Fundamentals of english grammar third edition part 36 ppsx

I 8-4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND AND @) I like tea, but my husband doesn't. (c) I won't be here tomom, but Sue will. (d) I've seen that movie, but Joe hasn't. (e) He isn't here, but she is.* (a) I don't like coffee, but my husband does. In (a): does = likes coffee. After but and and, often only an auxiliary verb is used. It has the same tense (f) I don't like coffee, and Ed doesn't either. (g) I like tea, and Kate does too. (h) I won't be here, and he won't either. (i) I've seen that mm'e, and Pat has too. (j) He isn't here, and Anna isn't either. or modal as the-main verb. Notice in the examples: negative + but + affirmative affirmative + but + negative negative + and + negative affirmative + and + affirmative L *A verb a nor contracted with a pronoun at the end of a sentence after bur and and: comc~: . . . but she IS. INcoRPSCr: . . . but she?. EXERCISE 10. Using auxlllary verbs after BUT. (Chart 8-4) Diwctions: Complete the sentences with auxiliary verbs. 1. Debra reads a lot of books, but her brothers dorz't 2. Sam isn't in the school play this year, but Adam IS 3. I will be at home this evening, but my roommate 4. Ducks like to swim, but chickens 5. That phone doesn't work, but this one 6. Joe isn't at home, but his parents . 7. Carl can touch his nose with his tongue, but most people . 8. Jack has visited my home, but Linda 9. I'm not going to graduate this year, but my best friend 10. My dog crawls under the bed when it thunders, but my cat Connecting Ideas 233 17 EXERCISE 1 1. Uslng auxlllary verbs after BUT. (Chart 8-4) Diwctioc Complete the sentences by using the names of your classmates and appropriate '' auxiliary verbs. has long hair, but krrrtfihfi Aoes* t I 1. Mavia 2. k~1o doesn't live in an apartment, but Bmis Aoes 3. isn't in class today, but 4. is here today, but 5. can speak (a language), but 6. doesn't have brown eyes, but 7. didn't come to class yesterday, but 8. will be at home tonight, but 9. has a mustache, but 10. has lived here for a long time, but EXERCISE 12. Using auxlllary verbs after AND and BUT. (Chart 8-4) Directions: Complete the sentences by adding appropriate auxiliary verbs. Add too and either as appropriate. 1. Alex goes to college, and his sisters Ao too 2. Anna goes to college, but her cousin does* t I 3. Hugo doesn't go to college, and his brother Abesh't e' tthev 4. Horses are domesticated animals, and camels 5. Lions aren't domesticated animals, and tigers 6. Horses are domesticated animals, but lions 7. Paula didn't go to the picnic, and Jack 8. I work at an airplane factory, and my brother 9. Gray is a dull color, but orange 10. Rita won't be at the party, and Jean 11. Olga was in class yesterday, but Antonio 12. Fatima is in class today, and Pedro 13. I can't sing very well, but my wife S + aux + TOO (a) Sue works, and Tom does too. so + aux + s (b) Sue works, and so does Tom. S + am + EITHER (c) Ann doesn't work, and Joe doesn't either. NETTHER + aux + S (d) Ann doesn't work, and neither does Joe. (e) A: I'm hungry. (f) A: I'm hungry. B: I am too. B: So am I. (g) A: I don't eat meat. (h) A: I don't eat meat. B: I don't either. B: Neither do I. (i) A: I'm hungry. (j) A: I don't eat meat. B: Me too. (informal) B: Me neither. (informal) (a) and @) have the same meaning. Word order: subject + auxiliary + too so + auxiliary + subject (c) and (d) have the same meaning. Word order: subject + auxiliary + either neither + auxiliary + subject Note: An affirmative auxiliary is used with neither. And is usually not used when there are two speakers. (e) and (f) have the same meaning. (g) and (h) have the same meaning. Me too and me neither are often used in informal spoken English. EXERCISE 13. AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER. (Chart 8-5) Directions: Complete the sentences using the given words. Pay special attention to word order. A Ill, I( Omar James Marco Ivan 1. a. too b. so 2. a. either b. neithr 3. a. too b. so 4. a. either b. neither Marco has a mustache, and .Imwes Aoes too Marco has a mustache, and Omar doesn't have a mustache, and Omar doesn't have a mustache, and Marco is wearing a hat, and Marco is wearing a hat, and Ivan isn't wearing a hat, and Ivan isn't wearing a hat, and Connecting Ideas 235 EXERCISE 14. AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER. (Chart 8-5) Directions: Complete the sentences by using too, so, either, or neithor. Use the names of your classmates and appropriate auxiliaries. 