Bài giảng: Lý thuyết dịch Tiếng Anh

text is well written, i.e., the manner is as important as the matter, the right words are in the right places, with a minimum of redundancy, you have to regard every nuance of the author

The analysis of the text ……………………………………… A MỤC TIÊU …………………………………………………………… B NỘI DUNG …………………………………………………………… 1.1 Reading the text ………………………………………………… 1.2 The intention of the text ………………………………………… 3 3 3 3 4 1.3 The intention of Translator

Text styles

Following Nida, we distinguish four types of (literary or non-literary) text:

A narrative unfolds as a dynamic sequence of events, focusing on the action-driven nature of verbs In English, this often includes the use of 'dummy' or 'empty' verbs combined with verb-nouns or phrasal verbs, such as 'He made a sudden appearance' or 'He burst in.'

2) Description, which is static, with emphasis on linking verbs, adjectives, adjectival nouns

(3) Discussion, a treatment of ideas, with emphasis on abstract nouns (concepts), verbs of thought, mental activity ('consider', 'argue', etc.), logical argument and connectives

(4) Dialogue, with emphasis on colloquialisms and phaticisms.

The readership

When analyzing the original text's language variety, it is essential to characterize its readership and consider the translation's audience The degree of attention given to the target language (TL) readers largely depends on the nature of the work; for instance, self-expressive pieces like poetry may require minimal adjustment for the audience Additionally, assessing the readership's education level, socioeconomic class, age, and gender can provide valuable insights, especially if these factors are evident in the original text.

Student translators often struggle with register, commonly making colloquial errors such as using "more and more" instead of "increasingly" and "job" instead of "work." They may also employ overly familiar phrasal verbs, which can detract from the intended tone Conversely, some students use overly formal language, like "decease" for "death," reflecting a disconnect from their target audience These language choices reveal the translators' familiarity with the subject matter and their cultural understanding, which ultimately influences the level of formality, specificity, and emotional tone required in their translations.

Stylistic scales

The scale of formality has been variously expressed, notably by Martin Joos and Strevens I suggest:

Officialese: 'The consumption of any nutriments whatsoever is categorically prohibited in this establishment.'

Official: ‘The consumption of nutriments is prohibited.'

Formal: 'You are requested not to consume food in this establishment.'

Neutral: 'Eating is not allowed here.' Informal 'Please don't eat here.'

Colloquial: 'You can't feed your face here.' Slang 'Lay off the nosh.'

Taboo: ' Lay off the fucking nosh.'

The distinctions in translation can often be unclear In more formal terms, "de mains en mains" can be translated as "decreasingly," while "tout à fait" translates to "entirely." Additionally, "d'un seul coup" can be interpreted as "at one attempt" or "simultaneously."

Similarly, I suggest the following scale of generality or difficulty:

The floor of the sea is covered with rows of big mountains and deep pits."

'The floor of the oceans is covered with great mountain chains and deep trenches.'

Neutral (using basic vocabulary only)

'A graveyard of animal and plant remains lies buried in the earth's crust.'

'The latest step in vertebrate evolution was the tool-making man.'

'Critical path analysis is an operational research technique used in management.'

Opaquely technical (comprehensible only to an expert)

'Neuraminic acid in the form of its alkali-stable methoxy derivative was first isolated by Klenk from gangliosides.' (Letter to Nature, November 1955, quoted in Quirk, 1984.)

I suggest the following scale of emotional tone:

Intense (profuse use of intensifers) ('hot')

'Absolutely wonderful ideally dark bass enormously successful superbly controlled'

'Gentle, soft, heart-warming melodies'

'Significant, exceptionally well judged, personable, presentable, considerable'

Note that there is some correlation between formality and emotional tone, in that an official style is likely to be factual, whilst colloquialisms and slang tend to be emotive

When translating, it is essential to consider the unique characteristics of each language, such as the expressive nature of Italian, the formality and rigidity of German and Russian, the impersonal tone of French, and the casualness and subtlety of English, especially in specific types of corresponding passages.

Attitudes

When evaluating a writer's standards in their assessments and recommendations, it's essential to consider the context of terms like 'good', 'fair', 'average', and 'poor' These descriptors may reflect absolute values, cultural norms, or arbitrary judgments The distinction between positive and negative opinions can often be subtle, and the use of vague terms can obscure this critical difference.

In various languages, the same referent can be conveyed with positive, neutral, or negative connotations, as seen with terms like 'plump' versus 'fat' and 'slim' versus 'thin.' This linguistic variation reflects writers' growing awareness of their language choices For instance, while the term 'regime' is neutral in French, it carries a negative implication in English.

Setting

When determining the appropriate setting for your translation, consider where the text will be published in the target language (TL) context Identify the TL equivalent of the source language (SL) publication, whether it be a periodical, newspaper, textbook, or journal Additionally, understand the client's specific requirements to ensure the translation meets their needs and expectations.

When adapting content for a target language (TL) audience, it’s crucial to consider the brevity of titles, the lack of sub-headings, and shorter paragraphs in accordance with the TL house style Assessing the source language (SL) readership is essential; you must determine their motivation to engage with the text, familiarity with the topic and culture, and comfort with the language variety used Typically, readers fall into three categories: experts, educated laymen, and the uninformed It's important to evaluate whether the TL audience aligns with these reader types or possesses differing levels of knowledge and linguistic proficiency In cases of translating poetry or significant authoritative statements, consider whether the TL reader's understanding should be prioritized, potentially incorporating cultural nuances or simplified concepts to enhance comprehension.

The quality of the writing

When choosing a translation method, it is essential to evaluate both the quality of the writing and the authority of the text, as these factors significantly influence the outcome The quality of writing should be assessed based on the author's intent and the subject matter's requirements A well-crafted text, where the right words are placed effectively and redundancy is minimized, prioritizes the nuances of the author's meaning over the immediate reactions of the reader, especially if they are expected to engage with the translation multiple times While determining what constitutes good writing can be seen as subjective, it is ultimately a decision grounded in the clarity of meaning and the correspondence of the source language (SL) text to a vivid representation of facts or images A well-written text will showcase the writer's personality through its syntax—complex structures indicating subtlety, while simpler syntax conveys straightforwardness, with words used in fresh and unexpected ways.

Poorly crafted writing often features clichéd phrases and trendy buzzwords, leading to a lack of clarity and structure Effective writing transcends strict language rules; instead, it captures a unique perspective on reality or the writer's thoughts.

The authority of a text stems not only from quality writing but also from the status of the source language (SL) writer If the SL writer is esteemed in their field and makes an official statement, the text gains authority Expressive texts, such as serious imaginative literature and personal statements, require close translation that reflects the original's quality, whether good or bad In contrast, informative texts, which focus on factual accuracy, should be translated in a style that aligns with the original while showcasing the translator's best efforts.

Connotations and Denotations

When analyzing texts, it's important to recognize that while all words carry connotations—such as 'run' suggesting 'haste' or 'sofa' implying 'comfort'—the primary meaning, or denotation, typically takes precedence in non-literary works In contrast, literary texts prioritize connotations, as they often serve as allegories that comment on societal issues both past and present, reflecting deeper insights into the writer's personal qualities and experiences.

From a translator's perspective, the key difference between non-literary and literary texts lies in the complexity of language used Literary texts often employ a rich array of linguistic resources, such as polysemy, wordplay, sound effects, meter, and rhyme, making them more challenging yet rewarding to translate While a limited translation of a poem can serve as an introduction or interpretation, it may not fully capture the essence of the original work.

Further practice

5.3 Helpful skills/ attributes for interpreting 60

Trong bài giảng Lý thuyết dịch tiếng Anh cho sinh viên năm 4 chuyên ngành ngôn ngữ Anh tại Trường Đại học Hải Phòng, tác giả cung cấp kiến thức cơ bản về lý thuyết biên phiên dịch và các bài tập thực hành thiết thực Mục tiêu là giúp sinh viên ghi nhớ kiến thức cần thiết và nâng cao chất lượng sản phẩm dịch Tập bài giảng được cấu trúc thành 05 chương với nội dung cụ thể.

