Operating principle of laser cutting machines woe 7 The most popular types of metal laser cutting machines today.... L Introduction to the machine A metal laser cutting machine, also kno
Trang 1TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC CÔNG NGHIỆP TP.HCM
HOCHIMINH CITY
INDUSTRIAL
BAO CAO GIU'A KY MON : NHAP MON CHUYEN NGANH GVHD: VO NGOC YEN PHUONG CHU DE: MAY CAT KIM LOAI LASER
LỚP : DHCTI8ATT
Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, Tháng 01, năm 2024
1
Trang 2LỜI MỞ ĐẦU
Đề bài báo cáo này đạt kết quả tốt đẹp, Nhóm đã nhận được sự hỗ trợ, giúp đỡ của cô Với tình cảm sâu sắc, chân thành, cho phép Nhóm gửi lời cảm ơn đến
các bạn trong lớp học phan DHCTI8ATT da tao diéu kién va hop tac cho nhóm
thực hiện bài báo cáo giữa kì
Trước hết, nhóm xin gửi tới các thầy cô Trường Đại học Công Nghiệp lời chào
trân trọng, lời chúc sức khỏe.Với sự quan tâm, dạy dỗ tận tình của thay cô,
nhóm chúng em đã hoàn thành xong bài báo cáo tiêu luận này
Đặc biệt nhóm ÏI xin gửi lời cảm ơn chân thành nhất tới cô Võ Ngọc Phương
Yên đã quan tâm và hướng dân tận tình đê nhóm có thê hoàn thành tôt bài báo
cáo trong thời gian qua
Khi làm bài báo cáo này, nhóm chúng em còn thiêu nhiêu kinh nghiệm nên có
thê dân đên sai sót Nhóm chúng em rât mong nhận được sự chỉ bảo và đóng góp
ý kiến của thầy cô để nhóm ngày càng một tốt hơn
Nhóm chúng em xin chân thành cảm ơn!
Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, ngày 5 tháng 03 năm 2024
Trang 3DANH SÁCH THÀNH VIÊN
Nguyễn Ngọc Đương 22673281
Trương Huỳnh Phúc Đức 22649501
Trang 4
Mục Lục
Contents
LOT MO DAU 2
DANH SACH THANH VIEN ssssssssssssssssssscssssssssssssnvessnssnsessessssecsssssnsssessoossnssesseesss 3
TH HỈiSfOFy SG G0 0 họ 000m 080 06 5 2.1 The birth of metal laser cutfing machiT1€S 55-5 55 s< se s sex se sessss 5 2.2 The popularity and applications of metal laser cutting machines today 6 Ill Operating principle of laser cutting machines woe 7
The most popular types of metal laser cutting machines today 7
IV Structure of laser metal cutting machine 11
V Operating principle and applications of CNC laser cutting machime 12
Trang 5L Introduction to the machine
A metal laser cutting machine, also known as a laser cutter or laser cutting system for
metal, is a highly precise and efficient tool utilized in industrial settings for cutting various types of metal sheets and plates Metal laser cutting machines are widely used 1n industries such as automotive, aerospace, electronics, and manufacturing due to their versatility, reliability, and ability to produce high-quality finished products They are capable of cutting a wide range of metals, including steel, stainless steel,
aluminum, copper, and brass, making them indispensable tools for modern metal fabrication and production processes
II History
The laser, which stands for "Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of
Radiation,” was invented in 1960 by the physicist Theodore Maiman This invention revolutionized various fields, including manufacturing, medicine, telecommunications,
and research, due to its precise and controllable beam of light
In 1960, Theodore Maiman successfully created the world's first ruby laser, based on Albert Einstein's theory of stimulated emission, which was discovered in 1917 After years of research and development, in November 1967, Maiman successfully patented the world's first laser It was a significant milestone 1n the history of technology and science, opening up a range of new applications for laser technology
II.1 The birth of metal laser cutting machines
After Matman's invention was announced In 1960, the Western Electric Engineering Research Center produced the first laser cutting machine in 1965 However, its
application was limited, mainly used for drilling holes in diamonds
Two years later, British scientists began using laser cutting machines to cut metal using oxygen as an assist gas (a necessary component for laser cutting machines to operate)
By 1970, laser cutting technology had been further improved, and experiments began
to cut Titantum for aerospace applications Subsequently, through extensive research, scientists gradually replaced oxygen assist gas with CO2 gas, leading to the creation of CO2 laser cutting machines However, CO2 machines couldn't cut metals; they were
primarily used for cutting non-metallic materials like plastics, fabrics, and leather
With this foundation, over the years, inventors developed various types of laser cutting machines capable of cutting a wider range of materials with higher precision and efficiency compared to older laser machines
5
Trang 62.2 The popularity and applications of metal laser cutting machines today