1. Mavia is in class today, and so is Po / PO is too 2. lives in an apartment, and 3. can't speak Chinese, and 4. wasn't in class yesterday, and 5. stayed home and studied last night, and 6. doesn't have a mustache, and 7. will be in class tomorrow, and 8. isn't married, and 9. has dimples, and 10. has been in class all week, and EXERCISE 15. AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER. (Chart 8-5) Ditections: Complete by using too, so, either, or ne'ther and the given words. 1. clouds Snow is white, and dokds av~ too / SO are dokd~ 2. salt Sugar isn't expensive, and 3. cars Monkeys have long tails, and 4. gorillas Human beings don't have tails, and 5. the teacher I forgot to bring my book to class, and 6. the teacher I was late for class today, and 7. I You've never* been in Nepal, and 8. penguins Ostriches can't fly, and 'New makes a sentence neganve: The teacher u mr late, and neither am I. OR I'm not either. 236 CHAPTER 8 EXERCISE 16. AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER. (Chart 8-5) Directions: Complete the dialogues by agreeing &th Speake; A's idea. Use so or neither. Use I. 1. A: I'm tired. 6. A: I've never been in Peru. 2. A: I didn't enjoy the movie last night. 7. A: I studied last night. .,: . . ~ , B: Nritkrv Xi I B : ~:L 3. A: I always have coffee in the morning. 8. A: I should study tonight. B: B: A: I don't feel like going to class today. 9. A. I can't speak Hungarian. . ' . I' ~ q ;, < B : :L$, 5. A: I didn't eat brealdast this morning. B: 10. A: But I can speak English. EXERCISE 17. SO and NEITHER. (Chart 8-5) Directions: Work in pairs. Speaker A: Say the given sentence. Complete the sentence with your own words if necessary. Your book is open. Speaker B: Respond to Speaker A's statement by using so or neithm. Your book is closed. Example: I'm confused. SPEAKER A (book open): I'm confused. SPEAKER B (book closed): So am I.* Example: Fro5 don't have tails. SPEAKERA (book open): Frogs don't have tails. .,' ! '1 SPEAKER B (book closed): Neither do human beings. Example: (name of a restaurant) is a good place to eat in (this city). SPEAKER A (book open): Ivar's Seafood Restaurant is a good place to eat in Seattle. SPEAKER B (book closed): So is Hong Kong Gardens. *?his exercise is desipcd to prscnce the use of ao and -thw in conversational responses. If, however, Spesker B doesn't want to agm, echo, or support Speaker A's statanat, there are alternative responses. For example: . , , I<, .: emu A: I'm confused. J., , ! . . . emu 8: You ue? What's the matter? a s~mu A: Fmgs don't have tails. ,I I. , , .,, mu 8: RcaUy? Is that no? Hmmm. I didn't how that. Are you nm? . i speh~a~ A: Ivar's Seafood Restaurant is a good place to eat in Seattle. . , ,:: s~ehw~ B: Oh? I've nmr eaten there. .*, .:,,I ::!a, ~1 , :,4 Connecting Ideas 237 (c: . ' I;&: 1. I studied last niht. ' 2. I study grammar every day. 3. I'm thirsty. 4. I'd like (a kind of drink). Switch roles. 11. San Francisco is a seaport. 12. Chickens lay eggs. 13. I (likeldon't like) the weather today. 14. Swimming is an Olympic sport. 5. I'M never been in (name of a country). 15. Coffee contains caffeine. 6. 1 don't like (a kind of food). 16. Elephants can swim. 7. . . . is a (biglsmall) country. 17. (Name of a country) is'in Africa. 8. Paper burns. 18. I've never had caviar* for breakfast. 9. Snakes don't have legs. 10. I've never seen an iceberg. 