Chương 1 The analysis of a text – Phân tích văn bản nguồn

Trong chương này, sinh viên sẽ học cách phân tích ý nghĩa của văn bản, phong cách viết của tác giả, đối tượng độc giả, bối cảnh và chất lượng của văn bản, cùng với việc hiểu rõ nghĩa đen và nghĩa bóng Chương 2 tập trung vào quá trình dịch thuật, giúp sinh viên nắm vững các bước cần thiết để thực hiện việc dịch một cách hiệu quả.

Sinh viên được trang bị kiến thức đa dạng về biên phiên dịch, bao gồm các cấp độ như dịch nghĩa từ, dịch tham chiếu, dịch liên kết ý, dịch tự nhiên và các đơn vị ngôn ngữ trong lĩnh vực dịch thuật.

Chương 3 Translation methods – Các phương pháp dịch thuật

Sinh viên được tiếp cận với nhiều phương pháp dịch thuật đa dạng, bao gồm dịch nghĩa đen và nghĩa bóng của từ, phân tích ý hàm ngôn, dịch các văn bản văn học, tìm kiếm sự tương đương trong ngôn ngữ, cũng như dịch thành ngữ và tục ngữ.

Cung cấp cho sinh viên những góc nhìn đa dạng về phương pháp dịch, bao gồm dịch các phạm trù văn hóa, dịch từ có nghĩa chung chung, dịch từ theo nghĩa chuyên ngành và dịch mượn.

Trong chương này, sinh viên sẽ được trang bị các kiến thức mới nhằm nâng cao kỹ năng dịch nói, bổ sung cho những kiến thức về dịch thuật đã được nghiên cứu trong các chương trước.

Cụ thể như các phương pháp dịch gián đoạn, dịch đuổi, kỹ năng tốc ký trong phiên dịch,

Thông điệp có thể được truyền đạt qua chữ viết hoặc thông qua một bản tường thuật, cho phép chuyển tải nội dung từ ngôn ngữ này sang ngôn ngữ khác một cách tương tự.

Nhiều người học ngoại ngữ lầm tưởng rằng chỉ cần giỏi ngôn ngữ là có thể dịch tốt, nhưng năng lực ngôn ngữ không đồng nghĩa với khả năng dịch Để trở thành một người dịch giỏi, cần hội tụ nhiều yếu tố như kinh nghiệm nghề nghiệp, hiểu biết đa lĩnh vực, cùng với việc nắm vững các phương pháp và kỹ thuật dịch Sinh viên có thể nâng cao kinh nghiệm dịch thông qua việc thực hành nhiều bài tập về các chủ đề khác nhau Trải nghiệm cuộc sống và nỗ lực học tập trong các lĩnh vực khác nhau sẽ giúp sinh viên mở rộng vốn hiểu biết và từ vựng Để phát triển năng lực ngôn ngữ, sinh viên cần chăm chỉ học tập các kỹ năng thực hành và lý thuyết tiếng.

Sinh viên cần chú ý lắng nghe giảng viên hướng dẫn về tư duy và quy trình thực hiện các hoạt động biên, phiên dịch, bên cạnh việc sử dụng tài liệu học tập chính.

AN OVERVIEW OF THE COURSE

Translation involves conveying the meaning of a text from one language to another, ideally reflecting the author's original intent While it may seem straightforward, the process can be complex and sometimes misleading, as it may feel like adopting a different identity In certain texts, such as legal or cultural documents, there is a tendency to retain many words from the source language in the target language However, as Mounin noted, translation cannot merely replicate the original; thus, the primary responsibility of a translator is to effectively translate the text.

Figure 1.1 The dynamics of translation

A text may therefore be pulled in ten different directions, as follows:

(1) The individual style or idiolect of the SL author When should it be (a) preserved, (b) normalized?

(2) The conventional grammatical and lexical usage for this type of text, depending on the topic and the situation

(3) Content items referring specifically to the SL, or third language (i.e not SL or TL) cultures

(4) The typical format of a text in a book, periodical, newspaper, etc., as influenced by tradition at the time

9 The truth (the facts of the matter) 5 TL readership

Understanding the expectations of the target audience is crucial, considering their knowledge of the subject and the language style they prefer It is essential to express content in a way that resonates with the largest common denominator, avoiding the tendency to simplify or overly complicate the material for the readership.

(6), (7), (8) As for 2, 3 and 4 respectively, but related to the TL

(9) What is being described or reported, ascertained or verified (the referential truth), where possible independently of the SL text and the expectations of the readership

The translator's perspectives and biases, whether personal or influenced by social and cultural factors, can significantly impact their work These biases often stem from the translator's affiliations, reflecting their national, political, ethnic, religious, social class, and gender assumptions.

Translation involves navigating various tensions, such as sound versus sense, emphasis versus naturalness, and figurative versus literal meanings These opposing forces can complicate the translation process, as illustrated in Figure 1 Additionally, there is a notable tension between intrinsic and communicative meanings, or semantic and pragmatic interpretations For instance, the translation of "Il fait froid" can vary from "It's cold" to "I'm cold," "I'm freezing," or "I'm so cold," depending on the context While these complexities may suggest that translation is impossible, this is not the case.

CHAPTER 1 THE ANALYSIS OF A TEXT

Periods: 6 (LT:5; BT:1; TL:0; TH:0; HDSVTH:0; KT:0)

- Mục tiêu về kiến thức:

Nắm vững lý thuyết biên – phiên dịch là điều cần thiết để hiểu các cách tiếp cận và phân tích văn bản Điều này bao gồm việc nhận diện đường hướng văn bản, ý đồ của tác giả và phong cách viết Việc hiểu rõ những yếu tố này giúp nâng cao khả năng chuyển ngữ chính xác và hiệu quả.

+ Hiểu được (phân tích, giải thích, lấy ví dụ minh họa…) các quy trình và yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến hoạt động biên – phiên dịch

- Mục tiêu về kỹ năng:

+ Vận dụng tốt các nội dung lý thuyết vào hoạt động dịch thuật

+ Nhận thức và đánh giá được các sản phẩm dịch một cách cơ bản thông qua các tiêu chí đánh giá chất lượng sản phẩm dịch

+ Nâng cao chất lượng sản phẩm dịch của bản thân

- Mục tiêu về thái độ:

+ Có thái độ học tập nghiêm túc

+ Chủ động, sáng tạo trong lĩnh hội kiến thức

+ Hoàn thành đầy đủ các nhiệm vụ học tập được giao

+ Có tư duy phản biện trong học tập để hiểu nội dung môn học sâu sắc hơn

When starting a translation job, it's essential to first read the original text to grasp its meaning and analyze it from a translator's perspective, which differs from that of a linguist or literary critic This involves understanding the text's intention and writing style to choose an appropriate translation method and identify recurring issues Both general and close reading are necessary; general reading helps capture the overall gist while close reading focuses on specific words in context Translators must research unfamiliar concepts, ensuring they comprehend terms like "neutrino" not just scientifically but in the context of the text Additionally, cultural variations in terminology, such as the word "chair" in different languages, highlight the need for nuanced understanding Close reading also requires investigating common words, neologisms, acronyms, and units of measurement to ensure accurate translations Proper handling of names and capitalized words is crucial, as these elements can significantly impact the translation's accuracy and coherence.

The process of translating ………………………………… A MỤC TIÊU …………………………………………………………… B NỘI DUNG …………………………………………………………… 2.1 About translating process ……………………………………… 13 13 13 13 2.2 The relation of translating to translation theory

The approach

Translation in educational settings often focuses on achieving a polished English style, neglecting the imperfections of the original text Many teachers present their own version as the ideal, rather than encouraging students to engage in discussion and critique, which could lead to richer insights, especially from more capable students.

Translation is a complex process influenced by various factors, making it difficult to define a single invariant element The relationship between the original text and its translation is shaped by specific requirements and constraints While translation examples can illustrate arguments, it is essential to recognize that nothing is entirely objective or subjective, and there are no strict rules governing the practice Established principles often rely on assumptions of what is 'normal' or 'common,' as absolutes such as 'always' or 'never' do not apply in the realm of translation.

Given these caveats, I am nevertheless going to take you through my tentative translating process

There are two main approaches to translation: the first involves translating sentence by sentence initially to grasp the text's feel and tone, followed by a comprehensive review of the source language (SL) text; the second approach requires reading the entire text multiple times to understand its intention, register, and tone, while also identifying challenging words and passages before beginning the translation process.

