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'== VĐHCL 420 3103GI 2022 C.7 26192 Illllllllllllllll BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀ TRUGNG DAI HOC CUU LON: RED ì KHOA NGOAI NGU BAI GIANG LY THUYET DICH Gidng vién: ThS Nguyén Anh Tai 2.2 The domains of words 2.3 The nature of semantic area 2.4 The freedom of words The mapping of experience C2: /Ú) GeO 2.1 The arbitrary character 30> Basic features of linguistic symbols ot Introduction BUS UNIT 1: THE NATURE OF MEANING CONTENTS *&* UNIT 2: LINGUISTIC MEANING 3.2 Four functional classes of words Kernels and transformations EXERCISES UNIT 3: REFERENTIAL NOON, 3.1 Deep and surface structure Oo Semantic structure of language — o Different meanings in similar kinds of construction COP G6 Introduction G6 ON EXERCISES Sn Communication within the framework of society = 3.1 Possible solutions for describing foreign concepts 11 MEANING Introduction Techniques for describing referential meanings 2.1 Hierarchical analysis 2.2 General features of hierarchical structures Figurative extensions of meaning Semantically endocentric and exocentric expressions Kinds of meaning Implicit and explicit information 6.1 Implicit referential meaning 6.2 Implicit information and organizational meaning 6.3 Implicit situational meaning EXERCISES UNIT 4: THE DYNAMIC DIMENSION IN COMMUNICATION Introduction Basic factors in communication Information theory Redundancy in language The decoder’s channel Features which tend to overload the decoder’s channel 6.1 Formal features 6.1.1 Orthography 6.1.2 Word formation 6.1.3 Syntax 6.1.4 How to reduce the communication load 6.2 Semantic features 6.2.1 Rare words 6.2.2 Rare collocations 6.2.3 Word order and event order EXERCISES AMBIGUITY AMBIGUOUS EXERCISES QUESTIONS for THEORY REVISION REFERENCES UNIT 1: THE NATURE OF MEANING *x@&* Introduction In communication in general and in translation in particular, language is considered a code, a communication code that consists of symbols or words organized into a system according to the rules of grammar, and organized into different kinds of combination The words, the smallest of the linguistic units, constitute what are generally called symbols or signs Words may be semantically either non-human or human, and linguistically function or content ones The basic features of linguistic symbols 2.1 The arbitrary character A word is an arbitrary sign We cannot explain why a particular word stands for a particular thing or has a particular meaning People just agree on it The arbitrariness may be realized in different ways = The relationship between the form or the sound of a word and its referent is arbitrary " The relationship between classes of words and classes of referents is arbitrary « The relationship between classes of words in one language and classes of words in another language is arbitrary 2.2 The domain of words (The description of classes of referents) A domain is a class of referents We use words to refer to domains, not single referents This causes problems for the translators The problems are found in identifying the domains of words and the boundaries between the domains of various related words 2.3 The nature of semantic areas The relationship between the nuclear meaning and the peripheral meaning of a word is often stated in terms of the frequency of usage in which the most frequent use is for the main meaning, and the less frequent use is for the peripheral 2.4 The freedom of words Words are arbitrary signs, so words are not tied to any referents A word can be used to refer to a new referent or object Thanks to the freedom of words, we can combine words as in many ways as we can to express meaning Words are under constant pressure of change They can be contracted or shortened freely, can die and then can be revived Every speech event differs from others or is unique, so words are free to expand Thanks to the freedom of words, a language can be used to describe new objects or concepts which come into the culture of that language Furthermore, the meaning of words can never remain fixed because a single word has different meaning in different contexts Words are forever changing in one direction to another, under pressure from one or another linguistic and cultural factor For example, the word bead used to mean prayer in old English; now it takes the meaning ‘little wooden ball on a rosary’ in modern English We use similar words to describe new things, concepts: software, hardware, word-processing, etc., so we are free to use language to talk about the new things or phenomena The mapping of experience Words are limited, but referents are unlimited, so we can use language to map any aspect of human experience This mapping of experience by language must be limited to the kinds of experience which the people in question are aware of Every language has different types of mapping depending upon the cultural focus, and even there are subgroups of distinction within the same community 3.1 Possible solutions for describing foreign concepts To deal with a word or concept for which there is no equivalent in the target language, Seyed-Ali Miremadi in Allameh Tabatab’! University, Tehran, Iran, in his paper “language users’ linguistic creativity: word-formation for translation,” listed five possible strategies as follows: Avoiding the concept (the zero option) Coining a nonsense word (hardly used and accepted) Using old morphemes at hand in their language to create a new word (popular) loan-translation (possibly preferable if the borrowed word is short and easy to pronounce and remember) Description (acceptable but not preferable) Thus, when translators need equivalents for foreign concepts, they don’t need to impose their creations on others since the neologisms may be rejected later Instead, he believed that translators may benefit from native speakers’ great linguistic ability to produce words which will definitely be accepted by the whole speech community later He also suggested that the existing academic institutions should be authorized by the nN government to create equivalent for new foreign words, and doing so they should make use of people’s creative powers This can be done by distributing questionnaires among people from all walks of life Thus, words with the highest number of frequencies, if used appropriately, will be accepted and appreciated by the public Communication within the framework of society A communication is understood only in social context That is it must be analyzed in terms of the social setting, the relationship between the two speakers, the types of language that can be used for a particular occasion or the topic of the communication Also, when translating, the translators must be able to interpret written or spoken sentences within the total context in which they are used When we translate from English into Vietnamese, English is the source language (the SL) and Vietnamese is the receptor or the target language (the RL) The source language and the receptor language differ one from another in many aspects Also, each person uses language on the basis of his or her educational background And it is said that no two persons ever use the same words to mean the same things On the other hand, there is a similarity in the use of language among members of the same community, among the various participants In this respect, we have different situations, so the translators must be aware of stylistic variation, which can be observed in words and sentence structures Besides, in an act of communication, the relationship which people have to each other influences the way they speak to each other One speaker may have a role which has higher status than that of the other speakers Some roles are more or less permanent, while other roles are very temporary The same person could have a number of different roles in his or her daily activities Roles affect the way people communicate with each other In a society, there are two different directions of communication Communication is taking place in the horizontal axis among people of the same social status, when informal language or slang may be used Communication is taking place in vertical axis among people of a different status The vertical axis may be either ascending or descending Most societies have the vertical system well-organized This is reflected in the language used especially in style, register EXERCISES I Identify the meaning of the underlined words You may want to look them Up in q dictionary and choose the appropriate meanings Then, translate the sentences into Vietnamese The heavy snow has prevented all communications with the highlands, BO He plays the piano with surprising facility SON ge oe one He has a bank account with an overdraft facility Our company is poised for take-off She does a brilliant take-off of the boss He sued the company and won $ 5000 (in) damages O08 She is an authority on phonetics SO This company’s profit-sharing scheme sets the patterns for others to follow What is your authority for that statement? —_ _ ¬ oO The two sides failed to agree on every point but came to an accommodation, He is a poet of rare accomplishment ¬ N Dancing and singing were among her many accomplishments — G3 She knows many celebrities of stage and screen 14 Asthma can be a very frightening condition, especially in a child Complete the following sentences with the correct forms of appropriate words from the lists A condone, excuse, forgive Nothing can such rudeness Ds She sess ee: him his thoughtless remark Foul play can never be The audience could be for thinking it was an amateur production B let, allow, permit Smoking is not in the coach 2.:Mary:isnits:: out at night Ree cea grandma sit there The patient was up after ten days P’ll come tomorrow, weather C relation(s), relationship, relation/relationship What is your to John? He is my brother-in-law Their affair did not develop into a lasting We seek to improve between our two countries Is there a between violence on TV and violent crime D hunger, starvation, famine Men, women and children are facing death by in some parts of the world She felt weak from and the intense heat The war has brought disease and to thousands of people E event, incident, happening, occurrence Divorce has become a common 22 Themis of 1989 ended the cold war The tourist guide lists the major happening in the town throughout the year The movie is based on a real-life There have been a few strange in this town recently F error, blunder, fault, defect, mistake Going on a camping holiday with young children is definitely a I think there are a few in our calculations 3.24Achospital ;z¿.zze led to 500 cancer patients getting the wrong radiation treatment Tom broke the window, but it was my for letting him play football in the house The causes of many birth have not been discovered Iaccepted my father’s because I loved him There was a design in the train doors G earth, land, ground, soil 1,2W€ dIdri?iS€€tss:zisc.s again until the ship reached Australia The parachute floated gently down to It had been raining and the was still wet Trees and plants grow in She often comes to the piece of where the kids play Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with more exact ones, The man gained great renown as a gangster The minister instigated love and charity throughout the community His characters are garish and alive; they are people you will remember as olq friends The school’s most honored professor was without fault: a wise mentor to his students and in addition a scholar recognized as pedantic and profound We admired the speaker for his sententious appeal for funds We can’t blame Margaret for leaving him; certainly she had an ample pretext She gave us a brief performance of the computer’s functions They put the documents on permanent manifestation in the British museum A border argument could easily become a war 10 He is a very sensible child and gets upset easily 11 We passed through four nations on our way to Greece 12 The house is very dilapidated but it has chances 13 The lane marks the border of our land 14 She took a wide view of the duties of being a teacher 15 The survivors swam to the coast 16 We live at the beach UNIT 2: LINGUISTIC MEANING *&* Introduction The meaning of the compound “greenhouse” is more than the total meaning of the isolated words Part of the meaning is derived from the construction itself That is to say the combination also has of an attributive and a noun meaning meaningful There are different also possesses kinds of construction, relationships, as a result However, similar classes of words some in many don’t have similar meanings meaning; and there or structure are different cases the structures made of And this is the problem for the translator His goodness (quality) His house (possession) His failure (the result of what he has done) His arrest (the event that has happened to him) Different meanings in similar types of construction Constructions made of similar classes of words don’t always have the same meanings According to transformational Generative Grammar, the four structural similar phrases “his car, his goodness, his failure, his arrest” are different because they obviously come from different deep structures, so they have different meanings To solve the problem, the translator can employ transformation techniques to bring them from similar surface structures to different deep structures, which reveal their semantic structures as kernels His goodness > He is good His house > He owns a house His failure > He failed His arrest > He was arrested The semantic structure of language 3.1 Deep and surface structure Another way of looking at form and meaning is to think of them as surface structure and deep structure One of the basic assumptions of this text is that there is a valid distinction between the deep (semantic) and the surface (grammatical, lexical, phonological) structures of languages An analysis of the surface structure of a language the implicit information from the communication situation explicit Implicit information needs to be added only when it is necessary to communicate correct meaning or to insure naturalness of the form in the receptor language translation It will sometimes need to be made explicit because the source language writer and his audience shared information which is not shared by the receptor language audience EXERCISES The same word may occur on different levels in the same semantic hierarchy as a substitute Translate the following sentences into Vietnamese What is his age? His back was bent with age If we could have the strength of youth and the wisdom of age We’ve been waiting an age / for ages As long as there are unknown places on earth, there will be men with the courage and curiosity to explore them Men should not look into a mirror or comb their hair in public He may straighten his tie or smooth his hair with his hand She was a great beauty in her day lam not sure if our book will be a success — it’s early days yet Less explicit forms such as pronouns, proverbs and other substitute words are often used to signal organizational meaning The translator may need to make some adjustment in translation Translate the following paragraphs into Vietnamese toward light It is darkness The history of the human race is a continuous struggle from therefore purposeless to discuss the use of knowledge Man wants to know and when he ceases to so, he is no longer a man President Clinton has praised former president Geogre Bush at the opening of the George Bush presidential Library in the American state of Texas Mr Clinton praised Mr Bush’s leadership during the war with Iraq in 1991 He said Mr Bush was watchful in his dealing with Iraq Mr Clinton said the same watchfulness is needed again now Former 18 presidents Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter attended the ceremonies for the new presidential research center The heavy-hearted schoolmaster proceeded homeward along the same road which he had traveled joyfully that afternoon But now the hour seemed as sorrowful as himself Through the midnight silence he could hear the barking of dogs across the river, but the sound was so faint that it merely gave an idea of his distance from this faithful companion of man Economic depression in the 1880s generated social and economic change New Zealand led the world in granting votes to women (1893), Maori political leaders fostered a Maori renaissance started earlier under the influence of the Maori King movement and religious prophets Health and welfare improved and the Maori population rose Maori and Pakeha soldiers fought alongside the British in the First World War (1914 — 1918), as they would in the Second (1939 — 1945) Languages differ in figurative extensions of meaning A, Give the Vietnamese equivalents of the following the hand of a clock N a tongue of land œ + WwW the tongue of a shoe the eye of a potato the mouth of a river acorn — ear a bunch of bananas a clove of garlic B Identify the Vietnamese equivalents of the underlined and translate the sentences into Vietnamese The machine rests on a bed of concrete If you dig here, you will find a bed of clay The watch has no second hand The comedy made the audience split their sides laughing C Paraphrase the following sentences to show speech He is a key figure in the campaign 19 that you understand the Sigures of Her words stabbed at his heart Her tongue is sharp He is the head our class He is between the devil and the deep blue sea John is a snake in the grass She is the apple of his eye He earns his bread and butter by writing D Translate the following sentences into English Khám phá họ đánh dấu bước nhảy vọt chiến đấu chóng lại bệnh đái đường Sự rạn nứt chàng ca sĩ nhạc rock tiếng vợ báo chí thơi phịng q đáng Nhiều nhà sử học cho hy lạp nôi văn hóa phương tây Ơng ta nói giới đứng trước ngưỡng cửa kỷ nguyên lĩnh vực thám hiểm không gian Nữ hồng nắm nhiều quyền lực thích đứng sau hậu trường UNIT 4: THE DYNAMIC DIMENSION IN COMMUNICATION *Q* Introduction Language is a code consisting of more than the meanings of words and the combinations of words Language is a code in operation for a specific purpose It is not a state but a process Thus, we must analyze the transmission of a message in terms of a dynamic dimension This analysis is extremely important for translating because the production of an equivalent message is a process not merely of matching the parts of utterances but of reproducing the total dynamic characters of communication When decoding or interpreting a speech utterance, the listeners must hold the utterance in shortterm memory, analyze it into segments: phrases, clauses, and other linguistic units, identify the underlying propositions and illocutionary meaning Basic factors in communication Communication is an exchange of ideas, information, etc between two or more persons In an act of communication there is usually at least one speaker or sender, a message which is transmitted, and a person or persons for whom this message is intended or the receiver(s) There are important factors in any communication They are participants, the language used in communication, the referent or the subject matter which we talk about, speaking or writing process and the message or the way in which the subject matter is encoded In any communication, a verbal message may be accompanied by non-verbal ones For instance, when one speaks, his appearance, attitude, gesture, nervousness, shyness, anxiety — all tell us a great deal about himself and his attitude toward the message; also in written communication there are many auxiliary accompaniments to the message: the style, form, quality of paper, handwriting, spelling, punctuation — all these features are supplementary message that reinforces the main message Also, in any communication, there is a factor of noise, which tends to distort the message In spoken communication, we may have physical noise In written communication, the noise may be inadequate orthography or misspelling, ink, quality of paper Besides, we also have psychological noise: a slip of tongue in spoken language and the slip of hand nervousness, etc in writing Here is the distortion of the message is caused by pain, In reality, the process of communication is very complex The process of producing a message consists of three steps: * Thinking and selecting the topic, the referent or the subject matter * Encoding the topic into symbols or words that carry the topic " Transmitting words (speaking out or writing out) As a receiver, we have to receive the message in forms of words aurally or visually, then decode the words or the message for understanding and react or respond In written communication, readers (receivers) have different attitudes toward decoding because without the interpersonal “give and take” between speakers and hearers, there is much less tendency to encode a parallel message Since all the words are fixed, the reader can just take them in either slowly or rapidly Thus, written communication produces a less immediate effect upon the receptor because it does not participate actively in the formation of the message, which may not always be stated in verbal form, but can be conveyed by other means: wink, gestures and types of intonation Similarly, a speech read to an audience produces less effect than one spoken directly because it discourages participation Furthermore, successful speakers often introduce hesitations to create an impression of not being quite sure sometimes of the word to use, thus, getting the participation from the sympathetic audience So if a speaker delivers his speech so smoothly, fluently, he will discourage his audience’s participation Information theory The theory explains how communication systems carry information and measure the amount information of information according There are two to how basic principles much choice is involved of information theory when The communicated by any message is a measure of the UNPREDICTABILITY we send information So this means that the more unpredictable a unit is, the more information it is said to carry One can understand a message which is very common, but it takes decoding efforts to comprehend a message which is unusual, unpredictable or strange The related concept of redundancy refers to the degree to which a message contains more information than is needed for it to be understood Languages have built — in redundancy, which means that utterances contain more may information than is necessary be shown in the demonstrative, for comprehension the noun, and For example, the verb, in English, plural as in “These books N NO expensive.” If the s on books is omitted, the message would still be understood The s are is redundant in this context 50% of normal language is said to be redundant So redundancy means predictability Redundancy is not repetition used for emphasis to the sentence Redundancy is not tautology, the saying of the same thing twice over in different words While tautology is a fault of style, redundancy is a natural characteristic of communication Redundancy in language Languages have a great deal of redundancy, so we are likely to be able to provide the missing letters in meaningful utterances with rather ease The selection of words within phrases often has a high degree of redundancy Languages have two opposite tendencies The first one is to develop in the direction of automatization with fixed phrases Another is to produce slang, jargon, figures of speech, and there is no prediction with them In general, redundancy is calculated as a left to right procedure That is to say the predictability of the following words is calculated upon the preceding words If a word occurs after a series of familiar words, it is much more redundant than if it occurs at the beginning However, in actual speech people don’t only decode from left to right but predict the meaning in two directions, so redundancy can be calculated on both directions Of course, if the previous words give the required information, the last word is highly redundant There are two important sources of redundancy: the formal linguistic redundancy is built in any message in the source language; and the cultural redundancy is implied in the communication event In most cases, a message in the source language needs to be added with at least some types of redundancy so as to match the linguistic and the cultural redundancy of the original The decoder’s channel In any language, it is possible to generate messages with a high communication load That is one can exceed the limit of unpredictability by using unfamiliar topics, new words, unusual structures and so on Unfortunately, it happens often when the translator unconsciously exceeds the limit by translating word by word, structure by structure The result will be the situation in which the unpredictability conversely the redundancy falls down rises above 50% level, and far below the limit, so difficulty arises for the decoder to handle such communication In order to understand how simple a message is in one language and how complicated that message is in another language, we must consider two important sources of redundancy: linguistic redundancy that we can predict thanks to 23 the words available and cultural redundancy that we can predict, based upon our knowledge of the tradition and culture In general, a literal translation inevitably overloads the message, and the receptor cannot decode the message easily In case of literal translation in which the translator attempts to pack the same amount of information into the same length of message, it is clear that the awkwardness of the form or structure of the message will increase the communication load In such a message the decoder’s channel is narrower than the original message because the translator lacks the cultural data In Australian English, the phrase “from coast to coast” is to be translated as “throughout the city,” and a literal translation would be inappropriate The goal of the translator is to produce a dynamically equivalent message that will fit the decoder’s channel (or satisfy his readers) which is restricted by a lack of cultural awareness So it is necessary to draw out or to lengthen the message by adding necessary redundancy so as to make the message equivalently meaningful Features which tend to overload the decoder’s channel We have two types of