Today, metal laser cutting machines are widely utilized across numerous industries
due to their exceptional precision, speed, and versatility Some key applications and areas of prevalence include:
1 Manufacturing and Fabrication: Metal laser cutting machines are extensively used in manufacturing and fabrication industries to precisely cut and shape metal components for various products such as automotive parts, aerospace components, machinery parts, and consumer electronics
2 Automotive Industry: Laser cutting technology is commonly employed in the automotive industry for manufacturing vehicle body panels, chassis components, exhaust systems, and intricate automotive parts
3 Aerospace and Defense: Metal laser cutting machines play a crucial role in the aerospace and defense sectors for fabricating lightweight yet durable components, including aircraft frames, turbine parts, missile components, and armor plating
4 Construction and Architecture: Metal laser cutting machines are used in
construction and architecture for cutting metal sheets and profiles to create customized building components, decorative elements, structural frames, and signage
5 Medical Devices: In the medical field, metal laser cutting machines are utilized for producing intricate components for medical devices and equipment, such as surgical instruments, implants, and diagnostic tools
6 Electronics and Technology: Metal laser cutting machines are employed In the electronics industry for fabricating precise metal components used in electronic devices, circuit boards, computer hardware, and telecommunications equipment
7, Jewelry and Fashion: Laser cutting technology 1s applied in the jewelry and
fashion industries to create intricate and detailed designs on metal pieces, including
custom jewelry, accessories, and decorative items
8 Rototyping and Rapid Manufacturing: Metal laser cutting machines are used in prototyping and rapid manufacturing processes to quickly produce prototypes, small- batch production runs, and custom-designed parts with high precision and minimal material waste
Trang 7Overall, the widespread adoption of metal laser cutting machines has significantly contributed to the advancement of manufacturing processes, enabling faster
production, enhanced design flexibility, and improved quality in a wide range of
industries
III Operating principle of laser cutting machines
3.1 Operating principle
The characteristics and operating principles of laser cutting machines can be described
as follows:
® Highly Directional Laser Beam: The laser beam emitted from the laser source is highly directional, meaning it is focused onto a small point on the surface of the
material to be processed
® High Intensity: The laser beam has a high energy intensity, sufficient to melt or even vaporize the material it is directed at
¢ Reflection and Absorption The laser beam incident on the material surface can either reflect or be absorbed In the absorption process, the energy from the laser beam is converted into heat, melting the region of the material
¢ Creation of Cutting Path: After the material surface 1s melted, a cutting path is created through the movement of the molten material The laser beam can be moved in the horizontal (X-Y) direction or through a mirror system to create desired cutting lines or shapes on the material surface
In summary, laser cutting machines operate by using a laser beam to heat the region of the material to be processed, then creating desired cutting paths or shapes through the movement of the laser beam and the molten material
The most popular types of metal laser cutting machines today
¢ CO2 laser cutting machine
- The CO2 laser cutting machine operates based on the impact of a CO2 gas stream This type of machine 1s typically used for processing materials with a thickness of 5mm and above Its main advantage lies in its ability to cut metal
in straight lines with precision, resulting in sharp and aesthetically pleasing finished surfaces Consequently, the processed parts exhibit high-quality uniformity and, notably, do not incur additional processing costs
- The operating principle of the CO2 laser cutting machine involves generating a
highly energetic laser beam capable of heating and vaporizing the material This machine has a very small focal point, resulting in precise and accurate cutting
7
Trang 8lines It can automatically cut various types of metal materials thanks to pre-
programmed CNC control systems
The structure of a CO2 laser cutting machine consists of the main machine system, dust extraction system, laser source, and smoke pump The main machine system includes key components such as the machine frame, machine bed, and motion mechanism