Choosing between two methods for text analysis often depends on your personal temperament and whether you lean towards intuition or analytical skills The first method may suit literary texts, while the second is better for technical or institutional writing However, the first approach risks requiring excessive revisions, making it potentially time-consuming In contrast, while the second method can be more mechanical, it serves as a useful reference point without stifling your intuition Ultimately, you might find the first method preferable for simpler texts and the second for more complex ones.

The exploration of the mental processes involved in translation remains largely speculative, with limited contributions from psycholinguistics While the pragmatic effects of words can influence translation, as highlighted by Osgood's semantic differentials, the heart of translation theory lies in understanding the varied problems translators face Each translator's challenges may differ, making broad generalizations about translation issues complex Theoretical discussions on the philosophy and psychology of translation often feel disconnected from the practical realities translators encounter Ultimately, whether through statistical surveys or detailed analyses of individual translators' processes, such investigations may only serve to correct unconventional methods rather than provide universally applicable insights, as scientifically proving the obvious holds little value.

The textual level

When translating text, you instinctively convert the source language's grammar structures into their corresponding equivalents in the target language This process involves transposing clauses and groups while ensuring that lexical units are translated in a way that fits the immediate context of the sentence.

When translating, the foundational aspect is the text itself, which involves a literal translation from the source to the target language This level requires the removal of translationese and serves as a guide for paraphrasing and choosing synonyms Consequently, a translator must balance their focus between the text and other considerations, making translation a multifaceted task that demands simultaneous thought on various elements.

The referential level

When reading any text—be it technical, literary, or institutional—it's essential to grasp its essence by continually summarizing its purpose and the author's perspective For instance, a title like "L'albumine et ses interactions medicamenteuses" may relate to drug effects on blood or the importance of blood transfusions Similarly, "La pression quantitative" highlights the challenges of overcrowded classrooms and the need for quality education for all In scientific contexts, such as "Recherches sur un facteur diuretique d'origine lymphatique," understanding the search for substances affecting urine production is crucial It’s important to simplify complex jargon and clarify abstract concepts, like a tumor's impact on surrounding tissues, to enhance comprehension Ultimately, effective translation involves balancing the original text with factual clarity.

When encountering unclear or ambiguous sentences, it is essential to ask what is happening and why, seeking clarity on the purpose and context Visualizing the scene, actors, and intentions behind the words enhances understanding If the imagery is lacking, supplement the text with factual information to ground it in reality This process may temporarily divert attention from the language itself, but it is crucial to bridge the gap between words and their meanings Recognizing the disconnection between language and reality allows for a more profound comprehension of the text, placing responsibility for interpretation on the reader rather than solely on the author.

The referential level of language is essential for understanding polysemous words and complex structures, as it clarifies meanings that can only be resolved through context This includes navigating overloaded prepositions, conjunctions, and ambiguous participles, such as in the phrase "reading the paper, the dog barked loudly." To effectively interpret a text, one must address linguistic challenges and, when necessary, consult reference materials for additional context, akin to the encyclopedic knowledge that enhances comprehension For instance, in the passage about Flore, understanding that she was an Italic goddess of flowers and gardens provides crucial insight into the text.

In translating the phrase "for the goddess Flora to pass," it is essential to create a vivid referential image in your mind while converting the source language (SL) into the target language (TL) text As a professional translator, you bear the responsibility of ensuring the accuracy and authenticity of this mental picture, allowing the reader to engage meaningfully with the content.

Seleskovitch's assertion that 'the (SL) words disappear' and Delisle's idea of 'deverbalizing the concepts' do not imply a complete abandonment of the source language (SL) Instead, translation involves navigating two levels: the real and the linguistic While you compose on the linguistic level, your goal is to achieve maximum correspondence with the SL text in both referential and pragmatic terms Although it may be tempting to simplify the message to its basic function, it is essential to engage deeply with the specific meanings of the source language for a more accurate translation.

The cohesive level

In addition to the two factual levels of translation, a crucial third level exists, known as the 'cohesive' level This level connects the structure and moods of the text through various connective elements, such as conjunctions, enumerations, and punctuation marks, which link sentences by transitioning from known information (theme) to new information (rheme) The cohesive structure guides the reader's understanding by establishing logical relationships, such as proposition and opposition, and ensuring a clear sequence of time, space, and logic throughout the text.

The second factor influencing cohesion in text is mood, which can oscillate between positive and negative, emotive and neutral This involves tracking the nuances in value-laden versus value-free language, as demonstrated by Margaret Masterman (1982), who illustrated how texts can shift between terms like 'help' and 'disaster.' Key distinctions must be made between positive and neutral terms, such as 'appreciate' versus 'evaluate' or 'awesome' versus 'amazing.' Similarly, recognizing subtle differences between negative and neutral words, like 'potentate' and 'ruler,' is crucial These distinctions can be particularly nuanced, especially with words that are often context-dependent, such as 'fair' or 'moderate.'

In my exploration of translation, I recognize that my approach to connecting thoughts and emotions through both value-laden and value-free expressions is still evolving However, this cohesive level plays a crucial role in distinguishing between mediocre and high-quality translations It ensures coherence and adjusts emphasis, prompting a reevaluation of paragraph and sentence lengths, title formulation, and the tone of conclusions The appropriate use of summarizing phrases like "en définitive" or "en somme" can significantly impact the clarity and effectiveness of the final argument Thus, insights from discourse analysis become essential in refining this process.

The level of naturalness

When translating texts, especially those that are not uniquely styled or innovative, it is crucial to ensure that the translation is coherent and reads naturally in everyday language This involves temporarily setting aside the original text and evaluating the translation independently For example, the phrase "Une doctrine nee dans une fraction du clerge de I'Amerique latine" can be effectively translated to: "A doctrine originating amongst a fraction of the clergy of Latin America which proliferates among various writers and in various coteries and which already experiences the beginnings of an authoritarian application under the tutelage of the State." This approach helps eliminate misleading cognates and conveys the intended meaning clearly.

The doctrine, which originated among a group of Latin American clergy and has spread among various writers and circles, is currently beginning to be implemented in an authoritarian manner under state guidance.

The concept of 'naturalness' in translation is complex; translations of profound works by authors such as Rabelais, Shakespeare, Thomas Mann, Hegel, or Kant may initially seem unnatural However, a well-crafted translation can become more accessible and resonate with readers through repeated engagement.

The funnel unravels an enormous mass of black smoke like a plait of horsehair being unwound

La cheminee devide une enormefumee noire, pareille a une tresse de crin qu'on detord (G F Ramuz, 'Le retour du mort', from Nouvelles.)

During a lively meal at the good Russian Table, a new patient, thin and quiet, unexpectedly experienced a severe epileptic seizure With a cry that was both demonic and inhuman, he collapsed to the floor, thrashing his arms and legs in a horrifying display of convulsions next to his equally thin and quiet fiancée.

A new patient, a thin and silent man, had taken his place at the Good Russian table alongside his similarly slender and quiet companion As the meal was in full swing, he suddenly experienced a severe epileptic seizure, collapsing to the ground with a scream that has often been described as both demonic and inhuman In a horrifying display, he thrashed about under his chair, contorting his arms and legs in distress.

Despite their lexical limitations, such as the absence of a direct translation for "mager" and a lack of vivid alternatives for "schildem," both Ramuz and Thomas Mann produced impactful writing that remains unchanged.

When translating innovative expressive texts, it is essential to assess the degree of deviation from natural language and reflect that in your translation This involves sensing 'naturalness' to either reproduce or intentionally deviate from it For instance, in translating the phrase "il promenait son regard bleu sur la petite pelouse," "son regard bleu" should be rendered as "his blue gaze," deviating from the more natural "his blue eyes." Similarly, the sentence "Si le regard du pasteur se promenait sur la pelouse, était-ce pour jouir de la parfaite plénitude verte ou pour y trouver des idées" can be translated as "If the pastor's gaze ran over the lawn, was it to enjoy its perfect green fullness, or to find ideas?" rather than the more conventional "Whenever the pastor cast a glance over the lawn it was either to enjoy its perfect green richness, or to find ideas in it."

