,,, EXERCISE 1. Prevlew: grammar terms. (Chapter 6) Directions: This exercise previews grammar terms used in this chapter. Identify the italicized word in each sentence as a NOUN, ADJECTIVE, PREPOS~ON, or PRONOUN. 1. Eric is wearing a new shirt today. 2. Algeria is in North Africa. 3. Steve is in Asia. He is traveling. 4. I'm thirs~y. 5. We have class in this mom every day. 6. I know my way to Joanna's house. 7. The ham children squealed with joy. 8. I walked to class with Maria. 9. Hawaii has eight principal islands. 10. The hungry man stufFed his mouth with rice. 1 1. Tokyo is the capital of Japan. 12. Athens is a beaueiful city. 13. My history book is under my desk. 14. Do you Wre classical music? 15. I can't find my keys. Have you seen them? 1w *.r ; shirt how in ~ve~odtioh he PVORO~AR thirsty ~~ec+iv~ room way haPm with islands hungry Japan beauttw under music them 1 6-1 PRONUNCIATION OF FINAL -SI-ES I Final -61-es has three different pronunciations: Isl, Id, and lad. (b) seeds = seedd Id is the sound of "z" in "buzz." Final -8 is pronounced Id after voiced srm = starld sounds. Examples of voiced* sounds: Id, Irl, IU, /mi, hl, and all vowel holes = hole/z/ sounds. laws = lnwld (c) dishes 3 dishlad lad adds a whole syllable to a word. Fi -61-ea is pronounced lad matches 3 matchlad after -& -ch, -s, -z, -&?elk&- munds. classes = classlad sizes 3 sizelad pages = pagelad judges = judgelad *See Chart 2-4, p. 28, for more infomtion about voiceless and voiced sounds. (a) seats = seatlsl maps = maplsl lakes = lake/d EXERCISE 2. Pronunclotion of final 41-ES. (Chart 6-1) Directions: Write the correct pronunciations and practice saying the words. Id is the sound of "s" in "bus." Final 4 is pronounced la1 after voiceless sounds. Examples of voiceless* sounds: Id, Ipl, Id. 1. names = name1 r I 8. hills = hilY / 14. glasses = glass1 I 2. clocks = clock/ s I 9. cars = cad I 15. prices = price/ 1 3. eyes = eye/ I 10. ways = way/ / 16. prizes = prize/ I 4. heads = head / 1 1. months = month1 / 17. faxes = fax/ I 5. boats = boat1 I 12. eyelashes = eyelash/ I 18. bridges = bridge/ 1 6. ribs = rib/ I 13. itches = itch/ 1 19. cages = cage1 / 7. lips = lip/ I EXERCISE 3. Preview: plural nouns. (Chart 6-2) Directions: These sentences have many mistakes in the use of nouns. Underline each noun. Write the correct plural form if necessary. Do not change any of the other words in the sentences. streets highways - 1.Chicapohasbusy-and*. 5. Insect don't have nose. .Aq, 2. Box have six side. 3. Big city have many problem. 4. Banana grow in hot, humid area. 6. Lamb are the offspring of sheep. 7. Library keep book on shelf. 8. Parent support their child. Nouna ond Pronouns 157 9, Indonesia has several active volcano. 10. Baboon are big monkey. They have large head and sharp tooth. They eat leaf, root, insect, and egg. -2 PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS SINGULAR PLURAL (a) one bud two birdr one street two streets one rose two roses (b) one dish two &he8 one match two mtchss one class two classes one box two boxes (c) one baby two babies one city two cities (d) one toy two toys one key two keys (e) one knife two knives one shelf two shelvss (f) one tomato two tomcrtoos one zoo ., two BOOS one zero two zemes/z8+08 'I (g) one child two children one foot two feet one goose two geese one man two men one mouse two mice one tooth two teeth one woman two w~11~n two people (h) one deer two deer one fish two fish one sheep two sheep one offspring two Q&W.ng one soecies two ~cies (i) one bacterium two bacto*irr one cams two cacti one crisis two crises one phenomenon two phenomena To make most nouns plural, add -s. Add -es to nouns endiing in -sh, -ch, -ss, and -x. If a noun ends in a consonant + -y, change they to 8' and add -es, as in (c). If -y is preceded by a vowel, add only -s, as in (d). If a noun ends in -fe or -f, change the endiing to -ws. (Exceptions: beliefs, chief, roof, cuffs, dsffs.) The plural form of nouns that end in -0 is sometimes -ws and sometimes -0s. -oes: wmawes,potaroes, hemer, echoes -0s: zoos, radios, studios, pianos, solos, sopmnos, photos, auws, videos -ws or -0s: zeroes zeros; mlcanoes volcaolcanos, wrnadoes/wrnados, mosquiwesrmosquiws Some nouns have irregular plural forms. (Note: The singular form of people can be persun, woman, man, child. For example, one man and one child = two people.) The plural form of some nouns is the same as the singular form. Some nouns that English has borrowed from other languages have foreign plurals. I7 EXERCISE 4. Plural nouns. (Chart 6-2) Directions: Write the plural forms of the nouns. 1. one potato, two ~Otfitoes 2. a library, many 3. one child, two 4. a leaf, a lot of 5. a wish, many 6. one fish, two 7. an opinion, many 8. a mouse, several 9. a sandwich, some 10. a man, many 11. one woman, two 12. a flash, three 13. one tomato, a few -, 14. one tooth, two 15. one half, two 16. a tax, a lot of 17. a possibility, several 18. a thief, many 19. a hero, many 20. a goose, a lot of 21. an attorney, a few 22. a butterfly, several 23. one category, two 24. a mosquito, a lot of25. one sheep, two 26. a wolf, some 27. one stitch, two 28. one foot, three 29. one piano, two 30. a belief, many 6-3 SUBJECTS, VERBS, AND OBJECTS L - 8 v 0 (c) PPIlntd need water, (noun) (verb) (noun) s v 0 (d) ~ob is reading a book. (noun) (verb) (noun) r AnEnglish sentence has a SUBJECT (s) and a VsRB (v). The SUBJECT is a noun. In (a): sun is a noun; it is the subject of the verb shines. Sometimes a VERB is followed by an OBJECT (0). I The OBJBCT of a verb is a noun. In (c): water is the object of the verb need. Nouns and Pronouns 159 EXERCISE 5. Subjects, verbs, and objects. (Chart 6-3) , " Directions: Identify the subject (s) and verb (v) of each sentence. Also hd the object (0) of the verb if the sentence has an object. i'. S V 0 1. The carpenter built a table. s v 2. Birds fly. .