tóm tắt: Quản lý của chính quyền cấp tỉnh đối với du lịch biển - Nghiên cứu tại Thanh Hóa

There have been numberous international and domestic studies that had explored the role of government in tourism management, particularly coastal tourism.. Research purposes The researcQuản lý của chính quyền cấp tỉnh đối với du lịch biển - Nghiên cứu tại Thanh HóaQuản lý của chính quyền cấp tỉnh đối với du lịch biển - Nghiên cứu tại Thanh HóaQuản lý của chính quyền cấp tỉnh đối với du lịch biển - Nghiên cứu tại Thanh HóaQuản lý của chính quyền cấp tỉnh đối với du lịch biển - Nghiên cứu tại Thanh HóaQuản lý của chính quyền cấp tỉnh đối với du lịch biển - Nghiên cứu tại Thanh HóaQuản lý của chính quyền cấp tỉnh đối với du lịch biển - Nghiên cứu tại Thanh HóaQuản lý của chính quyền cấp tỉnh đối với du lịch biển - Nghiên cứu tại Thanh HóaQuản lý của chính quyền cấp tỉnh đối với du lịch biển - Nghiên cứu tại Thanh HóaQuản lý của chính quyền cấp tỉnh đối với du lịch biển - Nghiên cứu tại Thanh HóaQuản lý của chính quyền cấp tỉnh đối với du lịch biển - Nghiên cứu tại Thanh HóaQuản lý của chính quyền cấp tỉnh đối với du lịch biển - Nghiên cứu tại Thanh HóaQuản lý của chính quyền cấp tỉnh đối với du lịch biển - Nghiên cứu tại Thanh HóaQuản lý của chính quyền cấp tỉnh đối với du lịch biển - Nghiên cứu tại Thanh HóaQuản lý của chính quyền cấp tỉnh đối với du lịch biển - Nghiên cứu tại Thanh HóaQuản lý của chính quyền cấp tỉnh đối với du lịch biển - Nghiên cứu tại Thanh HóaQuản lý của chính quyền cấp tỉnh đối với du lịch biển - Nghiên cứu tại Thanh HóaQuản lý của chính quyền cấp tỉnh đối với du lịch biển - Nghiên cứu tại Thanh HóaQuản lý của chính quyền cấp tỉnh đối với du lịch biển - Nghiên cứu tại Thanh HóaQuản lý của chính quyền cấp tỉnh đối với du lịch biển - Nghiên cứu tại Thanh HóaQuản lý của chính quyền cấp tỉnh đối với du lịch biển - Nghiên cứu tại Thanh HóaQuản lý của chính quyền cấp tỉnh đối với du lịch biển - Nghiên cứu tại Thanh HóaQuản lý của chính quyền cấp tỉnh đối với du lịch biển - Nghiên cứu tại Thanh HóaQuản lý của chính quyền cấp tỉnh đối với du lịch biển - Nghiên cứu tại Thanh HóaQuản lý của chính quyền cấp tỉnh đối với du lịch biển - Nghiên cứu tại Thanh HóaQuản lý của chính quyền cấp tỉnh đối với du lịch biển - Nghiên cứu tại Thanh HóaQuản lý của chính quyền cấp tỉnh đối với du lịch biển - Nghiên cứu tại Thanh HóaQuản lý của chính quyền cấp tỉnh đối với du lịch biển - Nghiên cứu tại Thanh HóaQuản lý của chính quyền cấp tỉnh đối với du lịch biển - Nghiên cứu tại Thanh Hóa

VINH UNIVERSITY

PHAM NGUYEN HONG

MANAGEMENT OF PROVINCIAL AUTHORITIES IN COASTAL TOURISM – A CASE STUDY IN THANH HOA

Major: Economic Management

Code: 9.31.01.10

SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL DISSERTATION OF

ECONOMICS

NGHE AN - 2024

SUPERVISORS:

1 PH.D NGUYEN HOAI NAM

2 ASSOC.PROF.DR TRAN THI HOANG MAI

The Dissertation can be found at:

- National Library of Vietnam;

- Nguyen Thuc Hao Information Center – Library of Vinh University

INTRODUCTION

1 Rationale for the study

Vietnam is a Southeast Asia country which possesses abundant natural and cultural advantages conducive to tourism development Characterized by a coastline stretching 3,260 kilometers from north to south and over 3,000 islands, including many pristine beaches, Vietnam holds significant potential for developing coastal tourism The 12th Party Central Committee’s 8th session issued Resolution No 36-NQ/TW on the Sustainable Development Strategy for Vietnam’s Marine Economy by

2030, with a vision to 2045 The overall goal of this strategy is to position Vietnam as

a strong maritime nation, prioritizing coastal tourism development as the first among six strategic areas outlined in Resolution No 36-NQ/TW

With the location in the North Central region of Vietnam, Thanh Hoa province boasts a diverse landscape of mountains, beaches, and plains, coupled with strategic geographical advantages and rich tourism potential Numerous beautiful beaches and cultural heritage sites, as well as a vibrant intangible cultural heritage system have created favorable conditions for Thanh Hoa to develop various forms of tourism, including coastal tourism, cultural-historical-spiritual tourism, ecotourism, community-based tourism, craft village tourism, and waterway tourism Coastal tourism, in particular, has played a significant role in the province's recent tourism achievements With its long coastline and renowned beaches such as Sam Son, Hai Hoa, and Hai Tien—praised for their gentle slopes, clear waters, and fine sand—Thanh Hoa is well-suited for coastal ecotourism and leisure tourism

There have been numberous international and domestic studies that had explored the role of government in tourism management, particularly coastal tourism These studies have clarified concepts on coastal tourism, its socio-economic and environmental impacts, and the necessity of government intervention in managing this sector However, there remains a lack of research that provides a theoretical foundation for the management of coastal tourism by provincial governments, especially in developing countries Hence, it is necessary to have a study that addresses the theoretical underpinnings of provincial government management of coastal tourism in such contexts

Based on these considerations, the topic "Management of Provincial Authorities

in Coastal tourism: A Case Study in Thanh Hoa" is chosen as my doctoral dissertation

in Economic Management

2 Research purposes and tasks

2.1 Research purposes

The research aims at clarifying the theoretical foundation on the management

of provincial authorities (MPA) in coastal tourism; analyzing the current state of MPA in this sector, with the objectives of proposing strategies and solutions to enhance the MPA in coastal tourism in Thanh Hoa province in the coming years

2.2 Research tasks

- Contribute to clarifying theoretical issues related to the management of coastal tourism by provincial governments, based on the aggregation of theories and experiences on managing coastal tourism from various localities both within and outside Vietnam

- Evaluate the current state of coastal tourism development and evaluate the quality of coastal tourism destinations in Thanh Hoa Province over recent years

- Analyze and evaluate the current management practices of the provincial government regarding coastal tourism in Thanh Hoa, then highlight achievements, limitations, and their underlying causes

- Propose directions and solutions to strengthen provincial government management in coastal tourism in Thanh Hoa for the period 2025–2030, with a vision toward 2035

3 Objectives and scope of study

3.1 Objectives of the study

Management of provincial authorities in coastal tourism in Thanh Hoa

province

3.2 Scope of study

- Scope of content: The management of coastal tourism by the provincial

government includes the following aspects: (i) organization of the provincial government management apparatus for coastal tourism within the province; (ii) development and implementation of strategies, plans, and zoning for coastal tourism development; (iii) formulation and implementation of policies related to coastal tourism (policies on investment attraction, human resource, and promotion and marketing); and (iv) inspection, monitoring, and supervision of coastal tourism by the provincial government

- Spatial scope: Thanh Hoa province

- Temporal scope: The dissertation focuses on analyzing the management

practices of the Thanh Hoa provincial government regarding coastal tourism during the period 2016–2022 Surveys and in-depth interviews were conducted in 2022 The proposed solutions in the dissertation are intended for the period 2025–2030, with a vision extending to 2035

4 Research questions

- What is the management of provincial authorities in coastal tourism?

- What are the components of MPA in coastal tourism?

- What is the current state of MPA in coastal tourism in Thanh Hoa, including achievements and limitations?

- What solutions are needed to enhance MPA in coastal tourism in Thanh Hoa?

5 New contributions of the Dissertation

5.1 Theoretical contributions

Firstly, the dissertation contributes to the clarification of theoretical

foundations, management framework, and factors impacting MPA in coastal tourism The findings enrich the theoretical framework of tourism management in general and coastal tourism management in particular

Secondly, this study provides additional empirical evidence regarding MPA in

coastal tourism within the context of a developing country such as Vietnam It also contributes to the methodological framework for analyzing the current state of coastal tourism management by provincial governments in developing nations

5.2 Practical contributions

Firstly, the evaluation of the current state of coastal tourism and the quality of

coastal tourism destinations in Thanh Hoa province indicates significant improvements in recent years Tourists have expressed high satisfaction with the quality of the Sam Son Coastal tourism Area However, challenges remain in Hai Tien and Hai Hoa coastal tourism areas, including: (i) the need for upgraded entertainment facilities to meet tourist demands; (ii) the deficiencies in the quality of human resources; and (iii) the necessity for enhanced promotional and marketing programs

Secondly, the assessment of the current state of Thanh Hoa’s MPA in coastal

tourism highlights both notable achievements and persistent challenges These include limited coordination in coastal tourism management across provincial and communal levels, suboptimal effectiveness in planning implementation and oversight, insufficiently attractive investment policies for new coastal tourism products, challenges in attracting high-quality labor due to seasonal tourism

characteristics, and ineffective promotional strategies targeting international markets

Thirdly, the dissertation analyzes and clarifies the factors impacting Thanh

Hoa’s MPA in coastal tourism In the consideration of the analysis’s findings “the quality of public administrative officials” as the most influential factor, followed by

“awareness of residents and businesses,” “local governance institutions,” “technical infrastructure,” and finally, and lastly, the “local socio-economic environment.” The variables used to analyze these factors provide valuable references for future studies

on provincial government management of coastal tourism

Fourthly, the dissertation proposes several alternatives for policymakers and

government authorities to enhance the effectiveness of MPA in coastal tourism Key recommendations include improving the quality of public administrative officials, raising awareness among residents and businesses, reforming policies and administrative procedures, and upgrading technical infrastructure In particular, Thanh Hoa should focus on optimizing the organizational structure for coastal tourism management and strengthening the roles of relevant agencies in managing and regulating coastal tourism

6 Significance of the research dissertation

6.1 Theoretical significance

The dissertation has aggregated and systematized research works related to provincial government management of tourism, thereby clarifying the concepts, management contents, and factors impacting provincial government management of coastal tourism The findings contribute to the theoretical framework of tourism management in general and coastal tourism management in particular They serve as

a reference for future studies in this field

6.2 Practical significance

The dissertation evaluates the current state of Thanh Hoa’s MPA in coastal tourism and identifies key factors influencing its effectiveness Based on these findings, the study proposes several solutions for policymakers and governmental authorities to enhance the efficiency of MPA in coastal tourism in this province Major recommendations include improving the quality of public administrative officials, raising awareness among residents and businesses, reforming policies, upgrading administrative procedures, and upgrading technical infrastructure These practical solutions are highly applicable, offering a foundation for the provincial administrators and authorities to develop strategies, plans, and policies aimed at improving the management of coastal tourism in the province in the coming years

7 Structure of the Dissertation

Apart from the introduction and conclusion, the dissertation is structured into four chapters as follows:

Chapter 1: Literature review and research methodology

Chapter 2: Theoretical basis and practical experiences on MPA in coastal tourism

Chapter 3: Current state of Thanh Hoa’s MPA in coastal tourism

Chapter 4: Directions and solutions for enhancing MPA in coastal tourism in Thanh Hoa province

Chapter 1 LITERATURE REVIEW AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1.1 Literature review

1.1.1 International studies

1.1.1.1 Studies on the development of tourism, coastal tourism

International research highlights the significant role of tourism in promoting local socio-economic development and underscores the necessity of sustainable tourism development, as explored by authors like Mowforth & Munt (2003), Reid (2003), and Sharpley (2009)

Several studies on coastal tourism development have delved into key aspects, including the concept of coastal tourism, the importance of coastal tourism, and the positive and negative impacts of coastal tourism development on the economy, society, and environment

1.1.1.2 Studies on MPA in tourism, coastal tourism

Several international studies have explored government management of tourism and the role of local authorities, such as the works of Cameron (2001); Carson et al (2003); Vargas (2007); Cetinel & Medet (2009); Gorica et al (2012); and Brokaj (2014)

Specific research on government management of coastal tourism includes studies by Miller & Ditton (1986), Miller (1987), Miller & Auyong (1991), and Miller (1993)

In Asia, so far, several studies have been carried out regarding the management of governement on coastal tourism Tyrrell et al (1999) assessed the state of coastal tourism in South Korea and the role of Korean government agencies

in managing coastal tourism It is followed by a research of Sakolnakorn et al (2013) which was conducted in Phuket, Thailand Similarly, in Indonesia, studies on this

topic can count Briandana et al (2018) who analyzed policies promoting coastal tourism in Banten province

From a different perspective, some international studies examine the role of stakeholders in managing coastal tourism, such as the work of Richards & Hall (2003) Similarly, Nguyen Hoang Tu (2016) explored local government management of sustainable tourism development in several provinces of Central Vietnam

1.1.2 Research by Vietnamese

1.1.2.1 Studies on the development of tourism, marine tourim

Numerous studies have assessed the state of tourism in Vietnam and proposed solutions for sustainable tourism development Notable works include those

by Phan Ngoc Thang (2010), Nguyen Duc Tuy (2014), Nguyen Anh Dung (2017), and Le Thanh Tung (2021)

Several studies have focused on tourism development in provinces with significant potential for coastal tourism, such as Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Da Nang, Quang Ninh, Khanh Hoa, and Phu Quoc The first to mention is the doctoral dissertation by

Vu Van Dong (2014) on Sustainable Tourism Development in Ba Ria-Vung Tau then the doctoral dissertation by Le Duc Vien (2017) titled Sustainable Tourism

Development in Da Nang City Another notable works include Pham Que Anh's

(2017) doctoral dissertation on Sustainable Tourism Development in the Northeastern

Coastal Region in the Context of International Integration and Ho Thi Chau’s (2021)

study on Sustainable Tourism Development in Khanh Hoa Province

In addition, domestic research has explored the current state of coastal tourism, tourism competitiveness, and the quality of coastal tourism destinations Prominent studies include those by the Institute for Tourism Research and Development (2008), Ho Thi Huong Lan (2009), Thai Thi Kim Oanh (2015), Le Chi Cong (2015), Nguyen Thi Quynh Huong (2018), Dinh Cong Thanh et al (2012), as well as Nguyen Van Manh and Le Chi Cong (2013)

Several evaluations have specifically addressed the quality of coastal tourism destinations, such as the studies conducted by Dinh Cong Thanh and colleagues (2012) and Nguyen Van Manh and Le Chi Cong (2013)

1.1.2.2 Studies on MPA in tourism, coastal tourism

Firstly, studies evaluating the state of provincial government management of tourism include works by Nguyen Tan Vinh (2008), Nguyen Manh Cuong (2015), and Ngo Nguyen Hiep Phuoc (2018)

Regarding the regional level, Tran Thi Xuan Mai's (2019) research, State

Management of Tourism in the Mekong Delta, provides valuable insights Although

the study encompasses the entire territory of Vietnam, it focuses primarily on major tourism hubs such as Hanoi, Da Nang, and Ho Chi Minh City Another notable

contribution is Nguyen Thi Anh Tuyet's (2019) study, The Role of the State in

Tourism Development in Vietnam after the formation of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC)

Research in Vietnam specifically addressing coastal tourism management

includes Pham Trung Luong’s (2003) study on Coastal Tourism Development

Management and Le Chi Cong's (2017) work, Factors Influencing Local Community Participation in Sustainable Coastal Tourism Development Programs in the South Central Coastal Region

1.1.2.3 Several studies on tourism, coastal tourism in Thanh Hoa province

Le Minh Thong (2012) analyzed the current state of policies for coastal economic development in Thanh Hoa and proposed solutions for improving these policies in the coming years

The study by Le Hoang Ba Huyen and Nguyen Thu Huong (2017) identified factors influencing the attraction of non-state budget investment capital for tourism development in Thanh Hoa province

Do Minh Thuy et al (2018) conducted an in-depth analysis of the potential and resources for tourism development in the province, proposing solutions to support the successful achievement of established goals and strategies

Mai Anh Vu (2021) focused on Sustainable Tourism Development in Thanh Hoa

Le Thi Binh (2022) addressed the State Management of Sustainable Tourism Development in Thanh Hoa Province

1.1.3 The identifiied research gaps

1.2 Research methodology

1.2.1 Analytical framework of the Dissertation

1.2.2 Research methods

1.2.2.1 Qualitative research methods

Inherited method; Compartive statistical method; and Anlytical – Synthesis method

1.2.2.2 Quantitative research methods

Descriptive statistical method; Reliability testing of measurement scales using

Cronbach’s Alpha analysis; Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA); and Linear regression analysis

1.2.3.3 Data collection method

a Primary data

b Secondary data

The number of survey respondents is detailed in Table 1.4 below

Table 1.4 Number of Survey Respondents

3 Governmental managing officials on tourism 100

4 Tourism enterprise management officials 160

(Source:Author’s compilation)

Chapter 2 THEORETICAL BASIS AND PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE ON MPA IN

COSTAL TOURISM 2.1 Theoretical basis on coastal tourism

2.1.1 Definition

Coastal tourism refers to activities associated with human travel away from their usual place of residence for a period of time in coastal areas and island systems These activities aim to meet the needs for sightseeing, leisure, healthcare, recreation, exploration, shopping, and discovering coastal tourism resources Coastal tourism is a critical sector within the broader marine economy of any nation

2.1.2 Role and impact of coastal tourism

According to Le Chi Cong (2015), coastal tourism is a vital component of tourism activities, serving as a fundamental driver for attracting visitors and fostering sustainable tourism development in localities or countries with advantages in marine

and island resources Coastal tourism involves three dimensions of sustainable development: social, economic, and environmental and the importance of maintaining

a balance among these three aspects (Bhuiyan, 2020)

2.2.2 Management objectives

Provincial authorities manage coastal tourism through tools such as strategies, planning, policies, inspections, and supervision These tools are applied in various ways and exert continuous and regular influence on the management object (coastal tourism) to leverage existing conditions and potential to develop coastal tourism in alignment with the Party's guidelines and the State's policies, while preserving national identity and guiding sustainable tourism development in the new era

2.2.3.2 Development and implementation of strategies, plans, and master plans for coastal tourism

A system of tourism-related strategies, master plans, plans, and projects is developed and approved to establish directions and objectives for tourism development in general, and coastal tourism in specific The implementation of these strategies and plans serves as a vital management tool of provincial authorities for coastal tourism

2.2.3.3 Development and implementation of policies for coastal tourism

The management of provincial authorities in tourism is reflected through the

creation and issuance of development mechanisms and policies Despite abundant potential, advantages, and resources for tourism development, without appropriate policies, it is challenging to attract and encourage enterprises to invest in the tourism sector while at the same time hinder the availability of a high-quality workforce to serve the coastal tourism industry effectively

2.2.3.4 Inspection, examination and supervision of provincial authorities on coastal tourism

The management of provincial authorities in tourism in general, and coastal tourism in particular, necessitates the implementation of inspection and supervision activities for coastal tourism operations Inspection agencies play a crucial role in conducting inspections, audits, and monitoring the development process of coastal tourism, ensuring compliance with regulations and alignment with development goals

2.2.3.5 Evaluation criteria for MPA in coastal tourism

2.2.4 Factors impacting the MPA in coastal tourism

There are numerous factors impacting the management of coastal tourism by provincial authorities, which can be categorized under various criteria such as internal and external factors, subjective and objective factors, or primary and secondary factors In the context of Vietnam, considering the specific conditions and characteristics of provincial governance, five primary factors significantly impact the MPA in coastal tourism: firstly, the local socio-economic context; secondly, the local governance institutions; thirdly, the competence of management officials for coastal tourism; fourthly, the awareness of residents and businesses on coastal tourism management and fifthly, the technical infrastructure for tourism management

2.3 Experienceon on Management of provincial authorities in coastal tourism

2.3.1 Experience from some countries in the world

2.3.2 Experience from some localities in Vietnam

2.3.3 Lessons learned for Thanh Hoa province

Chapter 3 CURRENT STATE OF THANH HOA’S MPA IN COASTAL TOURISM 3.1 Overview of natural and socio-economic conditions of Thanh Hoa province

3.1.1 Overview of natural conditions of Thanh Hoa province

3.1.2 Characteristics of socio-economic conditions of Thanh Hoa province

3.2 Current status of coastal tourism development in Thanh Hoa province

3.2.1 Coastal tourism resources of Thanh Hoa province

3.2.2 Outcomes of coastal tourism development in Thanh Hoa province

In recent years, thanks to the reform policies and attention and targeted investment by various levels of government and related sectors, coastal tourism in Thanh Hoa has experienced significant growth, as evidenced by statistical data on tourist arrivals In 2016, the province welcomed only 89,000 international tourists, which more than doubled to 195,000 by 2019 Concurrently, domestic tourist arrivals increased from 4,361,000 in 2016 to 7,265,000 in 2019 and further to 7,939,500 in

2022 However, during 2020 and 2021, the COVID-19 pandemic led to a significant downturn both international and domestic tourists Total tourist arrivals in 2020 decreased by 33.31% compared to 2019, and in 2021, the figure dropped by 68.04% compared to 2020

3.2.3 Evaluation by tourists on the quality of coastal tourism destinations in Thanh Hoa province

3.2.3.1 Evaluation on accommodation and food services of coastal tourism destinations

3.2.3.2 Evaluation on transportation systems, technical facilities and assurance

of coastal tourism destinations

3.2.3.3 Evaluation on people of coastal tourism destinations

3.2.3.4 Evaluation on the attractiveness of coastal tourism destinations

3.2.3.5 Evaluation on recreation and entertainment activities of coastal tourism destinations

3.2.4 Limitations and challenges of coastal tourism in Thanh Hoa province

- Except for Sam Son, coastal tourism destinations in Thanh Hoa province, such

as Hai Tien and Hai Hoa, still lack accompanying recreational services The tourism products are limited, unattractive, and the service quality is not high, which fails to extend the duration of visitors' stay

- The composition of coastal tourists in Thanh Hoa in recent years has been predominantly domestic, with international tourists accounting for a minimal share (below 3%) Among domestic tourists, the growth rate has been rapid; however, most visitors come from northern provinces, primarily Hanoi Visitors from southern provinces remain limited

- The number of workers with university and postgraduate qualifications has shown an upward trend However, the proportion of workers with primary-level qualifications still constitutes a significant portion of the workforce in coastal tourism

- The average length of stay for tourists (both international and domestic) remains relatively short This can be attributed to several reasons contribute: (i) the province’s potential and strengths have not been fully exploited, resulting in significant seasonal effects; (ii) limited information available to tourists about alternative destinations within the province, and the absence of intra-provincial tours and routes restricts visitors to Samson and discourages exploration of other attractions in Thanh Hoa

3.3 Current status of MPA in coastal tourism in Thanh Hoa

3.3.1 The current status of organizing the provincial management structure for coastal tourism

In fulfilling its role of managing tourism in general, and coastal tourism in particular, within Thanh Hoa province, the provincial government has organized its tourism management apparatus in accordance with legal regulations The provincial government has issued several decisions to consolidate the tourism management structure, including coastal tourism Specifically, Decision No 2521/QD-UBND dated July 13, 2021, was issued to restructure the Provincial Tourism Development Steering Committee The duties and responsibilities of the committee members are defined under Decision No 2042/QD-UBND dated June 4, 2015, by the Chairman of the Thanh Hoa People’s Committee, which established the Tourism Development Steering Committee, and Decision No 4711/QD-BCDPTDL dated December 5, 2016, outlining the responsibilities of individual members of the committee

Table 3.10 Evaluation on the status of state management structure

organization for coastal tourism

State managing officials

Enterprise managing officials

1

The state management

apparatus for coastal tourism

is organized efficiently and

3,66 0,963 3,84 0,778

rationally, from the provincial

to the communal level

2

The functions and

responsibilities of the relevant

units involved in managing

coastal tourism are clearly

defined

3,62 1,079 3,80 0,796

3

There is close coordination

among the relevant functional

units in managing coastal

tourism (between local

authorities and the Tourism

Association, and among the

provincial, district, and

commune levels)

3,81 0,893 3,90 0,911

4

There is close supervision by

the provincial management

authorities over the district

and commune-level units in

the administration and

managing coastal tourism is

sufficient to meet the

requirements for carrying out

their responsibilities

3,19 1,052 3,64 0,808

(Source: processed data by author)

The evaluation results on the organizational structure of coastal tourism management, as presented in Table 3.10, indicate that the criterion rated the lowest by both public administrative officials and enterprise managers is: "The number of public administrative officials managing coastal tourism is sufficient to meet the