The term "mauve," translated as "malvenfarben" in German and recognized in French as a secondary color, lacks strong connotations, making it unique among colors While it is associated with fashion, as seen in phrases like "a mauve woman," it also has a cultural nuance in France, where it represents a secondary color of mourning However, using "mauve" to describe a face, as in "his face was deathly mauve," can come off as humorous rather than serious A shift from the unnatural "mauve" to the more natural "blue" would only be warranted if the source text is both anonymous and poorly crafted.

When considering natural language use, it is essential to recognize that it encompasses both grammatical and lexical elements This includes the most common syntactic structures, idioms, and vocabulary that are suitable for the specific stylistic context Additionally, effective use of sentence connectives can enhance the coherence and flow of the entire text.

In communicative translation, achieving 'naturalness' is crucial, regardless of whether you are translating informative texts, notices, or advertisements Proper translation is hindered if the target language (TL) isn't your habitual language, necessitating a mental detachment from the source language (SL) text It's beneficial to revisit your translation after some time to assess its coherence Consider whether the translation aligns with the style and usage found in reputable publications like The Times or The Economist, as well as its appropriateness in various contexts such as textbooks or children's books Focus on common usage rather than merely determining if it is 'English,' as the language encompasses a broader spectrum than many realize.

Naturalness in language is defined by the context in which it is used, influenced by the text's setting, author, topic, and audience This can lead to idiomatic expressions and stylistic choices that may seem unnatural outside their context For instance, the bureaucratic jargon found in Foreign Trade articles from Moscow illustrates how language can become convoluted yet remains a natural reflection of its specific environment Therefore, translating such language should aim to preserve its authenticity, capturing the essence of communication within that particular setting.

Natural usage differs from 'ordinary language,' which is a straightforward, non-technical idiom favored by Oxford philosophers for philosophical explanations Additionally, 'basic' language exists between formal and informal registers, utilizing frequently used syntactic structures and vocabulary, serving as the core of naturally produced language While natural, ordinary, and basic language are all derived from modern language, unnatural translation often suffers from interference, primarily from the source language, and may also involve influences from a translator's third language In contrast, 'natural' translation is distinct from 'casual' language, where word order and syntactic structures are more predictable.

In every language, adverbs and adverbials are the most flexible elements within a sentence, and their positioning significantly affects the emphasis on new information (rheme) and the overall naturalness of the expression Their placement serves as a subtle yet crucial indicator of how natural a sentence sounds.

He regularly sees me on Tuesdays (Stress on 'regularly'.)

He sees me regularly on Tuesdays (No stress.)

On Tuesdays he sees me regularly (Stress on 'Tuesdays'.)

(2) Common structures can be made unnatural by silly one-to-one translation from any language, e.g.:

(a) Athanogore put his arm under that of (sous celui de) the young man: ('under the young man's')

(b) After having given his meter a satisfied glance (apres avoir lance): ('after giving') Both these translations are by English students

(c) The packaging having (etant muni de) a sufficiently clear label, the cider vinegar consumer could not confuse it with : ('as the packaging had .')

Cognate words are increasingly aligning in meaning across both Western and Eastern languages While some phrases, like "The book is actually in print," translate smoothly, they may still convey incorrect meanings Other expressions, such as "avec, sans supplément, le tome VII," can sound strange and may lead to misunderstandings, as "without extra charge" is the intended meaning However, many cognates not only sound natural but also share the same meaning, highlighting the richness of linguistic connections.

(4) The appropriateness of gerunds, infinitives, verb-nouns (cf 'the establishment of, 'establishing', 'the establishing of, 'to establish')

(5) Lexically, perhaps the most common symptom of unnaturalness is slightly old- fashioned, now rather 'refined', or 'elevated' usage of words and idioms possibly originating in bilingual dictionaries, e.g

IIfit ses necessites: 'He relieved nature.'

Je m'en separe avec beaucoup depeine: 'I'm sorry to part with it.'

Er strdubte sich mil Handen und Fussen: 'He defended himself tooth and nail.'

When translating older or refined expressions, it's essential to adapt them into modern language, regardless of their antiquated nature However, if these expressions are used in dialogue by middle-aged or elderly characters, a similarly refined translation is warranted While naturalness in translation has a strong consensus, it can also lead to subjective debates among informants regarding taste To ensure accuracy, translators should consult at least three informants.

Combining the four levels

When translating, it is essential to consider four distinct yet interconnected levels: textual, referential, cohesive, and natural The text serves as the foundation, while the level of reality—both real and imagined—should only be integrated when necessary for the reader's comprehension, primarily in informative and vocative texts For these texts, translation should prioritize naturalness, which varies significantly between formal and colloquial styles In contrast, expressive and authoritative texts require adherence to the original's naturalness only if it employs ordinary language; otherwise, the translation should reflect a similar level of linguistic innovation Even when dealing with innovative texts, the notion of naturalness remains a crucial reference point For terms like "sincere explosive," which convey intense emotions, the translation must align with the text's intent, such as using "explosive sincerity," unless a broader figurative interpretation justifies an alternative term like "fiery sincerity."

In the translation process, achieving 'naturalness' becomes crucial at the final stage, where accuracy is paramount When a literal translation fails to sound natural or appropriate, the temptation to create an elegant variation arises For example, translating "Si mince, si depourvu de chair" as "So thin, so deprived of flesh" can lead to inaccuracies, such as using "spiteful" for "feroces," which doesn't accurately convey the original meaning The translation should maintain the pragmatic essence of "copain," avoiding terms like "pals" or "mates" that don’t fit A more accurate translation would be: "So thin, so fleshless that you have to show understanding for his fierce little friends at the local primary school, who have nicknamed him 'Stick.'"

Achieving accuracy in translation requires balancing naturalness and precision, particularly evident in phrases like "on est oblige de comprendre," which may lack colloquial flair in both languages While technical terms and familiar cultural references can enhance clarity, translation inherently operates within certain linguistic limits, often resisting absolutes The goal is to maintain a high degree of correspondence between the original text and its translation, reflecting both referential and pragmatic aspects of meaning Although defining accuracy can be challenging—akin to understanding love—there are guiding principles that help navigate the translation process, ensuring fidelity to the source while acknowledging the complexities involved.

Translating sentence by sentence can lead to overlooking the connections between sentences A successful translation relies on literal meanings, such as 'understanding' for compre'hensif and 'fickle' for versatile, while also incorporating natural shifts in word order and spontaneous transpositions.

MB, arrete d Perigueux le 13 fevrier, observe actuellement une greve de la /aim MB, who was arrested in Perigueux on 13th February, is at present observing a hunger strike

Translation issues often arise when automatic language conversion fails to capture meaning, a phenomenon derisively termed "transcodage" by the ESIT School of Paris This leads to challenges in translating specific words, phrases, or cultural references from the source language (SL) to the target language (TL) The process involves a mental struggle where interpreters must navigate between SL words and TL concepts Some may choose to focus on the underlying message and then incorporate SL terms, while others, like myself, rely on SL words as a foundation for creating and interpreting meaning.

Abandoning literal translation is necessary only when it results in referential or pragmatic inaccuracies, or when it feels unnatural or ineffective Generally, literal translation is most effective with written, semi-formal, and innovative language, while it tends to be less successful with ordinary spoken idiomatic expressions Contrary to the views of many translation theorists, from Cicero to Nida and Neubert, literal translation is used more frequently and effectively than commonly assumed.

The sentence serves as the fundamental unit of thought, encapsulating an object and its actions or states Initially, it acts as your primary unit of translation, allowing for the identification of various source language (SL) and target language (TL) correspondences In the translation process, focus on the object and its interactions first If the object has been previously introduced or is the main theme, position it at the beginning of the sentence, while placing new information at the end for emphasis.

Die Vignette hatte Thorwaldsen 1805 in Rom entworfen

The vignette was designed by Thorwaldsen in 1805 in Rome

Understanding complex sentences can be challenging, particularly when they are laden with intricate grammar and lengthy phrases Often, difficulties arise from the arrangement of verb-noun combinations Since grammar offers more flexibility than vocabulary, a single sentence can be expressed in various ways.