features that tend to overload the decoder’s channel: formal features and semantic features 6.1 Formal features Some formal features that tend to overload the decoder’s channel include orthography, syntax, and word-formation 6.1.1 Orthography (the spelling system) = Rare letters from borrowed words « Inconsistency in the spelling system = Inadequacy of the spelling system « Errors in spelling with silent letters 6.1.2 Word — formation « Newly constructed words (neologisms) A neologism is either a new word or a new use of an old word or words We have new words with old meanings, old words with new meanings, meanings 24 and new words with new 6.1.3 Syntax A communication is easily overloaded syntactically if the translator uses incorrect grammar For example, Vietnamese rarely use passive forms, so if one insists on using passive form, he will.immediately throw the reader off balance You are invited to Care must be taken when using this product You are wanted on the phone In any language, there are different types of syntactic construction and some of them carry heavier communication loads than others The translator has to pay attention to the following features Terminal characteristics The contrast between terminal and non-terminal characters involves a distinction between subordinate and co-ordinate constructions After he left, we distributed the food gifts (non-terminal) He left, and then we distributed the food gifts (terminal) With the subordinate construction it can’t be meaningfully terminated until after the word “food gifts.” But the co-ordinate construction does permit a potential termination after the word “left” In fact, to avoid overloading the communication language, the translator must often change the subordinate construction in the receptor into co-ordinate construction The overall length The length of the construction is also a determining factor in the communication load Obviously, shorter expressions involve less formal structuring and embedding than longer ones In translation, long sentences must be broken up into smaller segments to avoid formal overloading of the communication 6.1.4 How to reduce the load in communication To reduce the load of heavy formal arrangement methods as the following: Shifts of order All is not gold that glitters All that glitters is not gold This poison attracts mice with the smell of cheese 25 of words we can use some >This poison with the smell of cheese attracts mice I saw the man yesterday > Yesterday I saw the man to whom we had recently loaned money 6.2 Semantic features Semantic features that can overload the communication include rare words, rare collocations, and rare events or concepts 6.2.1 Rare words words Rare words that tend to overload the communication are usually borrowed receptor In reality, sometimes the translators conclude that no equivalent exists in the heavy language and the only solution is to borrow from the source language, SO the communication can sometimes be reduced by the use of classifiers to make clear these borrowed words Kayak, a watertight canoe that holds one person Ruby, a deep red precious stone 6.2.2 Rare collocations Rare collocations also present great difficulties in decoding a message To reduce somewhat the heavy communication load which results from unusual words, translator can introduce a degree of redundancy combinations of Redundancy can be introduced by adding words if the words are obviously implied in the context e.g greenhouse effect, the global warming caused by the increase of gases in the atmosphere Redundancy can be introduced by rearranging the sequences of words in order to prepare the receivers for understanding the rare collocation E.g some scientists think the greenhouse effect has already begun: average global temperatures have risen about one degree Fahrenheit in the past ninety years > Because the average global temperatures have risen about one degree Fahrenheit in the past ninety years, some scientists think the greenhouse effect has already begun In the second structure, the word “greenhouse effect” is much predictable because the preceding clause defined at least to some more redundant of extent its implied meaning We add the word “because,” because it is obviously implied in the text 6.2.3 Word order and event order In addition, the semantic communication load may be greatly increased by the lack of correspondence between the linguistic order of words and the non-linguistic order of events In this case, the translator can change the linguistic order so that it will match the historical order of events She found, after an hour’s search, the money hidden under the rug > After an hour’s search, she found money hidden under the rug EXERCISES Tautology is a fault of style Improve the following sentences by eliminating all tautologies, circumlocutions or complicated language The instructor assigned Tom Jones, but most of the students read short, condensed digests of the novel In good writing there is always a great deal of sincerity in the writer’s use of words and phrases The weather is certainly bound to get better tomorrow Teachers should provide several examples to illustrate the grammatical rules they are trying to teach One of the first assignments in English was to write my own autobiography As the