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Trang 1FUNDAMENTALS OF '
GRAMMAR
Trang 2FUNDAMENTALS OF
LONGMAN O N THE WEB Visit us at longman.com for online resources for teachers and students For the Azar Companion Website, visit longmanxom/gmmmanxchanga
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Trang 3FUNDAMENTALS OF
NGL GRAMMAR
Third Edition
Trang 4Fundament& of English Grammsr,Third Edition
WithAnawerKey &* $@ i,,*,l q' -1.1 ~ : , .> i > , ,;;; ,v , :- ,
Copyright O 2003,1992,1985 by Betty Schrampfer Azar : 25 .:
All rights reserved ,-i :A ; ':r.~~,
8 -
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No part of this publication may be reproduced, i *.e -& 8 ;
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted ?&' :@:
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, b .5.
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without the prior penniesion of the publisher
Azar Associates
Shelley Hanle, Editor&&
Susan Van Etten, Menage
Pcmon Education, 10 Bank Street,White Plains, lyy 1
Vice president, director of publishing: Allen As
Editorial manager: Pam Fishman - -
Proien manager: Margo Grant
Development editor: Janet Johnston a* - "*:i'.g
Vice president, director of design and production: Rhea Banker
Director of electronic production:
Executive managing edi~or: Linda
Production manager: Ray Keating
Production editor: Robert Ruvo
Director of manufacturing: Pauice Fraccio
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Cover design: Monika Popowitz , ; J t i ? i :
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Text composition: Carlisle Communications, Ltd
Text font 10.5112 Plantin
Azar, Betty Schrampfer, 1941-
Fundamentals of English grammar - . / Betty Schrampfer Azar.-3rd ed
, , - ; .r , :-,A~.' .-
ign speakers 2 English
l a n g u a g m a r - P r o b l e m s , exercises, etc I Title
PE1128 A965 2002 , - : : - -
ISBN: 0-13-049447-X (with Answer Key)
Printed in the United States of America
567891O-CRK-060504
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Preface to the Third Edition xiil Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 PRESENT TlME 1-1 The simple present and the present progressive 4
1-2 Forms of the simple present and the present progressive 4
1-3 Frequencyadverbs 9
1-4 Final-8 12
1-5 Spelling of final -81-es 13
1-6 Non-action verbs 17
1-7 Present verbs: short answers to yestno questions 19
Chapter 2 PAST TlME Expressing past time: the simple past 25
Forms of the simple past: regular verbs 26
Forms of the simple past: be 26
Regular verbs: pronunciation of -ed endings 28
Spelling of -ing and -ed forms 29
The principal parts of a verb 32
Irregular verbs: a reference list 33
The simple past and the past progressive 39
Forms of the past progressive 39
Expressing past time: using time clauses 48
Expressing past habit: used to 52
Chapter 3 FUTURE TlME Expressing future time: be going to and will 56
Formswithbsgoingto 56
FormswithwiU 59
Sureness about the future 60
Bsgoingtovs.wil1 63
Expressing the future in time clauses and $-clauses 65
Using the present progressive to express future time 70
Using the simple present to express future time 73
Immediate future: using be about to 74
Parallelverbs 76
Trang 6Chapter 4 THE PRESENT PERFECT AND THE PAST PERFECT : .+ i I
4-1 Past participle 84 4-2 Forms of the present perfect 85
4-3 Meanings of the present perfect 86
4-4 Simple past vs present perfect 87
4-5 U ~ i n g ~ m e a n d f o r ; 95
4-6 Present perfect progressive 98
4-7 kesent perfect progressive vs present perfect 100 4-8 Using already, ~ yet, still, and anymore 102
4 9 Pastperfect 112
ASKING QUESTIONS chapter 5 Chapter 6 i l : ~ c ?
Yedno questions and short answers 121
Yedno questions and information questions 123
Whore why when and what time 124
Questions with who who(m) and what 125
Spoken and written contractions with question words 128
Usingwhat + aformofdo 130
Using what kind of 132
Usingwhich 133
Usingwhose 135
Usinghow 138
Usinghowofin 139
Usinghowjkr 140
Length of time: it + ta&e and how long 141
More questions with how 143
Using how about and what about 149
Tagquestions 152
NOUNS AND PRONOUNS 6-1 Pronunciation of final -s/-es 157
6-2 Plural forms of nouns 158
6-3 Subjects verbs and objects 159
6-4 Objects of prepositions 161
6-5 Prepositions of time 163
6-6 Word order: place and time 164
6-7 Subject-verb agreement 165
6-8 Using adjectives to describe nouns 166
6-9 Using nouns as adjectives 168
6-10 Personal pronouns: subjects and objects 171
6-1 1 Possessive nouns 173
6- 12 Possessive pronouns and adjectives 176
6-13 Reflexivepmnouns 178
6-14 Singular forms of other: another vs the other 181
6-15 Plural forms of other: other(s) vs the other(s) 183
6-16 Summary of forms of other 186
Trang 7Chapter 7 MODAL AUXILIARIES
7-1 The form of modal auxiliaries 190
7-2 Expressing ability: can and could 191
7-3 Expressing possibility: may and might Expressing permission: may and can 193
7-4 Using could to express possibility 195
7-5 Polite questions: may I could I can I 197
7-6 Polite questions: wouldyou couldyou willyou can you 199 7-7 Expressing advice: should and ought to 202
7-8 Expressing advice: had better 203
7-9 Expressing necessity: have to haw got to must 206
7-10 Expressing lack of necessity: do not haw to Expressing prohibition: must not 207
7-11 Making logical conclusions: must 210 7-12 Giving instructions: imperative sentences 213
~ 7-1 3 Making suggestions: let's and why don't 215 , I '
7-14 Stating preferences: prefer lliko better would rather 218 Chapter 8 CONNECTING IDEAS
8-1 Connecting ideas with and 226 8-2 Connecting ideas with but and or 228
? ?
8-3 Connecting ideas with so 230 8-4 Using auxiliary verbs after but and and 233
8-5 Using and + too so either noifher 235
X I * 8-6 Connecting ideas with because 239
7 : 8-7 Connecting ideas with men thoughlalthough 241
Chapter 9 COMPARISONS 9-1 Making comparisons with as as 248
9-2 Comparative and superlative 252
i : 9-3 Comparative and superlative forms of adjectives and adverbs 253
9-4 Completing a comparative 257
9-5 Modifying comparatives 258 9-6 Comparisons with less than and not as as 259
18 9-7 Unclear comparisons 260
9-8 Using more with nouns 261
, 9-9 Repeating a comparative 262
kit 9-10 Using double comparatives 263
[ P C 9-1 1 Using superlatives 265
< 9-1 2 Using the same similar d#-t like alike 271
Chapter 10 THE PASSIVE ! ! II , - ,
10-1 Active sentences and passive sentences 276
10-2 Form of the passive 277
10-3 Transitive and intransitive verbs 280
10-4 Using the by-phrase 282