The abolition of certain regulations and the reorganization of legal oversight, particularly through the establishment of regional audit chambers, has led to significant changes in local governance This includes the delegation of executive functions to the presidents of deliberative assemblies, the creation of fully operational regions, and an expanded economic intervention capacity for local authorities Additionally, various competencies previously held by the state have been transferred to different categories of local entities, along with corresponding state resources The introduction of specific legislative particularities and the establishment of a territorial public service, along with the adaptation of previous decentralization rules to new relations between the state and local communities, have resulted in an unprecedented institutional dynamism in local administration, not seen in a century.

(M Du verger, Les Institutions from; aises.)

You can choose to adhere closely to French grammar, leaving the reader intrigued, or you can make concessions for clarity Alternatively, you might opt for a more straightforward approach to enhance understanding.

Recent reforms have significantly transformed French local government, marking the most profound changes in a century Key measures include the abolition of government oversight, the reorganization of procedural legality, and the establishment of regional audit offices Executive power has shifted to the chairmen of deliberative assemblies, and regions with full autonomy have been created Additionally, economic intervention powers have been expanded for regional and local authorities, with State powers being gradually transferred to various local entities Corresponding State resources have also been allocated to these authorities, alongside the introduction of specific local characteristics in legislation Furthermore, a territorial civil service has been established, adapting previous devolution regulations to the evolving relationship between the State and local authorities.

The above translation has converted a dozen verb-nouns into verbs, which goes against the noun-forming tendency of most languages but perhaps clarifies the sentence

When analyzing sentences, experienced individuals often intuitively recast clauses, both finite and non-finite, especially when dealing with complex structures In this process, it is essential to focus on cohesive collocations, such as adjective-plus-noun and verb-plus-object pairs, as well as other contextually flexible groupings Additionally, Masterman's breathgroup units may be more relevant for interpreters than for translators.

Common grammar challenges often arise from the use of outdated, rarely used, or poorly structured sentences It is important to recognize that if lengthy sentences and complex structures are integral to the text and reflect the author's unique style rather than standard language norms, you should maintain a similar deviation in your translation to preserve the original's essence, as exemplified by Proust.

However, the chief difficulties in translating are lexical, not grammatical - i.e words, collocations and fixed phrases or idioms; these include neologisms and 'unfindable' words, which I deal with separately

Difficulties with words are of two kinds: (a) you do not understand them; (b) you find them hard to translate

A word's meaning can be unclear if you are unfamiliar with all its definitions or if its interpretation is influenced by its unique collocation or references within the text.

We have to bear in mind that many common nouns have four types of meaning: (a) physical or material, (b) figurative, (c) technical, (d) colloquial; thus:

Physical Figurative Technical Colloquial maison house family home (a) home-made

(a) first-rate (b) tremendous element element (a) individual

(d) principle element, cell (a) (at) home

(dans son) poire pear (a) pear-shaped

(b) quality of a pear (juiciness) a) switch (b) syringe

(a) sucker (b) face metier job occupation trade

(a) platoon (b) groove (weapon) (c) stop (organ)

Pfeife whistle tune pipe (organ) wash-out

This diagram is schematic, highlighting that colloquial meanings are closely linked to collocations and fixed phrases Additionally, technical meanings can lead to significant translation errors, such as interpreting "enjoliveur" as "prettifying" instead of the correct term "hub cap." There is a common misconception that technical terms are monosemous, meaning they have only one definition While some technical terms may have familiar alternatives, many are often compounded with classifiers, such as "Orgelzug" and "Orgelpfeife."

The translation of lexis

However, the chief difficulties in translating are lexical, not grammatical - i.e words, collocations and fixed phrases or idioms; these include neologisms and 'unfindable' words, which I deal with separately

Difficulties with words are of two kinds: (a) you do not understand them; (b) you find them hard to translate

If you're struggling to understand a word, it might be due to your unfamiliarity with its various meanings or because its meaning is influenced by its unique collocation or references found elsewhere in the text.

We have to bear in mind that many common nouns have four types of meaning: (a) physical or material, (b) figurative, (c) technical, (d) colloquial; thus:

Physical Figurative Technical Colloquial maison house family home (a) home-made

(a) first-rate (b) tremendous element element (a) individual

(d) principle element, cell (a) (at) home

(dans son) poire pear (a) pear-shaped

(b) quality of a pear (juiciness) a) switch (b) syringe

(a) sucker (b) face metier job occupation trade

(a) platoon (b) groove (weapon) (c) stop (organ)

Pfeife whistle tune pipe (organ) wash-out

This diagram is schematic, illustrating that colloquial meanings are often linked to specific collocations or fixed phrases Additionally, technical terms can present significant translation challenges, as they may not be monosemous—contrary to common belief For instance, the term "enjoliveur" is misleadingly translated as "prettifying" when it actually means "hub cap." While some technical terms may have familiar alternatives or are compounded with classifiers, such as "Orgelzug" and "Orgelpfeife," the complexity of their meanings remains a common source of confusion.

Many nouns, verbs, and adjectives can be used figuratively, and their figurative meanings become more prevalent with common words In desperate situations, it's essential to explore the figurative implications of sentences, such as "The man loved his garden," where the garden may represent concepts like privacy, beauty, fertility, hard work, or even sexual bliss.

Alternative explanations for the 'word problem' include the possibility that the term has an archaic or regional meaning, which can be clarified by consulting relevant dictionaries Additionally, the word may be employed ironically or carry a unique connotation specific to the writer's idiolect Lastly, there is a chance that the term has been misprinted.

The writer undoubtedly had a clear intention, as they would never include nonsense amidst coherent thoughts To uncover this meaning, one must engage in lateral thinking, considering possibilities like typographical errors, misinterpretations, or even Freudian slips For instance, the confusion between terms like "anatomie" and "autonomie" can lead to deeper insights It’s essential to work through these words to derive meaning, ensuring that no reasonable alternatives exist Ultimately, one should acknowledge the challenges faced in understanding the text, recognizing the absurdity of the situation while striving for clarity.

While many words may seem context-free, their meanings are often shaped by collocations, such as compounded nouns and idiomatic expressions For instance, terms like "maison centrale" (prison) and "maison de culture" (arts centre) illustrate how context influences understanding Additionally, words can be clarified through lexical sets, like "root" in linguistics In some cases, the meaning of a word may only become clear when considering surrounding text, particularly when it involves a specific object referenced by "the," which can lead to broader interpretations beyond the immediate sentence.

Another general point about translating is that, in principle, since corresponding SL and

Translation often involves navigating the complexities of semantic ranges, as words in different languages do not always align perfectly Many terms, particularly in French, possess broader meanings than their English counterparts, leading to multiple translation options This disparity highlights a common challenge in translation: the shift from generic to specific terms, often due to lexical gaps or overlapping meanings Languages also categorize objects differently, revealing unexpected lexical gaps and duplications For instance, while English appears rich in vocabulary, it can struggle with specific terms like 'bank' or 'funny,' which have diverse meanings Awareness of these lexical nuances is crucial for effective translation, unless they are used in a metalingual context.

One little item - say, the precise meaning of a Hohenvergleichtafel: what is a 'panorama'?

Understanding the nuances of terms like "Kupferstich," "etching," and "engraving" in German can be challenging without proper resources The distinctions between "gravieren" and "einschnitzen" also require careful consideration Engaging with these concepts may demand more time than expected, often exceeding the 10-15 pages of text that follow In practical scenarios, it's essential to invest time in verifying details, exploring acronyms, or identifying elusive words, rather than rushing through the translation of an entire text that may seem straightforward yet tedious.

The translation of proper names

When referencing geographical locations, ensure you use their current names, as many have changed over time; for example, Beijing is not Peking, and Hong Kong will be referred to as Xianggang Avoid using German names for Polish or Czech towns, such as Poznań instead of Posen and Wrocław instead of Breslau, as this can be culturally insensitive It's advisable to provide context for lesser-known places, including towns, mountains, or rivers, and verify the existence of fictional locations like Aarlsgaard from Tonio Kroger While it's important to acknowledge the trend of reverting to original place names, such as Braunschweig and Hannover, maintain widely accepted names like Munich for clarity.