~lV e . ' 3. Cows eat grass. C,: ,l .:/ . 4. My dog barked. 5. The dog chased the cat. 8. Most birds build nests. 9. Our guests arrived. 10. Teachers assign homework. 1 1. My roommate opened the window. 12. Jack raised his hand. 13. Irene 6. Steam rises. 7. Accidents happen. - 'r,y,,-,P .i:,,. . :! is watching her sister's .',. .><I;<?!.? ' . , i :! . L,. i ,:. > b :~' . . ,.smo.,J .?.I? I ! children. ., - I. 'Ii .I I3 EXERCISE 6. Nouns and verbs. (Charts 6-2 and 6-3) Directions: Some words can be used both as a noun and as a verb. If the word in italics is used as a noun, circle n. If the word in italics is used as a verb, circle v. (n. = noun and v. = verb) People smile when they're happy. Mary has a nice smile when she's happy. Emilv does good work. - Emily and Mike wmk at the cafeterim' People usually store milk in the refrigerator. We went to the store to buy some milk. es 1 The child wkte her name on the wall with a crayon. People often name their children after relatives. Airplanes land on runways at the airport. The ship reached land after seventeen days at sea. I took a main from NewYork to Boston last week. I main my dogs to sit on command. jt, Alex visiu his aunt wery week. Alex's aunt enjoys his visirs every week. EXERCISE 7. Nouns and verbs. (Charts 6-2 and 6-3) Directions: Use each word in two different sentences. Use the word as a noun (n.) in the first sentence and as a verb (v.) in the second sentence. Consult your dictionary if necessary to find out the different uses and meanings of a word. Example: watch + n. I am wearing a watch. v. I watched TV afm dinner last night. 1. rain 4. phone 7. water 2. paint 5. shop . 8. circle 3. tie 6. face 9. fly Other common words that are used as both nouns and verbs are listed below. Choose several from the list to make additional sentences. Use your dictionary if necessary. centerlcentre* garden question snow date mail rock star experience mind season tip e-mail place sense trip fear plant shape value fish promise smoke 1 6-4 OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS I S V 0 PREP OOFPRKP (a) Ann put her books on the dark. (noun) S v PRBP OOPPRHP (b) A leaf feu to the ground. (noun) REPERENCE LIST OF PREPOSITIONS Many English sentences have prepositional phrases. In (a): on the desk is a prepositional phrase. A prepositional phrase consists of a PReposrnoN (PREP) and an OBJEC~ OF A PREPOS~~ON (O OF PREP). The object of a preposition is a NOUN. about abm mss afrPr againrt hng among around Of before behind below beneath beside besides between beyond by dapite dm during for fmm in inw like near <.! .:, , of " .,;. .; " 8. : on ,:+ . out over since through throughout ti[l . <. to -rd(sl under until UP urn with within without 'American Bnglish: mut; Brirish English: unm. Nouns and Pronouns 161 EXERCISE 8. Subjects, verbs, and objects. (Charts 6-3 and 6-4) Directions: Identify the subjects, verbs, and objects. Also identify the preposition (PREP) and the noun that is used as the object of the preposition (0 OF PREP). s v o PREP o cF PREP 1. Sara saw a picture on the wall. 2. Sara looked at the pictures. 3. Emily waited for her friend at a restaurant. 4. The sun rises in the east. 5. Sue lost her ring in the sand at the beach. 6. The moon usually disappears from view during the day. 7. Eric talked to his friend on the phone for thirty minutes. 8. Children throughout the world play with dolls. 9. Astronauts walked on the moon in 1969. 10. A woman in a blue suit sat beside me until the end of the meeting. tCISE 9. Preposltlons of place. (Chart 6-4) DirecFMnc Review prepositions of place* by using the following phrases in sentences. Demonstrate the meaning of the preposition by some action. Work in pairs, in small groups, or as a class. Ezample: above my head -r I'm holding my hand abwe my head. (The speaker demonstrates this action.) 1. across the room 2. against the wall 1 1. below the window 12. beside my book 3. among my books and papers 13. near the door 4. between two pages of my book 14. far from the door 5. around my wrist 15. off my desk 6. at my desk 16. out the window 7. on my desk 8. in the room 9. into the room 10. behind me 17. under my desk 18. through the door 19. throughout the room 20. toward($ the door 'Repositions of place BIT also called "prepositions of location." 162 CHAPlER6 . forms of other: other(s) vs. the 6-8 Using adjectives to describe nouns other(s) 6-9 Using nouns as adjectives 6-1 6 Summary of forms of other ., z, ,,, EXERCISE 1. Prevlew: grammar. the end of the meeting. tCISE 9. Preposltlons of place. (Chart 6-4) DirecFMnc Review prepositions of place* by using the following phrases in sentences. Demonstrate the meaning of the. form of people can be persun, woman, man, child. For example, one man and one child = two people.) The plural form of some nouns is the same as the singular form. Some nouns that English