tiếng anh chuyên ngành khoa học thư viện và thông tin nxb trẻ 2012 nguyễn minh hiệp 214 trang

Many libraries make an entry in their catalog for items on order, so that patrons will be aware of materials that will be coming in, and so that library staff checking for materials on h

Collection Development

8 TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH KHOA HỌC THÔNG TIN VÀ THƯ VIỆN

Materials Selection and the Collection Development Policy

As with all collection development processes, materials selection is governed by the library’s collection development policy.

Within your library’s collection development policy, there should be specific criteria for selecting different kinds of materials Some typical criteria that are used in small libraries include:

1 Community interest in the subject matter There are some subject areas that are of particular interest to the library’s community For school and academic libraries, this interest is typically determined by the needs of the curriculum For public libraries, interest may be developed by particular events in the community or by a general interest in a subject For example, libraries in rural areas typically develop collections having to do with farm life Books about the local area or by local authors would also be included in this category Interest may also be developed by national publicity for an item If a book has been plugged on a number of television programs or has been made into a major motion picture, community interest is usually aroused.

2 Patron requests Many libraries will consider buying an item that has been requested by a patron Usually this criterion is factored with an estimate of general community interest and with the cost criteria If an item is likely to be of interest to other community members and is reasonably priced, the library will consider purchasing it Otherwise, they may get the item on interlibrary loan for the patron, but not purchase a copy for the library.

3 Materials by popular authors Most public libraries will almost automatically purchase books by authors known to be popular with their users For example, it is typical for public libraries to order any Stephen King, Mary Higgins Clark, Tom Clancy or Danielle Steele novel whether or not they have received favorable reviews.

4 Collection needs Some materials are purchased in response to collection needs as demonstrated by a collection assessment For example, a collection assessment

ENGLISH FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES: LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE 9 may find that a position on a controversial subject is underrepresented and materials may be purchased to rectify this deficiency.

5 Quality of information For non-fiction titles, accuracy and reliability of the information is a major concern Libraries generally want books containing factual information to be as accurate and up-to-date as possible Organization of the information is also a concern, as are the tools, such as indexes and bibliographies, found within the material to help access the information.

6 Literary merit Although libraries will collect materials because they are demanded by their communities, libraries also normally desire to collect materials that are well written and have literary merit even if these items may not be as popular.

7 Favorable reviews Because librarians do not have the time to read or view every item they collect, they rely on reviews to judge the quality of information and literary merit of many of the items they acquire Libraries typically make many of their purchases based on listings in review sources, which give the names of new materials and impartial reviews of them.

Price plays a crucial role in library acquisition decisions Despite an item meeting all other criteria, its cost must be carefully evaluated to ensure it does not compromise the availability of other essential resources within the library's budget.

Materials selection is simply applying the criteria in the collection development policy to materials that could be added to the library’s collection If the materials meet the criteria outlined in the collection development policy, and if funds are available, then the materials should be added to the collection If the materials do not meet the criteria of the collection development policy, they should not be added to the collection.

The process sounds easy, but it is more complicated than it sounds In order to select the best possible materials for the library, a librarian must go through a number of steps These include:

1 Finding materials that might be acquired by the library.

2 Finding objective information about the quality of materials.

3 Finding out whether the funding is available to purchase the material.

4 Finding out whether the library already owns or has ordered the material.

1 The criteria for materials selection should be included in: a The collection assessment policy. b The board by-laws. c The collection development policy. d All of the above.

2 Indications of community interest in a book or other library material could be: a Local subject matter. b Local author. c National advertising campaign for the item. d All of the above. e A and B above.

3 True or false? Libraries should acquire all materials requested by patrons.

4 True or false In public libraries materials by bestselling authors should only be purchased if they receive positive reviews.

5 Librarians generally should judge an item’s quality of information and literary merit based on: a Reading or viewing the item. b Recommendations of trusted clients. c Reviews of the item. d Publishers’ advertising.

ENGLISH FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES: LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE 11

“The weeder is supremely needed if the Garden of the Muses is to persist as a garden.”

Ezra Pound, The ABC of Reading

Weeding, which is sometimes called “deselection” in academic libraries, is one of the most controversial and difficult processes of collection development Because librarians and library users all like books and other library materials, we do not like to think of throwing them away We want to think that every book will always have some value Destruction of books brings up images of censorship and book burning For school libraries, accreditation standards are sometimes based on the number of books held in the collection Weeding may take the collection below this standard Finally, for some people, weeding is seen as the destruction of public property.

Purging outdated materials from library collections is crucial for maintaining relevance and freshness Retaining obsolete items can create a perception of irrelevance, hinder the acquisition of newer resources, and pose safety concerns Particularly for medical texts, outdated information can be harmful, potentially advocating for outdated and potentially dangerous treatments Therefore, periodic removal of such materials is essential to ensure the library's collection remains informative and valuable to its patrons.

Moreover, the process of weeding can be helpful in collection assessment and in

Weeding, a crucial aspect of library collection management, involves a thorough examination of the collection to identify and remove outdated or redundant materials This process not only helps in curating a more relevant and up-to-date collection but also provides insights into its strengths and weaknesses By regularly weeding the collection, library staff gain an intimate understanding of its contents, enabling them to cater more effectively to the needs of users.

To put it more succinctly, there are a number of reasons for weeding your collection.

1) It makes your collection more attractive since it removes older, dilapidated materials.

2) It makes your collection more useful, since it removes materials that are out-of- date, and therefore no longer accurate.

3) It makes your collection easier to use, because useful materials are no longer

“hidden” among materials that are not useful.

4) It makes room for newer and more useful materials.

5) It helps the staff know their collection better.

6) It can serve as a collection assessment technique since it requires the staff to really look at the collection, which can lead them to better know the collection’s strengths and weaknesses.