19. Denmark has no volcanoes. 20. I'd rather go to (name of a place) than (name of a place). .&I!:!. ~. ,.::.; 1 I,!:! I '., i EXERCISE 18. TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER. (Chart 8-5) Directions: Create dialogues (either with a parmer or in writing). Speaker A: Use the given verb to make a statement (not a question). Your book is open. Speaker B: React to Speaker A's idea by using too, so, either, or neither in a response. Your book is closed. . 1, Example: would like SPEAKER A (book open): I'd like to sail around the world someday. SPEAKER B (book closed): So would I. OR I would too.** Example: didn't want SPEAKER A (book open): Toshi didn't want to give a speech in front of the class. SPEAKER B (book closed): Neither did Ingrid. OR Ingrid didn't either.** I ,I? Switch roles. I. ,. 7. can fly ,: r, . - 1. don't have 2. can't speak 8. would like 3. enjoy 9. didn't go 4. isn't going to be 10. are 5. haven't ever seen 11. is sitting 6. will be 12. wasn't *Caviar = fish eggs (an expensive delicacy in some cultuns). *This exercise asks you to use too, m, eithpr, or neih in conversational responses. Other responses are, of course, possible. For example: s- A: I'd like ro sail around the world someday. SPEAKER B: I&&'? Why) SpBllKan A: Toshi didn't want to give a speech in hnt of the class. , .:', , s- B: Oh? Why not? ,,, . ; ., (a) He drank water because he was thirsty. (b) MAIN cwsa: He dmnk water. (c) ADVHRB CLAUSE: because he was thirsy I. .' MAIN CLAUSE ADVJ3RB CLAUSE (d) 'He dmk water1 'bscause he was rhirsy.' (no comma) ADVERB CUUSE MAIN CLAUSE (e) '~ecawe he was thirsty: 'he drank water.' (comma) (f) INCORRRCT UV WRITING: He dm& water. Becauee he war thirsty. (p) CORRBCT IN SPBAKING: A: Why did he drink some water? B: Because he WP. thirnty. Because expresses a cause; it gives a reason. Why did he drii water? Reason: he was thirsty. A main clause is a complete sentence: He drank ware* = a complete sentence. An adverb clause is ~ar a complete sentence: because he was thirsty = NOT a complete sentence. Because inwduces an adverb clause: because + subject + verb = an adverb clause. An adverb clause is connected to a main dause, as in (d) and (e).* In (d): main clause + no comma + adverb clause In (e): adverb clause + comma + main dause (d) and (e) have exactly the same meaning. (f) is incorrect in written English: because he was thirszy cannot stand alone as a sentence that starts with a capital letter and ends with a period. It has to be connected to a main clause, as in (d) and (e). In spoken English, an adverb clause can be used as the short answer to a question, as in (g). L 'See Chan 2-10, p. 48, for a discussion of other adverb clauses. "Time &uses" are adverb &uses that are introduced by wh, 4ha; brfom, tnhila, until, and ol soon ol. EXERCISE 19. Adverb clauses with BECAUSE. (Chart 8-6) Directions: Combine each pair of sentences in two different orders. Use because. Punctuate carefully. 1. We didn't have class. The teacher was absent. + We didn't have class because the teacher was absent. + Because the teacher was absent, we didn't have class. 2. The children were hungry. There was no food in the house. 3. The bridge is closed. We can't drive to the other side of the river. 4. My car didn't start. The battery was dead. 5. Larry and Patti laughed hard. The joke was very funny. Connecting Ideas 239 . like coffee, but my husband does. In (a): does = likes coffee. After but and and, often only an auxiliary verb is used. It has the same tense (f) I don't like coffee,. been in (name of a country). 15. Coffee contains caffeine. 6. 1 don't like (a kind of food). 16. Elephants can swim. 7. . . . is a (biglsmall) country. 17. (Name of a country). same meaning. (g) and (h) have the same meaning. Me too and me neither are often used in informal spoken English. EXERCISE 13. AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER. (Chart 8-5) Directions: