Tóm tắt luận Án eng quy hoạch các khu Đô thị mới của hà nội theo hướng carbon thấp planning new urban areas in hanoi in the orientation of low carbon

The doctoral candidate has chosen the research topic "Urban Planning of NUAs in Hanoi under the orientation of Low Carbon" in order to propose planning solutions aimed at reducing carbon

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

HANOI UNIVERSITY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Hoang Thi Huong Giang

Planning of the New Urban Areas in Hanoi under

Low-Carbon Orientation Major: Urban and Regional Planning

Code: 9580105

DOCTORAL DISSERTATION SUMMARY

Hanoi, 2024

Project completed at Hanoi University of Civil Engineering

Science instructor 1: Ph.D Le Quynh Chi

Science instructor 2: Assoc Prof., Ph.D Luu Duc Cuong

Dissertation reviewer 1: Prof., Ph.D Nguyen Quoc Thong

Dissertation reviewer 2: Assoc Prof., Ph.D Luong Tu Quyen

Dissertation reviewer 3: Prof., Ph.D Do Hau

The dissertation will be defended at the school-level Dissertation Evaluation Council held at Hanoi University of Civil Engineering

At ……, / /2024

The dissertation can be found at the National Library and the Library of Hanoi University of Civil Engineering

INTRODUCTION

1 The significance of the dissertation topic

In Vietnam, carbon emission reduction has become a national goal On May 12, 2022, the Ministry of Construction issued the Action Plan for Climate Change Adaptation in the Construction Sector for the period 2022-2030, with a vision for 2050, in line with Vietnam's commitment at COP26 The plan includes several targets, such as: by

2030, 25% of urban areas will meet the criteria for green, low-carbon cities, and this will increase to 50% by 2050…[6]

Hanoi has also set a target for 2025: carbon emissions will be reduced by 12.14% compared to the emissions level in 2025 without carbon reduction measures (approximately 6.68 million tons of CO2)

By 2030, carbon emissions are expected to decrease by 18.71% compared to the emissions level in 2030 without carbon reduction measures (approximately 13.76 million tons of CO2) [29] [30] According to the results of the carbon emission inventory for the city in the base year 2015, the majority of the city's carbon emissions come from the daily activities of its residents

By 2020, the country had approximately 2,500 urban housing projects and new urban areas (NUAs) underway; of these, 764 were NUA projects, with Hanoi leading the country with over 250 projects

If all these projects become operational, the population in the NUAs

of Hanoi will reach 2.8 million people (over a quarter of the city's total population) This also means that NUAs will become the main emission source of the city Urban planning plays a crucial role in reducing carbon emissions in NUAs through land-use solutions, spatial planning, infrastructure development, and urban design The doctoral candidate has chosen the research topic "Urban Planning of NUAs in Hanoi under the orientation of Low Carbon" in order to propose planning solutions aimed at reducing carbon emissions in NUAs specifically, while contributing to the overall emission reduction goals of Hanoi and the nation

2 The research objectives of the dissertation

Building carbon emission/absorption factors per unit area (m2 of floor) for land use functions in a new urban area in Hanoi

Method of building carbon emission scenarios associated with land use functions in a new urban area in Hanoi

Solutions for land use and spatial planning of a new urban areas

in Hanoi towards low carbon

3 Research objects and scope

Research object: Land use planning method and spatial organization of new urban areas in Hanoi in the direction of low carbon based on the method of calculating emission reduction Scope of research: Focus on the land use planning aspect of new urban areas in Hanoi with a scale of 75ha to 300ha, by 2050

4 The new contributions of the dissertation

Develop carbon emission/absorption factors per unit area (m2 of floor) for land use functions in urban areas in Hanoi

Propose a method for developing carbon emission scenarios associated with land use functions in urban areas in Hanoi

Propose solutions for land use planning and spatial organization

of urban areas in Hanoi in the direction of low carbon

5 Scientific and practical significance

The results of the dissertation will supplement the theories and methods of planning new residential areas and urban areas in the direction of low carbon (focusing on the field of land use planning and spatial organization)

Practical value: The dissertation's proposals are reference documents for planning work (specifically detailed planning at a scale

of 1/500) and planning management work

6 Concepts and terms used in the dissertation

From related concepts, the dissertation proposes some approaches

of the dissertation as follows:

• A low-carbon new urban area is an area in the city, invested in

and built with new synchronous technical infrastructure, social infrastructure and housing, with the goal of reducing the total carbon emissions generated during operation by reducing emissions and increasing absorption sources

• Planning a low-carbon new urban area is an approach to urban

planning, using planning tools (land use planning, urban structure, technical infrastructure, urban design, .) to propose solutions to reduce carbon emissions and increase absorption sources

CHAPTER I OVERVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW URBAN AREAS IN THE WORLD AND IN HANOI UNDER THE

ORIENTATION OF LOW CARBON

1.1 Overview of the development of low-carbon urban areas around the world

Smart cities, eco-cities and low-carbon cities are the most prominent sub-concepts under the umbrella term “sustainable cities” The emergence of the concept of “low-carbon urban” is a response to the rise of low-carbon discourse and the growing pressure from climate change Although the concept of KDTM is not popular in the world, if we consider equivalent models such as low-carbon neighborhood, new town, zone, district, residentials…, we will see its popularity

While the concept of low-carbon neighborhood/ zone/ district is quite popular in Europe and the US, the model of new town/ residentials/ neighborhoods is quite popular in Asian countries such as China, Korea, etc.,…

1.2 Situation of planning new urban areas in Vietnam towards low carbon

The development of low-carbon urban areas has received attention, some popular urban planning models such as green urban areas, ecological urban areas, etc have also included low carbon emission criteria as an important criterion However, up to now, in Vietnam, there is still no system of concepts, principles, and evaluation criteria for low-carbon urban areas urban areas have not been carbon inventoried, and the main emission sources and absorption sources have not been identified Through research and summary of the development model of new urban areas in Vietnam towards emission reduction, there are 2 cases worth studying: Phu My Hung in the South and Ecopark in the North

1.3 Situation of planning new urban areas in Hanoi towards low carbon

Hanoi does not have any new urban areas built under the orientation of low carbon, so the dissertation has conducted an overview of aspects related to low carbon development of new urban areas such as: Spatial structure; Green space organization; Traffic planning and technical infrastructure; Application of planning solutions towards energy saving; Overview of carbon emissions in new urban areas in Hanoi

1.4 Overview of carbon emission inventory methods in the world and Vietnam

Worldwide:

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) – National Inventory Guidelines; GPC (GHG Protocol for Cities) – City-scale Inventory Guidelines; Life Cycle Access (LCA)

In Vietnam:

The Vietnamese Government has also issued guidelines for carbon emissions inventory, including some important guidelines such as: IPCC Guidelines 2006 and 2019, revised versions of IPCC 1996, GPG

2000 and GPG 2003

1.5 Overview of documents, projects, and research works related to the dissertation topic

For international documents: the dissertation has reviewed

documents related to low-carbon residential planning such as: carbon residential planning indicators and technologies; Low-carbon cities: Strategies and case studies; multi-objective spatial optimization

Low-of urban land use based on low-carbon emission targets; Low-carbon urban planning with machine learning; US community carbon

emission inventory for climate action plans

For domestic research projects: currently there are no topics and

theses on low-carbon urban areas, so the dissertation reviews studies related to the urban area field: Research on calculating carbon emission content using remote sensing data for GHG inventory - Experimental images VNREDSat-1 and existing image sources in Vietnam; LATS "Environmental organization in urban areas in Hanoi city"; LATS ‘Architectural space complex in urban areas to improve land use efficiency in Hanoi’

CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY TO PLAN NEW URBAN AREAS OF HANOI UNDER THE ORIENTATION OF

LOW-CARBON

2.1 Research approach

Firstly, the dissertation uses the set of emission sectors according

to the Inventory Guide (IPCC), compares it with the set of urban planning activity sectors, the intersection of these two sets is the sectors that urban planning activities can impact to propose solutions

to increase or reduce emissions/absorption (spatial organization and land use, transportation, technical infrastructure) Then, compare this intersection set with the land use functions and activities of the new urban area

2.2 Methods of research

The dissertation used a number of methods such as: Carbon emission inventory method; Case study method; Multi-objective optimization model method using evolutionary algorithms; Inheritance method; Synthetic analysis and evaluation; Experimental method; Expert method; Logical method;

In which:

- Carbon emission inventory method:

The study used the carbon emission inventory method according

to the IPCC Guidelines, including IPCC 2006, IPCC 2006 completed

in 2019, GPG 2003, GPG 2000, IPCC 1996 revised to achieve the following objectives:

1/ Identify emission/absorption sources in the new urban area 2/ Develop a method to calculate the amount of emissions associated with land use functions

3/ Calculate the emission/absorption factor per unit area (m2 of floor) of land use functions

4/ Applying carbon emission inventory in some typical urban areas in Hanoi

Due to the limited and difficult-to-access current data conditions

in Hanoi, the dissertation uses operational data exploited from the approved 1/500 detailed planning dossier and current standards and

regulations, combined with actual survey data

- Case study method:

The urban areas selected for case study in the dissertation are based on the following criteria:

- Criterion 1: Scale from 75-300ha

- Criterion 2: Complete and synchronous urban areas

- Criterion 3: Distribution location

- Criterion 4: Period: 1995 - 2000; 2000 - 2010; 2011 - present Table 2.1 List of 9 typical NUAS selected for survey

I - Complete and synchronous

- South of Red River [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9]

- North of Red River [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9]

III – Period:

- 1995 – 2000 [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9]

- 2000 – 2010 [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9]

- 2010 until present [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9]

[1] KĐT Linh Đàm, [2] KĐT Thành phố Giao Lưu,

[3] KĐT Thành phố Nam Thăng Long - Ciputra, [4] KĐT Cầu Giấy,

[5] KĐT Bắc- Cổ Nhuế Chèm, [6] KĐT Văn Phú, [7] KĐT Mỗ Lao,

[8] KĐT Việt Hưng, [9] Gamuda Garden

- Multi-objective optimization modeling method using evolutionary algorithms:

After using the inventory method to build a carbon emission inventory formula according to land use functions and calculating the carbon emission/absorption factors per 1 m2 of floor according to each land use function in the new urban area in Hanoi Because the most prominent feature of the low carbon model is to quantify the total amount of carbon emissions, and the new urban areas are built according to the approved planning plan, calculating the amount of carbon emissions right from the planning step is feasible, on the contrary, it is completely possible to propose a planning plan associated with the low carbon target Therefore, the dissertation continues to research to build a land use planning method based on the multi-objective optimization algorithm, in which the first goal is to reduce carbon emissions Initial assessment of emission sources and

absorption in urban areas in Hanoi shows that the only absorption source is urban greenery, the rest are all types of residential land, commercial services, public, and transportation are emission sources,

so if only aiming for low carbon emission, land use functions participating in emission sources will be pushed to the minimum while the green area is pushed to the maximum If so, the land use plan will not be feasible when applied in practice Therefore, the dissertation proposes a second goal, which is contradictory to the goal of reducing carbon emissions, which is the economic goal to rebalance the results

It can be seen that in the land use functions of urban areas, residential land and commercial services bring economic efficiency while other land use functions including green land all cost money To solve this problem, the study used evolutionary algorithms (GA) to solve land use problems aiming at optimizing two goals: emission reduction and economic optimization

Figure 2.6 Steps to implement the calculation method of the

dissertation

- Experimental method

1/ After developing a formula for carbon emission inventory according to land use function for urban areas in Hanoi, the dissertation applied the calculation to a number of typical urban areas 2/ After developing the optimal land use planning problem with the target, the dissertation conducted a test run for a hypothetical land plot to verify the dissertation's assumptions, as well as use the obtained results to propose spatial planning solutions

CHAPTER 3 SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR PLANNING NEW URBAN AREAS IN HANOI UNDER THE ORIENTATION OF

LOW-CARBON

3.1 Theory basis

The dissertation has studied the theoretical foundations related to the research topic, such as: Low-carbon urban planning theory, low-carbon housing unit/residential area planning theory, energy reduction

in new residential area/urban planning theory, housing unit planning theory, and theories on enhancing the carbon absorption capacity of urban greenery

3.2 Practical basis

3.2.1 Political basis

Urban Planning Law (Law No 30/2009/QH12); Environmental Protection Law No 72/2020/QH14); Capital Law No 39/2024/QH15; Related Decrees, Circulars, Regulations, and Construction Standards

International treaties aimed at mitigating climate change:

• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

• Kyoto Protocol

• Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

Climate change mitigation strategies in specific sectors in Vietnam:

• Action Plan for Climate Change Adaptation in the Construction Sector for the period 2022-2030, with a vision for 2050, to implement Vietnam's commitments at COP26 (Decision No 385/QD-BXD, dated May 12, 2022) [6]

• Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC)

• Hanoi's action plan

3.2.2 Carbon emission inventory gulden by IPCC

The NUAs in Hanoi primarily emit carbon from electricity consumption from the national grid, and household waste is collected and processed at centralized landfills The only carbon absorption source is the greenery planted within the urban area The formula for calculating emissions/absorption from these sources is provided by the IPCC as follows:

• Carbon emissions from electricity consumption from the

national grid: According to the IPCC's national greenhouse gas

inventory guidelines, the formula for calculating greenhouse gas

emissions from electricity consumption from the national grid is as follows:

Electricity grid GHG emissions (eCO2) = AD electricity consumption x OM (a)

• Household waste: Emissions from waste in NUA are entirely

from household waste Greenhouse gas emissions from the waste sector are calculated using the formula provided in the IPCC national inventory guidelines as follows:

CH4 = (WT×WF×MCF×DOC×DOCF×F × 16/12 – R) × (1–OX)

(b) [79]

Where:

WT: Total waste generated (tons/year)

WF: Percentage of waste sent to landfills (100%)

MCF; DOC; DOCF; F; R; OX are the emission factors

Thus, to calculate carbon emissions from the waste sector, the Total Waste Generation (WT) must be determined

• Absorb CO2 by urban green:

Using the formula for calculating the amount of CO2 absorbed by trees per year of Brown Country, 2012

According to the calculation formula of Brown Country, first need

to determine the following parameters: D (tree trunk diameter), H (tree height), tree age to calculate the absorption level of 1 tree Thus, to calculate the amount of carbon absorbed from trees in a new urban area, it is necessary to determine the number of each type of tree

3.2.3 Factors affecting the planning of new urban areas in Hanoi under orientation of low carbon

Factors affecting the planning of new urban areas in Hanoi under orientation of low carbon include Natural conditions; Socio-economic conditions; Culture and lifestyle

3.2.4 Survey results on land use planning in 9 NUAS in Hanoi:

To determine the emission factor per unit area (m² of floor space) for each land use function and to calculate this factor, the dissertation will need to identify activity data based on the electricity supply and waste collection indicators according to QCVN 01/2021

However, these indicators are not predefined per unit area (m² of floor space), so the dissertation needs to conduct surveys of certain parameters for calculation and conversion Through surveys and sociological research at 9 selected representative new urban areas, results will be gathered on various aspects related to planning and land use indicators

Figure 3.21 Chart of apartment area Table 3.7 Average indicators of housing types in NUAs

Average:

Land area number

of floors

Building density Floor area

Distance of planting

45-60m2 11%

60-80m2 70%

> 80m2

60-80m2

> 80m2