Do not take sides on any political disputes about place-names

When translating medical texts, pay close attention to proper names, as a drug may be marketed under different brand names in various countries or be referred to by its chemical formula, like 'aspirin.' Additionally, tests, symptoms, diseases, and body parts may be named after different scientists in different languages or use more general terms Ensure the correct spelling of all proper names, as misprints are common in this area It's also important to note that while English retains the original first names of foreign individuals, languages like French and Italian may translate them arbitrarily, even for living people.

During the translation and revision process, it's crucial to remain aware of the linguistic challenges presented by the text, as all translation issues ultimately pertain to the target language Instead of fixating on finding synonyms, consider altering the word order to convey the intended meaning more effectively When seeking factual information, such as casualty figures from Cassino, explore various reference materials or rely on your own recollections While acknowledging the role of neurolinguistic and psychological processes in translation, it's important to recognize that these elements are often unconscious and part of the imaginative process Sometimes, a solution may unexpectedly emerge during contemplation.

Further Practice

Tập bài giảng Lý thuyết dịch tiếng Anh dành cho sinh viên năm 4 chuyên ngành ngôn ngữ Anh tại Trường Đại học Hải Phòng cung cấp kiến thức cơ bản về lý thuyết biên phiên dịch Nó bao gồm các bài tập thực hành thiết thực giúp sinh viên ghi nhớ kiến thức cần thiết và nâng cao chất lượng sản phẩm dịch Nội dung bài giảng được cấu trúc thành 05 chương cụ thể.

Chương 1 The analysis of a text – Phân tích văn bản nguồn

Trong chương này, sinh viên sẽ học cách phân tích ý nghĩa của văn bản, phong cách của tác giả, đối tượng độc giả, bối cảnh, chất lượng văn bản, cũng như các khía cạnh nghĩa đen và nghĩa bóng Chương 2 sẽ tập trung vào quá trình dịch thuật, giúp sinh viên hiểu rõ hơn về các bước và kỹ thuật cần thiết trong việc chuyển ngữ.

Sinh viên được trang bị kiến thức đa dạng về biên phiên dịch, bao gồm dịch nghĩa từ, dịch tham chiếu, dịch các liên kết ý, dịch tự nhiên và các đơn vị ngôn ngữ trong quá trình dịch thuật.

Chương 3 Translation methods – Các phương pháp dịch thuật

Sinh viên sẽ được trang bị kiến thức về nhiều phương pháp dịch thuật, bao gồm dịch nghĩa đen và nghĩa bóng của từ, ý hàm ngôn, cũng như kỹ năng dịch các văn bản văn học Họ cũng sẽ học cách dịch tương đương, thành ngữ và tục ngữ, giúp nâng cao khả năng dịch thuật của mình.

Cung cấp cho sinh viên những góc nhìn đa dạng về phương pháp dịch, bao gồm dịch các phạm trù văn hóa, dịch từ có nghĩa chung chung, dịch từ theo nghĩa chuyên ngành và dịch mượn.

Trong chương này, sinh viên sẽ được trang bị những kiến thức mới nhằm nâng cao kỹ năng dịch nói, bổ sung cho các kiến thức về dịch thuật đã được nghiên cứu trong các chương trước.

Cụ thể như các phương pháp dịch gián đoạn, dịch đuổi, kỹ năng tốc ký trong phiên dịch,

Thông điệp có thể được truyền tải qua chữ viết hoặc dưới dạng tường thuật bằng ngôn ngữ này, tương tự như cách mà nó được thể hiện bằng một ngôn ngữ khác.

Nhiều người học ngoại ngữ cho rằng chỉ cần giỏi ngoại ngữ là có thể dịch tốt, nhưng năng lực ngôn ngữ không đủ để đảm bảo khả năng dịch Để trở thành một dịch giả giỏi, cần phải tích lũy nhiều yếu tố như kinh nghiệm nghề nghiệp, kiến thức đa dạng về các lĩnh vực, và hiểu biết về các phương pháp và kỹ thuật dịch Sinh viên có thể nâng cao kinh nghiệm dịch thông qua việc thực hành nhiều bài tập với các chủ đề khác nhau Trải nghiệm cuộc sống và nỗ lực học tập trong nhiều lĩnh vực sẽ giúp sinh viên có vốn hiểu biết và từ vựng phong phú Để phát triển năng lực ngôn ngữ, sinh viên cần chăm chỉ học các kỹ năng thực hành và lý thuyết ngôn ngữ.

Sinh viên không chỉ nên sử dụng tài liệu học tập chính mà còn cần chú ý lắng nghe giảng viên hướng dẫn về cách tư duy và các bước thực hiện hoạt động biên, phiên dịch.

AN OVERVIEW OF THE COURSE

Translation is the process of conveying the meaning of a text from one language to another while preserving the author's intent While it may seem straightforward, translation can be complex and sometimes perceived as artificial, as it involves adopting a different linguistic identity In various contexts, such as legal or cultural texts, there is often a tendency to retain as many source language words as possible in the target language However, as noted by Mounin, translation cannot merely replicate the original; thus, the primary responsibility of the translator is to effectively translate the content.

Figure 1.1 The dynamics of translation

A text may therefore be pulled in ten different directions, as follows:

(1) The individual style or idiolect of the SL author When should it be (a) preserved, (b) normalized?

(2) The conventional grammatical and lexical usage for this type of text, depending on the topic and the situation

(3) Content items referring specifically to the SL, or third language (i.e not SL or TL) cultures

(4) The typical format of a text in a book, periodical, newspaper, etc., as influenced by tradition at the time

9 The truth (the facts of the matter) 5 TL readership

Understanding the expectations of the target audience is crucial, considering their knowledge of the subject and the language style they prefer It is essential to communicate at a level that resonates with them, avoiding oversimplification or unnecessary complexity in the translation process.

(6), (7), (8) As for 2, 3 and 4 respectively, but related to the TL

(9) What is being described or reported, ascertained or verified (the referential truth), where possible independently of the SL text and the expectations of the readership

The translator's perspectives and biases can be both personal and subjective, as well as influenced by social and cultural factors These biases often stem from the translator's group affiliations, which may include national, political, ethnic, religious, social class, and gender assumptions.

Translation involves navigating various tensions, such as the balance between sound and sense, emphasis and naturalness, figurative and literal meanings, and the trade-offs between neatness and comprehensiveness, as well as concision and accuracy As illustrated in Figure 1, these opposing forces influence the translation process, highlighting the tension between intrinsic and communicative meanings For instance, determining when to translate "Il fait froid" as "It's cold," "I'm cold," "I'm freezing," or "I'm so cold" depends on the context, suggesting the complexity of translation Despite these challenges, translation is not impossible.

CHAPTER 1 THE ANALYSIS OF A TEXT

Periods: 6 (LT:5; BT:1; TL:0; TH:0; HDSVTH:0; KT:0)

Nắm vững lý thuyết biên – phiên dịch là cần thiết để hiểu các cách tiếp cận văn bản, bao gồm đường hướng văn bản, ý đồ của tác giả và phong cách viết Những yếu tố này giúp người dịch nắm bắt được nội dung và ngữ cảnh, từ đó nâng cao chất lượng bản dịch.

To effectively begin the translation process, it is essential to first read the original text to grasp its overall meaning and analyze it from a translator's perspective, which differs from that of a linguist or literary critic This involves determining the text's intention and writing style to select an appropriate translation method and identify recurring challenges A combination of general and close reading is necessary; general reading helps to understand the subject matter, often requiring consultation of encyclopedias or specialist papers, while close reading demands scrutiny of words in and out of context to clarify their meanings It's crucial to investigate any ambiguous terms, including common words that may have figurative or technical usages, neologisms, acronyms, and ensure proper conversions of figures and measures to the target language Additionally, attention must be given to proper nouns, as they often carry significant cultural implications.

Translation methods ……………………………………… A MỤC TIÊU …………………………………………………………… B NỘI DUNG …………………………………………………………… 35 35 35 3.1 The methods

Equivalent effects

The primary goal of translation is often described as achieving an 'equivalent effect,' meaning the translation should evoke a similar response in its audience as the original text does This concept, also known as the 'equivalent response' principle or 'dynamic equivalence' as termed by Nida, suggests that while 'equivalent effect' is a desirable outcome, it is not always attainable This is particularly true in two scenarios: when the source language (SL) text aims to influence while the target language (TL) translation seeks to inform, or when there exists a significant cultural gap between the SL and TL texts.