band struck up “Hail to the chief,” the President and the First Lady descended down the staircase It was the consensus of opinion among the students that grades should be abandoned Not a year passes without some evidence of the fundamental truth of the statement that the procedures and techniques of education are more complicated and complex than they were two decades ago Words have extended meanings and in the same way grammatical forms have extended usages Translate the following sentences into Vietnamese If you come this way, the manager will see you now He is a real gentleman if a little pompous at times This cookery book would be more use with a proper index at the back I wonder if I should wear a hat If only I were rich SUPPLEMENTARY LESSON: AMBIGUITY *&* Ambiguity is the quality or state of being ambiguous When a sentence is ambiguous, it has two or more possible meanings There are two types of ambiguity in a sentence: Lexical Ambiguity occurs when a sentence contains a word or words that has or have more than one meaning Example: Jane broke the glasses (This is ambiguous because the word glasses may be interpreted as drinking vessels made of glass or a pair of lenses in a frame that rest on the nose and ears.) Structural Ambiguity a part of the sentence is interpreted as having either different structures or the same structure but with different groups of components Example: Flying planes can be dangerous (This is ambiguous because the word flying planes may be interpreted as noun or a verb.) EXERCISE 1: Lexical Ambiguity Study each of the following ambiguous sentences and find the word or words that make(s) the sentence ambiguous Also give two possible meanings in complete sentences for each Mary thinks the present is nice She is standing near the bank The lamb is too hot to eat EXERCISE 1: Structural Ambiguity Study each of the following ambiguous sentences carefully Then, in the blank provided, give two possible meanings for each He left her in tears Enough rest and exercise will help you recover I like ice-cream and cake The hostess greeted the girl with a smile He stood watching the fireworks in the backyard The police stopped the man with the gun EXERCISES AMBIGUOUS *&* — Children may feed animals ve eth The man looked backward ON ae The German teachers visited the British Museum yesterday OE He looked over the old fence Ralph took my picture Do you have the key ? The student must know the answer OF Oe She cannot bear children We will give you a ring tonight C Jim took me to the court == KK We were late but the coach was late too = NY [don’t like the case ee NW FW I’m taking a course in modern English grammar What John disliked was being ignored by everyone They fed her dog biscuits ee HN Henry washed the car in the garage He -¬) We gave the library books — QGœ Visiting relatives can be a bore OO The people who saw the movie frequently praised it NN DTD Pat likes English poems and novels WN mm Pat may not read the paper ke NY WN Pat kissed his wife, and so did Sam Alex loves her dog and Chris does, too NY fF [repaired the car and returned the following day NYO NO Nn They considered those problems She can give more possible conclusions 30 QUESTIONS for THEORY REVISION *@&* an UNIT 1: THE NATURE OF MEANING What is language? PENS TT What are the linguistic units? What are function words and content words? What are the nuclear and peripheral meanings of a word? Give examples of nuclear and peripheral meanings of a word? UNIT 2: LINGUISTIC MEANING What is meant by linguistic meaning? What is meant by ‘deep structure’ and ‘surface structure’? In translation theory, what is meant by transformations, terminals, and kernels? What is the problem for the translator in dealing with linguistic meaning? 5i Do structures signify meaning? UNIT 3: REFERENTIAL MEANING even seas OS Gt fea What is referential meaning? What is a hierarchy? What is organizational meaning? What is implicit information? 3: What is explicit information? UNIT 4: THE DYNAMIC DIMENSION IN COMMUNICATION What is meant by dynamic dimension? What is the factor of noise in Information Theory? What are two basic principles of Information Theory? What is redundancy? What is tautology? 31 REFERENCES Cay Dollerup Training, and Anne Loddegaard (1992), Teaching Translation and Talent and Experience, John Benjamins Publishing Company Intepreting Amsterdam / Philadelphia Dang Thi Huong (1995), Vietnamese — English Translation for 34 and 4" Year students HCM city University Publishing House Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman, Peter Collins and David Blair (1990), An Jntr oduction to Language Hurford James R and Brendan Heasley (1997), Semantics — A Coursebook, Youth Publishing House HCM city Huynh Trung Tin (1995), Four lectures on Translation Theory, notes by Tram Thi Quynh Dan Leggett, Glenn, David Mead, William Charvat (1988), Essentials of Grammar and Composition, Prentice Hall of India Richards, Jack C., John Platt , Heidi Platt (1992), Dictionary of Language Teaching & Applied Linguistics, Longman Group Rivers, Wilga M and Mary S Temperley (1978), A Practical Guide to the Teaching of English As a Second or Foreign Language OUP Swan, Michael (1980), Practical English Usage, OUP 32
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