CO2 laser cutting machines have a lower initial investment cost compared to
fiber laser cutting machines They are commonly used for cutting a wide range
of materials, from alloys to non-metals such as mica, wood, ceramic, leather, stone, and common metals However, they may not be suitable for highly reflective metals like copper and aluminum
Figure I CO2 laser cutting machine
Trang 9
Figure 2 Outstanding features of co2 laser cutting machine
e =©Fiber Laser Cutting Machine
This is a type of machine that applies fiber optic technology and a high- speed transmission system Fiber laser cutting machines typically operate at
very high speeds and provide high efficiency in production This type of
machine can accurately process metal materials such as stainless steel, iron, steel, aluminum, copper, etc
This is a type of machine that 1s known for its stable operation and high
efficiency, helping businesses save on electricity consumption When comparing the electricity consumption of this machine with CO2 laser machines, the energy consumption is only about 25%
The operating principle of a Fiber Laser cutting machine involves using a
laser beam to heat the material, after which a gas stream is blown out from the cutting nozzle This gas stream's purpose 1s to blow away the molten metal from the material area, thereby creating the cutting path
The Fiber Laser cutting machine uses three types of auxiliary gases: N2, O2, and compressed air Depending on the customer's requirements for the quality of the cut or depending on the type of material to be processed, the appropriate gas type will be chosen O2 gas is typically used for cutting
steel, N2 gas is used for cutting stainless steel, aluminum, and copper
Compressed air 1s commonly used for cutting steel with a thickness below 3mm
Trang 10
Figure 3 Some advantages when machining with CNC fiber laser cutting machine
in mechanical engineering
Figure 4 Fiber laser cutting machine
10
Trang 11IV Structure of laser metal cutting machine
Current metal laser cutting machines typically consist of four main components: the main machine system, the circulating cooling system, the
laser source, and the smoke and dust extraction system Each component plays a different role:
Main Machine System: This comprises the frame, worktable, and motion mechanism It is responsible for providing the structural support and mechanical movement required for accurate and precise cutting operations Circulating Cooling System: This system ensures that the components of the laser cutting machine, particularly the laser source, remain at optimal operating temperatures during operation It circulates coolant or water through the machine to dissipate heat generated by the laser source and other components
Laser Source: The laser source generates the high-energy laser beam used
for cutting metal Common types of laser sources include fiber lasers and
CO2 lasers The laser source is a critical component that determines the cutting capabilities and efficiency of the machine
Smoke and Dust Extraction System: This system removes the smoke, fumes, and dust generated during the cutting process to maintain a clean and safe working environment It typically includes a suction fan or pump, ductwork, and filters to capture and remove airborne contaminants effectively
Together, these components work in tandem to ensure the efficient and
reliable operation of metal laser cutting machines, enabling precise and
high-quality cutting of various metal materials
11
Trang 12
Figure 5 Laser metal cutting machine
Vv Operating principle and applications of CNC laser cutting machine
Phase 1: The CNC laser cutting machine produces highly energetic laser beams
capable of heating the material These laser beams are focused into a single point on the surface of the material using a lens system
Phase 2: After being directed onto the material surface, these laser beams utilize their
high heat energy to burn the surface of the material being processed This causes the
region of material to melt, and the portion affected by the high temperature melts away
from the processing area
Phase 3: Finally, the region of material that has been burned moves along a
predetermined path and creates a cut according to the programmed design or drawing
To accomplish this, the converging laser beams move via the CNC mirror system and
the fiber guide system, or the material sheet is moved on the CNC machine table along
the X-Y axes
With the information provided above, it is hoped that you have gained a better
understanding of CNC laser cutting machines Understanding the operating principles
12