Weeding, Inventory, and Collection Assessment

Because weeding involves looking very closely at the collection item-by-item, it can be done in conjunction with two other collections processes: inventorying and collection assessment Inventorying is the process of checking the library’s actual holdings against the shelf-list to make sure that the shelf-list is accurate When books were more expensive and rarer inventorying was a very typical collection maintenance function in all kinds of libraries It also allows the library to eliminate catalog ghosts for books that have been lost, stolen or misplaced

At one time, it was traditional for libraries to be inventoried once a year It is less common now in public and academic libraries to inventory the whole library at a time, as it is extremely time-consuming and many librarians do not feel that its benefits are worth such an effort Many school libraries, which normally have smaller collections, continue to inventory their collections at the end of each school year

Introduction to Technical Services and Cataloging

1 The various processes that make up technical services and acquisitions.

3 The purpose of having cataloging records.

4 General information of cataloging records and types of entries.

5 Descriptive information and the format of catalog records.

1 The various processes that make up technical services and acquisitions

Technical services in libraries involve processes to acquire and prepare library materials for patron use These tasks include ordering, receiving, cataloging, and labeling materials Ordering entails selecting and purchasing materials to meet patron needs Receiving involves inspecting and checking in incoming materials Cataloging creates records in the library's database, providing access to materials Labeling identifies and protects materials for easy identification and circulation These processes ensure that library materials are organized, accessible, and ready for patron use.

After materials are requested by patrons and/or selected by the library staff, orders must be placed Most libraries deal with various jobbers, who provide a variety of library materials at a discounted cost to the library Two well-known examples are Baker and Taylor and The Ingram Company These jobbers are able to buy items directly from the publisher or producer at a reduced cost and then will pass on some of this discount to the libraries that purchase from them These jobbers make available books and many non-book items in one order, reducing the library staff time Libraries can purchase materials directly from book stores, who will often also give a discount on the purchase This option works well when a library needs materials quickly, or when the order being put together is a small one Many libraries have

ENGLISH FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES: LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE 19 extensive collections of magazines for their patrons use Jobbers are also available to handle magazine and journal subscriptions for a library, so that library staff does not constantly have to keep track of renewals.

When an order is being assembled, it is important to make sure that the bibliographic information for each item being requested is correct This can be double checked through many possible sources Books in Print is available in printed or on-line versions and contains most of the books currently in print Many libraries will use the online catalogs of other libraries, or sources such as Amazon or Barnes and Noble online to quickly verify bibliographic information Online sources can be particularly useful for non-book items being ordered It is important to provide accurate information when sending an order out of the library, as the vendor will be able to more quickly process the order, and the library will not be wasting the vendor’s time with poor information.

Upon order preparation, libraries retain copies of materials orders Often, libraries catalog ordered items to inform patrons of incoming materials and alert staff of their impending arrival, ensuring prompt availability.

Once an order arrives at the library, the original order copy should be compared with the invoice to make sure that the correct materials were sent The invoice should also be compared with the items that were shipped to make sure that the vendor packed the correct order The discounted price will be listed on the invoice and should be compared with the original order amount so that any adjustments in materials costs may be recorded After the order has been checked in, the materials are ready to be added to the library catalog.

1 True or False? Libraries should purchase all their materials through a jobber.

2 True or False? Orders should be sent with the most accurate and complete bibliographic information possible.

3 Which of the following is not a good source for verifying bibliographic information? a Books in Print b Online bookstores c Online catalogs from other libraries d Newspapers

4 True or False? The vendor will send a copy of the order request when the items arrive, so there is no need to keep a record in the library of what has been ordered. True False

5 True or False? It is important to double-check the original order request and the packing slip when receiving new materials in the library.

Entering materials into the library catalog

All libraries should have some sort of a catalog containing information about the materials in the library collection The purpose of this catalog is to provide access to the collection for the patrons and staff of the library Some libraries use the traditional card catalog, many libraries have their catalog in a computerized format, and some libraries provide both a card and computer catalog for their patrons’ use

When a new title arrives in the library, a bibliographic record with information about that item is created for the library catalog This information includes the author, title, edition, publisher and date of publication, the number of pages or format of the item, and any series that the item may be part of Additionally, there may be other information that would be helpful for the library staff or patron, such as a summary of the story, a list of the contents or performers, information about bibliographies or additional items of local interest These are included in the record for the library catalog Also included are subject headings that will help the patron locate this item, and additional points of access, such as illustrators or second authors, that a patron may want to be able to locate

The final item of information added to the cataloging record is the call number, the address showing where to find the item in the library For fiction, this usually consists of the author’s last name For non-fiction this usually is made up of a number indicating the subject matter of the item, the author’s last name, and sometimes the date of the publication.

The above-mentioned information is called a catalog record A catalog record is created for each individual title in the library A library catalog is created when all of the catalog records are gathered and placed into a database If the catalog is a computer catalog, the information may be directly entered into the computer by filling in each area of the record when prompted to do so by the program, or the information may be copied from a cataloging database and downloaded directly into the computer

Libraries may acquire cataloging from vendors via disc download In the case of card catalogs, cataloging information is manually typed onto cards for author, title, subject, and other relevant details These cards are then alphabetically filed, enabling patrons and staff to access materials through multiple access points, including author, title, subject, and additional fields such as series or illustrator.

Once materials for the library collection are cataloged, they must be labeled well for use by the patrons This involves making sure that the library name is stamped in several places on the item and any packaging it may have The call number is

24 TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH KHOA HỌC THÔNG TIN VÀ THƯ VIỆN placed in at least one obvious place, usually the base of the spine Many libraries use an automated system for checking out their items, so a barcode unique to each item is placed in an obvious and consistent place for use when checking materials out Date due slips may be placed in the item, to be stamped when the item leaves the library Special features such as reference or other special use markings, or security treatment, may also be added to the item

Once materials are marked according to standard library guidelines, they are placed on the library shelves, ready for use by the patron.

1 True or False? A library may have a computer catalog, card catalog, or both.

2 True or False? Each title in the library needs a unique bibliographic record in the library catalog.

3 True or False? A catalog record only contains the author, title, subject and call number of the item in the library.

4 Records cannot be added to a catalog by: a Typing up cards b Typing information directly into the database c Downloading information from a disc provided by the vendor d Scanning the barcode on the item

5 Which of the following is not part of the labeling process: a Barcodes b Call numbers c Subject headings d Property stamps e Security treatment

3 The purpose of having cataloging records

What is the purpose of cataloging library materials?

Introduction to Subject Headings

1 The purpose of subject headings.

2 How subject heading lists are organized and the terminology in the Library of Congress Subject Headings.

3 The types of subject headings.

4 Different forms of subject headings.

5 How subdivisions are used in subject headings.

6 General considerations in assigning subject headings.

7 How to use the Library of Congress Subject Headings list to assign subject headings.

8 How and where to place subject headings in the cataloging record.

9 The additional access points that need to be included in a cataloging record.

1 The Purpose of Subject Headings

In the previous course section, the basics of cataloging records were covered, including information about their purpose These records are created to provide access for library patrons and staff to the materials located in a library collection One way of providing access is through the author, who is usually listed at the top of the cataloging record Another type of access is the title, which is also listed near the top of the record These different ways of finding information in the catalog, called access points, can easily be used by patrons who remember a favorite author or a suggested title, and would like to see if the library has that item.

Library patrons and staff also need to find information by topic Subject headings are a third type of access in library catalogs These three basic types of access author, title and subject are the most common ways of accessing information in a current library catalog These three types, plus variations of them, such as illustrator, editor, photographer, subtitle, and series title, are the traditional ways we have of looking up information in a library catalog The use of computer programs has opened up more options, such as keyword searches, ISBN number, publisher, call number, type of format, and others The range of access points in a computerized catalog may vary considerably, depending on the particular possibilities written into the computer program being used.

Subject Headings and Subject Classification

Historically, materials have been arranged by subject in libraries for centuries, but

ENGLISH FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES: LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE 47 subject arrangement is not a complete answer to the problem of locating materials by the topic they cover Library materials can only be shelved in one place in the library, usually by a classification system such as the Dewey Decimal System, organizing materials on the library shelves by their topic This type of system can be rather limiting when used as a way to provide subject access to the collection An item that deals with more than one aspect of a topic, or two related topics, can only be placed in one spot The question then arises of how to provide access to the additional information an item contains, information that may be of interest to a library patron

For example, a library item that contains information about agriculture in a specific country may be shelved with other information about that country, but someone interested in agriculture may want to be able to find that item by the topic of agriculture.

Another subject access concern in libraries deals with non-book materials These are often shelved by title or by an accession number assigned to the item when it is added to the collection Browsing a non-book can be very tedious if this is the type of organization being used Having access to the subject of a non-book item in the library catalog enables patrons to see a list of the possible titles, and to find the materials more easily.

Access problems such as these have, over time, spurred the use of subject headings that indicate the topics covered by materials in the library Because consistency is an important issue when providing access to information in a library catalog, there have been a small number of very comprehensive and regularly updated subject lists developed for use in libraries The two most commonly used lists for public, academic and school libraries are Sears List of Subject Headings and Library of Congress Subject

Headings These lists were developed to try to cover most known topics in a consistent manner, enabling libraries to provide access to materials on similar subjects under one consistent term

Specialized lists have also been developed for the use of libraries that deal only with areas such as medical or agricultural information This type of specialized list contains a more detailed breakdown of the information area, appropriate to the more detailed level of coverage in special libraries These specialized lists have usually been developed under the auspices of a knowledgeable, respected institution, such as the National Library of Medicine or the National Agricultural Library, or by large organizations or database creators who are dealing with a specific topic.

Whichever type of subject heading list is appropriate to the library in question, the important thing is to choose a subject heading list and use it consistently throughout the collection The purpose of these lists is to provide access to the collection through the use of subject terms that describe the content of the items in the library Using a subject heading list means that all library materials concerning a particular topic will be gathered together under one designated term in the library catalog This prevents the patron from having to look up several synonyms of a word to find all the information on the topic in question The important job for the cataloger is to determine the necessary terms for any given item Assigning subject headings to a library item is not a difficult process, but there are some basic guidelines that must be understood on how to use these lists that can make the job of picking subject headings easier for the library staff.

1 Access points are: a Just the titles in a library catalog. b The keys on the computer needed to type in cataloging records. c Different ways to find information in a library catalog. d Dewey Decimal Classification numbers.

2 True or false? Computer catalogs can have more variety of access points than card catalog offer.

3 Subject access is important because: a Library materials can only be shelved in one subject area of the library. b Some library materials cover more than one topic. c Non-book items are often arranged by accession number. d All of the above.

4 True or false? Library patrons need subject headings so that they don’t have to look up several synonyms to find the information on any topic in the library.

2 How subject heading lists are organized and the terminology in the Library of

Library of Congress Subject Headings

We now need to look at the way information is organized in a subject heading list For this course, we will be looking at the Library of Congress Subject Headings This subject heading list was developed by the Library of Congress and is intended for larger libraries with fairly comprehensive collections Many smaller libraries or school libraries have used the Sears List of Subject Headings in the past It is designed so that it frequently uses layman’s or common terms in describing things, and is more simply organized and is contained in one volume The Library of Congress list is much more detailed and tends to use more complex terminology in describing subjects It takes up 5 very large volumes, and provides more ways of listing topics that are interrelated The reason the Library of Congress list is being used for this course is that many libraries are downloading or purchasing their cataloging, and most of the cataloging available online or for purchase uses the Library of Congress

Subject Headings (LCSH) when creating the records For this reason many smaller libraries have moved to LCSH for their in-house cataloging as well.

The first step in using a subject heading book is to look at the introductory pages at the front of the first volume This material explains how the subject headings in the book are organized, and how to use them in a cataloging record

These introductory pages also explain the terminology and abbreviations used in the actual lists themselves Subject heading books contain an alphabetical listing of suggested subject headings Under each heading there are usually several of these terms and/or abbreviations with additional information to aid the cataloger in using the lists This additional information may include any or all of the following:

This is a note under the subject heading that explains and clarifies what is meant and what is not meant in the definition of the term and in its use as a subject heading

The (May Subd Geog) indicates that the subject may be subdivided by geographic areas The [PN2205-PN2217] on the next line are the Library of Congress classification numbers that are most often used for this subject area The scope note begins below these numbers Notice that the scope note gives very specific information about how this subject heading interacts with others and how it is to be used in specific situations.

Below is the scope note for “Actresses.”

Introduction to Dewey Classification System

2 The basic structure of the Dewey Decimal Classification system.

4 How to use the DDC. a Part 1: The Index b Part 2: Table 2 c Part 3: Adding from the schedules d Part 4: Table 1 e Part 5: Tables 3 and 4 f Creating the complete call number

In the previous sections of this course, we have covered the basic descriptive cataloging necessary for describing an item being placed in the library collection

We have also talked about access points, or added entries, that are used to provide points of information that the patron can find in the library catalog In that course, there was an extensive discussion of subject headings Now we are going to address the third part of a complete cataloging record: the classification of a library item, or determining the address in the library where an item will be found.

Libraries have been facing the challenge of classifying their collections since their beginnings Throughout history, libraries have organized their collections in a number of different ways Some have shelved materials by when the items arrived in the library Others have organized their collections by size or color of the book Still others are organized by author, by title, and/or by subject Most libraries now classify items in the collection by a combination of subject and author Non-fiction items are organized using a subject classification system, and fiction items are usually organized by author.

Library collections are meticulously classified to enhance accessibility and retrieval efficiency By assigning a specific location to each item, patrons can effortlessly locate materials, ensuring their availability Classification also fosters browsability by organizing materials on similar topics within designated sections Additionally, it facilitates the prompt return of materials to shelves by library staff, enabling speedy access for subsequent users.

The process of classification involves using an established Classification System, created for library use, and applying it to the materials being placed in the library collection Classification systems are designed to give a numerical, or alphanumerical notation to each item in the library This notation is designed to indicate the subject matter of the item being cataloged In addition to the notation from the classification system, library items should also be given an author indicator, made up of letters or letters and numbers that indicate the author’s last name Some libraries may also add a title indicator, date of publication, and/or a copy number All of these elements together form what is called a Call Number.

The call number serves as an item's unique address within a library, indicating its designated shelving location Patrons utilize this address to retrieve items for use or browse the collection for materials on a specific topic The challenge arises from the need to assign a single address to each item Unlike subject headings, which allow multiple terms for the same item, the call number represents the primary focus of the item, ensuring an organized collection that facilitates browsing for patrons.

Two classification systems are most commonly used in libraries today These are the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) System, and the Library of Congress Classification (LCC) System Dewey is based on a numerical breakdown of all topics, and the Library of Congress system is made up of an alphanumerical subject organization.

Specialized libraries may employ alternative classification systems tailored to their unique subject focus For instance, the National Library of Medicine utilizes a system combining letters and numbers, providing a more granular organization specific to the medical field, surpassing the level of detail offered by the Dewey Decimal Classification or Library of Congress Classification systems.

As with other areas of cataloging, there are many specific terms that are used to describe the various processes needed for assigning classification numbers Here is a list of terminology that will be helpful to know:

Non-fiction This refers to library items that contain primarily factual information

The non-fiction collection is the part of the library collection that classification systems are designed to organize.

Fiction This refers to library materials that deal with imaginary characters and events Fiction collections are not usually organized with a classification system An exception to this might be classic literature, which is sometimes included in the non- fiction section.

Schedules These are the part of a classification system that lists known topics and assign basic numbers or alphanumerical combinations to them The schedules are where catalogers look when creating a classification number for any library item.

Tables The DDC contains four tables of information that can be used in creating numbers from the schedules These tables are needed to modify numbers from the schedules, creating more specific, topical numbers.

The Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) organizes knowledge into groups of 10 Its classification book includes three summaries: the first lists the ten main classes, the second the 100 divisions, and the third the 1,000 sections This hierarchical arrangement enables the logical organization and retrieval of information within the DDC system.

Notation The number, or letter and number combination, that is developed using the information given in a classification system (i.e the schedules and tables of the DDC).

Book Number This refers to the combination of letters or letters and numbers that are used to indicate an individual work in the library The book number may consist of several parts: an indicator for the author (i.e author’s last name); an indicator for the title (when an author has published more than one work in the same subject area); the date of publication (i.e 1999); a copy number if there is more than one copy of this particular work in the collection (i.e copy 2) While the use of the term ‘book’ seems to indicate that this can only be used on print materials, it is a carryover from days when library collections consisted solely of print items, and book numbers can be developed for any type of library materials.

Call Number This is the location or address of an item on the library shelves The call number is made up of the notation (the number indicating the subject of the book) and the book number (indicating the author and information about that particular copy) There should be a unique call number for each individual item in a library collection This can be done through the use of indicators for the title, date and copy number in the book number.

1 Classification is done in libraries because: a Each item in the library needs to have one unique address, or call number. b The collection is more browse-able if things are organized by topic. c Having a subject organization makes re-shelving easier for the library staff. d All of the above.

Introduction to the MARC (Machine Readable Cataloging) System 165

Glossary – Thuật ngữ Anh-Việt

182 TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH KHOA HỌC THÔNG TIN VÀ THƯ VIỆN - PHỤ LỤC

HƯỚNG DẪN ĐỌC HIỂU Reading Comprehension Để đọc hiểu Tiếng Anh, ngoài việc am hiểu ngữ pháp, có vốn từ vựng tương đối, và kỷ năng đọc, học viên cần hiểu rõ những công cụ hỗ trợ việc dựng câu Đó là những cụm từ (phrases) làm chức năng bổ ngữ (modifiers) và tương đương danh từ (noun equivalents); và những mệnh đề (clauses) làm mệnh đề phụ trong câu phức (complex sentences).

Một ví dụ về modifier và noun equivalent :

Speaking English all the time is the good way to learn it

"Speaking English all the time" serves as a gerund phrase functioning as the subject of the sentence In this context, "to learn it" is an infinitive phrase that modifies the previously mentioned noun, "way." This construction effectively conveys the idea of speaking English as a continuous action and emphasizes the way in which learning English is being considered.

Prepositional Phrase hay Cụm từ giới từ là một phrase bắt đầu bằng một giới từ (preposition), được dùng như một Modifier :

The library may get the item on interlibrary loan for the patron.

For public libraries, interest may be developed by particular events in the community.

Many students of Saigon University are good at English.

ENGLISH FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES: LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE - APPENDIX 183

4 Dangling : Bổ nghĩa cho cả câu.

Without people, a library would be a mere place, a warehouse.

LƯU Ý : Vài chức năng khác của Preposional Phrase

• Prepositional Phrase được dùng như Adverbial Phrase sau lingking Verbs :

The university library is next to the rector hall

• Prepositional Phrase được dùng như Subject mang ý nghĩa thời gian hay nơi chốn:

After the seminar is the lunch time.

On the 22 nd floor is too high to live.

Infinitive Phrase hay cụm từ nguyên mẫu là một phrase bắt đầu bằng một to- infinitive (nguyên mẫu có to), được dùng như một Modifier và Noun Equivalent:

The book to have to classify is very difficult

He hurried to take a seat in the learning commons

The information in the library should be much to meet the need of all students

1.4 Dangling : Bổ nghĩa cho cả câu.

To select materials, a librarian finds out what the library’s users and potential users need

To assign subject headings requires knowledge, art, and skills.

Patrons were asked not to take books out of the library.

The goal of catalogs is to identify and list items in a collection

The librarian in reference pursues a deeper wisdom - to understand all the questions

LƯU Ý : Dạng Perfect và Passive của Infinitive Phrase

• Perfect Infinitive : diễn tả quá khứ của Infinitive Phrase:

He’s very happy to have passed such a difficult course

• Perfect Passive Infinitive : diễn tả thụ động của Infinitive Phrase:

I would like to be asked for teaching Subject Cataloging

• Perfect Passive Infinitive : diễn tả thụ động quá khứ của Infinitive Phrase:

TO HAVE BEEN + Past Participle

We are pleased to have been permitted by the city planning authority to build the new library in the central city

Gerund Phrase hay cụm từ danh động từ là một phrase bắt đầu bằng một danh động từ (gerund), được dùng như một Noun Equivalent :

Analysing subjects has to be carried out in the context of the Dewey Decimal System.

I remember working in this library as a part-time student employee ( object của động từ remember)

Subject catalogs also play an important part in building bibliographies ( object của giới từ in)

Love means not ever having to say you’re sorry.

This is the latest project of the Natural Sciences Library, building the learning commons on the 10 th floor

LƯU Ý : Dạng Perfect và Passive của Gerund Phrase

• Perfect Gerund : diễn tả quá khứ của Gerund Phrase:

He mentioned not having taken the final test

• Perfect Passive Gerund : diễn tả thụ động của Gerund Phrase:

She enjoys being elected the president of the library association

• Perfect Passive Gerund : diễn tả thụ động quá khứ của Gerund Phrase:

The book wasn’t been found because of not having been shelved right place.

Participial Phrase hay cụm từ phân từ là một phrase bắt đầu bằng một present participle (dạng -ing form mang tính chất tác động) hay một past participle (dạng

-en form mang tính chất thụ động), được dùng như một Modifier :

The young clerk working at the circulation desk is the part-time student employee.

We live in the city named Uncle Ho.

2 Modifier của subject (hay Movable Participle) : Được đặt ở đầu hay cuối câu Not returning library books in time, he will be fined.

Subject headings are the art and the technique of cataloging, employed to show the content of books

3 Modifier của cả câu (hay Nominative Absolute) : Được dùng với một chủ từ giả và bổ nghĩa cho chủ từ giả đó; nhưng thực chất là bổ nghĩa cho cả câu.

The second of September being the National Day, we have a day-off.

4 Dangling : Bổ nghĩa cho cả câu.

Standing on the 10th floor of the Natural Science Library, the whole city could be seen.

LƯU Ý : Dạng Perfect và Passive của Participial Phrase

• Perfect Participle : diễn tả quá khứ của Participial Phrase:

The mobile library car having broken down, the library staff stopped for the night on the highway

• Perfect Passive Participle : diễn tả thụ động của Participial Phrase:

Being sunk, the walls of the library building will be cracked.

• Perfect Passive Participle : diễn tả thụ động quá khứ của Participial Phrase:

The books having been classified with BBK have to be converted into DDC.

Noun Phrase hay cụm từ danh từ là một phrase bắt đầu bằng một noun headword (danh từ chính) và những modifiers Modifier có thể đứng trước noun headword là những từ đơn (single word) được gọi là prenoun modifiers (bổ ngữ trước danh từ); và có thể đứng sau noun headword là những cụm từ (phrases) và mệnh đề (clauses) được gọi là postnoun modifiers (bổ ngữ sau danh từ).

1 Định nghĩa Prenouns và Postnoun Modifiers.

1.1 Prenouns Modifiers : là những từ đơn bao gồm :

ENGLISH FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES: LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE - APPENDIX 187 a Determiners : là những từ xác định :

• Pre-articles (Tiền mạo từ): all, both, only, …

• Articles (Mạo từ): a, an, the

• Indefinite adjectives (Tính từ bất định): some, any, many, …

• Demonstratives (Từ chỉ định): this, that, these, …

• Possessives (Từ sở hữu): my, your, his, … b Adjectives : bao gồm những tính từ:

• Numerals (Tính từ chỉ số): one, two, first, second, …

• Predicate adjectives (Tính từ tính chất): good, beautiful, narrow, high, …

• Adjectives of nationality (Tính từ chỉ quốc gia): American, English,

Vietnamese, … c Nouns used as adjectives: là những danh từ được dùng như tính từ: information science, reference services, subject catalog, …

1.2 Postnouns Modifiers : là những cụm từ và mệnh đề bao gồm : a Modifying phrarse: là những cụm từ bổ nghĩa:

• Participial phrares. b Modifying clause: là những mệnh đề bổ nghĩa:

• Relative clause với những relative pronouns (who, whom, that, which, whose);

• Relative clause với những relative adverbs (where, when, why).

2 Trật tự Modifiers trong Noun Phrases.

Prenoun modifiers Noun headword Postnoun modifiers

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X

 Pre-articles (both, only, all, …)

 Articles (a, an, the, …) và Indefinite adjectives (some, many, …)

 Demonstratives (this, that, these, those, …)

 Possessives (my, your, his, her, …)

• Ô thứ III gồm Numerals (Tính từ chỉ số) :

 Ordinal – Số thứ tự (first, second, third, …)

 Cardinal – Số đếm (one, two, three, …)

 Superlative và Comparative markers (more, less, most, least, …)

 General size – Tính từ chỉ kích cỡ chung (little, big, narrow, …)

 Quality hay characteristic – Tính từ chỉ tính chất hay đặc tính

 General weight – Tính từ chỉ trọng lượng chung (heavy, light, …)

 Specific size – Tính từ chỉ kích cỡ cụ thể (six-foot, 50-meter, …)

 Shape – Tính từ chỉ hình dáng (round, square, rectangular, …)

 Age – Tính từ chỉ thời kỳ (old, young, new, …)

 Temperature – Tính từ chỉ nhiệt độ (cold, hot, warm, cool, …)

 Specific weight – Tính từ chỉ trọng lượng cụ thể (5-kilo, 6-pound,…)

 Time – Tính từ chỉ thời gian (daily,weekly, yearly, …)

 Color – Tính từ chỉ màu sắc (red, yellow, white, …)

 Nationality – Tính từ chỉ quốc gia (American, English, Japanese, …)

 Nouns được dùng như adjectives.

 Modifying clauses: Đó là Relative clauses

Noun clause là một mệnh đề dẫn xuất từ một statement (câu tường trình) hay một question (câu hỏi) Noun clause được dùng như Noun equivalent.

1 Noun clause dẫn xuất từ statement: Còn được gọi là that clause vì thường bắt đầu bằng that.

That information services is more important than technical services in today libraries is certain (Làm subject)

It is said that LCC has been taugh at the Saigon University (Làm object cho verb)

It depends on that you have to speak English fluently (Làm object cho preposition)

His presentation means that library science should be taugh in the schools of technology (Làm complement)

2 Noun clause dẫn xuất từ question:

1.1 Dẫn xuất từ yes/no question: Dùng với whether đứng trước noun clause; có thể dùng if để thay thế trong trường hợp noun clause làm object cho động từ.

Whether your library meets the need of information (or not) doesn’t matter

The problem is whether your library meets the need of information (or not) (Làm complement)

We aren’t concern about whether your library meets the need of information (or not) (Làm object cho preposition)

I don’t know whether / if your library meets the need of information (or not) (Làm object cho verb)

1.2 Dẫn xuất từ Wh-question (Câu hỏi với những question-words: what, which, who, whom, whose, where, when, why, how, how much, how many, how long)

Chuyển câu hỏi thành statement Noun clause được hình thành bắt đầu bằng chính question word đó.

How he can access our digital collections doesn’t matter (Làm subject) The problem is why they haven’t trained us how to use the new software

We aren’t concern about whom we will meet at the seminar) (Làm object cho preposition)

I don’t know what he has been doing for the project of library automation ) (Làm object cho verb)

Relative clause là mệnh đề quan hệ bắt đầu bằng một relative pronoun hay một relative adverb Relative clause được dùng như modifier của danh từ.

1 Relative clause với Relative pronoun: (who, whom, that, which, whose).

Relative pronouns serve as substitutes for nouns in a sentence They refer back to a noun or noun phrase that has been mentioned earlier, known as the antecedent Relative pronouns can function as the subject or object of a dependent clause in a complex sentence.

1.1 Relative pronoun subject: bao gồm who, that, which làm subject. a who, that dùng cho người.

A cataloger is somone who / that catalogs books b which, that dùng cho sự việc, đồ vật và con vật.

Reference books are materials which / that can be used for quick search

1.2 Relative pronoun object : bao gồm who(m), that, which làm object. a Who(m), that dùng cho người.

This is the patron who(m) / that the reference librarian will interview next b which, that dùng cho sự việc, đồ vật và con vật.

The metadata harvesting which / that the professor mentioned in his presentaion is the new technology

LƯU Ý: Những realative pronouns làm object như trong phần 2.2 có thể bỏ

ENGLISH FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES: LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE - APPENDIX 191 qua Do đó những ví dụ trên có thể viết lại:

This is the patron the reference librarian will interview next

The metadata harvesting the professor mentioned in his presentation is the new technology.

1.3 Relative pronoun chỉ sở hữu - whose : dùng để chỉ sở hữu cho cả người, sự việc, đồ vật và con vật Có thể làm subject và object.

This is the librarian whose new library will be designed by yourself

1.4 Broad References: dùng which sau dấu “,” để bổ nghĩa cho cả câu

The information services of this library are very good, which proves that the profesionals and staff are highly educated

2 Relative clause với Relative adverbs: (where, when, why). a where bổ nghĩa cho noun (antecedent) chỉ nơi chốn.

The Graduate School in Library and Information Science, where I graduated from, belongs to the Simmons College. b when bổ nghĩa cho noun (antecedent) chỉ thời gian.

In Summer when students take the break term the library usually closes to inventory c why bổ nghĩa cho noun (antecedent) chỉ lý do, nguyên nhân.

Do you know the reason why the books on the shelves in this library seem always new?

3 Relative clause với một preposition: Có thể đặt một preposition trước một

Relative pronoun hay một Relative adverb ngoại trừ who và that.

She is the public services librarian assistant with whom you should complain

Tất nhiên chúng ta có thể viết lại như sau:

She is the public services librarian assistant who(m) / that you should complain with

4 Punctuation (phép chấm câu) của Relative clause: Đôi khi cần phải đặt một dấu “,” ở trước Relative clause (sau antecedent) Có hai trường hợp chúng ta

192 TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH KHOA HỌC THÔNG TIN VÀ THƯ VIỆN - PHỤ LỤC cần lưu ý trong phép chấm câu này.

1.1 Relative clause không có dấu “,” sau antecedent: Được dùng trong trường hợp Relative clause định nghĩa hoặc xác định antecedent Được gọi là

Persons who catalog materials in the library are often called catalogers.

1.2 Relative clause có dấu “,” sau antecedent: Được dùng trong trường hợp

Relative clause cung cấp thêm thông tin cho antecedent Được gọi là Non-defining / Non-restrictive clause.

Two youngest persons in our library, who catalog materials, have just gone to the U.S.A for studying the master degree.

• Không dùng that trong Non-defining / Non-restricitive clause.

The Library of Congress, which / that is the largest library in the world, has very many Vietnamese books

• Có thể bỏ qua Relative pronoun object trong Defining / Restrictive clause.

That is the vendor we have selected

Adverbial clause là mệnh đề bắt đầu bằng một subordinating conjunction.

1 Các loại Conjunctions: Conjunction hay liên từ dùng để nối word với word, phrase với phrase, và clause với clause (hay sentence với sentence) Có 4 loại conjunction như sau:

1.1 Coordinating conjunctions: bao gồm and (và), or (hoặc), but (nhưng), yet (vậy mà), nor (cũng không), for (vì).

1.2 Correlative conjunctions: bao gồm both-and (vừa-vừa), either-or

(hoặc-hoặc), neither-nor (không-cũng không), not only-but (also) (không chỉ-mà còn).

LƯU Ý: Sau những từ mang tính phủ định như nor, neither, not only chúng ta phải dùng đảo ngữ (hoán đổi vị trí subject với động từ ).

She won’t come to the seminar, nor will she explain why.

Not only has he a first class brain but he is also a tremendously hard worker

1.3 Adverbial conjunctions: nối những mệnh đề hay câu với nhau tạo nên cấu trúc kết hợp nhấn mạnh ý nghĩa của trạng từ.

Một số Adverbial conjunctions thông dụng:

• Result: therefore (vì thế), so (cho nên), as a result (vì), consequently

• Concession: neverthless (tuy thế mà), yet (tuy nhiên), at any rate (dù sao đi nữa), still (ấy thế mà), after all (rốt cuộc, xét cho cùng).

• Apposition: for example (ví dụ như), for instance (chẳng hạn như), that is (tức là), namely (ấy là, cụ thể là), in other word (nói cách khác).

• Addition: moreover (hơn nữa), furthermore (vả lại), also (ngoài ra), in addition (thêm vào), likewise (tương tự như vậy), further (xa hơn nữa).

• Time: meanwhile (trong lúc đó), in the meantime (trong lúc ấy).

• Contrast: however (mặc dù), instead (thay vì, thay cho), on the contrary

(trái với), on the other hand (mặt khác), in contrast (ngược lại), rather (hơn là).

• Summary: thus (vì vậy), in conclusion (cuối cùng), then (rồi thì).

• Reinforcement: futher (hơn nữa), in particular (nói riêng), indeed (quả thực), above on (cao hơn), in fact (thực tế là).

1.4 Subordinating conjunctions: không phải kết nối hai ý tưởng độc lập hay ngang nhau như những loại conjunctions khác, mà trình bày mối quan hệ giữa hai ý tưởng Trong đó có mệnh đế chính (main clause) và mệnh đề phụ (subordinate) hay mệnh đề phụ thuộc (dependent clause) Mệnh đề phụ hay phụ thuộc trong trường hợp này được gọi là Adverbial clause.

Một số Subordinating conjunctions thông dụng:

• Time: when (khi), whenever (bất cứ lúc nào), after (sau khi), as (ngay khi), before (trước khi), till (tới khi), untill (cho tới khi), while

(trong khi), as long as (bao lâu mà), as soon as (đúng ngay khi).

• Concession: though (mặc dù), although (dẫu cho), even though (dù là), even if (ngay cho là), whatever (bất cứ điều gì), whether (cho dù có hay không).

• Purpose: so that (để), in order that (cốt để, mục đích để).

• Conddition: if (nếu), unless (nếu không, trừ phi), as long as (miễn là), provided that (với điều kiện là).

• Reason: because (bởi vì), since (vì).

• Result: so (vì thế cho nên), so…that (cho đến nỗi mà).

• Comparision: as (như), just as (ngay như), as if (như thể), as though

(cứ như là, dường như).

• Contrast: while (trong khi ngược lại), whereas (nhưng ngược lại).

1.5 Vài ví dụ về Adverbial clauses.

After materials are requested by patrons or selected by the library staff, orders must be placed.

The information contained in a cataloging record, whether in the computer or on a card, can be separated into three areas: bibliographic information, subject headings and other access points, and call numbers.

Information found this way will take staff time, because it must still be copied by typing into the computer or onto cards

No reference book can be so adequate that it gives all the information every reader may want

Sentence hay Câu là một từ hay nhóm từ tự nó mang đầy đủ ý nghĩa Câu được bắt đầu bằng một chữ cái viết hoa và tận cùng bằng một dấu chấm cuối câu – một dấu chấm, dấu hỏi, hay dấu chấm than.

We stopped at the traffic light.

The library readers seem very pleased.

The reference librarian interviewed the patron.

• Subject + verb + indirect object + direct object

The clerk send me a library book.

• Subject + verb + direct object + complement

They considered you an outstanding libraraian.

1 Simple sentence: hay Câu đơn bao gồm một subject (chủ ngữ) hay subject group (là những noun equivalent) và predicate (vị ngữ) hay verb group

2 Compound sentense: hay Câu kép gồm hai hay nhiều simple sentences nối với nhau bằng:

• một conjunction trong các loại: o Coordinating conjunction o Correlative conjunction

196 TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH KHOA HỌC THÔNG TIN VÀ THƯ VIỆN - PHỤ LỤC o Adverbial conjunction

3 Complex sentense: hay Câu phức gồm một mệnh đề chính và một hay nhiều mệnh đề phụ Mệnh đề chính thường có thể đứng độc lập Các mệnh đề phụ bao gồm:

He ran as if the ghost was after him

I don’t know whether the library is opened on Sundays

I enjoy reading books in our college library where the clerks are very warm and thoughtful

4 Compound-complex sentense: một câu có thể kết hợp cả compound lẫn complex sentence, trong trường hơp này ta có thể gọi là compound-complex sentence.