In communicative translation of vocative texts, achieving an equivalent effect is not just desirable but essential, serving as the primary criterion for evaluating the effectiveness and value of translations for notices, instructions, publicity, propaganda, persuasive writing, and popular fiction The reader's response—whether to refrain from walking on the grass, purchase a product, join a movement, or assemble a device—can even be measured as a percentage, reflecting the success of the translation.

In informative texts, achieving equivalent effect is important primarily for minimizing emotional impact This becomes challenging when the source language (SL) and target language (TL) cultures are distant from one another, as cultural items often require clarification through neutral or generic terms Consequently, the content must be simplified, and any complexities in the source language should be addressed for better understanding.

While the TL reader engages with the text as deeply as the SL reader, the overall impact may vary It is essential to convey the persuasive elements in informative texts in a way that resonates with the target audience, ensuring that the intended effect is achieved.

In semantic translation, the focus shifts from a collective readership to individual readers, emphasizing the translator's personal connection to the source text The translator aims to evoke the same emotional response experienced by the author, rather than catering to a hypothetical audience Universal texts, like "To be or not to be," allow for broader equivalent effects, transcending cultural boundaries However, the sound effects intended by the translator may not resonate with the target language reader due to differing sound systems, though some compensation may occur Ultimately, the response to the translation remains individual rather than universally cultural.

The cultural context of a text significantly impacts its translatability; the more localized and culturally specific a text is, the harder it is to convey its meaning without the reader's deep understanding of the source culture For instance, translating Keats' and Shakespeare's works into languages where the corresponding seasons are unpleasant is impractical Cultural concessions can only be made when the cultural term is marginal and lacks significant connotations In Bazin's works, for example, translating 'il est le plus pelican des peres' as 'He is the most devoted of fathers' fails to capture its essence; a better compromise would be 'He is as devoted as a pelican to his young.' Authoritative statements, however, should resonate universally, as seen in the works of figures like Pericles, Jefferson, and Churchill, and should evoke a strong, modern response in translation.

Communicative translation, tailored to the reader's language and knowledge, tends to produce a more equivalent effect than semantic translation, which is focused on the writer's level Additionally, a text from centuries past offers modern readers an advantage over those who read it in the source language, as simplified translations can resonate more powerfully than the original This phenomenon is evident in how educated Germans engaged with Shakespeare's works earlier in the century.

The principle of equivalent effect plays a crucial role in language discussions, especially in the context of skill rather than strict truth or artistic interpretation For example, when translating the phrase "I haven't the foggiest idea" into German, options like "Keine blasse Ahnung," "Nicht die geringste Ahnung," or "Ich habe keinen blassen Schimmer davon" may capture the closest equivalent effect Translation should be viewed as a collaborative discussion rather than a definitive answer imposed by authority figures Even seemingly simple sentences, such as "The gorgeous girl walked gingerly through the closet," can yield diverse translations from multiple experts across various languages, highlighting the complexity and nuance of translation.

The 'equivalent effect' principle is a crucial translation concept that varies in its significance across different types of texts.

3.4 Methods and Text-categories principles

In examining the application of semantic and communicative translation methods across three text categories, it appears that vocative and informative texts tend to be translated too literally, while expressive texts often lack sufficient literal translation.

Translationese significantly undermines tourist materials and public notices, as seen in poorly translated phrases that confuse meaning While the UK has improved the quality of foreign language publicity, there remains a shortage of effective translations Often, 'informative' texts suffer from translationese, poor writing, and a lack of confidence in using the correct linguistic register, leading to the reproduction of misleading collocations Additionally, the inaccuracies in translated literature stem from a long-standing practice of prioritizing style over accurate meaning, resulting in translations that rely on synonyms and avoid grammatical shifts, ultimately distorting the original message.

In expressive texts, translation often focuses on individual words due to their subtle nuances of meaning, with fewer stock language units like colloquialisms and metaphors present compared to other text types Nevertheless, all clichés, regardless of their quality, must be translated into their target language equivalents, as they are integral to conveying the original intent.

Note that I group informative and vocative texts together as suitable for communicative translation However, further distinctions can be made

Informative texts are typically translated more accurately than vocative texts due to their focus on factual content These texts primarily use third-person sentences and a non-emotive style, often employing past tenses As a result, narratives that present a sequence of events tend to be easier to translate compared to descriptive texts, which rely on the nuanced perception of adjectives and imagery.

Translating vocative texts presents unique challenges related to the second person, as social factors influence grammatical and lexical choices across languages These texts illustrate two extremes of communicative translation: standard terms for practical use, such as 'transit lounge' (e.g., Transithalle, salle de transit), and 'recreative' translation suited for advertising and propaganda, where context takes precedence over language When cultural gaps are minimal, effectively crafted persuasive language can often be translated almost literally.

Scanning the numerous multilingual advertising leaflets available todav, I notice: (a) it is hardly possible to say which is the original: (b) how closelv thev translate each other;

(c) the more emotive their language, the more they varv from each other; (d) the variants appear justified

Communicative translation of advertisements effectively achieves an equivalent pragmatic effect, eliminating the necessity for 'co-writing'—a process where two writers are tasked with crafting the most persuasive advertisement for the same product in different languages based on a set of basic facts.

I should mention that I have been describing methods of translation as products rather than processes, i.e., as they appear in the finished translation

Translating

When translating, it's crucial to read the initial paragraphs before translating more than one or two sentences, as this helps identify potential challenges in the text A quick review can determine if the content will be straightforward or complex.

When translating, it's crucial to conduct preliminary research on linguistic, cultural, and referential aspects of the text, as a misunderstanding of a key term can lead to misinterpretation of an entire paragraph For instance, confusing "humoral" in "le bilan humoral" or "Laetitia" in "I'actrice, une nouvelle Laetitia" can waste time and lead to errors Aim to translate by sentences for clarity, ensuring you grasp the overall meaning, while also accounting for each word in the source language Certain words, such as modal particles or jargon, may not require direct translation, but technical terms should be translated first and then contextualized, allowing for adjustments if an incorrect meaning is chosen.

Current research on translation explores various influencing factors such as mood, deadlines, and the need for methodological changes, which may often be overlooked During the pre-translation phase, it is essential to maintain a clear and evolving understanding of the source material, applicable to both poetry and technical texts For instance, the line from Mallarme's "Tristesse d'été" evokes a vivid image of the sun bathing the golden hair of a sleeping girl on the sand, struggling against languorous heat, which must be consistently referenced alongside the nuanced and elliptical translation in the target language.

Other methods

As a postscript to this chapter, I add further definitions of translation methods

Service translation refers to the process of translating from a person's native language into another language Although the term is not commonly used, it is essential in many countries, highlighting the need for a specific terminology to describe this important practice.

Plain prose translations of poetry and poetic drama, pioneered by E V Rieu for Penguin Books, convert stanzas into paragraphs and introduce prose punctuation while retaining original metaphors and cultural references However, they do not replicate sound effects, allowing readers to grasp the essence of the work without experiencing its full auditory impact These translations are frequently published alongside the original texts, offering readers a comprehensive understanding through careful word-for-word comparisons.

(3) Information translation This conveys all the information in a non-literary text, sometimes rearranged in a more logical form, sometimes partially summarised, and not in the form of a paraphrase

(4) Cognitive translation This reproduces the information in a SL text converting the

Translating from source language (SL) to target language (TL) typically involves converting figurative language into literal expressions While the theoretical basis of this approach is unclear, it serves as a practical pre-translation step for complex texts Incorporating a pragmatic component enhances the translation, resulting in a more semantic or communicative output.

Academic translation, practiced in some British universities, transforms original source language texts into polished, idiomatic target language versions that adhere to a non-existent literary register This approach often diminishes the expressiveness of the original writer by substituting trendy colloquialisms A notable figure in this tradition was R L Graeme Ritchie, a distinguished teacher and translator whose accuracy surpassed that of his contemporaries For instance, Ritchie's translations included phrases like "The Notre-Dame worked her way in" for "La Notre-Dame avanca," and "The rain obscured everything" for "La pluie brouilla les objets," showcasing his unique style while also highlighting some weaknesses in his interpretations.

These last two concepts are mine, and only practice can show whether they will be useful as terms of reference in translation

(Source: Peter, N (1995) A textbook of Translation Phoenix ELT; Page 45-53)

Task 1 Name different types of translation methods:

Translation methods which are SL-focused include:

Translation methods which are TL-focused include:

Task 2 Identify appropriate translation methods:

1 The SL word-order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context (……….)

2 This kind of translation aims to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures (……….)

3 The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are translated out of context (………)

4 This kind of translation is considered the freest form of translation (………)

5 This kind of translation is known as a pre-translation process (………)

6 This method is described as interlinear translation with the TL immediately below the

7 It transfers cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical adnormality in the translation (……… )

8 This kind of translation is known as a pre-translation process (……….)

9 It preserves the intentions of the SL writer (……… )

10 This kind of translation is more flexible than faithful translation (……….)

11 This kind of translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original (………)

12 This kind of translation considers the aesthetic value of SL texts more than faithful translation (………)

13 Cultural words are translated literally (……….)

14 This kind of translation is more often used for plays, poetry, and films (……….)

15 This kind of translation is usually longer than the original by paraphrasing it (……….)

16 This kind of translation reproduces the message of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning of the phrases that do not exist in the original (……….)

17 This kind of translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original so that both content and language may be acceptable and comprehensible to the readership (……… )

Task 3 Complete the following statements:

1 Semantic and communicative translations are known to be

2 A semantic translation is aimed at the author’s ……… while communicative one is at the ………

3 Semantic translation is used for ……… texts while communicative one is for ……… texts

4 Semantic translation pursues nuances of meanings to reproduce

5 ……… is over-translate while communicative translation is

6 Communicative translation is ……….and message-focused while semantic translation is ………and individual

7 It is often dangerous to translate more than a sentence or two before

……… or three paragraphs, unless a ……… Through convinces you that the text is going to present few problems

Task 4 Using the steps of translation process to translate the following text into Vietnamese

The Hayward Gallery in London has undergone a remarkable transformation, showcasing a captivating exhibition that explores the often-overlooked history of kinetic art over the past 60 years This exhibition, curated by Guy Brett, highlights the significance of movement in art through a diverse collection of paintings, drawings, documents, and films Notably, the artworks are presented with minimal text, allowing visitors to engage deeply and make their own connections and discoveries, enhancing their experience of this intriguing artistic movement.

Find suitable translation methods to translate the following text

Hanoi to spend $106M on seven new public schools

Vietnam's capital Hanoi will spend VND2.5 trillion (US$106.5 million) on seven

The city People’s Committee has announced plans to construct seven advanced and modern schools for grades 1-12, with groundbreaking set for next year and completion expected by the end of 2025 Funded by the municipal budget, these schools will accommodate students from first to 12th grade The municipal Department of Education and Training has been tasked with collaborating with local authorities to study effective educational models both domestically and internationally The committee emphasized the importance of ensuring that these schools offer advanced quality education and modern facilities.

The committee has also requested that foreign architects be chosen to design the schools

A draft plan based on public opinion surveys outlines that each school will consist of 68 classes, including 20 for elementary, and 24 each for middle and high school, supported by 135 staff members, comprising five administrators The facilities will feature indoor sports areas for various activities such as martial arts, aerobics, badminton, tennis, basketball, football, gymnastics, yoga, and swimming, alongside art studios and outdoor spaces for camping and recreational activities For the 2023-2024 school year, Hanoi has enrolled 2.3 million students from preschool to high school As of 2022, the city boasted over 2,800 educational institutions, including 550 non-public schools, 13 international schools, and 21 preschools with foreign investments.

(Source: https://e.vnexpress.net/news/news/education/hanoi-to-spend-106m-on-seven-new-public-schools-4603172.html )

+ Nắm vững các phạm trù chiến lược trong dịch thuật với các góc nhìn khác nhau

Finding direct equivalents for English words in Vietnamese can be challenging due to various reasons Some concepts, like "gender," are relatively new and difficult to grasp across many languages In other instances, while a concept may be familiar, there may be no specific Vietnamese term to express it Additionally, certain English words carry unique connotations that are not captured by their Vietnamese counterparts To address these challenges of non-equivalence, several strategies can be employed.

4.1.1 Translation by a more specific word

When translating English words into Vietnamese, it's often essential to select a more specific term, as multiple Vietnamese words may correspond to a single English concept For instance, the Vietnamese language distinguishes between various words for "to carry" based on factors like the object's size, shape, and animacy, as well as the manner of carrying Similarly, the English term "rice" can be represented by different Vietnamese words depending on whether it is being planted, harvested, cooked, or eaten Therefore, understanding the context in which the English word is used is crucial for determining the correct Vietnamese translation.

4.1.2 Translation by a more general word

When translating English terms into Vietnamese, it is sometimes necessary to use more general words for concepts that lack specific Vietnamese equivalents For example, while English distinguishes between mopeds, scooters, and motorcycles, the Vietnamese term “xe máy” encompasses all motorized two-wheel vehicles Similarly, the English words “paw,” “foot,” and “leg” are all translated as “chân” in Vietnamese, with context clarifying the intended meaning Additionally, the English term “matrix” is translated as “ma trận” in Vietnamese, but this term is limited to mathematical contexts A more suitable translation for “matrix” in the context of community development would be “bản,” which refers to a written plan or formula.

This strategy involves substituting culture-specific items or expressions with alternatives that carry similar meanings and impacts in the translated text Many Vietnamese translators resist this approach, opting for direct translations even when unsuitable, as seen in a translated fanners manual that recommends planting fruit and fuel trees not found in Vietnam The original manual, developed in other Asian regions, was not adapted for the Vietnamese context While some translators believe it is not their duty to alter the text, they play a crucial role in ensuring cultural relevance Translators should be encouraged to assess the appropriateness of the documents and propose necessary changes This responsibility extends beyond the translator to include the commissioner and editor, and field testing of documents can provide valuable insights into cultural suitability.

4.1.4 Translation using a loan word plus explanation

In Vietnam, many translators resist borrowing English words, opting instead to create new Vietnamese terms However, borrowing can be beneficial for introducing new concepts, culture-specific items, and widely recognized medical terms like HIV and AIDS, which are commonly used in their English forms Given their established presence in Vietnamese, these loan words often appear without explanations, a practice that is not recommended It is advisable to provide clarifications through parentheses or footnotes whenever a loan word is utilized.

The acronym ORS, which stands for oral rehydration salts, is prominently displayed on every package, making it easily recognizable It is typically presented in its English form, accompanied by a translation in parentheses: ORS (muối bù mất nước).

When translating English words or concepts that lack direct Vietnamese equivalents, it is essential to ensure that all meanings are accurately conveyed For instance, in the sentence "Pregnant women should avoid alcohol," the English term encompasses all alcoholic beverages, while the Vietnamese word "rượu" does not include beer Therefore, the translation should specify "beer" to fully capture the intended meaning This approach highlights the importance of contextual understanding in translation.

The terms "abuse" and "neglect" encompass a wide range of behaviors that are not fully captured by the Vietnamese translations Therefore, the phrase "Children shall be protected from abuse and neglect" cannot simply be translated as "Trẻ em phải được bảo vệ khỏi sự lạm dụng và lơ là," as this fails to convey the complete meaning A more accurate translation, as attempted by another translator, is "Trẻ em cần được bảo vệ và chống lại mọi hình thức bạo lực, gây tổn thương hay xúc phạm, bỏ mặc hoặc sao nhãng trong việc chăm sóc," which translates back to English as "Children must be protected from all forms of violence causing harm or offense, and from abandonment and negligence in their care." This highlights the necessity of unpacking these terms for a better understanding of their implications.

Tiêu đề	Lý Thuyết Dịch Tiếng Anh (Theories Of Translation And Interpretation)
Tác giả	Th.S. Nguyễn Thị Quế
Trường học	Trường Đại Học Hải Phòng
Chuyên ngành	Khoa Ngoại Ngữ
Thể loại	Bài Giảng
Năm xuất bản	2023
Thành phố	Hải Phòng

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