The mission of our library is that the circulation department is to serve the teaching and study of faculty and students and that the reference department is to meet the information need for everybody

Rules (n.) – Quy tắc biên mục Anh-Mỹ abbreviation (n.) – chữ viết tắt ability (n.) – khả năng abridge (v.) – thu ngắn; rút gọn abridged DDC (n.) – bảng DDC rút gọn academic library (n.) – thư viện đại học và nghiên cứu access (v.) – truy cập assessible (adj.) – truy cập được access point (n.) – điểm truy cập accession number (n.) – số đăng ký cá biệt accompany (v.) – phụ thêm vào accomplish (v.) – thực hiện; hoàn thành account (v.) – báo cáo kiểm kê accrediation (n.) – được mọi người thừa nhận accurate (adj.) – đúng đắn, chính xác accuracy (n.) – đúng đắn, chính xác acquire (v.) – thu được acquisitions (n.) – bổ sung acronym (n.) – từ tắt activity (n.) – hoạt động actual (adj.) – thực sự; hiện nay adapt (v.) – thích nghi address (v.) – chú tâm; dùng (tên riêng) adjustment (n.) – điều chỉnh administration (n.) – quản trị; quản lý advantage (n.) – tiện lợi advertising (n.) – quảng cáo affect (v.) – tác động đến, ảnh hưởng đến

GLoSSARY – THUẬT NGỮ ANH-VIỆT

Afro-Asiatic languages (n.) – ngôn ngữ Á-Phi agriculture (n.) – nông nghiệp adult (n.) – người trưởng thành adult (adj.) – trưởng thành algebra (n.) – đại số học allied (adj.) – liên hệ allowable (adj.) – có thể chấp nhận alphanumerical notation (n.) – ký hiệu số-chữ cái alternatively (adv.) – như một sự lựa chọn although (conj.) – mặc dù among (pre.) – giữa; nằm trong số amphibian (n.) – động vật lưỡng cư analog (n.) – liên biến analysis (n.) – phân tích analyze (v.) – phân tích analyst (n.) – phân tích viên (tin học) ancient (adj.) – cổ, xưa anecdote (n.) – chuyện vặt; giai thoại angle (n.) – góc animal (n.) – động vật appear (v.) – xuất hiện appliciable (adj.) – có thể dùng được appraisal (n.) – đánh giá approach (n.) – cách tiếp cận appropriate (adj.) – thích hợp Arabic numerals (n.) – số Ả Rập area (n.) – vùng, khu vực architecture (n.) – kiến trúc arouse (v.) – khuấy động, gợi lên arrangement (n.) – sắp xếp

198 TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH KHOA HỌC THÔNG TIN VÀ THƯ VIỆN - PHỤ LỤC aside (adv.) – một bên assign (v.) – ấn định aspect (n.) – khía cạnh assemble (v.) – tập hợp, thu thập assessment (n.) – hành động đánh giá assistance (n.) – giúp đỡ associate (v.) – liên kết assume (v.) – cho rằng astronomical geography (n.) – địa lý thiên văn astronomy (n.) – thiên văn học astronomer (n.) – nhà thiên văn học attractive (adj.) – thu hút; hấp dẫn auspice (n.) – bảo trợ author (n.) – tác giả author catalog (n.) – mục lục tác giả author heading (n.) – tiêu đề tác giả authority (n.) – tính có thẩm quyền authority control (v.) – kiểm tra tính thẩm quyền authority file (n.) – tập tin có thẩm quyền authority record (n.) – biểu ghi có thẩm quyền autoimmunity (n.) – tính tự miễn dịch automation (n.) – tự động hóa automated system (n.) – hệ thống tự động available (adj.) – có thể dùng được availability (n.) – có thể dùng được average (adj.) – trung bình avoid (n.) – tránh aware of (adj.) – có nhận thức auxiliary (adj.) – phụ trợ balance (n.) – cân bằng ballet (n.) – vũ ba lê bank (n.) – ngân hang bar (n.) – quán / quầy rượu barcode (n.) – mã vạch base number (n.) – số căn bản base on (v.) – dựa vào basis (n.) – nền tảng; cơ sở basically (adv.) – về cơ bản belt (n.) – dây đại; nịt thắt lưng benefit (n.) – lợi ích bestselling (adj.) – bán chạy beverage (n.) – thức uống bibliographic (adj.) – thư tịch bibliographic control (v.) – kiểm soát thư tịch bibliographic data (v.) – dữ liệu thư tịch bibliographic information (n.) – thông tin thư tịch bibliographic record (n.) – biểu ghi thư tịch bibliographic utility (n.) – mạng công cụ thư tịch bibliography (n.) – thư mục biography (n.) – tiểu sử blend (n.) – trộn lẫn; hỗn hợp bog (v.) – sa lầy booklet (n.) – sách nhỏ bookmark (n.) – miếng đánh dấu trang sách bookworm (n.) – mọt sách boost (n.) – quảng cáo mạnh; nổi tiếng bread (n.) – bánh mì bread machine (n.) – máy làm bánh mì break (v.) – chia nhỏ breakdown (n.) – phân tích

Tiêu đề	Tiếng Anh Chuyên Ngành Khoa Học Thư Viện Và Thông Tin
Tác giả	Nguyễn Minh Hiệp
Trường học	Trường Đại Học Sài Gòn
Chuyên ngành	Library and Information Science
Thể loại	Textbook
Năm xuất bản	2012
Thành phố	TP. Hồ Chí Minh

Định dạng
Số trang	213
Dung lượng	2,02 MB